1373:" in Science, convictions have no rights of citizenship, as is said with good reason. Only when they decide to descend to the modesty of a hypothesis, of a provisional experimental point of view, of a regulative fiction, maybe they be granted admission and even a certain value within the realm of knowledge – though always with the restriction that they remain under police supervision, under the police of mistrust. But does this not mean, more precisely considered, that a conviction may obtain admission to science only when it ceases to be a conviction? Would not the discipline of the scientific spirit begin with this, no longer to permit oneself any convictions? Probably that is how it is. But one must still ask whether it is not the case that, in order that this discipline could begin, a conviction must have been there already, and even such a commanding and unconditional one that it sacrificed all other convictions for its own sake. It is clear that Science too rests on a faith; there is no Science 'without presuppositions.' The question whether truth is needed must not only have been affirmed in advance, but affirmed to the extent that the principle, the faith, the conviction is expressed: 'nothing is needed more than truth, and in relation to it, everything else has only second-rate value".
1868:," and that science is "presented as a unitary object, usually identified with scientific knowledge. It is portrayed as neutral and objective. Second, science is claimed to be under attack by 'antiscience' which is composed essentially of ideologues who are threats to the neutrality and objectivity that are fundamental to science. Third, a highly selective attack is made on the arguments of 'antiscience'". Such people allegedly then "routinely equate critique of scientific knowledge with hostility to science, a jump that is logically unsupportable and empirically dubious". Having then "constructed two artificial entities, a unitary 'science' and a unitary 'academic left', each reduced to
1797:
credibility of scientific sources, identification with groups holding antiscience attitudes, conflicts between scientific messages and personal beliefs, and discrepancies between the presentation of scientific messages and individuals’ thinking styles. These factors are exacerbated in the current political climate, where ideology significantly influences people's acceptance of science, particularly on topics that have become politically polarized, such as vaccines and climate change. The politicization of science poses a significant challenge to public health and safety, particularly in managing global crises like the
1201:... distinguished 'demonstrable' fields, as 'those the construction of the subject whereof is in the power of the artist himself,' from 'indemonstrable' ones 'where the causes are to seek for.' We can only know the causes of what we make. So geometry is demonstrable, because 'the lines and figures from which we reason are drawn and described by ourselves' and 'civil philosophy is demonstrable, because we make the commonwealth ourselves.' But we can only speculate about the natural world, because 'we know not the construction, but seek it from the effects.'
1830:
question often lies in how much scientists conform to the standard ideal of "communalism, universalism, disinterestedness, originality, and... skepticism". "scientists don't always conform... scientists do get passionate about pet theories; they do rely on reputation in judging a scientist's work; they do pursue fame and gain via research". Thus, they may show inherent biases in their work. " scientists are not as rational and logical as the legend would have them, nor are they as illogical or irrational as some relativists might say".
1813:"epistemological antireductionism holds that, given our finite mental capacities, we would not be able to grasp the ultimate physical explanation of many complex phenomena even if we knew the laws governing their ultimate constituents". Some see antiscience as "common...in academic settings...many people see that there are problems in demarcation between science, scientism, and pseudoscience resulting in an antiscience stance. Some argue that nothing can be known for sure".
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1253:. "Rousseau argues that the progression of the sciences and arts has caused the corruption of virtue and morality" and his "critique of science has much to teach us about the dangers involved in our political commitment to scientific progress, and about the ways in which the future happiness of mankind might be secured". Nevertheless, Rousseau does not state in his Discourses that sciences are
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or feeling". Antiscience then is a rejection of "the scientific model ... with its strong implication that only that which was quantifiable, or at any rate, measurable... was real". In this sense, it comprises a "critical attack upon the total claim of the new scientific method to dominate the entire field of human knowledge". However, scientific positivism (
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that affect public trust in science. Strategies to counteract antiscience attitudes may need to encompass more than just presenting factual information; they might also need to engage with the underlying social and psychological factors that contribute to these attitudes, fostering dialogue that acknowledges different viewpoints and seeks common ground.
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forces shaping science... been opposed to the point of suppression in many quarters. Most scientists hate it and label it 'antiscience'. But it is urgently needed, because it makes science self-conscious and hopefully self-critical and accountable with respect to the forces which shape research priorities, criteria, goals".
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Political scientist Tom
Nichols, from Harvard Extension School and the U.S. Naval War College, points out that skepticism towards scientific expertise has increasingly become a symbol of political identity, especially within conservative circles. This skepticism is not just a result of misinformation
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The writings of Young serve to illustrate more antiscientific views: "The strength of the antiscience movement and of alternative technology is that their advocates have managed to retain
Utopian vision while still trying to create concrete instances of it". "The real social, ideological and economic
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had ushered in "the ideal of a unified system of all the sciences", but there were those fearful of this notion, who "felt that constrictions of reason and science, of a single all-embracing system... were in some way constricting, an obstacle to their vision of the world, chains on their imagination
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Recent developments and discussions around antiscience attitudes reveal how deeply intertwined these beliefs are with social, political, and psychological factors. A study published by Ohio State News on July 11, 2022, identified four primary bases that underpin antiscience beliefs: doubts about the
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values. The term scientism is generally used critically, implying a cosmetic application of science in unwarranted situations considered not amenable to application of the scientific method or similar scientific standards. The word is commonly used in a pejorative sense, applying to individuals who
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The COVID-19 pandemic, for example, conflicting responses to public health measures and vaccine acceptance have highlighted the extent to which science has been politicized. Such polarization suggests that for some, rejecting scientific consensus or public health guidance serves as an expression of
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refers to "some sociologists who might appear to be antiscience". Some "philosophers and antiscience types", he contends, may have presented "unreal images of science that threaten the believability of scientific knowledge", or appear to have gone "too far in their antiscience deconstructions". The
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In this context, antiscience may be considered dependent on religious, moral and cultural arguments. For this kind of religious antiscience philosophy, science is an anti-spiritual and materialistic force that undermines traditional values, ethnic identity and accumulated historical wisdom in favor
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This politicization of science complicates efforts to address public health crises and undermines the broader social contract that underpins scientific research and its application for the public good. The challenge lies not only in combating misinformation but also in bridging ideological divides
