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possibly deter predators. Complex (nonlinear, erratic) calls have been shown to induce more fear in conspecific lizards than simple calls; the producer of the call may have less control over his or her call if there is a more alarming threat. Distress calls are also more distressed when heard in a familiar environment. Lizards may feel safer in a familiar environment, and therefore more alarmed by surprising causes of distress. On the other hand, the distress calls have been shown to reduce snake predation via a temporary reduction in their exploration, although there is a risk that the vocalization helps a predator narrow down the vocalizer's location. Although seemingly counterintuitive, attracting multiple predators with a vocalization would also serve to be advantageous, because the larger predators would prioritize its safety and the possible conflict with approaching secondary or primary predators in the proximity. When
523:
typically, females are gravid in
October and lay eggs in November shortly after the beginning of the warmer season in the Southern hemisphere. Clutches of eggs are usually between 7 and 11 eggs, laid together. The maximum clutch size ever recorded has been 18 eggs. Significant variation in egg clutch size has been documented before. Generally, larger females tend to lay more eggs than smaller females. This trend applies to both mass and volume, since more massive lizards are almost always more voluminous. As a result, previous variation in egg-laying clutch size may actually be a result of unconsidered variation in the sizes of the females who laid the clutches.
535:. The vast majority of non-Gekkota lizards are voiceless, with the exception of the weeping lizard, which is the only species in this 'voiceless' genus that can vocalize. Weeping lizards are known to produce "distress calls" when stressed, cornered, or threatened, including when seized by humans. Both males and females produces these calls, which are known to sound more like squeaks than hisses or weeping. Thought to be produced by the larynx, these sounds extend into the ultrasonic range. These distress calls can be heard several meters away from the lizard producing them. These calls increase fear in other lizards. When scared,
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610:, a genus of host-specific nematodes, is a parasite towards these lizards. Liolaemus lizards are the most preyed upon lizard in their native Chilean habitat, due to their abundance and ecological niche. Furthermore, these lizards are capable of detecting predatory snakes through scent. Detection resulted in a corresponding decrease in activity from the lizard.
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in the northern area tend to react only to distress calls from other northern lizards, whereas southern lizards respond to distress calls from both northern and southern lizards. Given that southern lizards tend to be smaller in size, their perceived risk of predation may be higher, causing increased
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could also detect the chemical scents of other weeping lizards, they mobilized more quickly and more often compared to without the scent. Without the scent, lizards froze to avoid detection; when other members of the same species were thought to be around, they were quicker to try escaping. Distress
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Distress calls can vary in frequency, linearity, and the presence of harmonics. Compared to females, males tend to emit calls that are louder, more linear, and less complicated. The vocalizations are thought to serve two purposes: 1) they cause antipredatory behavior in conspecific neighbors and 2)
522:
The weeping lizard is oviparous which means that female lizards lay eggs that hatch outside of her after a period of incubation without her presence. Females prefer to lay their eggs underneath rocks, where the eggs gain protection from predators. Females can lay their eggs as early as
October, but
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and population decline. The species has no history of endangerment or near extinction; today, it is a species of least concern. Their popularity as a pet remains, due to their common presence within this range and their distress calls. These lizards have been photographed being held in human hands
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These dull-colored lizards tend to be green and gray, helping them camouflage against rocks and vegetation. Axilla groin distance is higher in females than in males. Polyploidy results in morphological differences among lizards of different ploidy (i.e. in head shape and various proportions). The
412:
Lizards may receive a reduced (n) or unreduced (2n) euploid gamete from their father. In mosaic males, spermatogenesis derives from both diploid and triploid spermatogonia. Although polyploidy can result from interspecific hybridization, RaĂşl Araya-Donoso, Fernando Torres-PĂ©rez, David VĂ©liz, and
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can detect other members of their species via the presence of lipids in recently deposited feces; however, there is no evidence of further recognition beyond the knowledge that another member of the same species is nearby. Both male and females can detect female precloacal secretions of fellow
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has populations with diploid (2n) individuals, triploid (3n) individuals, and diploid-triploid (2n/3n) mosaic lizards. One study found that "33% of females were triploid, 57.1% were mosaics, and 9.5% were diploid" and "86% of L. chiliensis males were mosaics (2n/3n) and 14% were diploids."
