868:
feeding groove that acts as the cell mouth. This fourth, posteriorly orientated flagellum is vaned, due to the presence of two wing-like structures that extend from it. The feeding groove and fourth flagellum are positioned in the anterior region of the body and work together, involved in the function of endocytosis, enabling the movement of food particles towards the feeding groove. The flagella possess the 9+2 structure, common in flagellated eukaryotes. A single distinct nucleus is in the very anterior region of the body near the cytoplasm.
747:
feeding to survive, thus once the food source begins to run out, stimulation of encystation occurs. Both trophozoites and cysts are passed in the feces but only cysts can survive outside of the host and are therefore the stage of infection. When exposed to the external environment, the trophozoites disintegrate while the cysts remain living in bodies of water until they are again taken up by the next host, continuing the cycle of transmission.
33:
831:
Due to the non-pathogenic nature of this taxon, no treatments are required except to relieve the discomfort of the diarrhea in extreme cases. If the infected patient is showing other symptoms of disease, it is most likely due to the presence of another parasitic pathogen and further testing should be
876:
Cysts are lemon or pear shaped, typically rounder and smaller than the trophozoite. One end of the cyst cell is rounded while the other end has a slight, blunt protuberance. The cyst wall is of even thickness except in the region of the protuberance where it is even thicker. Organelles found in the
867:
have been described as pyriform, lemon-shaped or pear-shaped in various species with a rounded anterior and an elongated posterior end that comes to a point. Four flagella are present in all species; three flagella extend anteriorly and move freely, while the fourth flagellum is located within the
746:
and reside within the intestine of the host. Trophozoites feed on the host's intestinal contents such as bacteria through endocytosis. Once the intestinal contents begin to dry out, the trophozoites then release a cyst wall through the process of encystation. Cysts are resistant and do not require
1275:
Brugerolle, Guy (November 1973). "Etude
Ultrastructurale du Trophozoite et du Kyste chez le Genre Chilomastix Alexeieff, 1910 (Zoomastigophorea, Retortamonadida Grassé, 1952)" [Ultrastructural study of the Trophozoite and the Cyst in the Genus Chilomastix Alexeieff, 1910 (Zoomastigophorea,
771:
often feeds on bacteria living inside the gut of the host. The cytosomal flagellum aids in bringing intestinal bacteria closer towards the cell, allowing the membrane to wrap around the food particle and pinch off to form a food vacuole within the cell body. The cyst stage is non-feeding.
877:
trophozoite, including the nucleus and cytostome, remain in the cyst stage and are usually viewable when stained under the microscope. While the vaned flagellum is present in the cyst stage, the three free anterior flagella are not, thus making the cyst non-motile.
1244:
Hendarto, Joko; Mizuno, Tetsushi; Hidayati, Anggi P.N.; Rozi, Ismail E.; Asih, Puji B.S.; Syafruddin, Din; Yoshikawa, Hisao; Matsubayashi, Makoto; Tokoro, Masaharu (April 2019). "Three monophyletic clusters in
Retortamonas species isolated from vertebrates".
1140:
Bernard, Catherine; Simpson, Alastair G.B.; Patterson, David J. (August 1997). "An ultrastructural study of a free-living retortamonad, Chilomastix cuspidata (Larsen & Patterson, 1990) n. comb. (Retortamonadida, Protista)".
673:
The cyst stage of the organism if often found in feces where it can thrive away from a host, until it is ingested. The trophozoite stage resides in the intestine of its host where it feeds on intestinal bacteria.
601:
The nomenclature of this genus has been under much dispute throughout history, switching between many different taxonomic names. The first known report of this genus was in 1854 when patients in
593:
is one of the more studied species in this genus due to the fact it is a human parasite. Therefore, much of the information on this genus is based on what is known about this one species.
1209:
Ponce Gordo, F; Herrera, S; Castro, A.T; GarcıÌa DurĂĄn, B; MartıÌnez DıÌaz, R.A (July 2002). "Parasites from farmed ostriches (Struthio camelus) and rheas (Rhea americana) in Europe".
1578:
1307:
823:
This commonly causes confusion during diagnosis. Diagnosis is made upon finding one or both cyst and trophozoite forms in feces samples of an infected patient.
637:
being its own genus was urged by
Alexeieffe in 1912 who was the first to thoroughly describe a species belonging to this genus. Although he initially called it
665:
is considered a cosmopolitan species, having been found in marine, freshwater and brackish waters. This genus, however, is more prevalent in warmer climates.
