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doctors (0.20). According to a 2006 Gallup Poll of U.S. adults, when asked how they would "rate the honesty and ethical standards of people in these different fields", chiropractic compared unfavorably with mainstream medicine. When chiropractic was rated, it "rated dead last amongst healthcare professions". While 84% of respondents considered nurses' ethics "very high" or "high", only 36% felt that way about chiropractors. Other healthcare professions ranged from 38% for psychiatrists, to 62% for dentists, 69% for other medical doctors, 71% for veterinarians, and 73% for druggists or pharmacists. Similar results were found in the 2003 Gallup Poll. Chiropractic authors have placed these results in perspective in articles, with one writing that "we were the least trusted and least believed health care discipline", and another writing that chiropractors who use unethical marketing methods "
335:
people believe chiropractic has little more than a placebo effect, while some randomized trials of spinal manipulation have supported its effectiveness for the treatment of (specifically) low back pain. There are several barriers between primary care physicians and chiropractors for having positive referral relationships which includes a lack of good communication. The medical establishment has not entirely accepted chiropractic care as mainstream. After 100 years, the chiropractic profession has failed to define a message that is understandable, credible, and scientifically valid. The future of chiropractic is uncertain due to the economic struggles and restrictions of the science and methods in chiropractic.
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contained unsubstantiated claims. Chiropractors, especially in
America, have a reputation for unnecessarily treating patients. Sustained chiropractic care is promoted as a preventative tool but unnecessary manipulation could possibly present a risk to patients. Some chiropractors are concerned by the routine unjustified claims chiropractors have made. In English-speaking countries the majority of chiropractors and their associations appear to make efficacy claims that are unsupported by scientific evidence. Claims not supported by solid evidence were made about asthma, ear infection, earache, otitis media, and neck pain.
683:, the core concept of chiropractic, based on both physical science and metaphysical concepts. The concept of subluxation is subject to new and emerging research, and has been the subject of a debate about whether to keep it in the chiropractic paradigm that has lasted for decades. It has been argued that dogmatic commitment to subluxation is a significant barrier to chiropractic as a profession: it brings ridicule from the scientific community and perpetuates a marketing tradition in chiropractic that leads to charges of quackery.
291:. But we must have a religious head, one who is the founder, as did Christ, Mohamed, Jo. Smith, Mrs. Eddy, Martin Luther and others who have founded religions. I am the fountain head. I am the founder of chiropractic in its science, in its art, in its philosophy and in its religious phase. Now, if chiropractors desire to claim me as their head, their leader, the way is clear. My writings have been gradually steering in that direction until now it is time to assume that we have the same right to as has Christian Scientists.
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33:" was the sole cause of all diseases and manipulation was the cure for all disease. A 2003 profession-wide survey found "most chiropractors (whether 'straights' or 'mixers') still hold views of Innate Intelligence and of the cause and cure of disease (not just back pain) consistent with those of the Palmers". A critical evaluation stated "Chiropractic is rooted in mystical concepts. This led to an internal conflict within the chiropractic profession, which continues today." Chiropractors, including D.D. Palmer, were
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insurance companies to include chiropractic services in health and accident policies. The US federal government pays for limited chiropractic services under
Medicare, Medicaid, and its vocational rehabilitation program, and the Internal Revenue Service allows a medical deduction for chiropractic services. Chiropractors cite such facts as evidence of "recognition." However, these are merely business statistics and legal arrangements that have nothing to do with chiropractic's scientific validity.
405:" for others in the profession, and that they "might be responsible for the negative opinion people have about the ethics of the chiropractic profession." Many chiropractors have sought to address their minor status within the U.S. medical community by attending practice-building seminars to assist chiropractors to persuade their patients of the efficacy of their treatments, increase their revenue, and boost their morale as unorthodox medical practitioners.
263:. In the 1920s hundreds of unlicensed chiropractors chose jail rather than fines. Herbert Reaver was the most jailed chiropractor in the U.S. Chiropractors were charged with not complying with the medical practice act. California chiropractors adopted the motto, "Go to jail for chiropractic." 450 chiropractors were jailed in a single year at the peak of the controversy. Many chiropractors treated fellow prisoners and visiting patients while in jail.
488:, has inspired the filing of formal complaints of false advertising against more than 500 individual chiropractors within one 24-hour period, prompting the McTimoney Chiropractic Association to write to its members advising them to remove leaflets that make claims about whiplash and colic from their practice, to be wary of new patients and telephone inquiries, and telling their members: "If you have a website, take it down
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introduce bills into state legislatures to further prohibit non-chiropractors from performing SM, and they are opposed by physical therapist organizations. Two U.S. states (Washington and
Arkansas) prohibit physical therapists from performing SM, while some states allow them to do it only if they have completed advanced training in SM. In the most restrictive states, SM is limited to chiropractors and medical physicians.
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license to practice massage in the state of
Pennsylvania. She was later able to resume work with Life Expression Chiropractic Center as a Registered Craniosacral Therapist, with the website stating that Gallagher "transitioned" from chiropractic care to craniosacral therapy, with no mention of her criminal history or her involvement in Strohecker's death. She is still working in the field as of September 2022.
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when it is qualified to show that the title refers to their chiropractic role. A representative from the NZ Chiropractic Board states that entries in the Yellow Pages under the heading of "Chiropractors" fulfills this obligation when suitably qualified. If a chiropractor is not a registered medical practitioner, then the misuse of the title "Doctor" while working in healthcare will not comply with the
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meaningfulness of various theories and methods as a counterpoint to allopathic charges of quackery has created a defensiveness which can make critical examination of chiropractic concepts difficult (Keating and Mootz 1989). One example of this conundrum is the continuing controversy about the presumptive target of DCs' adjustive interventions: subluxation (Gatterman 1995; Leach 1994).
747:, to testify against Senate Bill 442, "a bill that would eliminate nonmedical exemptions from Oregon's school immunization law." The California Chiropractic Association lobbied against a 2015 bill ending belief exemptions for vaccines. They had also opposed a 2012 bill related to vaccination exemptions. On April 24, 2015, Wakefield received two standing ovations from the students at
579:, "A good chiropractor can do a lot to help you when you have mechanical-type back pain and other musculoskeletal problems. But until the chiropractic profession cleans up its act, and its colleges uniformly graduate properly limited chiropractors who specialize in neuromusculoskeletal problems, you'll have to exercise caution and informed judgment when seeking chiropractic care."
200:" for the theory, he acknowledged a special relation to magnetic healing when he wrote, "chiropractic was not evolved from medicine or any other method, except that of magnetic." He also "claimed that his profession had nothing to do with medicine, that he healed by the laying on of hands;... He also said that he had a diploma from no earthly school but from High Heaven."
300:(AMA) policies against chiropractic contributed to a lack of acceptance within mainstream public health. The AMA created the Committee on Quackery "to contain and eliminate chiropractic." Using the Committee on Quackery, efforts were made to prevent the participation of chiropractic in organized health care. In 1966 a policy passed by the AMA House of Delegates stating:
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heartily, slapped
Lillard on the back with the hand holding the heavy book he had been reading. A few days later, Lillard told Palmer that his hearing seemed better. Palmer then decided to explore manipulation as an expansion of his magnetic healing practice. Simons said "the compact was that if they can make it, then they both would share. But, it didn't happen."
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hearing was likely caused by an accidentally fortuitous jarring of
Lillard's body and not, as claimed by D.D. Palmer, caused by a "specific" adjustment. It was after this event that Palmer began to experiment with manipulation. He also claimed that his second patient, a man with heart disease, was also cured by spinal manipulation.
443: ... It escapes me entirely how Dr. Downing, the ACA, MPI, and Dynamic Chiropractic can suggest that there is no quackery in chiropractic. Either these groups and individuals do not read the chiropractic literature or have no crap-detectors. I urge a reconsideration of advertising and promotion policies in chiropractic.
168:, a man who was nearly deaf, allegedly curing him of deafness. Palmer said "there was nothing accidental about this, as it was accomplished with an object in view, and the expected result was obtained. There was nothing 'crude' about this adjustment; it was specific so much so that no chiropractor has equaled it."
862:, Ontario. The lawsuit, brought by Turner's parents, Alan and Jill Turner, claimed that Dyck had shown negligence in that he did not perform X-rays to determine if the adjustments would resolve Turner's initial complaints of neck pain and that had he done so, Dyck would have noticed the tumor. Dyck died in 2017.
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chiropractic profession. The chiropractic concept of Innate
Intelligence is an anachronistic holdover from a time when insufficient scientific understanding existed to explain human physiological processes. It is clearly religious in nature and must be considered harmful to normal scientific activity."