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Genetically modified foods also bring about antiscience sentiment. The general public has recently become more aware of the dangers of a poor diet, as there have been numerous studies that show that the two are inextricably linked. Anti-science dictates that science is untrustworthy, because it is
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To the extent that attempts to overcome antiscience sentiments have failed, some argue that a different approach to science advocacy is needed. One such approach says that it is important to develop a more accurate understanding of those who deny science (avoiding stereotyping them as backward and
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Many philosophers are "divided as to whether reduction should be a central strategy for understanding the world". However, many agree that "there are, nevertheless, reasons why we want science to discover properties and explanations other than reductive physical ones". Such issues stem "from an
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identifies a conflict "not between science and antiscience, but rather between different pathways for science and technology; between a commodified science-for-profit and a gentle science for humane goals; between the sciences of the smallest parts and the sciences of dynamic wholes... offers
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approach to health problems. This can be both a practical and a conceptual shift and has attracted strong criticism: "therapeutic touch, a healing technique based upon the laying-on of hands, has found wide acceptance in the nursing profession despite its lack of scientific plausibility. Its
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In modern times, it has been argued that right-wing politics carries an anti-science tendency. While some have suggested that this is innate to either rightists or their beliefs, others have argued it is a "quirk" of a historical and political context in which scientific findings happened to
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Philosophical objections against science are often objections about the role of reductionism. For example, in the field of psychology, "both reductionists and antireductionists accept that... non-molecular explanations may not be improved, corrected or grounded in molecular ones". Further,
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Glazer also criticises the therapists and patients, "for abandoning the biological underpinnings of nursing and for misreading philosophy in the service of an antiscientific world-view". In contrast, Brian Martin criticized Gross and Levitt by saying that " basic approach is to attack
2417:"But so long as power alone is on one side, and knowledge and understanding alone on the other, the learned will seldom make great objects their study, princes will still more rarely do great actions, and the peoples will continue to be, as they are, mean, corrupt and miserable."
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proposals for a more holistic, integral approach to understanding and addressing environmental issues". These beliefs are also common within the scientific community, with for example, scientists being prominent in environmental campaigns warning of environmental dangers such as
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but also reflects a broader cultural shift towards diminishing trust in experts and authoritative sources. This trend challenges the traditional neutrality of science, positioning scientific beliefs and facts within the contentious arena of political ideology.
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is occasionally used in a similarly pejorative way (as a more subtle attack on scientists). However, some scientists feel comfortable being labelled as reductionists, while agreeing that there might be conceptual and philosophical shortcomings of reductionism.
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There is a cult of ignorance in the United States, and there has always been. The strain of anti-intellectualism has been a constant thread winding its way through our political and cultural life, nurtured by the false notion that democracy means that
1447:, etc. Such fields tend to assume that strong interactions between units produce new phenomena in "higher" levels that cannot be accounted for solely by reductionism. For example, it is not valuable (or currently possible) to describe a chess game or
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Elyse Amend and Darin Barney argue that while antiscience can be a descriptive label, it is often used as a rhetorical one, being effectively used to discredit ones' political opponents and thus charges of antiscience are not necessarily warranted.
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with literal interpretations of sacred text. Here, scientific theories that conflict with what is considered divinely-inspired knowledge are regarded as flawed. Over the centuries religious institutions have been hesitant to embrace such ideas as
1276:(1757–1827) reacted strongly in his paintings and writings against the work of Isaac Newton (1642–1727), and is seen as being perhaps the earliest (and almost certainly the most prominent and enduring) example of what is seen by historians as the
1209:, published in 2000, Richard H. Jones wrote that Hobbes "put forth the idea of the significance of the nonrational in human behaviour". Jones goes on to group Hobbes with others he classes as "antireductionists" and "individualists", including
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should be held in high regard. In the conclusion to the
Discourses, he says that these (aforementioned) can cultivate sciences to great benefit, and that morality's corruption is mostly because of society's bad influence on scientists.
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to describe the views, beliefs and behavior of strong supporters of applying ostensibly scientific concepts beyond its traditional disciplines. Specifically, scientism promotes science as the best or only objective means to determine
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and... legitimisation of alternatives", and that the results of scientific findings do not always represent any underlying reality, but can merely reflect the ideology of dominant groups within society.
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never complete and always being revised, which would be a probable cause for the fear that the general public has of genetically modified foods despite scientific reassurance that such foods are safe.
1304:, or Satan's Doctrine'...the picture progresses from exuberance and colour on the left, to sterility and blackness on the right. In Blake's view Newton brings not light, but night". In a 1940 poem,
1575:'. Romanticism emphasizes that intuition, passion and organic links to nature are primal values and that rational thinking is merely a product of human life. Modern right-wing antiscience includes
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1353:, are not seen as anti-science. However, some of the orthodoxies within those disciplines that predate a scientific approach (such as those orthodoxies repudiated by the discoveries of
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1851:. It can also be argued that this version of antiscience comes close to that found in the medical sphere, where patients and practitioners may choose to reject science and adopt a
1587:. While concentrated in areas of science that are seen as motivating government action, these attitudes are strong enough to make conservatives appreciate science less in general.
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2405:"Bacon, Descartes and Newton, those teachers of mankind, had themselves no teachers. What guide indeed could have taken them so far as their sublime genius directed them?"
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Eileen
Gambrill, Evidence based practice, an alternative to authority based practice, Families in Society, the Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 80.4, 1999, 341–350
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depicts the scientist "as a misguided hero whose gaze was directed only at sterile geometrical diagrams drawn on the ground". Blake thought that "Newton, Bacon, and
1931:, Global Revolution TV, TruthWiki.org, TheAntiMedia.org and GoodGopher. Antiscience views have also been supported on social media by organizations known to support
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Amend, Elyse, and Darin Barney. "Getting It Right: Canadian
Conservatives and the “War on Science”." Canadian Journal of Communication 41, no. 1a (2015), pp. 13–14
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because they contradicted the dominant interpretation of various passages of scripture. More recently the body of creation theologies known collectively as
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antireductionist worry that there is no absolute conception of reality, that is, a characterization of reality such as... science claims to provide".