425:
This species is native to the
Neotropics. It is also found in the Chilean Matorral, Patagonian Steppe, and Valdivian Temperate Forests, covering a region spanning Chile and Argentina. A helpful map of its distribution and numerous observations (and their photos) can be found on
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is active throughout the day. Observations tend to be more frequent from
September to February, which may be due to its mating season, the warmer weather in these months, or human beings going out more often in warmer weather and consequentially spotting more of these lizards.
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is adept in running and climbing, and can often be found on branches higher than expected. However, they are typically ground dwellers, found within dense shrubs but not on the ground directly. Their geographical distribution extends from
Coquimbo (29°S) to Valdivia (39°S)．
589:. Once detected, these female secretions prompt exploration and movement of both sexes. Higher interest and exploration are exhibited in males that are possibly seeking a mate. Similarly, females may benefit from releasing these secretions by attracting potential mates.
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In general, polyploid individuals can be phenotypically different than diploid individuals. Studies have shown that polyploid individuals can have metabolic differences from diploid individuals, and may be more flexible in adapting to changing environments.
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to better escape its weeping lizard predator because the distress calls can serve as information of predation risk to the prey of weeping lizards. Therefore, these distress calls might negatively impact the weeping lizards’ ability to capture prey.
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396:. Their otoliths help detect both acceleration and sound. Their hearing range extends from 500 Hz to 2000 Hz, with a threshold of 40 dB. These lizards excel at recognizing the distress calls of their own species.
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individuals in more southern latitudes tend to be smaller in size than their northern latitude counterparts. Given their geographic distribution, lizards further south experience climates with lower temperatures.
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have been incomplete; a more recent biogeographic analysis from 2006 reconstructs the phylogenetic tree of the lizard's genus and resolves controversies about subgrouping of species or subspecies within
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These lizards have been observed to display eye-bulging, which is thought to serve a purpose of thermoregulation or even eye-cleaning. This behavior has been observed rarely and only in captivity.
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The habitat of this species includes bushes and branches. These lizards bask in bushes that tend to obscure them from possible predators, which makes it more difficult for predators to spot them.
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near its habitat in natural terrain, suggesting either that a human was able to quickly seize a cautious lizard or that the lizard was curious and calm enough to let itself be held.
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become immobile and delay any attempts to escape. The presence of a somewhat consistently high risk of predation reduces the activity of these lizards over long-term observation.
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due to differences in "snout-vent length, squamation, and dorsal and ventral colors." Much of the debate revolves around the difference between a subspecies and full species. The
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Madeleine
Lamborot found that a "relationship between hybridization and polyploidy could not be established because triploid and mosaic lizards were hybrids and purebreds."
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Les especies
Chilenas del gĂ©nero Liolaemus Wiegmann, 1834 (Iguania: Tropiduridae: Liolaeminae): taxonomĂa, sistemática y evoluciĂłn. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Chile
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as a single species or group of species that includes the majority of species in the genus
Liolaemus. Some have distinguished multiple species within
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genus includes over 160 species, and the chiliensis group of species is thought to include almost half the species in genus. It is hypothesized that
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A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF LIZARDS OF THE LIOLAEMUS CHILIENSIS GROUP (IGUANIA: TROPIDURIDAE). HERPETOLOGICAL JOURNAL, Vol. 1 1, pp. 1 37-1 50.
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sensitivity to distress calls produced by weeping lizards of any region. More research is needed into their means of evasion and escape.
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The
Chilean tree iguana is relatively large-sized compared to other lizards, reaching 25 cm (9.8 in) in total length. It is an
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calls therefore have been evolutionarily advantageous, increasing the chances of survival both with or without other lizards present.
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consists mostly of insects and small invertebrates. Juveniles behave and hunt similarly to adults. Studies in species within the
832:
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Relationships of the morphological variation in diploids, triploids and mosaics of
Liolaemus chiliensis (Sauria: Liolaemidae)
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While these distress calls can serve many advantageous purposes for the weeping lizard, there is evidence that the species
247:
This species is well known for its distress calls, although the sound of these calls does not resemble weeping or crying.