431:, who asserted that chiropractic was founded on "a business, not a professional basis. We manufacture chiropractors. We teach them the idea and then we show them how to sell it". In more modern times (1991), when the president of the ACA called accusations of quackery a "myth", chiropractic historian,
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chiropractors may X-ray the same patient several times a year, even though there is no clear evidence that X-rays will help the therapist treat the patient. X-rays can reveal neither the subluxations nor the innate intelligence associated with chiropractic philosophy, because they do not exist. There
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are more prevalent in chiropractic than in other health care professions. Unsubstantiated claims about the efficacy of chiropractic have continued to be made by individual chiropractors and chiropractic associations. The core concept of traditional chiropractic, vertebral subluxation, is not based on
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While no single profession "owns" spinal manipulation (SM), and there is little consensus as to which profession should administer SM, chiropractors have expressed concern that orthodox medical physicians and physical therapists could "steal" SM procedures from chiropractors. Chiropractors regularly
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based on their belief that all diseases were traceable to causes in the spine, and therefore could not be affected by vaccines; D.D. Palmer wrote, "It is the very height of absurdity to strive to 'protect' any person from smallpox or any other malady by inoculating them with a filthy animal poison."
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The so-called 'quackery myth about chiropractic' is no myth ... the kernels of quackery (i.e., unsubstantiated and untested health remedies offered as "proven") are ubiquitous in this profession. I dare say that health misinformation (if not quackery) can be found in just about any issue of any
323:, in which the court found that the AMA had engaged in unreasonable restraint of trade and conspiracy, and which ended the AMA's de facto boycott of chiropractic. The rivalry was not solely with conventional medicine; many osteopaths proclaimed that chiropractic was a bastardized form of osteopathy.
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medication if she wished to cure herself. When
Strohecker began experiencing seizures every 10 to 15 minutes, Gallagher reassured her that she was fine and told her to not visit a hospital as they would treat her with anticonvulsants, which could kill her. Strohecker died on April 29, 1999, and her
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most chiropractors (whether "straights" or "mixers") still hold views of Innate and of the cause and cure of disease (not just back pain) consistent with those of the
Palmers. On one hand, modern promotional brochures make a bid for medical legitimacy by describing Innate and adjustments using more
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articulated that "So long as we propound the "One cause, one cure" rhetoric of Innate, we should expect to be met by ridicule from the wider health science community. Chiropractors can't have it both ways. Our theories cannot be both dogmatically held vitalistic constructs and be scientific at the
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UK chiropractic organizations and their members make numerous claims which are not supported by scientific evidence. Many chiropractors adhere to ideas which are against science and most seemingly violate important principles of ethical behavior on a regular basis. The advice chiropractors gave to
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Some New
Zealand chiropractors appeared to have used the title "Doctor" in a New Zealand Yellow Pages telephone directory in a way that implied they are registered medical practitioners, when no evidence was presented it was true. In New Zealand, chiropractors are allowed to use the title 'doctor'
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between patients and physicians. Such self-regulation "will dramatically increase the level of trust in and respect for the profession from society at large." Another chiropractic study documented that the largest chiropractic associations in the U.S. and Canada distributed patient brochures which
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insisted on leading the alumni procession, but was prohibited from doing so by the marshal of the parade, who was a student at the school. An altercation ensued. B.J. drove up in his automobile. Words passed between father and son. What happened after that depends on whom you believe. Daniel David
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ideas that sustained the profession in its long battle with organized medicine. By the mid-1990s there was a growing scholarly interest in chiropractic, which helped efforts to improve service quality and establish clinical guidelines that recommended manual therapies for acute low back pain. Some
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Chiropractic has had a strong salesmanship element since it was started by D.D. Palmer. His son, B.J. Palmer, asserted that their chiropractic school was founded on "...a business, not a professional basis. We manufacture chiropractors. We teach them the idea and then we show them how to sell it".
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Evidence-based research into the efficacy of chiropractic techniques is motivated by concerns that are antithetical to its vitalistic origins. Not all the criticism, however, has origins in the medical profession. Some chiropractors are cautiously calling for reform. Evidence-based guidelines are
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launched a campaign to draw attention to this particular case. They issued a statement entitled "The law has no place in scientific disputes", which was signed by myriad signers representing science, journalism, publishing, arts, humanities, entertainment, skeptics, campaign groups and law. As of
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criticizing the claims made by chiropractors about the efficacy of spinal manipulation in treating childhood ailments, among other things. He suggested there was "not a jot" of evidence to support such interventions for these ailments, and argued that the British Chiropractic Association "happily
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A study of California disciplinary statistics during 1997–2000 reported 4.5 disciplinary actions per 1000 chiropractors per year, compared to 2.27 for medical doctors, and the incident rate for fraud was 9 times greater among chiropractors (1.99 per 1000 chiropractors per year) than among medical
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has described the attempted patricide of D.D. Palmer as a "myth" and "absurd on its face" and cites an eyewitness who recalled that D.D. was not struck by B.J.'s car, but rather, had stumbled. He also says that "Joy Loban, DC, executor of D. D.'s estate, voluntarily withdrew a civil suit claiming
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for treatment that supposedly took place after Strohecker's death, agreed to pay the family $ 500,000 in restitution. She was fined $ 9,100 and sentenced to 18 months in prison. Gallagher attempted to appeal the revocation of her license 2005 but was unsuccessful. In 2012, she was twice denied a
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is no conceivable reason at all why X-raying the spine should help a straight chiropractor treat an ear infection, asthma or period pains. Most worrying of all, chiropractors generally require a full spine X-ray, which delivers a significant higher radiation dose than most other X-ray procedures.
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for any medical condition. The efficacy and safety of chiropractic for children are particularly doubtful. A 2009 review found that "the best evidence available to date fails to demonstrate clinically relevant benefits of chiropractic for paediatric patients, and some evidence even suggests that
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In an article on quackery, W. T. Jarvis has stated that "Non-scientific health care (e.g., acupuncture, ayurvedic medicine, chiropractic, homeopathy, naturopathy) is licensed by individual states. Practitioners use unscientific practices and deception on a public who, lacking complex health-care
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It is the position of the medical profession that chiropractic is an unscientific cult whose practitioners lack the necessary training and background to diagnose and treat human disease. Chiropractic constitutes a hazard to rational health care in the United States because of its substandard and
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A 2009 defense of chiropractic, written by chiropractor Alan Breen, stated there is consistent evidence that manual therapies such as chiropractic manipulations are "helpful and generally produce moderate but significant and sustained improvement for back pain" and dismissed the suggestion that
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Chiropractic is a controversial health-care system that has been legalized throughout the United States and in several other countries. In the United States in 1984, roughly 10.7 million people made 163 million office visits to 30,000 chiropractors. More than three fourths of the states require
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Chiropractic is a freak offshoot from osteopathy. Disease, say the chiropractors, is due to pressure on the spinal nerves; ergo it can be cured by 'adjusting' the spinal column. It is the sheerest quackery, and those who profess to teach it make their appeal to the cupidity of the ignorant. Its
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Chiropractors have struggled with survival and identity during its formative years, including internal struggles between its leaders and colleges. For much of the history of the chiropractic profession chiropractors showed little interest in scientific research and regarded their principles and
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Before adopting the term "chiropractic" in about 1896, his advertising used the term "magnetic". In 1891–92, a city business directory stated: "Dr. Palmer can cure with his Magnetic Hands Diseases of the Head, Throat, Heart, Lungs, Stomach, Liver, Spleen, Kidneys, Nerves, and Muscles, ten times
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claimed under sworn testimony that Lillard had been "thoroughly deaf". Since 1895, the story of Palmer's curing a man of deafness has been a part of chiropractic tradition. Palmer's account differs significantly from what actually happened, in that, according to Lillard's daughter, his improved
118:. The judge held that merely using the phrase "happily promotes bogus treatments" meant that he was stating, as a matter of fact, that the British Chiropractic Association was being consciously dishonest in promoting chiropractic for treating the children's ailments in question. An editorial in
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when he told them to oppose Senate Bill SB277, a bill which proposes limits on non-medical vaccine exemptions. Responding to his critics, he stated that "t doesn't matter if I go to the grave discredited. I don't care what they say about me. In fact, I have nothing to lose now. This is such an
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A crank on magnetism has a crazy notion that he can cure the sick and crippled with his magnetic hands. His victims are the weak-minded, ignorant and superstitious, those foolish people who have been sick for years and have become tired of the regular physician and want health by the short-cut
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to have been caused by a neck adjustment performed by an unnamed chiropractor employed by Power Chiropractic Clinic. Authorities did not comment on whether charges of negligence would be filed against Power Chiropractic Clinic or not. According to Assistant Police Chief Carl Allen, Youngblood
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Lon Morgan, DC, a reform chiropractor, expressed his view of Innate Intelligence this way: "Innate Intelligence clearly has its origins in borrowed mystical and occult practices of a bygone era. It remains untestable and unverifiable and has an unacceptably high penalty/benefit ratio for the
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However, this version was disputed by Lillard's daughter, Valdeenia Lillard Simons. She said that her father told her that he was telling jokes to a friend in the hall outside Palmer's office and Palmer, who had been reading, joined them. When Lillard reached the punch line, Palmer, laughing
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Although rare, spinal manipulation, particularly of the neck, can result in complications that lead to permanent disability or death. These events can occur in both adults and children. A 2010 systematic review found that numerous deaths since 1934 have been recorded after chiropractic neck
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and have practitioners who voice their opposition. These include some elements of the chiropractic community. The reasons for this negative vaccination view are complicated and rest, at least in part, on the early philosophies which shape the foundation of these professions. Chiropractors
911:, Australia, holding a 2-week-old baby upside down surfaced online, sparking outrage. Arnold gave an undertaking not to provide chiropractic treatment to children under the age of 12 after a video of him pending a review of his practice. He is the owner of Cranbourne Family Chiropractic.
