496:
472:
44:
508:
484:
790:
57:
201:
904:
The fruit can also be eaten cooked or raw, but has a laxative effect. The food industry sometimes uses cascara as a flavoring agent for liquors, soft drinks, ice cream, and baked goods. Cascara honey is tasty, but slightly laxative. The wood is used by local people for posts, firewood, and turnery.
495:
1499:
607:
Cascara is usually top-killed by fire, but may resprout from the root crown. After more severe fires, it reestablishes via off-site seed beginning the second year after the fire. It typically inhabits areas with
2709:
737:, which include cascarosides A, B, C, and D. Cascara contains approximately 8% anthranoids by mass, of which about two-thirds are cascarosides. The hydroxyanthracene glycosides may trigger
868:. This drying is generally done in the shade to preserve its characteristic yellow color. This process can be quickened by simply baking the bark at a low temperature for several hours. Botanist
698:. Although it may be safe for use over a few days, there is insufficient scientific evidence to assure its safety and effectiveness. Use of cascara may adversely affect the actions of various
1885:
A Modern Herbal: The medicinal, culinary, cosmetic and economic properties, cultivation and folk-lore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, & trees with all their modern scientific uses
2714:
410: in) petiole, shiny and green on top, and a dull, paler green below; they have tiny teeth on the margins, and 10–12 pairs of pinnate veins. The leaves turn yellow in autumn.
2704:
1503:
471:
2734:
2699:
1916:
Carr, Anna; Cassidy, Catherine; Cohen, Ellen; de Cenzo, Alice; Hunt, Marjorie; Hurley, Judith Benn; et al. (1998). Kowalchik, Claire; Hylton, William H. (eds.).
2034:
806:
354:
or small tree 4.5–12 metres (15–39 feet) tall, with a trunk 20–50 centimetres (8–20 in) in diameter. The buds have no scales, unique for the northwest region.
2522:
2282:
461: in) diameter, bright red at first, quickly maturing deep purple or black, and containing a yellow pulp, and two or three hard, smooth, olive-green or black
1803:. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Integrative Medicine Service (2nd ed.). Shelton, CT: Peoples' Medical Publishing House (PMPH-USA). p. 146.
2007:
2719:
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562:
In many areas, the high market demand for cascara bark has led to over-harvesting from wild trees, which may have heavily reduced cascara populations.
507:
2483:
2243:
2724:
2694:
2535:
2496:
2295:
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1982:
433: in) diameter, with five greenish yellow petals, forming a cup shape. The flowers bloom in umbel-shaped clusters, on the ends of distinctive
43:
1420:
2027:
1808:
1217:
992:
849:
as the favored laxative. The historical interest in using cascara damaged native cascara populations during the 1900s due to overharvesting.
437:
that are attached to the leaf axils. The flowering season is brief, from early to mid- spring, disappearing by early summer. The fruit is a
768:
to a form that is partly absorbed in the colon. Some of the chemical constituents present in the bark may be excreted by the kidneys. The
2689:
654:
levels (such as potassium, sodium, chloride), heart rhythm irregularities, and muscle weakness. There is also concern for its potential
2679:
1958:
1931:
1897:
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1835:
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The fruit and bark contain a bitter chemical making them inedible to humans, although there are contested medicinal uses.
483:
365:); the inner bark is smooth and yellowish (turning dark brown with age and/or exposure to sunlight). Cascara bark has an
2684:
1858:
2610:
2370:
1550:
56:
663:
380:, alternate, clustered near the ends of twigs. They are oval, 5–15 cm (2–6 in) long and 2–5 cm (
2615:
2375:
860:
Once stripped from the tree, the bark must be aged for several months, because fresh cut, dried bark causes
1991:
1740:
1209:
612:
on 30 to 150 year intervals, although it is also found in areas with fire regimes of 500+ years.
2175:
501:
Branch with prominently veined, alternate leaves, reddish twigs, and clusters of flowers at the leaf axils
831:
plant. Commercially, it is called "cascara sagrada" ('sacred bark' in
Spanish), while in the traditional
1708:
928:
570:
The fruit is eaten by birds, bears, raccoons, and other mammals, who distribute the undigestible seeds.
173:
2501:
2261:
1976:
1333:
1250:
909:. Due to its bitter taste, cascara can be used to stop nail-biting by applying it to the fingernails.
604:. Its trees create brushy stands which provide abundant thermal cover and hiding places for wildlife.