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states that this view associates science with the political right and is seen as a belief system that is conservative and conformist, that suppresses
220:
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Carol Tucker
Foreman, Genetic Modification of Foods: The Public's Mistrust of Science and Science's Misunderstanding of the Public, "Consumer Choice"
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3607:(probably the individual most accused of reinvigorating anti-science, although some claim that he is in fact strengthening the scientific debate).
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Lewandowsky, Stephan, and Klaus
Oberauer. "Motivated rejection of science." Current Directions in Psychological Science 25, no. 4 (2016): 217–222
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1781:) does not deny the reality of non-measurable phenomena, only that those phenomena should not be adequate to scientific investigation. Moreover,
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rely on whatever comes to hand presenting some of their arguments as if scientific; however, a strain of antiscience is part of their approach.
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to explain why scientists believe what they believe, in an attempt to undermine the confidence or power usually associated to science (e.g., in
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Kerr, John
Richard. "Why do we argue about science? Exploring the psychological antecedents of rejection of science." (2020), p. 26
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Todd Jones, Reductionism and
Antireductionism: Rights and Wrongs, Metaphilosophy, Volume 35, Number 5, October 2004, pp. 614–647
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using quantum mechanics. The emergentist view of science ("More is
Different", in the words of 1977 Nobel-laureate physicist
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The following quotes explore this aspect of four major areas of antiscience: philosophy, sociology, ecology and political.
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1186:(1588–1679), who were skeptical of whether science was a satisfactory way to obtain genuine knowledge about the world.
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summarises Blake's anti-scientific views by saying that he " off relations in a curse, with the Newtonian Universe".
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W.H. Auden, "New Year Letter, 1940", in Collected Poems, Edited by Edward Mendelson, London: Faber, 1994, p. 203
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essences, Gross and Levitt proceed to attack. They pick out figures in each of several areas – science studies,
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via those who share cultural values with target audiences, such as scientists who also hold religious beliefs.
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Antiscience issues are seen as a fundamental consideration in the historical transition from "pre-science" or "
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imprisoned by what one might interpret as the materialistic cage of Newtonian mathematics and science. Blake's
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1518:, that resists change and that acts dictatorially. This includes the view, for example, that science has a "
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Nagel T. "Reductionism and antireductionism". Novartis Found Symp. 1998; 213:3–10; discussion 10–14, 73–75.
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Rosenberg, Alex; Kaplan, D. M. (2005). "How to Reconcile Physicalism and Antireductionism about Biology*".
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Rosenberg, Alex; Kaplan, D. M. (2005). "How to Reconcile Physicalism and Antireductionism about Biology".
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1345:. Many disciplines that pre-date the widespread adoption and acceptance of the scientific method, such as
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Poland, G. A; Jacobson, R. M (August 2012). "The clinician's guide to the anti-vaccinationists' galaxy".
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Sarah Glazer, "Therapeutic touch and postmodernism in nursing", Nursing Philosophy (2001) 2(3), 196–212.
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Davidson, Gregg; Hill, Carol; Wolgemuth, Ken (2018). "We Need a Paradigm Shift in Science Advocacy".
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Organization Studies and the New Pragmatism: Positivism, Anti-Positivism, and the Search for Ethics,
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The Ontological Reversal: A Figure of Thought of Importance for Science Education by Bo Dahlin
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theology, but similar right-wing views have been developed by radically conservative sects of
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Rousseau's critique of science: A commentary on the Discourse on the Sciences and the Arts
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1415:) views of science have been formulated in varied forms in several scientific fields like
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1958: – Hostility to and mistrust of education, philosophy, art, literature, and science
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knowledge. Antiscience commonly manifests through rejection of scientific ideas such as
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2885:"From Anti-Government to Anti-Science: Why Conservatives Have Turned Against Science"
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2807:"Who are you calling 'anti-science'? How science serves social and political agendas"
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challenge or appeared to challenge the worldviews of rightists rather than leftists.
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Joseph Romm, "Anti-science conservatives must be stopped", Salon.com, June 30, 2008
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Burger, P and Luckman, T, "The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise" in the
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with their emphasis on reason were nothing more than 'the three great teachers of
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2015: – Two approaches that exist in varying degrees of conflict or compatibility
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Peter W. Ross and Dale Turner, "Sensibility Theory and Conservative Complacency"
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2256:"The Antiscience Movement Is Escalating, Going Global and Killing Thousands"
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The origin of antiscience thinking may be traced back to the reaction of
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Beyond the Science Wars: the missing discourse about science and society
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political allegiance or skepticism towards perceived authority figures.
1455:) has been inspired in its methodology by the European social sciences (
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2128: – 1996 scholarly publishing sting accepted by an academic journal
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1357:(1564–1642)) are seen as being a product of an anti-scientific stance.
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980:
898:
863:
853:
595:
3541:
2569:
The OED records the word from 1870 and the sense here given from 1871.
1985: – French philosopher, anthropologist and sociologist (1947–2022)
1856:
acceptance is indicative of a broad antiscientific trend in nursing".
1789:, is not consensual or even dominant in the scientific community (see
4437:
3729:
3567:
On the Future of Total Theory: Science, Antiscience, and Human Candor
2698:
Origins, goals, and tactics of the U.S. anti-nuclear protest movement
2048:
1672:
1618:
1403:
seem to be treating science in a similar way to a religion. The term
1068:
893:
848:
515:
3532:
3450:
Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science
3680:
3577:
Schapin and Shaffer (covers the conflict between Hobbes and Boyle).