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A significant and continuing barrier to scientific progress within chiropractic are the anti-scientific and pseudo-scientific ideas (Keating 1997b) which have sustained the profession throughout a century of intense struggle with political medicine. Chiropractors' tendency to assert the
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based on their belief that all diseases were traceable to causes in the spine, and therefore could not be affected by vaccines. Some chiropractors continue to be opposed to vaccination. Early opposition to water fluoridation included chiropractors in the U.S. Some chiropractors opposed
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indicated "it seems more likely that his death was a direct result of injuries caused by his son. Indeed there is speculation that this was not an accident, but rather a case of patricide." A 1999 documentary study suggests D.D. Palmer's widow may have also played a role in the
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Give me a simple mind that thinks along single tracts, give me 30 days to instruct him, and that individual can go forth on the highways and byways and get more sick people well than the best, most complete, all around, unlimited medical education of any medical man who ever
248:. The straights adhere religiously to the gospel of its founders while mixers are more open. There is a lack of uniformity and consensus among chiropractors in regard to their role. Depending upon whose point of view, chiropractors are, for example, subluxation-correctors,
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Chiropractic has seen considerable controversy within the profession over its philosophy. In connection with a controversial and divisive 2015 organizational split in the Australian chiropractic community, an article described the profession's long standing and current
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Some chiropractic proponents seem to think that a critical evaluation of the research is tantamount to a 'scare story' or to 'puffing up (the evidence) out of all proportion'... A reasonable approach to serious risk from chiropractic therapy, however, requires an open
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In a 2008 commentary, the chiropractic authors proposed that "the chiropractic profession has an obligation to actively divorce itself from metaphysical explanations of health and disease as well as to actively regulate itself in refusing to tolerate fraud, abuse and
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Practice guidelines aim to reduce unnecessary radiation exposure, which increases cancer risk unnecessarily. Research suggests that radiology instruction given at chiropractic schools worldwide is evidence-based, but that radiography is overused for low back pain.
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practice is in no sense a profession but a trade – and a trade that is potent for great harm. It is carried on almost exclusively by those of no education, ignorant of anatomy, ignorant even of the fundamental sciences on which the treatment of disease depends.
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as being incompatible with chiropractic philosophy and an infringement of personal freedom. More recently, other chiropractors have actively promoted fluoridation, and several chiropractic organizations have endorsed scientific principles of public health.
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as being incompatible with chiropractic philosophy and an infringement of personal freedom. More recently, other chiropractors have actively promoted fluoridation, and several chiropractic organizations have endorsed scientific principles of public health.
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claimed that B.J. struck him with his automobile, and D.D.'s friends and allies later produced affidavits of witnesses to prove it. B.J. flatly denied it, and produced many more affidavits to this effect than D.D.'s cohorts were able to muster.
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complained of disorientation and began vomiting in the minutes following the adjustment and clinic staff did not call 911. Youngblood was driven to Valley View Regional Hospital, now Mercy Hospital Ada, by his father and died two days later.
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of our law getting. It will be that we will have to build a boat similar to Christian Science and hoist a religious flag. I have received chiropractic from the other world, similar as did Mrs. Eddy. No other one has laid claim to that,
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Chiropractic included vitalistic ideas of Innate Intelligence with religious attributes of Universal Intelligence as substitutes for science. Evidence suggests that D.D. Palmer had acquired knowledge of manipulative techniques from
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The chiropractic profession is notorious for its infighting, with quarrels over the value of vaccination, the evidence or lack thereof to support the theory of subluxation and whether spinal adjustments should be performed on
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damages against B.J. Palmer, and that several grand juries repeatedly refused to bring criminal charges against the son." A 1969 article stated that in July 1913 at the Palmer School of Chiropractic B.J. Palmer:
803:, Canada, died on September 12, 1996, following a neck manipulation. The coroner's jury found that "receiving an upper cervical neck manipulation from a chiropractor could injure the arteries in your neck."
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promotes bogus treatments". Singh stated that he would "contest the action vigorously… There is an important issue of freedom of speech at stake." The article developed the theme of Singh's published book
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states that in 1913 B.J. Palmer ran over his father, D.D. Palmer, during a homecoming parade at the Palmer School of Chiropractic. Weeks later D.D. Palmer died. The official cause of death was recorded as
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chiropractic trade publication (and some of our research journals) and much of the promotional materials chiropractors disseminate to patients. The recent unsubstantiated claims of the ACA are exemplary
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Allareddy, V; Greene, BR; Smith, M; Haas, M; Liao, J (October 2007). "Facilitators and barriers to improving interprofessional referral relationships between primary care physicians and chiropractors".
252:, neuromusculoskeletal specialists, or holistic health specialists. Straights have claimed mixers are not real chiropractors because they do not acknowledge Palmer's foundation of chiropractic therapy.
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The birth of chiropractic was on September 18, 1895. There is controversy over what happened with several different accounts. Daniel D. Palmer later claimed that on that day he manipulated the spine of
796:, 45, an American musician, died during a chiropractic visit on February 28, 1986, when an "intentional whiplash" experiment caused blood vessels in his neck to rupture, leading to a fatal stroke.
244:, and consider subluxations to be the leading cause of all disease; "mixers" are more open to mainstream and alternative medical techniques such as exercise, massage, nutritional supplements, and
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Grod, JP; Sikorski, D; Keating, JC (October 2001). "Unsubstantiated claims in patient brochures from the largest state, provincial, and national chiropractic associations and research agencies".
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Ammendolia, C; Taylor, J. A.; Pennick, V; Côté, P; Hogg-Johnson, S; Bombardier, C (2008). "Adherence to radiography guidelines for low back pain: A survey of chiropractic schools worldwide".
810:, Canada, had a massive stroke while undergoing chiropractic treatment, and died three days later, on February 4, 1998. A coroner's jury concluded that neck manipulation caused the stroke.
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knowledge, must rely upon the trustworthiness of providers. Quackery not only harms people, it undermines the scientific enterprise and should be actively opposed by every scientist."
922:, United States, on June 16, 2022, to have her neck adjusted following complaints of stiffness. During the adjustment, four arteries in Jensen's neck were dissected, resulting in
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after having his neck adjusted by chiropractor V. Gary Dyck. Dyck performed two adjustments on Turner, the first on July 24, 2000, and the second on July 25, 2000, and caused the
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According to D.D. Palmer, subluxation was the sole cause of all diseases and manipulation was the cure for all diseases of the human race. A 2003 profession-wide survey found:
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has suggested that the BCA may be trying to suppress debate and that this use of British libel law is a burden on the right to freedom of expression, which is protected by the
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938:, capable of only blinking her eyes and moving her left thumb. Her injuries also subsequently removed her ability to eat and breathe on her own, resulting in doctors forming
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important issue." Wakefield had previously been a featured speaker at a 2014 "California Jam" gathering of chiropractors, as well as a 2015 "California Jam" seminar, with
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practices as valid. Despite heavy opposition by mainstream medicine, by the 1930s chiropractic was the largest alternative healing profession in the U.S. Long-standing
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D.D. Palmer established a magnetic healing facility in Davenport, Iowa, styling himself 'doctor'. Not everyone was convinced, as a local paper in 1894 wrote about him:
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Some chiropractic groups still oppose attempts to limit or eliminate nonmedical exemptions to vaccination. In March 2015, the Oregon Chiropractic Association invited
317:" in 1966, and until 1980 held that it was unethical for medical doctors to associate with "unscientific practitioners". This culminated in a landmark 1987 decision,
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chiropractic does more harm than good as "specious". The author admitted, however, the possibility that chiropractic manipulation can cause strokes and even death.
