355:
859:
517:
258:
619:
987:
had created (known as Hog's or Hogg's Island). It also eliminated the original channel of the river, which is now part of King's Bridge park. A short distance north of the village along the
Niagara Parkway can be seen two monolithic structures – gates to tunnels which also carry water to the generating stations.
963:
Shipbuilding industries were established on both banks of the river before 1840. A foundry which manufactured boilers and engines was constructed at approximately the same time. Chippawa was also home to one of the largest distilleries, along with gristmills, sawmills, tanneries, and iron, brass and
682:
to the
Welland River, and subsequently sailed to Chippawa, reaching Lake Erie via the Niagara River. Ships entering and leaving the Niagara faced a difficult and dangerous turn into a swift current. The Welland River curved downstream into the Niagara and ships rounding this point were in danger of
833:
passes along the eastern edge of
Chippawa, crossing the Welland River via the control dam right at the junction with the Niagara River. This paved walking and cycling trail runs from Niagara on the Lake to Fort Erie. Furthermore, Lyon's Creek Road has paved shoulders for cyclists, and the Chippawa
742:
The Erie and
Ontario railroad opened for traffic in 1839. It had wooden rails with iron straps laid on them and was pulled by horses. This was the first railway in the Niagara Peninsula. By 1854, steam power took over for the horses. A year later, the railway was extended to Niagara (the present
986:
above
Queenston. This diversion actually causes the Welland River to flow backwards from its natural direction, taking water out of the Niagara River. Reconfiguration of the mouth of the Welland River to accommodate this purpose has completely eliminated the Chippawa Cut, as well as the island it
766:
The
Niagara Falls Park and River Railway was trolley line was constructed along the Niagara River between Chippawa and Queenston in 1893. This line crossed the Welland River on a bridge at Cummings Lane and proceeded about 1.5 km south to Slater's Dock (also known as Chippawa Landing), where
397:
giving the
British access to a one-mile strip of land on the western shore of the Niagara to replace the portage they had lost on the eastern shore after the New England colonies separated from British rule. The Ojibwe made the area one of the stopping area when migrating from the Atlantic region.
396:
nation, originating the former name of the river and subsequently the name of the village. The
Mississauga, a branch of the Ojibwa, were actually the tribe present when the British first colonized the area and were the very first to sign a treaty in what is now Canada with the British government ,
738:
Even with the
Welland Canal providing access between the lakes in the 1830s, the portage road was still carrying a great deal of people and cargo. The canal took over 24 hours to pass through, and could not handle the largest ships of the day. It was inevitable that a railway would be built to
471:
was built in 1791 (at the present day site of Kings Bridge park) to defend the south end of the
Portage Road and the King's Bridge (discussed in the Transportation section). This was also known as Fort Welland and consisted of a log blockhouse surrounded by a stockade.
981:
Being above Niagara Falls, Chippawa is the location of water intakes to electric power plants located below the falls. The Welland River is used as an intake from the Niagara River to feed a power canal originating west of the village, leading to reservoirs on the
972:
The Norton Abrasives plant still exists, now part of the Saint-Gobain corporation. This is the largest manufacturing industry in the immediate area of Chippawa. Residents are also able to get their groceries from the local Foodland grocery store.
686:
The problem was resolved by construction of the Chippawa Cut in 1829. This short canal allowed ships to turn upstream into the Niagara River directly and avoid the most severe currents. This cut is depicted in the survey mentioned above.
655:
King's Bridge, constructed about 1790, was the very first bridge over the Welland River. It was located at the mouth of the river, closer to the Niagara than today's bridge. Sketches by Lady Simcoe (wife of Lieutenant Governor
995:
The Chippawa area is home to golf courses, parks, the historic field of the Battle of Chippawa, as well as attractive architecture and a quiet atmosphere located a very short distance from the extremely busy Niagara Falls.
802:). Although pamphlets and advertisements for the Great Gorge Route show service only as far as Niagara Falls, historic maps of the area show tracks leading to the north side of the Welland River until at least 1934.