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2336:
1923:
1684:
1255:
Medical
Toxicology of Natural Substances: Foods, fungi, medicinal herbs, plants, and venomous animals
798:
369:
bitter flavor that will remain in the mouth for hours, overpowering and even numbing the taste buds.
331:
789:
682:
problems. Use of cascara is a safety concern for pregnant or breastfeeding women, and for children.
2584:
2344:
1436:
1432:
2553:
2313:
1077:
905:
It is also planted as an ornamental, to provide food and habitat for wildlife, or to prevent soil
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are present in cascara bark. The chemicals possibly contributing to a laxative effect are the
699:
552:
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339:
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200:
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1986:
1208:. Washington, DC: United States Forest Service / U.S. Government Printing Office. p.
757:
746:
655:
594:
532:
94:
1647:
Small, Ernest; Caitling, Paul M.; et al. (National
Research Council Canada) (1999).
857:
The bark is collected in the spring or early summer, when it easily peels from the tree.
843:. Following its introduction to formal U.S. medicine in 1877, it replaced the berries of
547:
forests of valleys, and in moist montane forests. Cascara is common in the understory of
2602:
2362:
1203:
1071:
2597:
2357:
2106:
1827:
Herb, Nutrient, and Drug
Interactions: Clinical implications and therapeutic strategies
832:
711:
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601:
285:
81:
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2080:
2052:
1338:. Ten Speed Press (original from the University of Wisconsin – Madison). p. 23.
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1999:
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893:
885:
873:
869:
742:
695:
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1543:
Zhang, Xiaorui; et al., eds. (1 December 2019) . "Cortex Rhamni
Purshianae".
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978:
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2548:
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738:
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native cultures and immigrant Euro-Americans as a laxative is similar to other
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761:
734:
544:
524:
316:
304:
140:
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Bark – the part of the plant which, after being dried, is used as a laxative
643:
574:
556:
540:
377:
2628:
2388:
1625:
2012:
980:
Northwest Trees: Identifying & understanding the region's native trees
2623:
2432:
2383:
2192:
2137:
2101:
2070:
2044:
1604:
Elvin-Lewis, M. (2001). "Should we be concerned about herbal remedies?".
865:
861:
715:
707:
694:" rather than a drug, and its common use is ingested by mouth to relieve
635:
628:
586:
327:
150:
107:
1824:
Stargrove, Mitchell Bebel; Treasure, Jonathan; McKee, Dwight L. (2008).
2488:
2248:
2075:
2008:
Documents related to FDA-1978-N-0021 (Formerly 1978N-036L): Cascara OTC
1736:
Rational
Phytotherapy: A reference guide for physicians and pharmacists
1558:
1361:
The
Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region
906:
828:
769:
703:
667:
590:
536:
362:
361:
is brownish to silver-gray with light splotching (often, in part, from
320:
130:
17:
773:
679:
373:
120:
2169:
1227:
2514:
2475:
2274:
2235:
1797:
Cassileth, Barrie R.; Yeung, K. Simon; Gubili, Jyothirmai (2010).
1390:. The Audubon Society Nature Guides. New York, NY: Knopf. p.
818:
788:
750:
438:
351:
68:
1151:. Peterson First Guides. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 119.
756:
The hydroxyanthracene glycosides are not readily absorbed in the
2142:
2116:
2111:
2060:
889:
881:
623:
Until 2002, cascara was the principal ingredient in commercial,
597:
where their range overlaps with
Cascara in Northern California.
462:
2173:
2016:
1502:. US Food and Drug Administration. 10 July 2017. Archived from
1549:(in English, Japanese, and Italian). Vol. 2. Geneva, CH:
578:
1911:
1909:
650:
may occur from using cascara, including dehydration, loss of
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1073:
Materia Medica and
Therapeutics, for Physicians and Students
876:, dissolved in water, or 0.6–2.0 cc for fluid extract.
342:, and later worldwide in conventional medicines until 2002.
2710:
Natural history of the
California chaparral and woodlands
813:-containing herbal preparations of leaves and fruits of
1854:
National Geographic Desk Reference to Nature's Medicine
1415:
1413:
1411:
1480:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 9 September 2020
581:
in northern Idaho, especially in the winter months.
2422:
2182:
2151:
2130:
2094:
2051:
1500:"Rulemaking History for OTC Laxative Drug Products"
690:
Cascara is sold in the United States as a natural "
658:. Laxatives should also not be used by people with
539:. It is often found along streamsides in the mixed
880:suggests an effective dosage is approximately 1–3
923:
921:
1124:. University of California Press. p. 474.
977:Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) .
776:, which may contribute to the laxative effect.
2715:Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
1170:
1168:
1118:Stuart, John D. & Sawyer, John O. (2002).
2028:
1851:Johnson, Rebecca & Foster, Steve (2008).
646:and cascara as laxative ingredients. Serious
642:(FDA) issued a final rule banning the use of
8:
2705:Flora of the West Coast of the United States
1284:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 88.
1546:WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants
1425:Fire Effects Information System (fs.fed.us)
1278:Minnis, Paul E.; Elisens, Wayne J. (2001).
1091:Peattie, Donald C.; Landacre, Paul (1991).
2735:Taxa named by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle
2700:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
2170:
2035:
2021:
2013:
1919:Rodale's Illustrated Encyclopedia of Herbs
1363:. Knopf / Chanticleer Press. p. 550.
1097:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 633.
741:by inhibiting the absorption of water and
199:
42:
31:
1582:"Direct link to english language edition"
1181:. Mountain Press Publishing. p. 26.
753:contents, leading to increased pressure.
1830:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 17.
1653:. NRC Research Press. pp. 129–131.
390:–2 in) broad with a 0.6–2 cm (
326:The dried bark of cascara was used as a
1672:
1670:
1257:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1034.
1178:Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West
917:
801:as a laxative. The dried, aged bark of
467:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1055:. Government Printing Office. p.
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
303:) is a species of plant in the family
983:(field guide ed.). Seattle, WA:
593:also eat Cascara foliage, as well as
220:
7:
2577:505363eb-d080-44c1-adf0-816e2cb8922d
2337:505363eb-d080-44c1-adf0-816e2cb8922d
872:suggests using a dose of 10–30
749:, which increases the volume of the
1774:Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements
1308:Northern Rocky Mountain Wildflowers
1026:Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements
413:The flowers are tiny, 3–5 mm (
2720:Trees of humid continental climate
1800:Herb-Drug Interactions in Oncology
1680:The Green Pharmacy Herbal Handbook
1094:A Natural History of Western Trees
25:
2730:Medicinal plants of North America
1205:Forest Trees of the Pacific Slope
640:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
2616:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:317386-2
2376:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:317386-2
1202:Sudworth, George Bishop (1908).
772:from cascara bark also contains
523:Cascara is native from northern
513:Leaves, flower, and young fruits
506:
494:
482:
470:
55:
1281:Biodiversity and Native America
1148:Peterson First Guide to Forests
319:, and eastward to northwestern
2725:Trees of mild maritime climate
2695:Flora of the Klamath Mountains
1121:Trees and Shrubs of California
1:
1618:10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00394-9
1335:The Wildlife Sanctuary Garden
1311:. Globe Pequot. p. 260.
1249:Barceloux, Donald G. (2008).
1076:. P. Blakiston, Son. p.
1070:Biddle, John Barclay (1895).
1772:. In Coates, Paul M. (ed.).
1606:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
1435:. 2022-01-20. Archived from
1175:Tilford, Gregory L. (1997).
1024:. In Coates, Paul M. (ed.).
939:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
853:Preparation in folk medicine
1977:Flora of British Columbia:
1947:Burdock, George A. (2005).
1359:Little, Elbert L. (1994) .
933:(DC.) A.Gray ex J.G.Cooper"
2751:
2690:Flora of the Cascade Range
1953:. CRC Press. p. 271.
1890:Courier Dover Publications
937:Plants of the World Online
573:The leaves are browsed by
307:. It is native to western
2680:Trees of Northern America
1963:– via Google Books.
1936:– via Google Books.
1902:– via Google Books.
1871:– via Google Books.
1840:– via Google Books.
1776:. CRC Press. p. 90.
1715:(Monograph). 26 July 2004
1697:– via Google Books.
1663:– via Google Books.
1551:World Health Organization
1384:Whitney, Stephen (1985).
1267:– via Google Books.
1145:Kricher, John C. (1999).
1028:. CRC Press. p. 89.
219:
212:
207:
198:
179:
172:
52:Scientific classification
50:
41:
34:
27:Species of buckhorn shrub
1764:Mahady, Gail B. (2005).
1650:Canadian Medicinal Crops
1332:Buchanan, Carol (1999).
1305:Phillips, Wayne (2001).
1238:– via archive.org.
1052:American Medicinal Barks
1016:Mahady, Gail B. (2005).
664:irritable bowel syndrome
519:Distribution and habitat
477:Closeup of leaf and buds
1733:Schulz, Volker (2004).