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Singh won his court appeal for the right to rely on the defense of fair comment. On April 15, 2010, the BCA officially withdrew its lawsuit, thus ending the case.
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85:. Spinal manipulation, particularly of the upper spine, can, rarely, cause complications in adults and children that can cause permanent disability or death.
817:, United States, died after a series of seizures left her unable to drink or walk and caused the contents of her stomach to aspirate into her lungs, causing
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412:, with the profession often responding negatively to such accusations. In its early days, the accusation of quackery was voiced in a 1913 editorial in the
4513:"Chiropractor Gets 18 Months Joanne M. Gallagher, 44, Was Sentenced To Federal Prison For Defrauding Medicaid In Connection With Patient's Death In 1999"
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Foreman, SM; Stahl, MJ (September 2004). "Chiropractors disciplined by a state chiropractic board and a comparison with disciplined medical physicians".
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Phillips RB (2005). "The evolution of vitalism and materialism and its impact on philosophy". In Haldeman S; Dagenais S; Budgell B; et al. (eds.).
624:, chiropractic is no more effective than conventional treatment at its best, has a disadvantage of being "surrounded by gobbledygook about 'subluxations
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method... he has certainly profited by the ignorance of his victims... His increase in business shows what can be done in Davenport, even by a quack.
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Some chiropractors continue to be opposed to vaccination, one of the most effective public health measures in history. Many deny the eradication of
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Despite the claim from some chiropractors that spinal manipulation could treat infant colic, a 2009 review of chiropractic spinal manipulation for
236:, leading to internal conflicts between straights and mixers which still persist. It has two main groups: "straights", now the minority, emphasize
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reasoning and unsubstantiated claims that are ethically suspect when they let practitioners maintain their beliefs to patients' detriment.
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763:(CMA) sent a warning letter to California Chiropractic Association President Brian Stenzler, whom they could document had encouraged the
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3959:"Diagnostic imaging practice guidelines for musculoskeletal complaints in adults—an evidence-based approach—part 3: spinal disorders"
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unscientific education of its practitioners and their rigid adherence to an irrational, unscientific approach to disease causation.
5157:
5120:
4231:
1152:
522:
468:
stated "the current evidence... does not show that chiropractic spinal manipulation is an effective treatment for infant colic."
97:
3104:
Gilbey, A (July 2008). "Use of inappropriate titles by New Zealand practitioners of acupuncture, chiropractic, and osteopathy".
2452:
Meeker, WC; Haldeman, S (February 2002). "Chiropractic: a profession at the crossroads of mainstream and alternative medicine".
3658:
1503:
611:
The efficacy and safety of spinal manipulation are uncertain. A 2008 review found that with the possible exception of chronic
3429:
2514:
899:, United States, died on June 11, 2011, from complications of an acute cerebellar stroke. The injuries were determined by the
5172:
4297:
3996:
760:
748:
3237:
2815:
1864:
4958:
4141:
Ernst E (2001). "Rise in popularity of complementary and alternative medicine: reasons and consequences for vaccination".
3260:
3018:
5115:
2684:
1176:
575:
It is widely held that chiropractic extends into areas of medicine beyond the limits of its efficacy. In the opinion of
297:
4663:
587:, has written that it is "absurd" to think that chiropractors are qualified to be primary care providers and considers
266:
D.D. Palmer defined chiropractic as "a science of healing without drugs" and considered establishing chiropractic as a
3324:
2202:
Johnson, C; Baird, R; Dougherty, PE; Globe, G; Green, BN; Haneline, M; Hawk, C; Injeyan, HS; et al. (July 2008).
1830:
915:
637:
4884:
3140:
4348:
3480:
4999:
4101:
2870:
Baer HA (1996). "Practice-building seminars in chiropractic: a petit bourgeois response to biomedical domination".
1800:
1416:
934:. She was reportedly without a pulse for 10 minutes until she could be revived. She was left with almost full-body
1913:
Nelson, CF; Lawrence, DJ; Triano, JJ; Bronfort, G; Perle, SM; Metz, RD; Hegetschweiler, K; Labrot, T (July 2005).
326:
Serious research to test chiropractic theories did not begin until the 1970s, and is continuing to be hampered by
456:, which are more rampant in our profession than in other healthcare professions", a situation which violates the
4538:
3835:
Gouveia, LO; Castanho, P; Ferreira, JJ (May 2009). "Safety of chiropractic interventions: a systematic review".
3506:
Villanueva-Russell Y (2005). "Evidence-based medicine and its implications for the profession of chiropractic".
5097:
4564:
274:
to resolve legal difficulties presented by restrictive "chiro laws". In 1911, he stated (emphasis in original):
2515:"Can Chiropractors and Evidence-Based Manual Therapists Work Together? An Opinion From a Veteran Chiropractor"
2031:
Callender, A (December 1995). "Buckeye chiropractic: turbulence in a limited branch of medicine, 1915-1975".
5039:
5029:
4922:
4264:
884:, over-rotated her neck during an adjustment. The injury had a devastating effect on her performance at the
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148:
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931:
249:
165:
4967:
4840:"(Update) Family Of Woman Paralyzed During Chiropractor Visit Considering Lawsuit For Botched Adjustment"
4539:"Former chiropractor who pleaded guilty in death of patient tells licensing board she is a changed woman"
4374:
Hilliard JW, Johnson ME (2004). "State practice acts of licensed health professions: scope of practice".
5241:
5219:
5190:
4992:
4937:
4875:
4428:
2617:
1593:
719:
696:
680:
432:
382:
30:
4432:
667:
3062:"Chiropractic spinal manipulation for infant colic: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials"
825:, had been advised by her chiropractor, Joanne M. Gallagher of Life Expression Chiropractic Center of
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4888:
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3890:
2925:
2856:
2837:
2669:
2065:
1673:
1537:
919:
885:
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same time. The purposiveness, consciousness and rigidity of the Palmers' Innate should be rejected."
545:
481:
260:
38:
2851:
2832:
2534:
2466:
1773:
Westbrooks B (1982). "The troubled legacy of Harvey Lillard: the black experience in chiropractic".
1035:
770:
Early opposition to water fluoridation included chiropractors in the U.S. Some chiropractors oppose
5180:
5067:
5034:
3648:
3458:
3291:
2784:
2365:
DeVocht JW (2006). "History and overview of theories and methods of chiropractic: a counterpoint".
2138:
Martin, SC (October 1993). "Chiropractic and the social context of medical technology, 1895–1925".
1479:
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46:
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847:
771:
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135:
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3958:
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3548:
Keating Jc, Jr; Charlton, KH; Grod, JP; Perle, SM; Sikorski, D; Winterstein, JF (August 2005).
1617:
846:
James Turner, 11, of Ontario, Canada, was left with lower body paralysis, muscle weakness, and
5200:
5092:
5062:
4611:
4236:
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4183:
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4012:
3978:
3927:
3860:
3852:
3809:
3801:
3755:
3747:
3626:
3602:
Keating JC Jr (1997). "Chiropractic: science and antiscience and pseudoscience side by side".
3581:
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2013:
2005:
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858:, a benign spinal tumor. Turner underwent emergency surgery at the Royal Victoria Hospital in
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241:
70:
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1936:
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supported by one end of an ideological continuum among chiropractors; the other end employs
331:
197:
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26:
3484:
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3886:
3682:
3238:"The Great Beyond: Chiropractic group advises members to 'withdraw from the battleground'"
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1761:
1040:
621:
584:
457:
402:
4791:"Georgia woman moved to rehab after being left paralyzed from routine chiropractor visit"
4465:
2665:
3730:
Ernst, E (June 2009). "Chiropractic manipulation, with a deliberate "double entendre"".
1541:
1246:"How can chiropractic become a respected mainstream profession? The example of podiatry"
427:
The view that chiropractic was a trade, rather than a profession, was stated clearly by
5082:
4121:
4085:
4068:
3687:"Applied Kinesiology: Phony Muscle-Testing for "Allergies" and "Nutrient Deficiencies""
3576:
3549:
2414:
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1941:
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923:
865:
830:
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327:
310:
50:
23:
4953:
4154:
3701:
1865:"Doctor Who? Inappropriate use of titles by some alternative "medicine" practitioners"
1117:
1098:
22:
has been the subject of internal and external controversy and criticism. According to
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2586:
1392:
1208:
896:
869:
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66:
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3038:
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2499:
2438:
2183:
1456:
5195:
5185:
5015:
4975:
Chirobase: Skeptical guide to chiropractic history, theories, and current practices
3329:
2883:
2555:
1801:"B.J. Palmer's testimony in State of Wisconsin vs. S. R. Jansheski, December, 1910"
1417:"Adverse events associated with pediatric spinal manipulation: a systematic review"
939:
814:
807:
793:
537:
517:
465:
153:
102:
19:
4928:
4894:
4765:"Chiropractor who manipulated baby's spine banned from treating children under 12"
1700:"Fluoridation referendum in La Crosse, Wisconsin: contributing factors to success"
1574:
767:
of lobbyists who supported Senate Bill SB277. The CMA also filed a police report.