645:, all cargo was carried on the American side of the river. Following this, British interests required a route within their territory. A survey conducted in 1790 reserved a strip one chain wide between Chippawa and
787:. With the decline of boat service from Buffalo and establishment of through rail service, the line to Slater's Dock was abandoned in the early 20th century and service was cut back to the village of Chippawa.
1027:. The village commemorates this on both the street sign for Parkway Drive which is decorated to look like a film strip, and the village's welcome sign which is decorated with the words "Home of James Cameron".
817:
provides access to the village from both the North and South. Main Street, which changes into Lyons Creek Road outside of the village, makes the most direct connection with a major highway - the
694:, but commercial navigation on the river continued for roughly another century. In 1843, over 100 steamers carried passengers and some freight on a route that followed the Niagara River from
1585:
389:
Eventually, however, the Neutral nation was wiped out by the Iroquois and almost nothing of their culture survives - the name by which they called themselves is unknown.
1611:
1000:
is also located just outside the village. While not home to the major hotels, Chippawa does have several smaller establishments, antiques shops, Chippawa House and
1167:
244:(also known locally as Chippawa Creek or The Crick). In historic documents, the name of the village and the river is sometimes spelled as Chippewa or Chippeway.
776:
232:
The village was founded in 1850, and became part of the City of Niagara Falls, Ontario by amalgamation in 1970. It is located on the Canadian shore of the
721:
facilities can be found at Lyon's Creek just west of the village. Somewhat farther to the west is a relic of the days of commercial shipping – the
810:
Chippawa does not lie on any major highways. There are four main streets leading to the village, all converging at the bridge over the Welland River.
1352:
678:
During the first several years that the Welland Canal operated, it did not reach Lake Erie directly. All canal traffic was lowered in a lock at
955:
Many industries have been located either within the municipal boundaries of Chippawa, or just a short distance outside the village boundaries:
50:
1068:
1272:
1187:
652:
Most of this road remains today, following its original winding route in contrast to the rectangular grid of other Niagara Falls streets.
1297:
767:
it connected with steamboats from Buffalo. The railway carried passengers to Queenston, where connections were made with steamboats to
90:
876:
534:
275:
210:
1216:
1128:
942:
755:, ending at north side of the Welland River. This is the only active railway in Chippawa today, and there is no passenger service.
600:
341:
923:
845:
provides local bus service between the village and the main part of Niagara Falls. Routes 106, 112, and 206 serves the vicinity.
581:
322:
1361:
174:
139:
105:
895:
553:
294:
200:
880:
538:
279:
902:
560:
301:
1345:
1164:
634:, all cargo and passengers had to be unloaded and carried overland to navigable waters below the falls in order to reach
642:
1590:
194:
909:
567:
308:
392:
Following the extermination of the Neutrals, the area was abandoned by the Iroquois and settled by a branch of the
821:
6 km away. The last main route is the original Portage Road, linking to the business area of Niagara Falls.
485:
891:
698:, then into the Welland River at Chippawa, joining the Welland Canal at Port Robinson, and subsequently via the
549:
480:
A plain at Usshers Creek (about 2 km south of Chippawa, and then called Streets Creek) was the site of the
290:
1338:
182:
667:
The bridge was of great military importance as the only one crossing of the river. A survey available in the
869:
784:
758:
The stone piers which once carried this railway over the Welland River on a swing bridge are still present.
748:
747:
at the source of the Niagara River. The line was now known as the Erie and Niagara. This route became the
527:
405:
368:
268:
1527:
1487:
1375:
830:
791:
691:
679:
661:
623:
432:
226:
203:
187:
115:
725:
still carries a railway track over the river even though it has not opened for a ship in about 75 years.
