368:"Tciwere itce" (in the Otoe dialect) and "Tcekiwere itce" (in the Iowa dialect) translate to "To speak the home dialect." The name "Chiwere" is said to originate from a person meeting a stranger in the dark. If a stranger in the dark challenged a person to identify their self, that person might respond "I am Tci-we-re" (Otoe) or "I am Tce-ki-we-re" (Iowa), which translates to "I am belonging to the people of this land" or "I am belonging to those dwelling here."
2903:
212:
1275:, which functions as an inclusive first person plural. Each person has an agent (subject) and patient (object) form. The agent forms mark the subjects of active verbs, whereas the patient forms mark the objects of active verbs and the subjects of passive verbs, making Chiwere, like many other Siouan languages,
877:
In languages a certain clusters of phonemes show up in particular environments within a word. According to
William Whitman's research of Chiwere, approximately 23 known consonant clusters exist thath are word medial, and approximately 14 of these show up word initially or word medially. In this
364:
first documented
Chiwere in the 1830s, but since then not much material has been published about the language. Chiwere suffered a steady decline after extended European American contact in the 1850s, and by 1940 the language had almost totally ceased to be spoken.
1189:
The verbal complex is formed of preverbal and postverbal affixes, with preverbal affixes communicating positional, instrumental and pronominal elements. These are added to a verb stem, which can be mono-, duo- or polysyllabic, and either agent
463:
speak their language. The Iowa Tribe of
Oklahoma has sponsored language workshops in the past and hopes to host more in the future. They have provided tribal elders with recording devices to collect Chiwere words and songs. A 2012
1497:
to make transitive verbs intransitive; these verbal forms are often used as nouns, and this prefix is thus the general method of forming nouns from verb stems. There are several intransitive verbs that take the
1739:
and future. Present and past tenses are unmarked in the language, and are distinguished by actual statements of time using words like "yesterday" or "today." The future tense is indicated with the particle
1963:
NAA MS 4800 . "Three drafts of On the
Comparative Phonology of Four Siouan Languages - James O. Dorsey papers, circa 1870-1956, bulk 1870-1895." National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution.
2091:
468:
grant was used to provide digital access to existing audio recordings of fluent speakers. The Third Annual Otoe-Missouria
Language and Culture Day was planned for September 2012. The
3298:
3293:
2628:
3283:
451:
The last two fluent speakers died in the winter of 1996, and only a handful of semi-fluent speakers remain, all of whom are elderly, making
Chiwere critically
2540:
945:
only appear word medially. These are all the spirant + stop clusters accounted for in the research of
William Whitman, however, the spirant + stop cluster
222:
2941:
2095:
917:
show up word initially and word medially. Spirant + stop clusters generally appear in both word initial and word medial position, these clusters include
3288:
1847:
825:
2485:
1279:. Third person forms as they exist in English are not directly marked. Following are the subject and object forms of the pronominal prefixes:
1209:
Positional prefixes occupy the first position in the verbal complex. These prefixes refer to the location or direction of the verb's action:
816:
2621:
1839:
480:
The phoneme inventory of
Chiwere consists of approximately 33 consonants, and five vowel qualities (three of which occur as nasalized).
644:
3303:
2015:
2496:
1787:
Commands are formed using the simple verb stem plus a gender-specific particle – le for male speakers and lé for female speakers.
1796:
689:
557:
2595:
1993:
469:
456:
234:
1158:
prefixes) are also expressed via affixing. In this way, large, complete sentences can be formed out of a single complex word.
2934:
2907:
2614:
2066:
2742:
1493:, and approximates the English third person plural object of a transitive verb. Additionally, the prefix can be used as a
3135:
2850:
1606:
indicates that the action moves towards a third point and communicates the
English prepositions of to, for or concerning
1487:
This prefix, perhaps best translated as "something," occurs before every other verbal element except for the pronominal
683:
184:
2857:
1166:
752:
703:
472:
is establishing a language program in conjunction with the
University of Oklahoma Native American Studies Department.
465:
302:
1900:
832:
676:
550:
541:
2557:
2927:
745:
696:
3097:
2958:
1816:
1162:
1143:
761:
244:
196:
120:
2490:(Revised ed.). Center for the Study of the Languages of the Plains and Southwest, University of Colorado.
2479:(Revised ed.). Center for the Study of the Languages of the Plains and Southwest, University of Colorado.