287:. Exemption clauses instead of chiro laws by all means, and LET THAT EXEMPTION BE
45:
to resolve this problem. For most of its existence, chiropractic has battled with
4944:
3848:
2920:
2905:
1000:
983:
480:
their patients is often misleading and dangerous. This situation, coupled with a
4001:
Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR VII Phase 2
3651:", reprinted (with slight modification) from the January/February 2001 issue of
3622:
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3320:
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2819:
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245:
193:
176:
130:
89:
4045:
3974:
2732:
2220:
2203:
2106:
1996:
Kimbrough, ML (June 1998). "Jailed chiropractors: those who blazed the trail".
1633:
1357:
671:
Chiropractors use x-ray radiography to examine the bone structure of a patient.
5205:
4907: – Christopher Kent, DC president of the Council on Chiropractic Practice
4816:
4590:
3797:
3195:
2763:"Gallup Poll: Americans have low opinion of chiropractors' honesty and ethics"
2689:
2543:
2268:
918:, visited chiropractor T. J. Harpham, of Richmond Hill Family Chiropractic in
851:
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580:
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189:
115:
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2159:
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2009:
1880:
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1641:
1440:
1365:
1126:
1009:
3743:
3717:"The alchemists of alternative medicine – part 5: pseudo-systematic reviews"
3566:
2987:
2789:
2325:
1804:
1715:
1262:
1244:
Murphy, DR; Schneider, MJ; Seaman, DR; Perle, SM; Nelson, CF (August 2008).
935:
822:
818:
733:
612:
597:
emphasizes the commercial, rather than professional, nature of chiropractic:
374:
370:
255:
In 1906, D.D. Palmer was the first of hundreds of chiropractors who went to
233:
82:
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4053:
3982:
3931:
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3813:
3759:
3585:
3529:
3380:
3211:
3164:
3125:
3087:
3034:
3003:
2748:
2685:"At Your Own Risk: The Case Against Chiropractic – The Iowa Grocer's Dream"
2647:
2491:
2430:
2386:
2351:
2237:
2175:
2124:
2091:"Reflecting on 115 years: the chiropractic profession's philosophical path"
2052:
2017:
1950:
1931:
1888:
1786:
1649:
1559:
1448:
1432:
1383:
1281:
1134:
2960:
2906:
A profession of one's own: organized medicine's opposition to chiropractic
2891:
2294:
1741:
1017:
4349:"'Stalking' of pro-vaccine lobbyists prompts warning from doctors' group"
2634:
Siordia L, Keating JC (1999). "Laid to uneasy rest: D. D. Palmer, 1913".
1670:"Spinal Manipulation and Chiropractic: Views of a Reformist Chiropractor"
1157:
839:
834:
family filed suit against Gallagher. Gallagher plead guilty to one count
764:
759:
In response to threatening activities by anti-vaccination activists, the
729:
616:
453:
409:
267:
237:
78:
61:
42:
4232:"Chiropractors lobby against bill ending belief exemptions for vaccines"
175:
In spite of the fact that Lillard could hear well enough to tell jokes,
81:
for any medical condition, with the possible exception of treatment for
4974:
2167:
907:
In 2019, a video appeared online of Andrew Arnold, a chiropractor from
900:
889:
873:
800:
540:. Commentators suggested this ruling could set a precedent to restrict
378:
361:
4449:
Gay Abbate, "Chiropractic neck manipulation linked to woman's death,"
3364:
892:, China, as the injury left her unable to eat or train for five weeks.
553:
April 16, 2010, over 50,000 had signed. On April 1, 2010, in
927:
859:
313:
continued for decades. The AMA labeled chiropractic an "unscientific
2151:
1550:
1525:
1299:"WHO guidelines on basic training and safety in chiropractic – 2005"
4008:
3481:"British Chiropractic Association v Singh – BCA admits defeat"
1973:
Trick or Treatment: The Undeniable Facts about Alternative Medicine
1393:"Spinal Manipulation Should Not Be Routinely Used, New Study Warns"
4591:"Canadian Chiropractor Sued after Child Is Paralyzed | Quackwatch"
1504:"Science writer accused of libel may take fight to European court"
666:
498:
152:
126:. The libel case ended with the BCA withdrawing its suit in 2010.
93:
4668:
FOX13 News | Seattle & Western Washington | Formerly Q13 News
2614:
Chiropractic fraternity splits over allegations of mismanagement.
2204:"Chiropractic and public health: current state and future vision"
1971:
Singh S, Ernst E (2008). "The truth about chiropractic therapy".
4917:
4638:"Canada's BMX medal hope Cools turns in gallant effort in China"
3141:"Chiropractic Board New Zealand response to "Dr Who?" editorial"
2582:"Foreword – Chiropractic: the return of philosophy to medicine?"
1415:
Vohra, S; Johnston, BC; Cramer, K; Humphreys, K (January 2007).
620:
chiropractors can cause serious harm to children". According to
349:
Allegations of patricide connected with the death of D.D. Palmer
314:
256:
34:
4988:
4984:
3182:
Ernst, E (July 2009). "UK chiropractic: regulated but unruly".
208:
scientific-sounding terms such as "inherent" and "nerve force."
60:
Chiropractic researchers have documented that fraud, abuse and
4963:
1342:"Adverse effects of spinal manipulation: a systematic review"
4260:
Anti-vaccine leader tells parents to fight immunization bill
3891:"Chiropractic's Dirty Secret: Neck Manipulation and Strokes"
628:", and, more seriously, it does kill patients occasionally.
515:
wrote a cautionary article about chiropractic therapies in
77:, the main treatment method employed by chiropractors, was
4715:"Valley View Regional Hospital becomes Mercy Hospital Ada"
4690:"Ada man, 29, dies of stroke after chiropractic treatment"
4664:"30-year-old dies after routine visit to the chiropractor"
4616:
Adams Funeral Home and Cremation Services Ltd | Barrie, ON
2939:
Jarvis, WT (August 1992). "Quackery: a national scandal".
2816:
Public Rates Nursing as Most Honest and Ethical Profession
4945:
Spin Doctors: The Chiropractic Industry Under Examination
4395:"Physical therapists, chiropractors square off over bill"
984:"Chiropractic: origins, controversies, and contributions"
4872:
Faulty Logic and Non-skeptical Arguments in Chiropractic
3906:"Deaths after chiropractic: a review of published cases"
3261:"The Great Beyond: Complaints converge on chiropractors"
1915:"Chiropractic as spine care: a model for the profession"
1672:. American Council on Science and Health. Archived from
41:. D.D. Palmer considered establishing chiropractic as a
4466:"Bizarre Therapy Leads to Patient's Death | Quackwatch"
2629:
2627:
895:
Jeremy Lynn Youngblood, 30, an employee of the city of
4034:
Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
3543:
3541:
3539:
3403:"Chiropractic critic loses first round in libel fight"
2976:
Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
2721:
Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
2588:
Chiropractic: a philosophy for alternative health care
2310:"Chiropractic in the United States: trends and issues"
2208:
Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
1622:
Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
756:
credits, sponsored by Life Chiropractic College West.
435:
responded by calling his comments "absurd" and stated:
408:
Historically the profession has often been accused of
381:
about the main cause of death. Chiropractic historian
100:(BCA) for criticizing their activities in a column in
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1698:
Jones, RB; Mormann, DN; Durtsche, TB (October 1989).
1594:"Science writer Simon Singh wins bitter libel battle"
615:, chiropractic manipulation has not been shown to be
4109:
The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association
4073:
The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
977:
975:
973:
971:
743:, a discredited former doctor and chief author of a
521:, which resulted in him being sued for libel by the
129:
Chiropractors historically were strongly opposed to
5171:
5150:
5129:
5106:
5053:
5022:
3784:Breen, A (July 2009). "In praise of chiropractic".
3019:"Chiropractic claims in the English-speaking world"
1824:
1822:
1153:"Chiropractic: Is it Nature, Medicine or Religion?"
2585:
474:Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003
4954:"Adjusting the Joints, on season 12 , episode 10"
4565:"Chiropractor pleaded guilty to fraud: July 2003"
4179:Vaccine researcher Wakefield to testify in Oregon
1207:Keating JC Jr; Cleveland CS III; Menke M (2005).
1170:
1168:
946:tubes in her stomach and neck areas respectively.