1677:Duke, James A. (2002).
888:) dried bark, or 1–2.5
2131:Sugar-containing herbs
1992:Jepson Flora Project:
1049:Henkel, Alice (1909).
827:, and the root of the
794:
193:) A.Gray ex J.G.Cooper
2000:USDA Plants Profile:
1882:Grieve, Maud (1971).
1476:. Natural drug info.
792:
1924:The Rodale Institute
1739:. Springer. p.
1553:. pp. 259–268.
1421:"Frangula purshiana"
987:. pp. 262–266.
799:traditional medicine
797:Cascara was used in
785:Traditional medicine
2685:Flora of California
2095:Bulk-forming agents
1861:Books. p. 77.
1859:National Geographic
1713:webprod.hc-sc.gc.ca
846:R. catharticus
583:Olympic black bears
350:Cascara is a large
2107:Broadleaf plantain
2002:Frangula purshiana
1985:2019-02-26 at the
1950:Flavor ingredients
1766:"Cascara sagrada (
1018:"Cascara sagrada (
985:Mountaineers Books
931:Frangula purshiana
795:
692:dietary supplement
686:Dietary supplement
551:forest, alongside
336:indigenous peoples
265:Frangula purshiana
247:Rhamnus purshiana
223:Cardiolepis obtusa
183:Frangula purshiana
36:Frangula purshiana
2662:
2661:
2590:Rhamnus purshiana
2424:Rhamnus purshiana
2350:Rhamnus purshiana
2184:Rhamnus purshiana
2176:Taxon identifiers
2167:
2166:
1994:Rhamnus purshiana
1979:Rhamnus purshiana
1810:978-1-60795-041-7
1768:Rhamnus purshiana
1709:"Cascara sagrada"
1219:978-0-4862-1752-9
1020:Rhamnus purshiana
994:978-1-68051-329-5
896:) powdered bark.
803:R. purshiana
732:hydroxyanthracene
726:Numerous quinoid
587:Oregon gray foxes
553:red osier dogwood
340:Pacific Northwest
315:south to central
301:Rhamnus purshiana
274:cascara buckthorn
261:
260:
255:
243:
239:Rhamnus purshiana
235:
231:Rhamnus alnifolia
227:
165:F. purshiana
16:(Redirected from
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841:"chitticum bark"
766:intestinal flora
700:prescribed drugs
625:over-the-counter
595:ring-tailed cats
531:and east to the
529:British Columbia
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1987:Wayback Machine
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1892:. p. 137.
1888:. Vol. 1.
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835:it is known as
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747:large intestine
724:
712:corticosteroids
688:
660:Crohn's disease
656:carcinogenicity
648:adverse effects
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1971:External links
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854:
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837:"chittem bark"
833:Chinook Jargon
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728:phytochemicals
723:
722:Phytochemistry
720:
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633:North American
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602:shade tolerant
577:in Oregon and
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549:bigleaf maple
546:
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489:Splotchy bark
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332:folk medicine
329:
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309:North America
306:
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291:
290:chittem stick
287:
284:, and in the
283:
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174:Binomial name
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82:Tracheophytes
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33:
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1826:
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1799:
1792:
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1735:
1728:
1717:. Retrieved
1712:
1703:
1679:
1649:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1588:. Retrieved
1572:. Retrieved
1545:
1508:. Retrieved
1504:the original
1494:
1482:. Retrieved
1477:
1441:. Retrieved
1437:the original
1424:
1386:
1379:
1360:
1354:
1334:
1327:
1307:
1300:
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1120:
1113:
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1072:
1065:
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1025:
1019:
1011:
979:
941:. Retrieved
936:
930:
903:
892:(15–39
884:(15–46
864:and violent
859:
856:
844:
840:
836:
822:
802:
796:
755:
743:electrolytes
725:
696:constipation
689:
676:appendicitis
622:
619:
610:fire regimes
606:
599:
572:
569:
561:
522:
412:
376:are simple,
371:
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356:
349:
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151:
114:
101:
88:
75:
35:
29:
2603:kew-2814099
2549:NatureServe
2363:kew-2814099
2309:NatureServe
2086:Yellow dock
1559:10665/42052
1228:agr08000974
739:peristalsis
672:hemorrhoids
652:electrolyte
600:Cascara is
346:Description
95:Angiosperms
2669:Categories
2598:Plant List
2358:Plant List
2159:Castor oil
2122:Tragacanth
1719:2014-09-23
1590:2022-10-18
1574:2022-10-18
1443:2021-05-06
1370:0394507614
1236:1122681487
1003:1141235469
943:2021-05-22
913:References
900:Other uses
807:indigenous
762:hydrolyzed
760:, but are
735:glycosides
702:, such as
638:until the
636:pharmacies
545:coniferous
525:California
317:California
305:Rhamnaceae
254:Schelle
141:Rhamnaceae
2439:Q31843439
2102:Ispaghula
2045:laxatives
1685:Macmillan
1474:"Cascara"
1251:"Cascara"
878:J.A. Duke
824:Aloe vera
629:laxatives
575:mule deer
557:red alder
541:deciduous
435:peduncles
378:deciduous
367:intensely
357:The thin
282:bearberry
159:Species:
65:Kingdom:
2675:Frangula
2636:VASCAN:
2629:27500188
2624:Tropicos
2554:2.157732
2528:10197950
2515:317386-2
2433:Wikidata
2396:VASCAN:
2389:27500188
2384:Tropicos
2314:2.157732
2288:10197950
2275:317386-2
2193:Wikidata
2138:Tamarind
2071:Frangula
1983:Archived
1626:11297844
866:diarrhea
862:vomiting
805:used by
718:agents.