3231:
3102:
2716:
East Asian Social Movements: Power Protest and Change in a Dynamic,
1991: – Person's choice to deny psychologically uncomfortable truth
1633:
1134:. People holding antiscientific views do not accept science as an
945:
920:
801:
351:
3030:"The 4 bases of anti-science beliefs – and what to do about them"
2340:
Hobbes Studies, 22 (2009), pp. 185–191, citation from pp. 190–191
2155: – English textile artist, author, and socialist (1834–1896)
2122: – Group of pseudoscientific theories and societal practices
2279:
1656:
thinking also criticize the scientific worldview as favouring a
1460:
930:
784:
3746:
3262:
Whose Scientific Method? Scientific Methods for a Complex World
3034:
The 4 bases of anti-science beliefs – and what to do about them
2500:
2140: – Community or society that is undesirable or frightening
3495:
Levins, R. "Touch Red," in Judy Kaplan an Linn Shapiro, eds.,
3300:"Brian Martin, Social Construction of an 'Attack on Science',
3472:
Science Observed: Perspectives on the Social Study of Science
2021: – Unwavering attachment to a set of irreducible beliefs
1976: – Modern-day beliefs concerning the shape of the Earth
1768:
Historically, antiscience first arose as a reaction against
1182:(1627–1691) found themselves in conflict with those such as
883:
3534:
Words of Power: A Feminist Reading of the History of Logic
2918:"Denialism: what is it and how should scientists respond?"
1671:
A frequent basis of antiscientific sentiment is religious
3653:
Davidson, Donald, Essays on Actions and Events, OUP, 2001
3266:
A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy
2009: – Effort to improve purported human genetic quality
3638:
The Critique of Science Becomes Academic by Brian Martin
2069: – German philosopher, theologian, poet (1744–1803)
2045: – Combination of conservatism and environmentalism
1970: – Pseudoscientific form of Young Earth creationism
1311:
One recent biographer of Newton considers him more as a
2978:
Science 11 August 2006: Vol. 313. no. 5788, pp. 765–766
2142:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1978:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
27:
Attitudes that reject science and the scientific method
2592:
Anderson, P. W. (4 August 1972). "More Is Different".
2356:
Lewisburg, Pa: Bucknell University Press, 2000, p. 199
2275:"Mounting antiscience aggression in the United States"
3643:
If They Believe That – Science by Reginald Firehammer
2673:
Organization Science, 9.2, Mar–Apr. 1998, pp. 123–140
2134: – Philosophy that only minds and ideas are real
1284:
antiscience response. For example, in his 1795 poem "
3555:, Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000,
3389:
Dariusz Jemielniak; Aleksandra Przegalinska (2020).
2684:
What the Social Text Affair Does and Does not Prove,
4436:
4222:
3991:
3926:
3838:
3803:
3780:
3479:
Epistemic Cultures: How the Sciences Make Knowledge
2149: – Fear or discomfort with advanced technology
2746:
2544:
2352:Reductionism: Analysis and the Fullness of Reality
1207:Reductionism: Analysis and the Fullness of Reality
3511:The internal and external in explanatory theories
3453:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994
2729:Anti-nuclear Campaigners and the Qwerty Keyboard,
1716:, also finds itself in conflict with research in
2974:Jon D. Miller, Eugenie C. Scott, Shinji Okamoto
2479:Newton: Personification of Man Limited by Reason
1749:"my ignorance is just as good as your knowledge"
1648:. New religious movements such as the left-wing
1505:One expression of antiscience is the "denial of
1322:rather than a true representative of scientific
2051: – A system as a whole, not just its parts
1744:
1712:. One of the more extreme creation theologies,
1545:(GMOs) has also been associated with the left.
3633:A Critique of Western Science by Alex Paterson
3502:Levins, R. "Dialectics and systems theory" in
3470:Knorr-Cetina, Karin D, & Mulkay, Michael,
2116: – 1990s dispute in philosophy of science
2075: – German writer and polymath (1749–1832)
1964: – Movement against psychiatric treatment
1288:", Blake describes the beautiful and natural
3758:
3730:"Skeptoid #283: Top 10 Anti-Science Websites"
3497:Red Diapers: Growing up in the Communist Left
3440:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993
3423:, third edition, London: Harper Collins, 1999
3304:, Vol. 26, No. 1, February 1996, pp. 161–173"
2686:Critical Quarterly, 40.2, July 1998, pp. 3–18
2093: – Use of science for political purposes
2081: – Philosophy opposing modern technology
1888:– and criticise their critiques of science".
1199:Six Lessons to the Professors of Mathematics,
1100:
8:
3421:The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought
3332:Robert M. Young, Science is Social Relations
3167:
3165:
1571:-this movement is often referred to as the '
3486:Ten propositions on science and antiscience
3063:"What caused the U.S.' anti-science trend?"
3765:
3751:
3743:
3214:Real Science: What It Is and What It Means
2748:"Nuclear power is the only green solution"
1952: – Anarchist critique of civilization
1838:Within the ecological and health spheres,
1107:
1093:
176:Association for Research and Enlightenment
31:
3591:An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
3499:, U. of Illinois, 1998, pp. 257–266.
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3276:
3274:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2933:
2900:
2522:. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 278.
2302:
2292:
2230:
1612:Relationship between religion and science
1249:(1750), claimed that science can lead to
3526:International Journal of Health Services
3327:
3325:
2447:Will ne'er believe, do what you please.
1927:Major antiscience media include portals
3437:What everyone should know about science
2669:Andrew C. Wicks and R. Edward Freeman,
2582:, New York: Springer, 1991, pp. 263–265
2172:
2033: – Italian philosopher (1668–1744)
1369:(1882) questions scientific dogmatism:
43:
2916:Pascal Diethelm; Martin McKee (2009).
2436:William Blake, "Auguries of Innocence"
2063: – German philosopher (1730–1788)
2039: – Kind of erroneous reductionism
2027: – German philosopher (1770–1831)
2003: – German philosopher (1874–1945)
1585:misinformation about COVID-19 vaccines
3714:, John Bickle, Bradford Books, 1998,
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
7:
3543:The Roots of Modern Environmentalism
2565:participating institution membership
2161: – American government official
1166:and distrust in medical treatments.
1122:is a set of attitudes and a form of
4259:Digital media use and mental health
3973:Sociology of the history of science
3712:Psychoneural Reduction The New Wave
2695:Victoria Daubert, Sue Ellen Moran,
1785:, as a philosophical basis for the
3628:The Postmodern Critique of Science
3522:Toward an ecosocial view of health
3433:Collins, Harry and Pinch, Trevor,
3430:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1966
2819:from the original on 2 August 2017
2449:If the sun and moon should doubt,
2441:The emmet's inch and eagle's mile
1596:global warming conspiracy theories
1257:bad, and states that figures like
1246:Discourse on the Arts and Sciences
25:
3968:Sociology of scientific ignorance
3813:History and philosophy of science
3795:Economics of scientific knowledge
3061:Parsons, Lian (30 October 2020).