1589:
and as such are grouped together, even though they do not occupy the same position within the verbal complex:
202:
1800:
1276:
721:
564:
999:
all appear to be restricted to the word medial environment, whereas the stop + semivowel consonant cluster
2845:
2775:
1119:
1103:
1095:
866:
850:
846:
637:
628:
580:
460:
443:
means "grey snow," due to their winter lodges being covered with snow that is stained grey by fire smoke.
413:
405:
2637:
1705:, wherein the subject causes or makes something else to do or be something, is expressed via the suffix
1147:
956:
According to Whitman's, research two spirant + nasal consonant clusters that have been found, which are
786:
777:
501:
1122:; its verbal complex is central to the structure of the language. Verbs are formed by addition various
3119:
3021:
2781:
1845:
1837:
793:
1031:
An interesting analysis of the Chiwere language has shown that the spirant + stop consonant cluster
3273:
2888:
2787:
2455:
2045:
1178:
1174:
1165:, Chiwere differs from English in a number of significant ways. There are separate male and female
976:
is a combination which appears as a future tense suffix. After reviewing further data, the cluster
651:
610:
603:
596:
587:
452:
2153:
1614:
indicates that the action reverts towards the subject and is used to form possessive constructions
3217:
3207:
3076:
2696:
1804:
1268:
1151:
800:
621:
354:
350:
3066:
2752:
2725:
2713:
2691:
2686:
2653:
indicate extinct languages * indicates extinct language in Oklahoma but still spoken elsewhere
2549:
1753:
1732:
1624:
1195:
1155:
862:
712:
521:
511:
409:
1198:). Most verb stems are passive. Altogether, the Chiwere verb complex is arranged as follows:
3227:
3154:
2978:
2950:
2883:
2873:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2803:
2737:
2708:
2671:
2665:
2527:
1139:
861:(especially word-medially), as an alveolar fricative , as an (inter)dental fricative , as a
506:
496:
416:
are variably voiced or unvoiced . Although is a valid pronunciation of the first sound of
334:
115:
93:
984:('whiskey') and thus appears to be another possible spirant + nasal consonant combination.
3234:
3181:
3161:
3102:
3043:
3036:
3031:
2997:
2878:
2798:
2793:
2768:
2762:
2681:
1736:
1586:
1577:
A number of verbs that are non-reflexive in English take the reflexive prefix in Chiwere.
1191:
886:('then'), shows up in the word medial position but not as a word initial phoneme cluster.
516:
107:
2507:
2023:
869:
does not occur word-initially, being confined to "medial position after a nasal vowel."
3254:
3091:
3085:
3026:
2829:
2757:
2731:
2719:
2676:
2579:
1513:
1127:
858:
424:
353:
but later moved throughout the Midwest and plains. The language is closely related to
176:
3278:
3267:
2973:
2137:
Schweitzer, Marjorie M. (2001). "Otoe and Missouria". In DeMallie, Raymond J. (ed.).
1950:
1523:
1494:
854:
667:
534:
48:
2487:
Iowa, Otoe-Missouria Language Dictionary: English / Báxoje-Jiwére-Ñútˀačhi ~ Maʔúŋke
2477:
Iowa, Otoe-Missouria Language Dictionary: English / Báxoje-Jiwére-Ñútˀačhi ~ Maʔúŋke
2001:
1003:
appears to be the only stop + semivowel known to show up both word initially, as in
901:
all show up word initially and word medially, whereas the stop + semivowel clusters
3188:
2747:
1598:
indicates that the action moves away from a third point not occupied by the speaker
1107:
571:
1058:('blackbird'), is mentioned as being an error for the spirant + stop combination
2584:
2071:
Pictographs: Preserving Native Languages and Cultures through Words and Pictures
1976:
Boulder, CO: Center for the Study of the Languages of the Plains and Southwest.
1131:
1099:
810:
346:
267:
211:
189:
77:
1879:
1874:
1091:
771:
361:
2141:. Vol. 13: Plains. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. p. 447.
412:
distinction (see the phonology section below), so that the unaspirated stops
1756:; once the subject of the sentence has been established, it can be omitted.
1702:
1272:
1173:, though this is omitted in informal speech. Finally, Chiwere word order is
661:
338:
285:
169:
153:
85:
2589:
404:, used mostly by linguists, derives from the fact that the language has an
1974:
Baxoje-Jiwere-Nyut'aji - Ma'unke: Iowa-Otoe-Missouria Language to English.