716:diuretic
708:warfarin
616:Toxicity
591:raccoons
328:laxative
251:hirtella
234:Pursh
214:Synonyms
152:Frangula
137:Family:
108:Eudicots
2489:3039464
2249:3039464
2199:Q583795
2076:Rhubarb
2066:Cascara
1510:3 April
1484:3 April
907:erosion
829:rhubarb
770:extract
745:in the
704:digoxin
668:colitis
566:Ecology
537:Montana
456:⁄
446:⁄
428:⁄
418:⁄
405:⁄
395:⁄
385:⁄
363:lichens
338:of the
334:by the
321:Montana
270:cascara
226:Raf.
147:Genus:
131:Rosales
127:Order:
69:Plantae
18:Chittem
2574:NZOR:
2447:APDB:
2334:NZOR:
2207:APDB:
1957:
1930:
1896:
1865:
1834:
1807:
1780:
1747:
1691:
1657:
1624:
1565:
1398:
1367:
1342:
1315:
1288:
1261:
1234:
1226:
1216:
1212:–408.
1185:
1155:
1128:
1101:
1032:
1001:
991:
874:grains
817:, the
774:emodin
714:, and
680:kidney
627:(OTC)
589:, and
374:leaves
242:DC.
121:Rosids
2639:19776
2541:28582
2523:IRMNG
2502:31053
2476:RHAPU
2463:6WTWP
2450:83371
2399:19776
2301:28582
2283:IRMNG
2262:31053
2236:RHAPU
2223:6WTWP
2210:83371
2152:Other
2081:Senna
1585:(PDF)
890:grams
882:grams
819:latex
815:senna
751:bowel
678:, or
463:seeds
439:drupe
352:shrub
115:Clade
102:Clade
89:Clade
76:Clade
2611:POWO
2585:PfaF
2536:ITIS
2510:IPNI
2497:GRIN
2484:GBIF
2471:EPPO
2371:POWO
2345:PfaF
2296:ITIS
2270:IPNI
2257:GRIN
2244:GBIF
2231:EPPO
2143:Plum
2117:Bran
2112:Agar
2061:Aloe
1955:ISBN
1928:ISBN
1894:ISBN
1863:ISBN
1832:ISBN
1805:ISBN
1778:ISBN
1745:ISBN
1689:ISBN
1655:ISBN
1622:PMID
1563:ISBN
1512:2021
1486:2021
1429:USDA
1396:ISBN
1365:ISBN
1340:ISBN
1313:ISBN
1286:ISBN
1259:ISBN
1232:OCLC
1224:LCCN
1214:ISBN
1183:ISBN
1153:ISBN
1126:ISBN
1099:ISBN
1030:ISBN
999:OCLC
989:ISBN
780:Uses
644:aloe
555:and
372:The
359:bark
298:syn.
292:and
249:var.
2647:WFO
2562:NBN
2458:CoL
2407:WFO
2322:NBN
2218:CoL
1741:277
1614:doi
1555:hdl
1392:389
1210:404
1078:360
839:or
821:of
764:by
631:in
579:elk
535:in
527:to
330:in
191:DC.
2671::
2649::
2626::
2613::
2600::
2587::
2564::
2551::
2538::
2525::
2512::
2499::
2486::
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