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from different regions have also shown the ability to distinguish calls from individuals of their own region. Individual
1042:"Diet in two syntopic neotropical lizard species of Liolaemus (Liolaemidae): interspecific and intersexual differences"
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are kept as pets, although such a practice violates conservation biology principles, because of the limited range of
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430:. This lizard lives within the latitudes of 30 and 40°S, and its altitudes are from sea level to 2100 meters.
891:
1366:
1352:
961:"Predation upon reptiles in Mediterranean habitats of Chile, Spain and California: A comparative analysis"
602:
672:
Chilean matorral. ed. M.McGinley. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment
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AndrĂ©s Sebastián Quinteros, Cristian SimĂłn Abdala, Juan Manuel DĂaz GĂłmez, Gustavo JosĂ© Scrocchi. 2008.
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Testing the Functionality of Lipids from Feces in the Conspecific Recognition of the Weeping Lizard,
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Testing the functionality of precloacal secretions from both sexes in the South American lizard,
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607:
236:, also referred to as the weeping or crying lizard in English. Synonyms for this species include
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872:
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Antonieta Labra, Gabriela Silva, Fernanda Norambuena, Nelson Velásquez and Mario Penna. 2013.
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427:
1199:"Does Liolaemus lemniscatus eavesdrop on the distress calls of the sympatric weeping lizard?"
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Comparing the antipredator behaviour of two sympatric, but not syntopic, Liolaemus lizards
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Parallel Evolution in Fish Hearing Organs. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, 95–127
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694:(Iguania: Liolaemidae) based on ancestral areas and dispersal-vicariance analysis (DIVA)
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72:
67:
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Jaksić, Fabian M.; Greene, Harry W.; Schwenk, Kurt; Seib, Robert L. (January 1982).
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Relationships of the morphological variation in diploids, triploids and mosaics of
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17:
270:. This iguanid lizard is found inhabiting bushes and branches in open forests and
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1325:
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RaĂşl Araya-Donoso, Fernando Torres-PĂ©rez, David VĂ©liz, Madeleine Lamborot. 2019.
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Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam. 1700-1880.
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RaĂşl Araya-Donoso, David VĂ©liz, Marcela Vidal, and Madeleine Lamborot. 2017.
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RaĂşl Araya-Donoso, David VĂ©liz, Marcela Vidal, and Madeleine Lamborot. 2017.
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344:
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Polyploidy is rare in non-sterile reptiles, but is common in this species.
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487:
139:
119:
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Complex distress calls sound frightening: the case of the weeping lizard
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Reptiles de Chile. Santiago, Chile. Ediciones de la Universidad de Chile
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984:
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mechanisms behind these physical differences are unclear at this time.
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271:
255:
129:
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Reyes Olivares, Claudio; Rain Garrido, Inger; Labra, Antonieta. 2016.
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Hearing in Birds and Reptiles. Comparative Hearing: Birds and Reptiles
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L. curicensis, L. nitidus, L. robertmensi, L. saxatillis, L. gracilis,
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1247:
Soledad Valdecantos; Mario R. Ruiz-Monachesi; Antonieta Labra. 2020.
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244:. Less commonly, it is called the Talcahuano Smooth-throated Lizard.
229:
109:
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Vocalization as a Response to Capture in the Central Chilean Lizard
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John H. Carothers, Jeffrey G. Groth & Fabian M. Jaksic. 2010.
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374:
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259:
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An illustration of Liolaemus chiliensis and Liolaemus cyanogaster
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Searching for the Audience of the Weeping Lizard's Distress Call
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Halloy1, Robles2, Cuezzo3, Monique1, Cecilia2, Fabiana3 (2006).
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Asymmetric Response to Heterotypic Distress Calls in the Lizard
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will eavesdrop of these distress calls. This ability allows the
1431:
1364:
910:
1160:
Javiera Constanzo-Chávez, Mario Penna, Antonieta Labra. 2018.
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1280:"Chemical recognition in a snake–lizard predator–prey system"
1197:
Fong, Lydia J. M.; Navea, Fernando; Labra, Antonieta (2021).
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is derived from the species' country of origin, Chile. It is
1186:
Snake modulates constriction in response to prey's heartbeat
855:
Madeleine Lamborot, M E Manzur, and E Alvarez-Sarret. 2006.