1908:
160:
2641:
2574:
396:
386:
252:
240:
62:
58:
2606:
1472:
2542:
Jiwele-Baxoje Wan'shige Ukenye Ich'e Otoe-Iowa Indian Language – Book I
2046:"Award#1160665 - Chiwere (ISO 639-3: iow) Audio Archive Project (CAAP)"
1135:
865:, as a nasal , or as a voiced dental plosive . The velar nasal phoneme
528:
248:
17:
1981:
1925:
1035:
is the more commonly used pronunciation of the spirant + stop cluster
1023:
have all been found in the word initial and word medial environments.
431:
is "dusty noses," based on the misunderstanding of the first syllable
1476:
219:
66:
2497:"Ioway-Otoe Verb Composition: Elements of the Verb and Conjugations"
2919:
2553:
2531:
1082:
is a possible combination and can show up in word medial position.
853:
has a number of variants and allophones. It can appear as a dental
2415:
2413:
1123:
1504:
prefix idiomatically, wherein the prefix has no literal meaning.
1310:
1295:
1819:(Otoe-Missoura, 1898–1996), the last fully fluent native speaker
342:
276:
81:
2923:
2610:
1382:
1320:
1305:
1078:('kick'). With this data we can see that the consonant cluster
1423:
1327:
1050:
In William Whitman's research, the spirant + stop combination
878:
research Whitman found that the stop + stop consonant cluster
2601:
2518:
Whitman, William (1947). "Descriptive Grammar of Ioway-Oto".
1315:
1300:
1471:
because it can be separated by the positional prefixes. The
1980:
GoodTracks, Jimm (16 August 2008), personal communication.
1169:, and interrogatives are formed with the question particle
1154:, as well subject-object relation and case (including nine
439:, or "nose." However, the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma says that
2400:
2398:
2373:
2371:
2319:
2317:
251:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2346:
2344:
2268:
2266:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2115:
2113:
1011:('to cut piece off'). The stop + liquid phoneme clusters
1054:, with the one given example used in this journal being
420:, it may mislead English speakers into pronouncing it .
1926:"Welcome to the Ioway, Otoe-Missouria Language Website"
909:
only show up word medially. The stop + liquid clusters
849:
may be heard as voiced in final position. The phoneme
3215:
3206:
3171:
3144:
3133:
3111:
3075:
3052:
3014:
3007:
2987:
2966:
2957:
2866:
2838:
2658:
1799:'s Otoe Language Program teaches weekly classes in
308:
296:
263:
195:
183:
167:
151:
146:
104:
92:
72:
54:
44:
34:
2092:"Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians Job Announcement"
1953:(Report) (3rd ed.). UNESCO. 2010. p. 11.
1717:are intransitive and are made transitive with the
980:has been found in the word medial position, as in
459:still speak the language, while 30 members of the
2443:
2431:
2419:
2296:
2284:
1627:, all of which change passive verbs into active.
1623:There are nine separate prefixes that indicate
1126:to a verb stem, each of which corresponds to a
972:('calumet'), however Whitman does account that
455:. As of 2006, an estimated four members of the
1718:
1712:
1706:
1687:
1679:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1609:
1601:
1593:
1556:
1536:
1527:
1517:
1499:
1488:
1466:
1455:
1448:
1438:
1431:
1414:
1404:
1397:
1387:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1245:
1229:
1213:
2935:
2622:
2520:International Journal of American Linguistics
949:has been found to exist word medially, as in
8:
2067:"Otoe-Missouria company hosts language day"
376:The Iowa tribe refers to their language as
3212:
3141:
3011:
2963:
2942:
2928:
2920:
2629:
2615:
2607:
2598:, translated from English by Earl Plumley.
2404:
2377:
2323:
2257:
2245:
2233:
2221:
1585:These three prefixes serve to indicate an
210:
31:
3299:Endangered languages of the United States
1775:Statements are negated with the particle
1644:by pushing or striking with a held object
2585:Ioway Cultural Institute : Language
1951:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
1920:
1918:
1901:"Status of Indian Languages in Oklahoma"
1894:
1892:
1844:, while this article and GoodTracks use
1281:
987:The stop + semivowel consonant clusters
487:
390:). The Otoe-Missouria dialect is called
223:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
218:Chiwere is classified as Extinct by the
3294:Native American language revitalization
2389:
2362:
2350:
2335:
2308:
2272:
2209:
2180:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2119:
1864:
1829:
1760:First Person: mi'e (sing.), hi'e (inc.)
245:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1142:marker and so forth. Concepts such as
937:, however the spirant + stop clusters
395:
385:
260:
2575:Ioway-Otoe-Missouria Language Website
2539:Wistrand-Robinson, Lila, ed. (1977).
1982:Ioway Otoe-Missouria Language Website
1899:Anderton, Alice (February 22, 2009).
1870:
1868:
1465:The inclusive object form is spelled
1062:. But the spirant + stop combination
7:
3284:Endangered Siouan-Catawban languages
1027:Cluster metamorphosis and phenomenon
2748:Mesquakie (Fox, Kickapoo, and Sauk)
2000:. February 22, 2009. Archived from
2602:Otoe-Missouria Language Department
2548:. Jiwele Baxoje Language Project.
2506:(Revised ed.). Archived from
2139:Handbook of North American Indians
1928:. Ioway, Otoe-Missouria Language.
100:Fewer than 40 semi-fluent speakers
25:
2094:. January 7, 2009. Archived from
1735:" in Chiwere can be divided into
1660:by means of the feet or a machine
1066:has also been found in the words
831:
824:
815:
799:
792:
785:
776:
760:
751:
744:
720:
702:
695:
688:
682:
675:
650:
643:
636:
627:
609:
602:
595:
586:
570:
563:
556:
549:
540:
3289:Indigenous languages of Oklahoma
2902:
2901:
1797:Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Oklahoma
470:Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians
457:Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians
349:peoples, who originated in the
1692:because of heating or freezing
1668:by means of the mouth or teeth
1:
1532:expresses reciprocity. Thus:
1043:cluster may be replacing the
2851:Black American Sign Language
2495:GoodTracks, Jimm G. (2002).
2484:GoodTracks, Jimm G. (2007).
2475:GoodTracks, Jimm G. (2010).
1905:Intertribal Wordpath Society
1267:Chiwere distinguishes three
889:The stop + spirant clusters
489:Chiwere Consonant Inventory
2743:Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache
2580:Ioway-Otoe Verb Composition
2016:"Oral History and Language"
357:, also known as Winnebago.
3320:
1779:, which follows the verb.
1744:, which follows the verb.
408:distinction rather than a
3248:
2897:
2648:
2459:The Otoe-Missouria Tribe.
2161:Ioway Otoe Language Study
1676:by means of blow or blast
1289:
1286:
1284:
1177:, in contrast to English
809:
770:
681:
660:
527:
493:
397:[d̥ʒiꜜweɾɛitʃʼeꜜ]
387:[b̥aꜜxodʒɛitʃʼeꜜ]
337:originally spoken by the
231:
209:
39:
3304:Western Siouan languages
2504:Ioway Cultural Institute
2456:"Otoe Language Program."
1972:GoodTracks, Jimm (1992)
1817:Truman Washington Dailey
1711:. The verbs prefixed by
1636:by pushing with the hand
1110:is distinctive as well.
2703:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
2590:Iowa-Otoe-Missouri page
1885:(subscription required)
1801:Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
1719:
1713:
1707:
1688:
1680:
1672:
1664:
1656:
1648:
1640:
1632:
1610:
1602:
1594:
1557:
1537:
1528:
1518:
1500:
1489:
1467:
1456:
1449:
1439:
1432:
1415:
1405:
1398:
1388:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1246:
1230:
1214:
1161:Aside from its complex
331:Báxoje-Jíwere-Nyútʼachi
40:Báxoje-Jíwere-Nyútʼachi
2846:American Sign Language
2596:"Otoe-Missouria Hymns"
2592:, Native-Languages.org
2461:Retrieved 11 Feb 2012.
2444:Wistrand-Robinson 1977
2432:Wistrand-Robinson 1977
2420:Wistrand-Robinson 1977
2297:Wistrand-Robinson 1977
2285:Wistrand-Robinson 1977
2154:"Orthographic Updates"
2020:Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma
1998:Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma
1994:"History of the Ioway"
1911:on September 17, 2010.
1569:They helped each other
845:Voiceless stop sounds
461:Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma
233:This article contains
2004:on February 28, 2009.
1619:Instrumental prefixes
1479:form does not exist.
360:Non-Native Christian
2513:on October 26, 2004.
2152:GoodTracks, Jimm G.