533:Trick or Treatment? Alternative Medicine on Trial
4771:. Australian Associated Press. February 21, 2019
4003:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
3786:Journal of Health Services Research & Policy
3598:Science, antiscience, materialism and vitalism:
3184:Journal of Health Services Research & Policy
2522:The Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy
1616:Busse, JW; Morgan, L; Campbell, JB (June 2005).
1322:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1293:
1291:
1202:
1200:
1198:
536:, making various claims about the usefulness of
496:discuss this with others, especially patients."
309:The longstanding feud between chiropractors and
4069:"Innate intelligence: its origins and problems"
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1335:
1333:
656:
599:
507:, which has published this button in his favor.
388:
302:
4962:. Chedd-Angier Production Company. 2001–2002.
1304:. Archived from the original on March 13, 2022
503:Simon Singh has been supported by the charity
5000:
3649:Chiropractic: Does the Bad Outweigh the Good?
3455:"The law has no place in scientific disputes"
2592:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. ix–xii.
2066:World Chiropractic Alliance gives 1997 awards
1214:. Association for the History of Chiropractic
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
982:Kaptchuk, TJ; Eisenberg, DM (November 1998).
8:
4444:
4442:
3957:Bussières AE, Taylor JA, Peterson C (2008).
3779:
3777:
3282:
3280:
3278:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
143:Historical controversy and critical elements
3351:Harris, E (June 2009). "Science in court".
3231:
3229:
2666:"Dispelling Some Myths About Old Dad Chiro"
2197:
2195:
2193:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1146:
1144:
492:" and "Finally, we strongly suggest you do
415:Journal of the American Medical Association
5007:
4993:
4985:
4740:"Chiropractic Stroke Awareness Group, LLC"
2714:
2712:
2659:
2657:
1693:
1691:
583:is critical of chiropractic. Its founder,
223:quicker than any one can with medicines."
4511:Archivist, Times Leader (March 9, 2004).
4120:
4084:
3921:
3575:
3565:
3315:
3313:
3099:
3097:
3077:
2533:
2465:
2403:The Journal of Ambulatory Care Management
2341:
2284:
2219:
2114:
1940:
1930:
1731:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1549:
1373:
1271:
1261:
1116:
999:
4818:Woman Paralyzed After Chiropractor Visit
4206:Meeting on vaccine mandate bill canceled
4136:
4134:
4132:
3430:"Comment: Don't criticise, or we'll sue"
1838:, The Chiropractic Resource Organization
1618:"Chiropractic antivaccination arguments"
1410:
1408:
1346:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
1184:, The Chiropractic Resource Organization
1029:
1027:
556:British Chiropractic Association v Singh
4897: – Samuel Homola, (book review at
3619:Principles and Practice of Chiropractic
2831:G. Douglas Andersen, DC, DACBSP, CCN, "
2683:Stephen Barrett; Samuel Homola (1969).
2476:10.7326/0003-4819-136-3-200202050-00010
1468:
1466:
1178:D. D. Palmer's Religion of Chiropractic
967:
636:manipulation typically associated with
4895:Chiropractic, Bonesetting, and Cultism
4393:Anderson, Chantal (January 22, 2009).
2929:, February 15, 1991, Vol. 09, Issue 04
2841:, February 12, 2007, Vol. 25, Issue 04
1829:Keating Jr., Joseph (April 13, 1998),
1315:
1104:Journal of Pain and Symptom Management
723:historically were strongly opposed to
196:to give chiropractic its method, and "
4970:from the original on January 1, 2006.
4563:Patriot-News, The (August 14, 2012).
1151:Gunther Brown, Candy (July 7, 2014).
1099:"Chiropractic: a critical evaluation"
957:List of ineffective cancer treatments
373:controversy. D.D. Palmer's attending
261:practicing medicine without a license
57:ideas such as vertebral subluxation.
39:practicing medicine without a license
7:
4612:"Remembering Gary Dyck | Obituaries"
4464:kreidler, Marc (September 1, 2016).
1391:Christian Nordqvist (July 2, 2007).
486:libel suit filed against Simon Singh
4589:kreidler, Marc (October 18, 2001).
3702:"Why Chiropractic Is Controversial"
3428:Green, David Allen (May 13, 2009).
3294:. November 29, 2009. Archived from
2860:, April 24, 2006, Vol. 24, Issue 09
1475:"Doctors take Simon Singh to court"
838:, stemming from an attempt to bill
710:Anti-vaccinationism in chiropractic
124:European Convention on Human Rights
4838:McNulty, Matthew (July 19, 2022).
3017:Ernst, E; Gilbey, A (April 2010).
2664:Keating, Joseph (April 23, 1993).
2415:10.1097/01.JAC.0000290404.96907.e3
2379:10.1097/01.blo.0000203460.89887.8d
2095:Journal of Chiropractic Humanities
1668:F. Nelson, Craig (April 1, 1999).
1575:"Case dropped against Simon Singh"
1034:Jaroff, Leon (February 27, 2002).
704:Vaccination and water fluoridation
289:THE RIGHT TO PRACTICE OUR RELIGION
278:You ask, what I think will be the
14:
4537:DeJesus, Ivey (August 15, 2012).
4203:Yoo, Saerom (February 26, 2015),
4176:Yoo, Saerom (February 24, 2015),
4100:Keating, Joseph C. (March 2002).
3715:Edzard Ernst (February 8, 2014).
3700:William T. Jarvis, Ph.D. (1990).
2257:American Journal of Public Health
1755:Daniel David Palmer short history
1704:American Journal of Public Health
1592:Mark Henderson (April 16, 2010).
1118:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2007.07.004
914:Caitlin Jensen, 28, a student at
880:after her chiropractor, based in
4949:– Paul Benedetti, Wayne MacPhail
4290:, Winter 2014: Cal Jam in Review
4230:Mason, Melanie (March 5, 2015),
3923:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02352.x
3732:Archives of Disease in Childhood
3671:Don't Let Chiropractors Fool You
3550:"Subluxation: dogma or science?"
3079:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02133.x
2320:(1): 107–38, table of contents.
1975:. W.W. Norton. pp. 145–90.
1209:"Chiropractic history: a primer"
813:Kimberly Lee Strohecker, 30, of
779:Ownership of spinal manipulation
563:Evidence for safety and efficacy
523:British Chiropractic Association
259:. Chiropractors were jailed for
192:. Although D.D. Palmer combined
98:British Chiropractic Association
29:, the founder of chiropractic, "
4491:Life Expression Wellness Center
4257:Allday, Erin (April 25, 2015),
3659:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
3522:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.05.017
3145:The New Zealand Medical Journal
3106:The New Zealand Medical Journal
1869:The New Zealand Medical Journal
1573:Pallab Ghosh (April 15, 2010).
1502:Boseley, Sarah (May 14, 2009).
718:are based on philosophies that
377:were persuaded to change their
4431:. July 7, 2006. Archived from
4347:White, Jeremy (May 19, 2015),
4327:California Jam (March 2015 CA)
4298:Life Chiropractic College West
3997:U.S. National Research Council
2884:10.1525/maq.1996.10.1.02a00050
2308:Cooper, RA; Mckee, HJ (2003).
1175:Palmer, Daniel (May 4, 1911),
788:Notable incidents and lawsuits
761:California Medical Association
749:Life Chiropractic College West
1:
4959:Scientific American Frontiers
4881:Open Letter to the Profession
4487:"Joanne M. Gallagher, RCST ®"
4155:10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00290-0
3554:Chiropractic & Osteopathy
1919:Chiropractic & Osteopathy
1250:Chiropractic & Osteopathy
988:Archives of Internal Medicine
272:religious "exemption clauses"
3849:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181a16d63
2833:Food for Thought 2007: Trust
2253:"AMA policy on chiropractic"
2251:Cherkin, D (November 1989).
1001:10.1001/archinte.158.20.2215
732:and believed it was renamed
298:American Medical Association
5151:International organizations
4981:, MD, and Samuel Homola, DC
3963:J Manipulative Physiol Ther
3483:. Ely Place. Archived from
3353:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
2850:Stephen M. Perle, DC, MS, "
2584:. In Ian D. Coulter (ed.).
2454:Annals of Internal Medicine
2089:Johnson C (December 2010).
1506:. London: The Guardian (UK)
1473:Eden, R (August 16, 2008).
916:Georgia Southern University
638:vertebral artery dissection
232:Chiropractic was rooted in
73:have not demonstrated that
5260:
4067:Morgan, Lon (March 1998).
4046:10.1016/j.jmpt.2008.06.010
3975:10.1016/j.jmpt.2007.11.003
3288:"The campaign at a glance"
2733:10.1016/j.jmpt.2004.06.006
2221:10.1016/j.jmpt.2008.07.001
2107:10.1016/j.echu.2010.11.001
2076:December 22, 2004, at the
1863:Colquhoun, D (July 2008).