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and other invertebrates. The maximum body weight is 24.03g.
800:
Antonieta Labra, Claudio Reyes-Olivares, Michael Weymann.
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794:
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group have identified that these lizards feed mainly on
363:
Photo of Lioaemus chilensis from Santiago, Chile in 2009
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Acoustic Features of the Weeping Lizard's Distress Call
660:
Talcahuano Smooth-throated Lizard Liolaemus chiliensis
580:
A study from the Journal of Herpetology suggests that
1278:
Labra, Antonieta; Hoare, Misque (17 September 2014).
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is sometimes preyed upon by the Chilean Green Racer (
531:
Vocal sound production is rare in lizards outside of
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The eye-bulging in Liolaemus lizards (Weigmann 1843)
1023:
Jaime Troncoso-Palacios, and Antonieta Labra. 2017.
339:
An illustration of Calotes chilensis from 1700-1880
1373:
892:Hybridization and polyploidy in the weeping lizard
327:lizards originated from an Andean-Patagonean area.
670:C. Michael Hogan & World Wildlife Fund. 2013.
482:Stomach and fecal contents also included parts of
954:
952:
726:(Iguania: Liolaemidae) of Central West Argentina
347:species. It is carnivorous and feeds mainly on
311:group. Sources differ in whether they refer to
1147:Mario R. Ruiz-Monachesi and Antonieta Labra.
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8:
1262:Soledad Valdecantos, Antonieta Labra. 2017.
1062:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
274:scrublands or scrub-steppes, chiefly in the
688:Juan Manuel DĂaz GĂłmezFernando Lobo. 2006.
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1066:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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706:A phylogenetic analysis of lizards of the
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392:Like most reptiles, this species has a
379:An illustration of Liolaemus chiliensis
286:Many previous phylogenetic studies for
1106:Estrategias reproductivas en reptiles.
1092:Pincheira-Donoso, D., Núñez, H. 2005.
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690:Historical Biogeography of a Clade of
1172:Misque Hoare, Antonieta Labra. 2013.
1029:(Lesson, 1830) (Iguania: Liolaemidae)
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787:Body Size datasets for PLOS ONE paper
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1582:IUCN Red List least concern species
704:Lobo Gaviola, Fernando Jose. 2001.
648:Liolaemus chiliensis (LESSON, 1830)
1326:"How to keep lacertids: Liolaemus"
295:. The authors of this study group
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1:
1617:Fauna of the Chilean Matorral
1348:Podarcis: How to keep lizards
750:Calotes chilensis - 1700-1880
710:group (lguania Tropiduridae)
625:, and is thus vulnerable to
1209:. Lydia J. M. Fong: 11–17.
934:World Wildlife Fund. 2006.
857:Triploidy and mosaicism in
518:Reproduction and Life Cycle
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1592:Reptiles described in 1830
1324:Herman A.J. in den Bosch.
1216:10.1007/s10164-020-00666-y
1025:New egg laying record for
593:Interspecific Interactions
576:Intraspecific Interactions
1597:Taxa named by René Lesson
1296:10.1007/s10211-014-0203-7
831:Ladich and Popper. 2004.
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83:Scientific classification
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59:
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1602:Lizards of South America
943:Donoso-Barros, R. 1966.
421:Habitat and Distribution
896:(Squamata: Liolaemidae)
658:AuthorsAndGroup. Year.
1104:IbargĂĽengoytĂa. 2008.
861:(Sauria: Tropiduridae)
762:"Liolaemus chiliensis"
646:THE REPTILE DATABASE.
603:Philodryas chamissonis
380:
372:
364:
340:
1612:Reptiles of Argentina
911:"Chilean Tree Iguana"
877:(Sauria: Liolaemidae)
843:Dooling et al. 2000.
736:FERNANDO LOBO. 2001.
569:Liolaemus lemniscatus
565:Liolaemus lemniscatus
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370:
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1405:Liolaemus chiliensis
1375:Liolaemus chiliensis
1355:Liolaemus chiliensis
1266:Liolaemus chiliensis
1251:Liolaemus chiliensis
1135:Liolaemus chiliensis
1027:Liolaemus chiliensis
894:Liolaemus chiliensis
875:Liolaemus chiliensis
859:Liolaemus chiliensis
804:Liolaemus chiliensis
708:Liolaemus chiliensis
313:Liolaemus chiliensis
221:Liolaemus chiliensis
202:Liolaemus chiliensis
36:Liolaemus chiliensis
1203:Journal of Ethology
977:1982Oecol..53..152J
722:Two New Species of
226:Chilean tree iguana
53:Conservation status
18:Chilean tree lizard
985:10.1007/BF00545658
785:Hone et al. 2013.