1562:
1452:
1001:
842:
722:
707:
500:
160:
100:
790:
Most of this line was combined with a parallel route on the American side and lasted until 1932 as the
751:'s Niagara Division and operated into the 20th century. A short section remains in service today as an
442:
Later that same year, John Burch settled on the north side of the Welland River, and in 1786, he built
408:
the British began giving land grants to U.E.L and British veterans to settle in the late 18th century.
1096:
431:
The first permanent settler of European descent in what is now Chippawa was Thomas Cummings. He was a
1497:
997:
168:
149:
1552:
1537:
1477:
1462:
1426:
1017:
818:
401:
371:
people for many thousands of years, very few details from times before European contact are known.
1072:
699:
1557:
1532:
1502:
1492:
1472:
1447:
1411:
1276:
1023:
983:
916:
744:
711:
703:
657:
646:
574:
481:
315:
630:
Chippawa is the limit of navigation on the Upper Niagara River. Before the construction of the
1567:
1547:
1542:
1522:
1512:
1301:
1212:
1124:
695:
415:(located on the present-day site of Niagara on the Lake was mispronounced by the Chippewa as
1507:
1421:
1416:
834:
Parkway on the north side of the river is paved and highly suitable for cycling or walking.
668:
499:, remembered for carrying information to the British regarding American advances before the
484:
on July 5, 1814, and also the site of the American camp to which they retired following the
436:
1517:
1431:
1171:
814:
752:
375:
354:
964:
tin manufacturing. Later, the Norton Company began manufacturing abrasives at Chippawa.
1385:
1097:"Welland Canal Survey of Lands Plan of a cut at the mouth of Chippewa or Welland River"
717:
While commercial shipping no longer exists in Chippawa, pleasure boating continues and
379:
675:. This survey also shows a new bridge constructed at the location of the current one.
1605:
1380:
1012:
631:
451:
241:
237:
233:
1330:
772:
664:
each show a bridge consisting of pilings driven into the river with a wooden deck.
635:
496:
17:
858:
516:
492:
257:
386:
to the south, but were not involved in their wars (at least in recorded time).
1252:
780:
672:
65:
52:
1232:
1163:
Images of the bridge are available from the Niagara Falls Public Library at
690:
By the mid-1830s, the Welland Canal had been extended to enter Lake Erie at
447:
130:
618:
1144:
393:
383:
1395:
1390:
883: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
768:
541: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
443:
282: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1011:
In addition to Laura Secord, Chippawa was also home to film director
775:. Moreover, it carried tourists to the falls and connected with the
718:
1273:"The Regional Municipality of Niagara - Bicycling Map - 2nd Edition"
617:
353:
156:
135:
468:
1334:
1325:
423:, making this word one of the few remnants of Neutral culture.
374:
The French encountered a group of people whom they called the "
852:
510:
378:", because they lived between the more powerful and combative
251:
503:. She lived in the village until her death at the age of 93.
743:
day Niagara on the Lake), and in the 1860s, was extended to
439:
who settled on the south side of the Welland River in 1783.
411:
The name of the principal village of the Neutrals –
1123:. Toronto/Buffalo/London: University of Toronto Press.
649:
as a public road, which would become the Portage Road.
1461:
1440:
1404:
1368:
209:
193:
181:
167:
146:
129:
121:
111:
99:
89:
81:
32:
367:While the area has undoubtedly been populated by
671:Special Collections indicates that this was a
1346:
1253:"Google Maps (Search term - " Chippawa, ON")"
1209:Niagara, St. Catharines & Toronto Railway
8:
1057:. Niagara Falls, Ontario: Lindsay Press Ltd.
777:Niagara, St. Catharines and Toronto Railway
27:Unincorporated community in Ontario, Canada
1353:
1339:
1331:
1145:"Niagara Rails (Chippawa Industrial Lead)"
739:streamline movement around Niagara Falls.
225:is a community located within the city of
29:
1211:. Pickering, Ontario: Railfare DC Books.