1634:10.1016/j.jmpt.2005.04.011
1358:10.1177/014107680710000716
1036:"Back Off, Chiropractors!"
806:Laurie Jean Mathiason, of
707:
240:, innate intelligence and
146:
5214:
5045:Controversy and criticism
3798:10.1258/jhsrp.2009.009025
3196:10.1258/jhsrp.2009.008183
2544:10.1179/jmt.2006.14.2.14e
2269:10.2105/AJPH.79.11.1569-a
1526:"Unjust burdens of proof"
745:fraudulent research paper
5098:Torque release technique
5078:Koren Specific Technique
4376:DePaul J Health Care Law
4102:"The Meanings of Innate"
3669:Stephen Barrett, M.D., "
3325:"Beware the spinal trap"
2921:Quackery in Chiropractic
2904:Susan L. Smith-Cunnien.
2580:Jonas, Wayne B. (1999).
2070:The Chiropractic Journal
1536:(7248): 751. June 2009.
18:Throughout its history,
5040:Veterinary chiropractic
4265:San Francisco Chronicle
3744:10.1136/adc.2009.158170
3567:10.1186/1746-1340-13-17
3139:Bale, K (August 2008).
2988:10.1067/mmt.2001.118205
2785:"USA Today/Gallup poll"
2513:Homola, Samuel (2006).
2326:10.1111/1468-0009.00040
1716:10.2105/AJPH.79.10.1405
1263:10.1186/1746-1340-16-10
827:Sugarloaf, Pennsylvania
695:Chiropractic historian
250:primary care physicians
149:History of chiropractic
112:Royal Courts of Justice
4744:chiropracticstroke.com
2917:Joseph C. Keating, Jr.
2773:(3). January 29, 2007.
2140:Technology and Culture
1932:10.1186/1746-1340-13-9
1832:D.D. Palmer's Lifeline
1433:10.1542/peds.2006-1392
1340:Ernst, E (July 2007).
932:traumatic brain injury
672:
661:
604:
508:
445:
425:
393:
346:
307:
293:
220:
210:
160:
5191:Joseph C. Keating Jr.
5063:Cervical manipulation
4938:Baltimore Evening Sun
4876:Joseph C. Keating Jr.
4429:Washington City Paper
4405:on September 22, 2010
4307:on September 24, 2018
3889:(November 26, 2016).
3171:on September 7, 2012.
2618:Sydney Morning Herald
2367:Clin Orthop Relat Res
2314:The Milbank Quarterly
1097:Ernst, E (May 2008).
829:, to stop taking her
697:Joseph C. Keating Jr.
681:Vertebral subluxation
676:Vertebral subluxation
670:
591:to be pseudoscience.
502:
437:
433:Joseph C. Keating Jr.
420:
383:Joseph C. Keating Jr.
341:
276:
215:
205:
156:
31:vertebral subluxation
4923:Skeptic's Dictionary
3647:Samuel Homola, DC. "
2947:(8B Pt 2): 1574–86.
2926:Dynamic Chiropractic
2857:Dynamic Chiropractic
2838:Dynamic Chiropractic
2793:. December 11, 2006.
2767:Dynamic Chiropractic
2670:Dynamic Chiropractic
2612:Alexander, Harriet.
2033:Chiropractic History
1998:Chiropractic History
886:2008 Summer Olympics
799:Lana Dale Lewis, of
754:continuing education
716:alternative medicine
546:alternative medicine
5068:Activator technique
5035:Sports chiropractic
4885:George P. McAndrews
4797:. September 8, 2022
4453:, January 17, 1994.
4149:(Suppl 1): S89–93.
3685:(August 23, 2014).
3459:Sense about Science
3292:Sense about Science
1807:on October 20, 2012
1542:2009Natur.459Q.751.
1480:The Daily Telegraph
876:, Canada, suffered
687:Innate intelligence
607:Spinal manipulation
589:applied kinesiology
550:Sense about Science
505:Sense about Science
186:Andrew Taylor Still
108:preliminary hearing
75:spinal manipulation
47:mainstream medicine
5130:Accrediting bodies
5088:Myofascial release
5073:Gonstead technique
4912:External criticism
4866:Internal criticism
4670:. November 8, 2014
4354:The Sacramento Bee
4284:Collins, Caitlin,
3654:Skeptical Inquirer
3625:. pp. 65–76.
3605:Skeptical Inquirer
3323:(April 19, 2008).
2941:Clinical Chemistry
2852:Poisoning the Well
1760:2010-12-30 at the
848:fecal incontinence
772:water fluoridation
720:oppose vaccination
673:
651:Trick or Treatment
648:Singh's 2008 book
511:On 19 April 2008,
509:
366:Trick or Treatment
356:Trick or Treatment
270:as a means to use
242:spinal adjustments
161:
136:water fluoridation
114:in front of judge
110:took place at the
71:systematic reviews
5229:
5228:
5201:Clarence Gonstead
5093:Spinal adjustment
4905:Critical thinking
4435:on June 27, 2008.
4425:"The Cosmos Club"
4399:The Seattle Times
4237:Los Angeles Times
4211:Statesman Journal
4184:Statesman Journal
4018:978-0-309-09156-5
3632:978-0-07-137534-4
3487:on April 20, 2010
3461:. August 10, 2009
3365:10.1136/bmj.b2254
3290:(Press release).
3041:on April 14, 2013
2697:on March 23, 2010
2599:978-0-7506-4006-0
1982:978-0-393-06661-6
1895:on June 15, 2009.
821:. Strohecker, an
595:William T. Jarvis
542:freedom of speech
525:. Singh wrote in
396:Ethics and claims
234:mystical concepts
188:, the founder of
5249:
5009:
5002:
4995:
4986:
4971:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4461:
4455:
4446:
4437:
4436:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4401:. Archived from
4390:
4384:
4383:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4306:
4300:, archived from
4295:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4138:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4106:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4029:
4023:
4022:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3925:
3910:Int J Clin Pract
3904:E Ernst (2010).
3901:
3895:
3894:
3887:Barrett, Stephen
3883:
3877:
3876:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3781:
3772:
3771:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3683:Barrett, Stephen
3679:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3621:(3rd ed.).
3613:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3579:
3569:
3545:
3534:
3533:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3317:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3284:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3233:
3224:
3223:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3167:. Archived from
3136:
3130:
3129:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3081:
3066:Int J Clin Pract
3060:Ernst E (2009).
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3037:. Archived from
3014:
3008:
3007:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2936:
2930:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2867:
2861:
2848:
2842:
2829:
2823:
2812:
2806:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2716:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2693:. Archived from
2680:
2674:
2673:
2661:
2652:
2651:
2631:
2622:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2591:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2561:on July 10, 2007
2560:
2554:. Archived from
2537:
2519:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2469:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2345:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2288:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2223:
2199:
2188:
2187:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2118:
2086:
2080:
2072:, December 1997
2063:
2057:
2056:
2028:
2022:
2021:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1968:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1934:
1910:
1897:
1896:
1891:. Archived from
1860:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1837:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1803:. Archived from
1797:
1791:
1790:
1770:
1764:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1735:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1676:on April 9, 2009
1665:
1654:
1653:
1613:
1602:
1601:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1553:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1412:
1403:
1400:
1387:
1377:
1337:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1275:
1265:
1241:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1219:
1213:
1204:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1183:
1172:
1163:
1162:
1148:
1139:
1138:
1120:
1094:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1031:
1022:
1021:
1003:
979:
878:ruptured tendons
741:Andrew Wakefield
644:X-ray procedures
627:
332:pseudoscientific
198:magnetic healing
69:. Collectively,
55:pseudoscientific
27:Daniel D. Palmer
5259:
5258:
5252:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5210:
5167:
5146:
5125:
5102:
5049:
5018:
5013:
4979:Stephen Barrett
4952:
4914:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4848:
4846:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4823:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4800:
4798:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4774:
4772:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4748:
4746:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4723:
4721:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4698:
4696:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4673:
4671:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4647:
4645:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4621:
4619:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4595:
4593:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4573:
4571:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4547:
4545:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4521:
4519:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4495:
4493:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4470:
4468:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4447:
4440:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4408:
4406:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4359:
4357:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4332:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4293:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4269:
4267:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4242:
4240:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4215:
4213:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4188:
4186:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4140:
4139:
4130:
4104:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4019:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3843:(11): E405–13.
3834:
3833:
3829:
3783:
3782:
3775:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3719:. Edzard Ernst.
3714:
3713:
3709:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3668:
3664:
3646:
3642:
3633:
3616:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3547:
3546:
3537:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3490:
3488:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3464:
3462:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3438:
3436:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3410:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3335:
3333:
3319:
3318:
3311:
3301:
3299:
3286:
3285:
3276:
3266:
3264:
3259:Lucas Laursen.