627:habitat disruption
381:
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250:The specific name
242:Calotes chiliensis
238:Liodeira chilensis
228:) is a species of
184:L. chiliensis
27:Species of reptile
1607:Reptiles of Chile
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1531:Open Tree of Life
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262:and southwestern
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1290:(2): 173–179.
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1137:(Tropiduridae)
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971:(2): 152–159.
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768:on 2013-12-02
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623:L. Chiliensis
620:
619:L. chiliensis
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598:L. chiliensis
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587:L. chiliensis
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68:Least Concern
58:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
1374:
1354:
1333:. Retrieved
1329:
1319:
1307:. Retrieved
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1058:cite journal
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1026:
1004:. Retrieved
968:
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918:. Retrieved
914:
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827:
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770:. Retrieved
766:the original
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614:Conservation
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541:
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484:grasshoppers
476:
465:
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456:The diet of
455:
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35:
29:
1453:iNaturalist
1399:Wikispecies
1309:28 November
1226:10852/83945
1006:28 November
608:Spauligodon
551:Members of
510:Eye Bulging
497:Lepidoptera
478:Hymenoptera
428:iNaturalist
331:Description
309:robertmensi
278:ecoregion.
258:to central
234:Liolaemidae
160:Liolaemidae
1576:Categories
1549:chiliensis
1353:Mi Fauna:
1335:2012-09-19
772:2013-11-26
634:References
467:Coleoptera
462:chiliensis
400:Polyploidy
388:Morphology
325:chiliensis
307:under the
252:chiliensis
146:Suborder:
1587:Liolaemus
1235:220966872
965:Oecologia
920:7 October
724:Liolaemus
692:Liolaemus
488:scorpions
471:Hemiptera
345:oviparous
321:Liolaemus
268:Argentina
178:Species:
171:Liolaemus
106:Kingdom:
100:Eukaryota
1497:56052002
1471:10366089
1390:Q4844915
1384:Wikidata
1330:Podarcis
1304:14953912
1052:: 47–56.
1001:22881961
993:28311104
447:Behavior
282:Taxonomy
272:ecotonal
156:Family:
140:Squamata
130:Reptilia
120:Chordata
116:Phylum:
110:Animalia
96:Domain:
73:IUCN 3.1
1484:1055762
1445:2460439
973:Bibcode
533:Gekkota
503:Diptera
349:insects
256:endemic
212:, 1830)
166:Genus:
150:Iguania
136:Order:
126:Class:
71: (
1559:197300
1556:uBio:
1536:514954
1523:100750
1510:109403
1432:791942
1302:
1233:
999:
991:
500:, and
492:plants
230:lizard
210:Lesson
1466:IRMNG
1458:39234
1419:3V6DX
1300:S2CID
1231:S2CID
997:S2CID
299:with
260:Chile
1505:NCBI
1492:IUCN
1479:ITIS
1440:GBIF
1311:2021
1068:link
1064:link
1008:2021
989:PMID
922:2021
475:and
452:Diet
303:and
240:and
1427:EoL
1414:CoL
1292:doi
1221:hdl
1211:doi
981:doi
915:EOL
606:).
1578::
1546::
1544:RD
1533::
1520::
1507::
1494::
1481::
1468::
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1429::
1416::
1401::
1386::
1328:.
1298:.
1288:18
1286:.
1282:.
1229:.
1219:.
1207:39
1205:.
1201:.
1124:^
1060:}}
1056:{{
1050:20
1048:.
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979:.
969:53
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963:.
951:^
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902:^
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494:,
490:,
486:,
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266:,
1338:.
1313:.
1294::
1237:.
1223::
1213::
1151:.
1070:)
1010:.
983::
975::
924:.
807:.
775:.
505:.
480:.
473:,
224:(
208:(
75:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