1368:
Cancrini, G; Bartoloni, A; Nuñez, L; Paradisi, F (1988). "Intestinal parasites in the Camiri, Gutierrez and
Boyuibe areas, Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia".
734:
exists as a cyst stage that is responsible for transmission and a trophozoite stage which is also known as the feeding stage. Transmission occurs via the
1565:
1407:
1352:
1319:
1335:
Kulda, Jaroslav; NohĂœnkovĂĄ, Eva; ÄepiÄka, Ivan (2017). "Retortamonadida (With Notes on
Carpediemonas-Like Organisms and Caviomonadidae)".
577:
a wide range of vertebrate hosts, but is known to be typically non-pathogenic, and is therefore classified as harmless. The life cycle of
1614:
742:
cysts is ingested. The uptake of cysts by the host leads to the excystation of one trophozoite per cyst, which then multiply via
810:
species are often transmitted along with other intestinal parasites, many of which are pathogenic and do cause diseases such as
1105:
Hegner, Robert W. (1924). "Giardia and
Chilomastix from Monkeys, Giardia from the Wild Cat and Balantidium from the Sheep".
1503:
787:
and are non-pathogenic. They are typically asymptomatic as severity of infection is usually no higher than seen in
1642:
1439:
45:
1456:
1427:
1168:
Levecke, Bruno; Dorny, Pierre; Geurden, Thomas; Vercammen, Francis; Vercruysse, Jozef (September 2007).
626:
614:
735:
493:
1619:
1593:
1552:
109:
478:
Aléxéieff 1909 non Risso 1826 non Hedwig 1806 non
Latreille 1825 non Griffith 1836 non Agassiz 1839
40:
483:
1122:
1087:
812:
463:
62:
1521:
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showed infection by a parasitic flagellate. The human parasite was classified under the name of
516:
1601:
1583:
1539:
1403:
1377:
1348:
1315:
1226:
946:
743:
682:
Species within this genus are known to parasitize a wide variety of mammalian hosts including
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1189:
1181:
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550:
133:
852:
562:
121:
1289:
1170:"Gastrointestinal protozoa in non-human primates of four zoological gardens in Belgium"
1070:
Leiva, Lamberto (December 1921). "Observations on
Chilomastix intestinalis Kuczinski".
941:
916:
703:
1222:
1154:
1013:
32:
1636:
844:
566:
609:
var. 1 by
Davaine (1854). In 1910, it was reclassified as its own species and named
1508:
784:
570:
1544:
1258:
1185:
763:. This brings the particles into the cell and stimulates the formation of a food
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50:
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pointing anteriorly and a fourth contained within the feeding groove.
719:
687:
553:
All species within this genus are flagellated, structured with three
1450:
1118:
1083:
730:
The life cycle is direct, requiring no intermediate host or vector.
715:
683:
602:
1557:
1454:
699:
695:
585:
has a resistant cyst stage responsible for transmission and a
1301:
1299:
1393:
1391:
1000:
Barnham, M. (November 1977). "Is
Chilomastix harmless?".
1046:
Brooke, Marion Murphy; Melvin, Dorothy M. (April 1964).
617:, an English protozoologist. It was again renamed to
1048:
Common intestinal protozoa of man: life cycle charts
1463:
917:"Chilomastix mesnili and a method for its culture"
641:in 1910, he then referred it is as its own genus,
633:however, was before 1920. The initial proposal of
1270:
1268:
589:stage, which is recognized as the feeding stage.
234:(Larsen & Patterson 1990) Bernard et al. 1997
1400:Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology
738:when water contaminated with feces that contain
290:RodrĂguez LĂłpez-Neyra & SuĂĄrez-PeregrĂn 1932
843:cells are not bilaterally symmetrical and lack
783:species are generally regarded as harmless gut
995:
993:
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989:
987:
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962:
960:
8:
1041:
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1035:
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1023:
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53:and the enclosing membrane can be seen, the
1432:Fun With Microbiology (What's Buggin' You?)
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1059:
1057:
908:
906:
904:
902:
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898:
896:
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1451:
1398:Singleton, Paul; Sainsbury, Diana (2006).
31:
20:
1193:
940:
1306:Martin, Elizabeth; Hine, Robert (2015).
718:, as well as invertebrate hosts such as
886:
581:lacks an intermediate host or vector.
969:Adamson, Martin (September 8, 2004).
915:Boeck, William C. (1 February 1921).
7:
1594:6ff780f6-a8cc-4161-b613-67664c6a0f61
1276:Retortamonadida Grasse, 1952)].
921:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
1444:The Korean Society for Parasitology
978:Introductory Parasitology, Biol 328
1290:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1973.tb03577.x
755:Within the intestine of the host,
14:
498:(da Fonseca 1915) da Fonseca 1920
1143:European Journal of Protistology
855:, and an undulating membrane.
218:(Aléxéieff 1909) Aléxéieff 1910
1402:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
661:has a worldwide distribution;
1:
1223:10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00104-8
1155:10.1016/S0932-4739(97)80003-X
1014:10.1016/S0140-6736(77)91911-0
1259:10.1016/j.parint.2018.12.004
1186:10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.06.020
1345:10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_3
1314:. Oxford University Press.
1278:The Journal of Protozoology
1107:The Journal of Parasitology
1072:The Journal of Parasitology
722:have also been documented.
266:Martin & Robertson 1911
1659:
1247:Parasitology International
569:but does possess a single
488:Prowazek & Werner 1915
702:. Bird hosts, as seen in
654:Geographical distribution
629:. The origin of the name
469:
462:
163:
158:
63:Scientific classification
61:
39:
30:
23:
1337:Handbook of the Protists
795:, known to cause watery
1312:A Dictionary of Biology
1211:Veterinary Parasitology
1174:Veterinary Parasitology
971:"Unicellular Parasites"
545:is a genus of pyriform
1339:. pp. 1247â1278.
836:Morphology and anatomy
759:trophozoites feed via
1440:"Chilomastix mesnili"
1428:"Chilomastix mesnili"
615:Charles Morley Wenyon
46:Chilomastix cuspidata
933:10.1084/jem.33.2.147
639:Tetramitus caulleryi
619:Chilomastix davainei
597:History of knowledge
16:Genus of flagellates
1008:(8047): 1077â1078.
789:Chilomastix mesnili
663:Chilomastix mesnili
649:Habitat and ecology
623:Chilomastix mesnili
591:Chilomastix mesnili
41:Electron micrograph
751:Feeding Mechanisms
611:Macrostoma mesnili
607:Cercomonas hominis
549:within the family
258:Krishnamurthy 1970
1630:
1629:
1602:Open Tree of Life
1457:Taxon identifiers
1409:978-0-470-05698-1
1354:978-3-319-28147-6
1321:978-0-19-871437-8
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1434:. 18 April 2014.
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863:Trophozoites of
819:Balantidium coli
736:fecal-oral route
669:Microenvironment
551:Retortamonadidae
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507:Tetrachilomastix
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494:Tetrachilomastix
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980:. pp. 1â2.
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813:Giardia lamblia
805:
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728:
680:
678:Parasitic hosts
671:
656:
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599:
563:Golgi apparatus
511:da Fonseca 1915
421:da Fonseca 1916
377:C. nigricollisi
372:da Fonseca 1940
311:C. intestinalis
226:da Fonseca 1916
210:da Fonseca 1915
186:da Fonseca 1915
183:C. bettencourti
154:
153:Aléxéieff, 1910
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122:Retortamonadida
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1370:Parassitologia
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232:
229:
224:
221:
216:
213:
208:
205:
200:
197:
192:
189:
184:
181:
176:
175:C. bandicooti
173:
168:
165:
164:
162:
157:
149:
148:
143:
140:
139:
135:
131:
128:
127:
123:
119:
116:
115:
111:
107:
104:
103:
99:
95:
92:
91:
87:
83:
80:
79:
75:
71:
68:
67:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1464:
1443:
1431:
1399:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1336:
1330:
1311:
1281:
1277:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1113:(2): 75â78.
1110:
1106:
1100:
1078:(2): 49â57.