3258:
3257:
3253:
3243:
3241:
3236:Lucas Laursen.
3235:
3234:
3227:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3151:(1280): 78–79.
3138:
3137:
3133:
3112:(1278): 15–20.
3103:
3102:
3095:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3029:(1312): 36–44.
3016:
3015:
3011:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2915:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2872:Med Anthropol Q
2869:
2868:
2864:
2849:
2845:
2830:
2826:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2798:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2700:
2698:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2663:
2662:
2655:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2621:, July 11, 2015
2611:
2607:
2600:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2535:10.1.1.366.2817
2517:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2467:10.1.1.694.4126
2451:
2450:
2446:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2263:(11): 1569–70.
2250:
2249:
2245:
2201:
2200:
2191:
2152:10.2307/3106416
2137:
2136:
2132:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2078:Wayback Machine
2064:
2060:
2030:
2029:
2025:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1970:
1969:
1958:
1912:
1911:
1900:
1862:
1861:
1850:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1762:Wayback Machine
1753:
1749:
1710:(10): 1405–08.
1697:
1696:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1667:
1666:
1657:
1615:
1614:
1605:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1551:10.1038/459751a
1524:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1390:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1243:
1242:
1231:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1096:
1095:
1056:
1046:
1044:
1033:
1032:
1025:
994:(20): 2215–24.
981:
980:
969:
965:
953:
870:Olympic athlete
790:
781:
712:
706:
689:
678:
646:
625:
622:David Colquhoun
609:
585:Stephen Barrett
565:
458:social contract
403:poison the well
398:
351:
311:medical doctors
151:
145:
49:, sustained by
24:magnetic healer
12:
11:
5:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5245:
5244:
5234:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5177:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5160:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5112:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5083:Manual therapy
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5059:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5026:
5024:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4972:
4950:
4941:
4926:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4902:
4892:
4887:(commented in
4878:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4861:External links
4859:
4857:
4856:
4844:The Shade Room
4830:
4808:
4782:
4756:
4731:
4706:
4681:
4655:
4644:. June 1, 2008
4629:
4618:. July 6, 2015
4603:
4581:
4555:
4529:
4503:
4478:
4456:
4451:Globe and Mail
4438:
4416:
4385:
4366:
4339:
4317:
4276:
4249:
4222:
4195:
4168:
4128:
4092:
4059:
4024:
4017:
4009:10.17226/11340
3988:
3949:
3916:(8): 1162–65.
3896:
3878:
3827:
3773:
3722:
3707:
3692:
3674:
3662:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3631:
3614:
3591:
3535:
3498:
3472:
3446:
3420:
3409:. May 15, 2009
3394:
3343:
3309:
3298:on May 4, 2011
3274:
3251:
3225:
3174:
3131:
3093:
3072:(9): 1351–53.
3052:
3009:
2966:
2931:
2909:
2897:
2862:
2843:
2824:
2807:
2796:
2776:
2754:
2708:
2675:
2653:
2623:
2605:
2598:
2572:
2528:(2): E14–E18.
2505:
2444:
2392:
2357:
2300:
2243:
2214:(6): 397–410.
2189:
2130:
2081:
2058:
2023:
1988:
1981:
1956:
1898:
1875:(1278): 6–10.
1848:
1818:
1792:
1765:
1747:
1687:
1655:
1603:
1584:
1565:
1517:
1494:
1462:
1427:(1): e275–83.
1404:
1402:
1401:
1397:Med News Today
1329:
1287:
1229:
1194:
1164:
1140:
1054:
1023:
966:
964:
961:
960:
959:
952:
949:
948:
947:
924:cardiac arrest
912:
905:
893:
866:Samantha Cools
863:
844:
831:anticonvulsant
811:
804:
797:
789:
786:
780:
777:
714:Many forms of
705:
702:
688:
685:
677:
674:
645:
642:
608:
605:
570:antiscientific
564:
561:
548:. The charity
418:: (p. 29)
397:
394:
353:The 2008 book
350:
347:
328:antiscientific
230:
229:
166:Harvey Lillard
147:Main article:
144:
141:
51:antiscientific
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5255:
5254:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5170:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5010:
5005:
5003:
4998:
4996:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4933:H. L. Mencken
4930:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4911:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4849:September 26,
4845:
4841:
4834:
4831:
4824:September 26,
4820:
4819:
4812:
4809:
4801:September 26,
4796:
4795:New York Post
4792:
4786:
4783:
4775:September 28,
4770:
4766:
4760:
4757:
4749:September 26,
4745:
4741:
4735:
4732:
4724:September 26,
4720:
4716:
4710:
4707:
4699:September 26,
4695:
4694:The Oklahoman
4691:
4685:
4682:
4674:September 26,
4669:
4665:
4659:
4656:
4648:September 26,
4643:
4639:
4633:
4630:
4622:September 26,
4617:
4613:
4607:
4604:
4596:September 26,
4592:
4585:
4582:
4574:September 28,
4570:
4566:
4559:
4556:
4548:September 28,
4544:
4540:
4533:
4530:
4522:September 28,
4518:
4514:
4507:
4504:
4496:September 26,
4492:
4488:
4482:
4479:
4471:September 26,
4467:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4409:September 23,
4404:
4400:
4396:
4389:
4386:
4381:
4377:
4370:
4367:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4343:
4340:
4329:
4328:
4321:
4318:
4303:
4299:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4280:
4277:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4253:
4250:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4226:
4223:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4199:
4196:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4172:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4093:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4063:
4060:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4040:(6): 412–18.
4039:
4035:
4028:
4025:
4020:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3882:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3831:
3828:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3792:(3): 188–89.
3791:
3787:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3723:
3718:
3711:
3708:
3703:
3696:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3634:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3516:(3): 545–61.
3515:
3511:
3510:
3502:
3499:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3465:September 11,
3460:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3435:
3434:New Scientist
3431:
3424:
3421:
3408:
3407:New Scientist
3404:
3398:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3344:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3262:
3255:
3252:
3239:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3190:(3): 186–87.
3189:
3185:
3178:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3053:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2982:(8): 514–19.
2981:
2977:
2970:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2679:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2583:
2576:
2573:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2460:(3): 216–27.
2459:
2455:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2409:(4): 347–54.
2408:
2404:
2396:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2146:(4): 808–34.
2145:
2141:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2004:(1): 79–100.
2003:
1999:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1834:
1833:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1628:(5): 367–73.
1627:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1505:
1498:
1495:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1352:(7): 330–38.
1351:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1300:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1180:
1179:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1111:(5): 544–62.
1110:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
985:
978:
976:
974:
972:
968:
962:
958:
955:
954:
950:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
910:
906:
902:
898:
897:Ada, Oklahoma
894:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
864:
861:
857:
856:ganglioglioma
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
809:
805:
802:
798:
795:
792:
791:
787:
785:
778:
776:
773:
768:
766:
762:
757:
755:
750:
746:
742:
737:
735:
731:
726:
721:
717:
711:
703:
701:
698:
693:
686:
684:
682:
675:
669:
665:
660:
655:
653:
652:
643:
641:
639:
633:
629:
623:
618:
614:
606:
603:
598:
596:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
577:Samuel Homola
573:
571:
562:
560:
558:
557:
551:
547:
544:to criticize
543:
539:
535:
534:
528:
524:
520:
519:
514:
506:
501:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
477:
475:
469:
467:
462:
459:
455:
449:
444:
442:
436:
434:
430:
424:
419:
417:
416:
411:
406:
404:
395:
392:
387:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
363:
358:
357:
348:
345:
340:
336:
333:
329:
324:
322:
321:
316:
312:
306:
301:
299:
292:
290:
286:
281:
280:final outcome
275:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
226:
225:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
181:
178:
173:
169:
167:
159:
155:
150:
142:
140:
137:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
92:was sued for
91:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
67:sound science
63:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
25:
21:
16:
5242:Chiropractic
5218:
5196:Joseph Janse
5044:
5023:Chiropractic
5016:Chiropractic
4957:
4943:
4936:
4929:Chiropractic
4921:
4918:Chiropractic
4847:. Retrieved
4843:
4833:
4822:, retrieved
4817:
4811:
4799:. Retrieved
4794:
4785:
4773:. Retrieved
4769:the Guardian
4768:
4759:
4747:. Retrieved
4743:
4734:
4722:. Retrieved
4719:The Ada News
4718:
4709:
4697:. Retrieved
4693:
4684:
4672:. Retrieved
4667:
4658:
4646:. Retrieved
4641:
4632:
4620:. Retrieved
4615:
4606:
4594:. Retrieved
4584:
4572:. Retrieved
4568:
4558:
4546:. Retrieved
4542:
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