943:Learn how and when to remove this message
601:Learn how and when to remove this message
342:Learn how and when to remove this message
1612:Neighbourhoods in Niagara Falls, Ontario
1121:The Welland Canals and Their Communities
1091:
1089:
1165:Historic and current images of Chippawa
1055:Peninsula Village - A Story of Chippawa
1036:
192:
166:
128:
120:
80:
1182:
1180:
1114:
1112:
208:
180:
145:
110:
98:
88:
7:
1298:"City of Niagara Falls - Bus Routes"
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
881:adding citations to reliable sources
762:Niagara Falls Park and River Railway
539:adding citations to reliable sources
280:adding citations to reliable sources
495:, Chippawa also became the home of
25:
1586:Neighbourhoods in Niagara Region
1362:Regional Municipality of Niagara
1188:"Historic Map and Chart Project"
857:
515:
256:
868:needs additional citations for
614:Navigation and the Portage road
526:needs additional citations for
267:needs additional citations for
626:sketch of Kings Bridge in 1801
236:about 2 km upstream from
1:
825:Bicycle and pedestrian routes
683:being swept over the falls.
643:War of American Independence
419:, and again by Europeans as
1591:Census divisions of Ontario
1628:
1326:City of Niagara Falls site
1053:Bond, Ray Cory (c. 1964).
1576:
1119:Jackson, John N. (1997).
358:Boating at Chippawa, 1905
240:. It is bisected by the
46:
39:
734:Erie and Ontario Railway
660:) and deputy postmaster
41:Unincorporated community
785:St. Catharines, Ontario
749:Canada Southern Railway
406:United Empire Loyalists
1207:Mills, John M (2007).
831:Niagara Heritage Trail
792:Niagara Gorge Railroad
692:Port Colborne, Ontario
680:Port Robinson, Ontario
627:
486:Battle of Lundy's Lane
433:United Empire Loyalist
359:
227:Niagara Falls, Ontario
169:Forward sortation area
849:Business and industry
843:Niagara Falls Transit
723:Montrose Swing Bridge
621:
357:
148: • Summer (
101:Regional municipality
66:43.05583°N 79.04694°W
968:Present-day industry
877:improve this article
771:and other points on
535:improve this article
501:Battle of Beaverdams
276:improve this article
1427:Niagara-on-the-Lake
1233:"Great Gorge Route"
977:Hydroelectric power
892:"Chippawa, Ontario"
819:Queen Elizabeth Way
794:(also known as the
550:"Chippawa, Ontario"
402:Niagara-On-The-Lake
291:"Chippawa, Ontario"
71:43.05583; -79.04694
62: /
1170:2007-02-25 at the
1002:Chippawa Town Hall
984:Niagara Escarpment
806:Modern road access
745:Fort Erie, Ontario
712:Brantford, Ontario
704:Dunnville, Ontario
658:John Graves Simcoe
647:Queenston, Ontario
628:
488:on July 25, 1814.