1075:
1071:
1005:
1001:
977:
924:
920:
875:
864:
862:
859:Trophozoites
845:mitochondria
840:
839:
830:
817:
811:
807:
806:
792:
788:
780:
779:
776:Pathogenesis
768:
756:
754:
739:
731:
729:
681:
672:
662:
658:
657:
642:
638:
634:
630:
622:
618:
610:
606:
600:
590:
582:
578:
573:. The genus
567:mitochondria
558:
541:
540:
539:
525:
515:
506:
502:
492:
484:Cyathomastix
482:
472:
451:
443:
435:
430:
425:
417:
410:
405:
397:
389:
384:
376:
368:
363:
356:
349:
345:Abraham 1961
341:
333:
326:
318:
310:
302:
294:
286:
278:
270:
262:
254:
250:Abraham 1961
246:
239:C. echinorum
238:
231:C. cuspidata
230:
222:
215:C. caulleryi
214:
206:
198:
190:
182:
174:
167:C. aulostomi
166:
146:
145:
81:(unranked):
49:. The "9+2"
44:
24:
18:
1509:Chilomastix
1495:Chilomastix
1489:Wikispecies
1465:Chilomastix
865:Chilomastix
841:Chilomastix
808:Chilomastix
781:Chilomastix
769:Chilomastix
761:endocytosis
757:Chilomastix
740:Chilomastix
732:Chilomastix
692:chimpanzees
659:Chilomastix
643:Chilomastix
635:Chilomastix
631:Chilomastix
587:trophozoite
583:Chilomastix
579:Chilomastix
575:parasitizes
561:also lacks
559:Chilomastix
542:Chilomastix
503:Chilomastix
452:C. wenrichi
444:C. undulata
439:Porter 1952
406:C. peccarii
390:C. osmaniae
385:C. olympioi
357:C. motellae
337:Becker 1926
322:Crouch 1936
242:Powers 1936
223:C. cuniculi
147:Chilomastix
25:Chilomastix
1002:The Lancet
881:References
785:commensals
726:Life cycle
645:in 1912.
531:GĂ€bel 1914
474:Macrostoma
447:Skuja 1956
411:C. quadrii
398:C. palmari
350:C. mesnili
298:Madre 1979
279:C. graecae
271:C. giganta
170:BÄlaĆ 1921
98:Metamonada
1517:AlgaeBase
1253:: 93â98.
1050:(Report).
827:Treatment
803:Diagnosis
704:ostriches
547:excavates
517:Fanapepea
436:C. tarsii
426:C. simiae
401:Todd 1963
380:Todd 1963
369:C. navasi
306:Todd 1963
255:C. gadrii
207:C. caprae
178:Todd 1963
74:Eukaryota
55:flagellum
1637:Category
1529:BioLib:
1480:Q2963624
1474:Wikidata
1231:12072221
951:19868485
849:axostyle
797:diarrhea
712:chickens
555:flagella
464:Synonyms
455:Nie 1948
364:C. muris
334:C. magna
327:C. kudoi
274:Nie 1948
199:C. bursa
191:C. bocis
159:Species
129:Family:
93:Phylum:
86:Excavata
69:Domain:
1607:1070201
1584:1106361
1571:3236058
1558:2910614
1382:3271990
1127:3270864
1092:3270749
942:2128178
765:vacuole
720:insects
688:monkeys
571:nucleus
527:Difamus
431:C. suis
247:C. equi
141:Genus:
117:Order:
105:Class:
51:axoneme
1620:562608
1591:NZOR:
1532:222924
1406:
1380:
1351:
1318:
1229:
1125:
1090:
949:
939:
832:done.
698:, and
684:humans
627:Kofoid
621:(syn.
1615:WoRMS
1579:IRMNG
1522:51890
1123:JSTOR
1088:JSTOR
974:(PDF)
872:Cysts
847:, an
716:geese
708:rheas
603:Paris
1566:GBIF
1545:3N3V
1404:ISBN
1378:PMID
1349:ISBN
1316:ISBN
1227:PMID
947:PMID
816:and
791:and
714:and
700:pigs
696:apes
565:and
1553:EoL
1540:CoL
1504:AFD
1341:doi
1286:doi
1255:doi
1219:doi
1215:107
1190:hdl
1182:doi
1178:148
1151:doi
1115:doi
1080:doi
1010:doi
1006:310
937:PMC
929:doi
799:.
613:by
43:of
1639::
1617::
1604::
1581::
1568::
1555::
1542::
1519::
1506::
1491::
1476::
1442:.
1430:.
1390:^
1374:30
1372:.
1347:.
1310:.
1298:^
1282:20
1267:^
1251:69
1249:.
1225:.
1213:.
1188:.
1176:.
1172:.
1147:33
1145:.
1121:.
1111:11
1109:.
1086:.
1074:.
1056:^
1022:^
1004:.
986:^
976:.
959:^
945:.
935:.
925:33
923:.
919:.
889:^
851:,
767:.
710:,
706:,
694:,
690:,
686:,
509:)
1446:.
1412:.
1384:.
1357:.
1343::
1324:.
1292:.
1288::
1261:.
1257::
1233:.
1221::
1198:.
1192::
1184::
1157:.
1153::
1129:.
1117::
1094:.
1082::
1076:8
1016:.
1012::
953:.
931::
821:.
505:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