2922:European Journal of Public Health
2336:Reflections on Skinner and Pettit
2254:Hotez, Peter J. (29 March 2021).
246:Chiropractic treatment techniques
4561:
4560:
4535:
3569:, Erasmus Institute papers, 1999
3481:, Harvard University Press, 1999
2759:from the original on 7 May 2022.
2445:He who doubts from what he sees
2273:Hotez, Peter J. (28 July 2021).
2207:"Conspiracy theories in science"
1732:uneducated) and also to attempt
1704:) in response to the process of
1049:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
51:
3618:"What's wrong with relativism?"
3460:Harvard University Press, 1993
3019:, London: Pimlico, 1997, p. 328
2805:Durant, Darrin (30 July 2017).
2443:Make lame philosophy to smile.
1411:However, non-reductionist (see
85:Alternative veterinary medicine
3774:Science and technology studies
2976:Public Acceptance of Evolution
2795:, 1982, Basic Books, pp. 60–61
2438:. Compare from the same poem:
1543:genetically modified organisms
1189:Hobbes' stance is regarded by
708:Water fluoridation controversy
664:Big Pharma conspiracy theories
1:
3474:, Sage Publications Ltd, 1983
3419:A Bullock & S Trombley ,
2862:The Republican War on Science
2516:Nietzsche, Friedrich (1977).
2025:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
1385:, was adopted and is used by
1126:that involves a rejection of
1079:Wilson's temperature syndrome
1064:Multiple chemical sensitivity
191:Biological terrain assessment
4321:Normalization process theory
3878:Philosophy of social science
3368:10.1016/j.humimm.2012.03.014
2616:10.1126/science.177.4047.393
2294:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001369
2184:. Harvard University Press.
2087: – Philosophical system
1465:methodological individualism
1318:, natural philosopher, and
1193:as an antiscience position:
3212:Gieryn, Thomas F. (2002). "
3017:The Proper Study of Mankind
2451:They'd immediately go out.
1974:Modern Flat Earth societies
740:Alternative medical systems
369:Fabunan Antiviral Injection
135:Fringe medicine and science
4630:
3944:construction of technology
3574:Leviathan and the Air Pump
2073:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
2057: – Philosophical view
1609:
1556:
1498:
1483:
1341:" such as that evident in
1225:(1806–1873), later adding
750:Biologically based therapy
310:Dental amalgam controversy
4531:
4476:Politicization of science
3549:Ullica Segerstrale (Ed),
3546:, London: Routledge, 1989
3537:, London: Routledge, 1990
3520:Levins, R. and Lopez C. "
3458:Science and anti-science,
3302:Social Studies of Science
3156:29 September 2006 at the
2580:Facets of Systems Science
2552:Oxford English Dictionary
2467:, at Princeton University
2091:Politicization of science
1834:Ecology and health sphere
1759:, "A Cult of Ignorance",
1237:(1929–2021) to the list.
1174:In the early days of the
1138:method that can generate
374:Facilitated communication
3883:Philosophy of technology
3268:, Vol.13,3, 2003, 261–74
2843:16 December 2008 at the
2793:The War Against the Atom
2182:Science and Anti-science
2103:Radical environmentalism
1995:Philosophical skepticism
1039:Candida hypersensitivity
221:Fake COVID-19 treatments
35:This article is part of
3477:Knorr-Cetina, Karin D,
2557:Oxford University Press
2380:, Boston College, 2005"
2067:Johann Gottfried Herder
1714:young Earth creationism
1696:, has been promoted by
1463:) which tend to reject
1391:philosophers of science
713:COVID-19 misinformation
641:Young blood transfusion
521:Orthomolecular medicine
486:Mind–body interventions
156:Anthroposophic medicine
96:Rise of modern medicine
3956:Sociology of knowledge
3581:The Scientific Outlook
3492:, 46/47:101–111, 1996.
3428:Sociology of Knowledge
2731:Marbury, 31 March 2011
2519:The Portable Nietzsche
2481:, Tate Gallery, London
2453:
2205:Goertzel, Ted (2010).
2180:Gerald Holton (1993).
2138:Technological dystopia
1770:scientific materialism
1753:
1581:rejection of evolution
1375:
1330:(1694–1778) and other
1203:
745:Mind–body intervention
696:MMR vaccine and autism
686:Vaccine misinformation
581:Rapid prompting method
4604:Philosophy of science
4523:Transition management
4513:Technology assessment
4481:Regulation of science
4456:Evidence-based policy
4341:Sociotechnical system
4190:Traditional knowledge
4070:Psychology of science
4043:Mapping controversies
3949:shaping of technology
3908:Social constructivism
3873:Philosophy of science
3830:History of technology
3668:Philosophy of Science
3517:, 7(4):557–582, 1998.
3392:Collaborative Society
3090:Philosophy of Science
2935:10.1093/eurpub/ckn139
2718:Springer, 2009, p. 69
2439:
2223:10.1038/embor.2010.84
2013:Faith and rationality
1791:philosophy of science
1577:climate change denial
1573:Counter-Enlightenment
1557:Further information:
1535:anti-nuclear movement
1499:Further information:
1484:Further information:
1371:
1286:Auguries of Innocence
1241:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1195:
1178:, scientists such as
1176:scientific revolution
1074:Vertebral subluxation
1023:Alternative diagnoses
611:Thought Field Therapy
251:Vertebral subluxation
4614:Criticism of science
4609:Anti-intellectualism
4428:Women in engineering
4274:Financial technology
4254:Digital anthropology
4023:Criticism of science
3936:Actor–network theory
3898:Religion and science
3790:Economics of science
3528:29(2):261–293, 1999.
3506:62(3):373–399, 1998.
3188:19 June 2006 at the
2902:10.1162/daed_a_01946
2883:(15 November 2022).