2026:on February 27, 2009
1581:Directional prefixes
1271:– first, second and
873:Phoneme combinations
423:Similarly, a common
2563:on January 1, 2024.
2098:on February 4, 2013
1763:Second Person: ri'e
1475:is not marked; the
1263:Pronominal prefixes
1205:Positional prefixes
1175:subject-object-verb
1118:Chiwere grammar is
1007:('to be soft') and
490:
327:Iowa-Otoe-Missouria
3173:Mississippi Siouan
3008:Mississippi Valley
2365:, p. 244-245.
1805:Red Rock, Oklahoma
1152:grammatical number
1070:('buffalo bull'),
953:('domestic cow').
488:
351:Great Lakes region
125:Mississippi Valley
3261:
3260:
3255:extinct languages
3244:
3243:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3129:
3128:
3053:Chiwere–Winnebago
2917:
2916:
2726:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
2299:, pp. 91–92.
1883:(18th ed., 2015)
1766:Third Person: alé
1754:pro-drop language
1748:Personal pronouns
1463:
1462:
1163:verbal morphology
1090:Chiwere has five
843:
842:
739:
715:
670:
624:
583:
537:
320:
319:
259:
258:
241:rendering support
237:phonetic symbols.
128:Chiwere–Winnebago
16:(Redirected from
3311:
3213:
3142:
3012:
2964:
2951:Siouan languages
2944:
2937:
2930:
2921:
2905:
2904:
2858:Plains Sign Talk
2631:
2624:
2617:
2608:
2564:
2562:
2556:. Archived from
2547:
2535:
2514:
2512:
2501:
2491:
2480:
2462:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2408:
2402:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2158:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2134:
2123:
2117:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2022:. Archived from
2012:
2006:
2005:
1990:
1984:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1907:. Archived from
1896:
1887:
1886:
1872:
1852:
1851:
1843:
1834:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1697:Causative suffix
1691:
1683:
1675:
1667:
1659:
1651:
1643:
1635:
1613:
1605:
1597:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1531:
1521:
1508:Reflexive prefix
1503:
1492:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1459:
1452:
1442:
1435:
1425:
1418:
1408:
1401:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1282:
1258:
1255:
1254:in, within, into
1252:
1249:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1105:
1097:
868:
852:
848:
835:
828:
819:
803:
796:
789:
780:
764:
755:
748:
737:
724:
711:
706:
699:
692:
686:
679:
666:
654:
647:
640:
631:
620:
613:
606:
599:
590:
579:
574:
567:
560:
553:
544:
533:
491:
418:Jiwere ~ Chiwere
415:
400:). The spelling
399:
389:
261:
225:
214:
205:
179:
163:
156:
110:
32:
21:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3240:
3194:
3167:
3146:Virginia Siouan
3125:
3107:
3071:
3048:
3003:
2983:
2953:
2948:
2918:
2913:
2893:
2862:
2834:
2654:
2644:
2635:
2571:
2560:
2545:
2538:
2517:
2510:
2499:
2494:
2483:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2454:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2418:
2411:
2405:GoodTracks 2002
2403:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2378:GoodTracks 2002
2376:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2349:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2324:GoodTracks 2002
2322:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2264:
2258:GoodTracks 2007
2256:
2252:
2246:GoodTracks 2010
2244:
2240:
2234:GoodTracks 2010
2232:
2228:
2222:GoodTracks 2007
2220:
2216:
2208:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2135:
2126:
2118:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1898:
1897:
1890:
1884:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1855:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1813:
1793:
1785:
1773:
1750:
1729:
1699:
1625:instrumentality
1621:
1587:indirect object
1583:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1551:
1549:I helped myself
1548:
1545:
1512:Verbs are made
1510:
1485:
1265:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1207:
1187:
1116:
1088:
1029:
875:
486:
478:
449:
374:
335:Siouan language
315:
313:
301:
284:
275:
239:Without proper
227:
226:
217:
201:
175:
159:
152:
142:
111:
108:Language family
106:
99:
28:
27:Siouan language
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3317:
3315:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3266:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3231:
3223:
3221:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3185:
3177:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3158:
3150:
3148:
3139:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3115:
3113:
3112:(unclassified)
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3081:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2967:Missouri River
2961:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2924:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2867:Non-Indigenous
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2842:
2840:
2839:Sign languages
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2784:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2728:
2723:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2570:
2569:External links
2567:
2566:
2565:
2536:
2532:10.1086/463961
2526:(4): 233–248.