482:Battle of Chippawa
360:
1599:
1598:
959:Historic industry
953:
952:
945:
927:
800:Niagara Belt Line
796:Great Gorge Route
779:, which provided
696:Buffalo, New York
611:
610:
603:
585:
427:Earliest settlers
382:to the north and
352:
351:
344:
326:
220:
219:
18:Chippewa, Ontario
16:(Redirected from
1619:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1332:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1300:. Archived from
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1275:. Archived from
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1184:
1175:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1116:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1093:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1071:. Archived from
1065:
1059:
1058:
1050:
948:
941:
937:
934:
928:
926:
885:
861:
853:
769:Toronto, Ontario
669:Brock University
606:
599:
595:
592:
586:
584:
543:
519:
511:
458:Military history
437:Albany, New York
347:
340:
336:
333:
327:
325:
284:
260:
252:
153:
77:
76:
74:
73:
72:
67:
63:
60:
59:
58:
55:
30:
21:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1572:
1464:
1457:
1436:
1400:
1364:
1359:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1307:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1282:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1172:Wayback Machine
1162:
1158:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1078:
1076:
1069:"Fort Chippawa"
1067:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1051:
1038:
1033:
1009:
993:
979:
970:
961:
949:
938:
932:
929:
886:
884:
874:
862:
851:
840:
827:
815:Niagara Parkway
808:
764:
753:industrial spur
736:
731:
624:George Heriot's
616:
607:
596:
590:
587:
544:
542:
532:
520:
509:
478:
465:
460:
429:
404:filled up with
376:Neutral Indians
365:
348:
337:
331:
328:
285:
283:
273:
261:
250:
177:
147:
70:
68:
64:
61:
56:
53:
51:
49:
48:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1625:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1463:Unincorporated
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1386:St. Catharines
1383:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1321:
1320:External links
1318:
1315:
1314:
1289:
1264:
1244:
1224:
1217:
1199:
1176:
1156:
1136:
1129:
1108:
1085:
1060:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1015:, director of
1008:
1007:Notable people
1005:
992:
989:
978:
975:
969:
966:
960:
957:
951:
950:
865:
863:
856:
850:
847:
839:
838:Public transit
836:
826:
823:
807:
804:
763:
760:
735:
732:
730:
727:
615:
612:
609:
608:
523:
521:
514:
508:
507:Transportation
505:
477:
474:
464:
461:
459:
456:
428:
425:
364:
361:
350:
349:
264:
262:
255:
249:
246:
218:
217:
214:
207:
206:
198:
191:
190:
185:
179:
178:
173:
171:
165:
164:
154:
144:
143:
133:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
97:
96:
93:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
44:
43:
40:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1624:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1528:Port Robinson
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1488:Crystal Beach
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1381:Port Colborne
1379:
1377:
1376:Niagara Falls
1374:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1304:on 2007-05-21
1303:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1279:on 2008-03-26
1278:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1218:1-897190-27-1
1214:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1130:0-8020-0933-6
1126:
1122:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1075:on 2008-05-17
1074:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1013:James Cameron
1006:
1004:
1003:
999:
990:
988:
985:
976:
974:
967:
965:
958:
956:
947:
944:
936:
925:
922:
918:
915:
911:
908:
904:
901:
897:
894: –
893:
889:
888:Find sources:
882:
878:
872:
871:
866:This section
864:
860:
855:
854:
848:
846:
844:
837:
835:
832:
824:
822:
820:
816:
811:
805:
803:
801:
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
761:
759:
756:
754:
750:
746:
740:
733:
728:
726:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
688:
684:
681:
676:
674:
670:
665:
663:
662:George Heriot
659:
653:
650:
648:
644:
639:
637:
633:
632:Welland Canal
625:
620:
613:
605:
602:
594:
583:
580:
576:
573:
569:
566:
562:
559:
555:
552: –
551:
547:
546:Find sources:
540:
536:
530:
529:
524:This section
522:
518:
513:
512:
506:
504:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
475:
473:
470:
463:Fort Chippawa
462:
457:
455:
453:
452:Niagara River
449:
445:
440:
438:
434:
426:
424:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
398:
395:
390:
387:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
369:First Nations
363:First Nations
362:
356:
346:
343:
335:
324:
321:
317:
314:
310:
307:
303:
300:
296:
293: –
292:
288:
287:Find sources:
281:
277:
271:
270:
265:This section
263:
259:
254:
253:
248:Early history
247:
245:
243:
242:Welland River
239:
238:Niagara Falls
235:
234:Niagara River
230:
228:
224:
215:
212:
205:
202:
199:
196:
189:
186:
184:
176:
172:
170:
162:
158:
155:
151:
141:
137:
134:
132:
124:
117:
116:Niagara Falls
114:
107:
104:
102:
94:
92:
84:
75:
47:Coordinates:
45:
38:
31:
19:
1563:Stevensville
1482:
1453:West Lincoln
1306:. Retrieved
1302:the original
1292:
1281:. Retrieved
1277:the original
1267:
1256:. Retrieved
1247:
1236:. Retrieved
1227:
1208:
1202:
1191:. Retrieved
1159:
1148:. Retrieved
1139:
1120:
1100:. Retrieved
1077:. Retrieved
1073:the original
1063:
1054:
1022:
1016:
1010:
994:
980:
971:
962:
954:
939:
930:
920:
913:
906:
899:
887:
875:Please help
870:verification
867:
841:
828:
812:
809:
799:
795:
789:
773:Lake Ontario
765:
757:
741:
737:
716:
700:Feeder Canal
689:
685:
677:
666:
654:
651:
640:
636:Lake Ontario
629:
597:
588:
578:
571:
564:
557:
545:
533:Please help
528:verification
525:
497:Laura Secord
490:
479:
466:
441:
430:
420:
416:
412:
410:
399:
391:
388:
373:
366:
338:
329:
319:
312:
305:
298:
286:
274:Please help
269:verification
266:
231:
222:
221:
1498:Douglastown
1465:communities
783:service to
708:Grand River
706:and up the
641:Before the
493:War of 1812
476:War of 1812
188:905 and 289
69: /
1553:Smithville
1538:Ridgeville
1478:Beamsville
1308:2008-04-01
1283:2008-03-29
1258:2008-03-29
1238:2008-03-29
1193:2008-05-03
1150:2008-03-29
1102:2008-03-29
1079:2008-03-30
1031:References
998:Marineland
933:April 2020
903:newspapers
781:interurban
673:drawbridge
622:A copy of
591:April 2020
561:newspapers
491:After the
450:along the
448:gristmills
332:April 2020
302:newspapers
183:Area codes
1558:St. Johns
1533:Queenston
1503:Effingham
1493:Dain City
1473:Allanburg
1448:Wainfleet
1441:Townships
1412:Fort Erie
798:, or the
131:Time zone
57:79°2′49″W
54:43°3′21″N
1606:Category
1580:See also
1568:Vineland
1548:Rosedene
1543:Ridgeway
1523:Netherby
1513:Fonthill
1483:Chippawa
1168:Archived
729:Railways
417:Nyahgeah
413:Onghiara
394:Chippewa
384:Iroquois
223:Chippawa
91:Province
34:Chippawa
1508:Fenwick
1422:Lincoln
1417:Grimsby
1396:Welland
1391:Thorold
1018:Titanic
991:Tourism
917:scholar
575:scholar
421:Niagara
316:scholar
204:Niagara
122:Founded
106:Niagara
95:Ontario
82:Country
1518:Jordan
1432:Pelham
1369:Cities
1215:
1127:
1024:Avatar
919:
912:
905:
898:
890:
719:marina
577:
570:
563:
556:
548:
318:
311:
304:
297:
289:
85:Canada
1405:Towns
924:JSTOR
910:books
582:JSTOR
568:books
435:from
400:Once
380:Huron
323:JSTOR
309:books
216:FAQPM
157:UTC-4
136:UTC-5
1213:ISBN
1125:ISBN
1021:and
896:news
829:The
813:The
554:news
469:fort
446:and
444:saw-
295:news
213:Code
211:GNBC
201:30M3
125:1850
112:City
879:by
710:to
702:to
537:by
278:by
197:Map
195:NTS
175:L2G
161:EDT
150:DST
140:EST
1608::
1179:^
1111:^
1088:^
1039:^
714:.
638:.
467:A
454:.
229:.
1354:e
1347:t
1340:v
1311:.
1286:.
1261:.
1241:.
1221:.
1196:.
1174:.
1153:.
1133:.
1105:.
1082:.
946:)
940:(
935:)
931:(
921:·
914:·
907:·
900:·
873:.
604:)
598:(
593:)
589:(
579:·
572:·
565:·
558:·
531:.
345:)
339:(
334:)
330:(
320:·
313:·
306:·
299:·
272:.
163:)
159:(
152:)
142:)
138:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