2501:Stephen D Snobelen,
2386:on 25 September 2008
2376:"Jeffrey J S Black,
1956:Anti-intellectualism
1326:, as popularized by
1160:alternative medicine
1124:anti-intellectualism
1044:Chronic Lyme disease
773:Traditional medicine
755:Manipulative methods
556:Postural Integration
419:Bach flower remedies
295:Craniosacral therapy
123:Therapeutic nihilism
68:Alternative medicine
45:Alternative medicine
4269:Engineering studies
4239:Cyborg anthropology
4028:Demarcation problem
3913:Social epistemology
3728:(8 November 2011).
3504:Science and Society
3310:on 5 September 2008
2791:Samuel MacCracken,
2779:The Washington Post
2608:1972Sci...177..393A
2555:(Online ed.).
2422:The Social Contract
2260:Scientific American
2132:Subjective idealism
2061:Johann Georg Hamann
2037:Greedy reductionism
1950:Anarcho-primitivism
1900:Antivaccinationists
1772:. The 18th century
1700:theists (primarily
1592:conspiracy theories
1559:Right-wing populism
1417:statistical physics
1361:Friedrich Nietzsche
1156:conspiracy theories
1150:. It also includes
691:Vaccines and autism
681:Anti-vaccinationism
674:OPV AIDS hypothesis
476:Megavitamin therapy
389:Functional medicine
166:Applied kinesiology
62:General information
4549:History of science
4466:Funding of science
4336:Skunkworks project
4033:Double hermeneutic
3818:History of science
3624:, by Harry Collins
3515:Science as Culture
3443:Gross, Paul R and
2991:Skeptical Inquirer
2714:, Vicky Brockman,
2503:Writings on Newton
2159:William R. Steiger
2043:Green conservatism
1779:logical positivism
1722:historical geology
1694:intelligent design
1652:and the far-right
1630:Christian Identity
1501:Left-wing populism
1453:Philip W. Anderson
1445:information theory
1381:", originating in
1294:painting of Newton
1059:Leaky gut syndrome
1034:Aerotoxic syndrome
971:Prophetic medicine
669:HIV/AIDS denialism
496:Myofascial release
404:Holistic dentistry
384:Feldenkrais Method
364:Estrogen dominance
290:Conversion therapy
4591:
4590:
4518:Technology policy
4249:Dematerialization
4058:black swan events
3264:, New Solutions:
2773:(16 April 2006).
2712:Jeffrey Broadbent
2702:Rand, 1985, p. 16
2602:(4047): 393–396.
2563:(Subscription or
2463:Notes to Blake's
2349:Richard H Jones,
2031:Giambattista Vico
1923:Antiscience media
1849:greenhouse effect
1787:scientific method
1763:, 21 January 1980
1710:natural selection
1627:white supremacist
1425:complexity theory
1233:(1921–2002), and
1132:scientific method
1117:
1116:
844:Chinese herbology
601:Scientific racism
566:Psychodermatology
471:Medical intuitive
451:Lightning Process
409:Hologram bracelet
357:Therapeutic touch
258:Christian Science
231:Cancer treatments
16:(Redirected from
4621:
4564:
4563:
4539:
4491:Right to science
4471:Horizon scanning
4446:Academic freedom
4346:Technical change
4207:Women in science
4202:Unity of science
3983:Strong programme
3767:
3760:
3753:
3744:
3739:
3708:
3585:Bertrand Russell
3565:Vining, Joseph,
3407:
3406:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3356:Human Immunology
3351:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3329:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3306:. Archived from
3296:
3283:
3278:
3269:
3260:Richard Levins,
3258:
3252:
3251:
3216:by John Ziman".
3209:
3192:
3180:
3174:
3169:
3160:
3148:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3058:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3026:
3020:
3013:
3000:
2999:
2985:
2979:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2937:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2853:
2847:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2812:The Conversation
2802:
2796:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2750:
2739:
2733:
2725:
2719:
2709:
2703:
2693:
2687:
2680:
2674:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2589:
2583:
2578:George J. Klir,
2576:
2570:
2568:
2560:
2548:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2513:
2507:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2483:
2475:
2469:
2460:
2454:
2433:
2427:
2413:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2382:. Archived from
2372:
2366:
2363:
2357:
2347:
2341:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2306:
2296:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2234:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2177:
2143:
2120:Social Darwinism
2097:Pseudoskepticism
1979:
1968:Creation science
1882:environmentalism
1853:pseudoscientific
1764:
1688:, including the
1682:planetary motion
1553:
1552:
1495:
1494:
1221:(1748–1832) and
1109:
1102:
1095:
859:Gill plate trade
621:Vaginal steaming
268:Colloidal silver
236:Charcoal cleanse
55:
32:
21:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4527:
4486:Research ethics
4432:
4331:Reverse salient
4225:
4218:
3994:
3987:
3978:Sociotechnology
3922:
3834:
3799:
3776:
3771:
3724:
3664:
3614:
3605:Paul Feyerabend
3540:Pepper, David,
3456:Gerald Holton,
3416:
3411:
3410:
3403:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3313:
3311:
3298:
3297:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3259:
3255:
3211:
3210:
3195:
3190:Wayback Machine
3181:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3158:Wayback Machine
3149:
3145:
3138:
3134:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3069:
3067:Harvard Gazette
3060:
3059:
3048:
3038:
3036:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3015:Isaiah Berlin,
3014:
3003:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2881:Conway, Erik M.
2875:
2874:
2870:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2845:Wayback Machine
2836:
2832:
2822:
2820:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2790:
2786:
2775:"Going Nuclear"
2769:
2768:
2764:
2753:The Independent
2745:(24 May 2004).
2741:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2722:
2710:
2706:
2694:
2690:
2681:
2677:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2577:
2573:
2562:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2472:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2348:
2344:
2332:
2328:
2287:(7): e3001369.