2515:
2492:
2481:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2448:
2436:
2424:
2409:
2394:
2392:, p. 245.
2382:
2367:
2355:
2353:, p. 244.
2340:
2338:, p. 242.
2328:
2313:
2311:, p. 247.
2301:
2289:
2277:
2275:, p. 241.
2262:
2250:
2238:
2226:
2214:
2212:, p. 236.
2185:
2183:, p. 235.
2173:
2144:
2124:
2122:, p. 234.
2109:
2083:
2058:
2037:
2007:
1985:
1965:
1956:
1942:
1914:
1888:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1812:
1809:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1781:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1749:
1746:
1728:
1725:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1685:
1677:
1669:
1661:
1653:
1645:
1637:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1554:
1509:
1506:
1484:
1481:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1392:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1277:active-stative
1264:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1243:
1227:
1222:on, upon, over
1206:
1203:
1194:) or patient (
1186:
1185:Verbal complex
1183:
1128:part of speech
1115:
1112:
1087:
1084:
1074:('sour'), and
1028:
1025:
964:('seven') and
874:
871:
841:
840:
838:
836:
829:
822:
820:
813:
807:
806:
804:
797:
790:
783:
781:
774:
768:
767:
765:
758:
756:
749:
742:
740:
734:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
718:
716:
708:
707:
700:
693:
680:
673:
671:
664:
658:
657:
655:
648:
641:
634:
632:
625:
617:
616:
614:
607:
600:
593:
591:
584:
576:
575:
568:
561:
554:
547:
545:
538:
531:
525:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
485:
482:
477:
474:
448:
445:
425:folk etymology
373:
370:
318:
317:
316:Ñút’achi Máyaⁿ
310:
306:
305:
298:
294:
293:
265:
257:
256:
243:, you may see
229:
228:
216:
215:
207:
206:
199:
193:
192:
187:
181:
180:
173:
165:
164:
157:
149:
148:
147:Language codes
144:
143:
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
135:
134:
121:Western Siouan
114:
112:
105:
102:
101:
96:
90:
89:
74:
70:
69:
56:
52:
51:
46:
45:Native to
42:
41:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3316:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3162:Tutelo-Saponi
3159:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2940:
2938:
2933:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2910:
2909:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2776:Plains Apache
2773:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2627:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2543:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2446:, p. 23.
2445:
2440:
2437:
2434:, p. 95.
2433:
2428:
2425:
2422:, p. 97.
2421:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2290:
2287:, p. 86.
2286:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2260:, p. 10.
2259:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2239:
2236:, p. 13.
2235:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2174:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2145:
2140:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2076:September 15,
2072:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1849:
1841:
1836:Whitman uses
1833:
1830:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1788:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1752:Chiwere is a
1747:
1745:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1704:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1618:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1580:
1578:
1563:
1561:
1555:
1543:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1495:dummy pronoun
1491:
1482:
1480:
1469:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1248:
1244:
1232:
1228:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:agglutinative
1113:
1111:
1109:
1101:
1093:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1039:and that the
1038:
1034:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
887:
885:
881:
872:
870:
864:
860:
856:
839:
837:
834:
830:
827:
823:
821:
818:
814:
812:
808:
805:
802:
798:
795:
791:
788:
784:
782:
779:
775:
773:
769:
766:
763:
759:
757:
754:
750:
747:
743:
741:
736:
735:
732:
730:
728:
726:
723:
719:
717:
714:
710:
709:
705:
701:
698:
694:
691:
685:
678:
674:
672:
669:
665:
663:
659:
656:
653:
649:
646:
642:
639:
635:
633:
630:
626:
623:
619:
618:
615:
612:
608:
605:
601:
598:
594:
592:
589:
585:
582:
578:
577:
573:
569:
566:
562:
559:
555:
552:
548:
546:
543:
539:
536:
532:
530:
526:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
492:
483:
481:
475:
473:
471:
467:
462:
458:
454:
446:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
419:
411:
407:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
379:
371:
369:
366:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
325:(also called
324:
314:Jíwere Máyaⁿ,
312:Báxoje Máyaⁿ,
311:
307:
304:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
278:
273:
269:
266:
262:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
236:
230:
224:
221:
213:
208:
204:
200:
198:
194:
191:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
172:
171:
166:
162:
158:
155:
150:
145:
133:
130:
129:
127:
126:
124:
123:
122:
119:
118:
117:
113:
109:
103:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
64:
60:
57:
53:
50:
49:United States
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3250:
3233:
3226:
3216:
3187:
3180:
3172:
3160:
3153:
3145:
3134:
3118:
3090:
3084:
3060:
3059:
2996:
2988:
2906:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2786:
2774:
2767:
2730:
2718:
2702:
2701:
2650:
2558:the original
2541:
2523:
2519:
2508:the original
2503:
2486:
2476:
2458:
2451:
2439:
2427:
2407:, p. 7.