2272:
2271:
2267:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2141:
1977:
1962:Anti-psychiatry
1945:
1925:
1908:
1870:epistemological
1862:constructivists
1845:ozone depletion
1836:
1823:
1810:
1766:
1755:
1742:
1702:fundamentalists
1623:cosmopolitanism
1614:
1608:
1561:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1503:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1482:
1473:
1437:systems biology
1400:epistemological
1383:science studies
1366:The Gay Science
1290:robin redbreast
1211:Wilhelm Dilthey
1172:
1113:
1084:
1083:
1029:Adrenal fatigue
1024:
1016:
1015:
790:Southern Africa
775:
765:
764:
735:
733:Classifications
725:
724:
701:in chiropractic
659:
651:
650:
571:Quantum healing
561:Psychic surgery
436:Ionized jewelry
399:Herbal medicine
347:Esoteric energy
337:Energy medicine
305:Cupping therapy
300:Crystal healing
273:Colon cleansing
211:Bowen technique
181:Auriculotherapy
136:
128:
127:
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4627:
4625:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4596:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4496:Science policy
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4451:Digital divide
4448:
4442:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4367:Technological
4365:
4364:
4363:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4244:Design studies
4241:
4236:
4230:
4228:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4204:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4187:
4182:
4180:Scientometrics
4177:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4053:Paradigm shift
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3893:Postpositivism
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3853:Antipositivism
3850:
3844:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3823:and technology
3815:
3809:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3786:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3726:Dunning, Brian
3722:
3709:
3697:10.1086/428389
3681:10.1086/428389
3662:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3613:
3612:External links
3610:
3609:
3608:
3601:Against Method
3598:
3588:
3578:
3570:
3563:
3547:
3538:
3529:
3518:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3454:
3441:
3431:
3424:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3402:978-0262356459
3401:
3381:
3362:(8): 859–866.
3346:
3335:
3321:
3284:
3270:
3253:
3232:10.1086/374156
3226:(3): 544–545.
3193:
3175:
3161:
3143:
3132:
3119:10.1086/428389
3103:10.1086/428389
3079:
3046:
3021:
3001:
2980:
2967:
2958:
2949:
2908:
2877:Oreskes, Naomi
2868:
2865:. Basic Books.
2848:
2830:
2797:
2784:
2762:
2743:James Lovelock
2734:
2720:
2704:
2688:
2682:Alan D Sokal,
2675:
2662:
2653:
2598:. New Series.
2584:
2571:
2535:
2529:978-1440674198
2528:
2508:
2493:
2484:
2470:
2455:
2428:
2424:and Discourses
2408:
2397:
2367:
2358:
2342:
2326:
2265:
2246:
2217:(7): 493–499.
2197:
2191:978-0674792999
2190:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2156:
2153:William Morris
2150:
2144:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2019:Fundamentalism
2016:
2010:
2004:
2001:Ernst Cassirer
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1924:
1921:
1907:
1904:
1864:for not being
1835:
1832:
1822:
1819:
1809:
1806:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1726:origin of life
1610:Main article:
1607:
1604:
1554:
1547:
1496:
1489:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1433:systems theory
1259:René Descartes
1219:Jeremy Bentham
1171:
1168:
1144:climate change
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
902:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
879:Pressure point
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
810:
809:
804:
794:
793:
792:
787:
776:
771:
770:
767:
766:
763:
762:
760:Energy therapy
757:
752:
747:
742:
736:
731:
730:
727:
726:
723:
722:
721:
720:
710:
705:
704:
703:
698:
693:
688:
678:
677:
676:
666:
660:
657:
656:
653:
652:
649:
648:
646:Zero balancing
643:
638:
633:
631:Vision therapy
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
546:Parapsychology
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
466:Manual therapy
463:
461:Magnet therapy
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
422:
421:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
360:
359:
354:
349:
344:
334:
329:
324:
323:
322:
315:Detoxification
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
281:
280:
270:
265:
260:
255:
254:
253:
248:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
137:
134:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:
120:
119:
118:
108:
103:
98:
93:
92:(health fraud)
87:
82:
81:
80:
75:
64:
61:
60:
57:
56:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
24:
18:Antiscientific
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4626:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4356:Technoscience
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4326:Media studies
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4264:Early adopter
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4234:Co-production
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4221:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4083:communication
4081:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4065:Pseudoscience
4063:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4013:Boundary-work
4011:
4009:
4008:Bibliometrics
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3918:Transhumanism
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3763:
3761:
3756:
3754:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3622:Physics World
3619:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3531:Nye, Andrea,
3530:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3445:Norman Levitt
3442:
3439:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3404:
3398:
3395:. MIT Press.
3394:
3393:
3385:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3309:
3305:
3303:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3136:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3083:
3080:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2909:
2903:
2898:
2895:(4): 98–123.
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2831:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2771:Patrick Moore
2766:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2566:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2547:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2497:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2437:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2398:
2385:
2381:
2379:
2371:
2368:
2365:Jones, p. 213
2362:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2337:
2333:Ian Shapiro,
2330:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2269:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2173:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1886:AIDS activism
1883:
1879:
1875:
1874:postmodernism
1871:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:Thomas Gieryn
1820:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1774:Enlightenment
1771:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1678:heliocentrism
1674:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1569:Enlightenment
1566:
1560:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:nuclear power
1536:
1531:
1530:world-view".
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1490:
1487:
1479:
1477:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1449:gene networks
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1324:Enlightenment
1321:
1317:
1314:
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1271:
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1263:Francis Bacon
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626:Vegetotherapy
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285:Colorpuncture
283:
279:
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271:
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264:
263:Chromotherapy
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97:
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4406:criticism of
4316:Leapfrogging
4299:linear model
4185:Team science
4175:Scientocracy
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4002:
3848:Anthropocene
3733:
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3509:Levins, R. "
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3420:
3414:Bibliography
3391:
3384:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3338:
3312:. Retrieved
3308:the original
3301:
3265:
3256:
3223:
3217:
3213:
3178:
3146:
3135:
3097:(1): 43–68.
3094:
3088:
3082:
3070:. Retrieved
3066:
3037:. Retrieved
3033:
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2995:
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2833:
2821:. Retrieved
2810:
2800:
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2390:13 September
2388:. Retrieved
2384:the original
2377:
2370:
2361:
2350:
2345:
2334:
2329:
2284:
2278:
2268:
2259:
2249:
2214:
2211:EMBO Reports
2210:
2200:
2181:
2175:
2147:Technophobia
2126:Sokal affair
2114:Science wars
1983:Bruno Latour
1937:web brigades
1935:such as the
1929:Natural News
1926:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1858:
1837:
1825:Sociologist
1824:
1815:
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1795:
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1760:
1757:Isaac Asimov
1754:
1748:
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1670:
1668:philosophy.
1658:reductionist
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1600:
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1532:
1507:universality
1504:
1474:
1421:chaos theory
1410:
1405:reductionism
1387:sociologists
1376:
1372:
1364:
1359:
1339:protoscience
1336:
1310:
1272:
1267:Isaac Newton
1254:
1244:
1239:
1235:E. O. Wilson
1206:
1205:In his book
1204:
1198:
1196:
1188:
1180:Robert Boyle
1173:
1119:
1118:
996:Thai massage
966:Naftalan oil
839:Blood stasis
718:Turbo cancer
606:ThetaHealing
531:Osteomyology
431:Hypnotherapy
426:Hydrotherapy
332:Ear candling
327:Dry needling
278:Coffee enema
241:Chiropractic
206:Bone-setting
186:Bates method
171:Aromatherapy
105:
29:
4416:theories of
4401:and society
4397:Technology
4391:transitions
4381:determinism
4376:convergence
4351:Technocracy
4133:controversy
4119:Scientific
4103:post-normal
4048:Metascience
4018:Consilience
4003:Antiscience
3868:Neo-Luddism
3863:Fuzzy logic
3490:Social Text
3435:The Golem.
3072:25 February
3039:25 February
2998:(5): 16–17.
2546:"scientism"
2419:(Rousseau,
2108:Reactionary
2079:Neo-Luddism
1866:positivists
1686:creationism
1666:materialist
1565:Romanticism
1528:masculinist
1524:Eurocentric
1429:cybernetics
1413:Emergentism
1313:renaissance
1255:necessarily
1227:Karl Popper
1191:Ian Shapiro
1120:Antiscience
956:Mien Shiang
874:Moxibustion
586:Reflexology
511:Oil pulling
506:Naturopathy
446:Jilly Juice
226:Camel urine
196:Black salve
146:Acupuncture
141:Acupressure
106:Antiscience
78:Terminology
4598:Categories
4554:Technology
4506:science of
4501:history of
4386:revolution
4294:disruptive
4284:Innovation
4279:Hype cycle
4224:Technology
4195:ecological
4168:skepticism
4158:misconduct
4143:enterprise
3961:scientific
3888:Positivism
3858:Empiricism
3840:Philosophy
3720:0262024322
3660:0199246270
3595:David Hume
3561:0791446182
3466:0674792998
2928:(1): 2–4.
2823:10 January
2567:required.)
2167:References
1808:Philosophy
1801:pandemic.
1783:positivism
1724:, and the
1692:theory of
1654:Falun Gong
1551:Right-wing
1516:innovation
1512:Alan Sokal
1377:The term "
1332:Newtonians
1306:W.H. Auden
1251:immorality
1231:John Rawls
1054:Heavy legs
1011:Vietnamese
991:Sri Lankan
551:Phrenology
536:Osteopathy
526:Orthopathy
414:Homeopathy
320:Foot detox
216:Breathwork
161:Apitherapy
116:Scientific
111:Skepticism
4461:Factor 10
4289:diffusion
4128:consensus
4123:community
4088:education
3928:Sociology
3903:Scientism
3782:Economics
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3689:1539-767X
3240:1545-6994
3127:170840113
3111:1539-767X
2624:1095-9203
2415:Compare:
2321:236497855
2085:Platonism
1989:Denialism
1933:fake news
1906:Political
1821:Sociology
1718:cosmology
1706:evolution
1698:religious
1606:Religious
1520:bourgeois
1493:Left-wing
1471:Political
1396:normative
1379:scientism
1351:astronomy
1316:alchemist
1278:aesthetic
1243:, in his
1215:Karl Marx
1164:extremism
1148:evolution
1140:universal
1136:objective
976:Shamanism
961:Mongolian
936:Kayakalpa
911:Curandero
829:Cambodian
819:Brazilian
616:Urophagia
576:Radionics
481:Mesmerism
441:Iridology
4581:Scholars
4576:Journals
4566:Category
4540:Portals
4421:transfer
4411:dynamics
4361:feminist
4163:priority
4148:literacy
4108:rhetoric
4074:Science
4038:Logology
3735:Skeptoid
3376:22504410
3186:Archived
3154:Archived
2944:19158101
2889:Daedalus
2859:(2005).
2841:Archived
2817:Archived
2757:Archived
2648:34548824
2640:17796623
2313:34319972
2241:20539311
2055:Idealism
2007:Eugenics
1943:See also
1878:feminism
1847:and the
1799:COVID-19
1761:Newsweek
1734:outreach
1646:Buddhism
1642:Hinduism
1486:Populism
1457:Durkheim
1347:geometry
1328:Voltaire
1320:magician
1282:Romantic
1223:J S Mill
1130:and the
946:Japanese
889:San Jiao
869:Meridian
797:Ayurveda
636:Vitalism
201:Bodywork
90:Quackery
37:a series
4544:Science
4226:studies
4138:dissent
4078:citizen
3995:studies
3993:Science
3940:Social
3805:History
3314:21 June
3248:3080621
2632:1734697
2604:Bibcode
2595:Science
2304:8351985
2232:2897118
1662:atheist
1650:New Age
1638:Judaism
1567:to the
1526:and/or
1522:and/or
1480:Secular
1441:ecology
1355:Galileo
1343:alchemy
1302:atheism
1197:In his
1170:History
1128:science
1001:Tibetan
981:Shiatsu
926:Iranian
906:Chumash
899:Zang-fu
864:Long gu
854:Gua sha
834:Chinese
780:African
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2644:S2CID
2628:JSTOR
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1664:, or
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1298:Locke
1006:Unani
941:Kambo
921:Hilot
802:Dosha
352:Reiki
4309:user
4212:STEM
4113:wars
3716:ISBN
3685:ISSN
3656:ISBN
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3462:ISBN
3397:ISBN
3372:PMID
3316:2006
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3107:ISSN
3074:2024
3041:2024
2940:PMID
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