2390:Whitman 1947
2385:
2380:, p. 5.
2363:Whitman 1947
2358:
2351:Whitman 1947
2336:Whitman 1947
2331:
2326:, p. 1.
2309:Whitman 1947
2304:
2292:
2280:
2273:Whitman 1947
2253:
2248:, p. 2.
2241:
2229:
2224:, p. 2.
2217:
2210:Whitman 1947
2181:Whitman 1947
2176:
2164:. Retrieved
2160:
2147:
2138:
2120:Whitman 1947
2102:February 23,
2100:. Retrieved
2096:the original
2086:
2074:. Retrieved
2070:
2061:
2049:. Retrieved
2040:
2030:February 23,
2028:. Retrieved
2024:the original
2019:
2010:
2002:the original
1997:
1988:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1959:
1945:
1935:February 23,
1933:. Retrieved
1929:
1909:the original
1904:
1878:
1832:
1794:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1751:
1741:
1737:present/past
1730:
1700:
1622:
1584:
1576:
1559:
1539:
1524:reduplicated
1522:prefix; the
1511:
1486:
1464:
1266:
1208:
1200:
1196:intransitive
1188:
1170:
1160:
1156:instrumental
1130:, such as a
1117:
1108:Vowel length
1098:, and three
1089:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1047:altogether.
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
986:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
955:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
888:
883:
879:
876:
844:
479:
450:
440:
436:
432:
428:
422:
417:
401:
394:(pronounced
392:Jíwere ich'é
391:
384:(pronounced
381:
378:Báxoje ich'é
377:
375:
367:
362:missionaries
359:
330:
326:
322:
321:
289:
280:
271:
232:
197:Linguasphere
168:
131:
29:
3136:Ohio Valley
3120:Mitchigamea
3098:Omaha–Ponca
3022:Assiniboine
2166:October 17,
2051:November 9,
1148:reflexivity
1132:preposition
1100:nasal vowel
811:Approximant
502:Interdental
414:/b̥d̥d̥ʒɡ̊/
247:instead of
3274:Iowa tribe
3268:Categories
2889:Vietnamese
2788:Potawatomi
2659:Indigenous
2469:References
1880:Ethnologue
1684:by cutting
1483:Wa- prefix
1238:at, to, by
1192:transitive
1144:possession
1102:phonemes,
1094:phonemes,
1092:oral vowel
847:/p,t,tʃ,k/
484:Consonants
453:endangered
441:Bah-Kho-Je
406:aspiration
382:Bah Kho Je
3253:indicate
2697:Chickasaw
2638:Languages
1930:NativeWeb
1824:Footnotes
1703:causative
1514:reflexive
1375:wa-wa-…wi
1273:inclusive
1167:registers
668:Voiceless
662:Fricative
581:Aspirated
535:Voiceless
476:Phonology
339:Missouria
303:Hand Talk
286:Missouria
170:Glottolog
154:ISO 639-3
86:Missouria
73:Ethnicity
3218:Catawban
3077:Dhegihan
3067:Ho-Chunk
2908:Category
2753:Muscogee
2720:Delaware
2714:Comanche
2692:Cheyenne
2687:Cherokee
2642:Oklahoma
2554:ED361995
1811:See also
1783:Commands
1771:Negation
1723:suffix.
1056:iblí̃xdo
968:, as in
960:, as in
882:, as in
738:Ejective
622:Ejective
355:Ho-Chunk
297:Language
290:Ñiútachi
253:Help:IPA
203:64-AAC-c
177:iowa1245
63:Missouri
59:Oklahoma
3251:Italics
3228:Catawba
3208:Eastern
3155:Moneton
3061:Chiwere
3015:Dakotan
2979:Hidatsa
2959:Western
2884:Spanish
2874:English
2824:Wyandot
2817:Wichita
2810:Tonkawa
2804:Shawnee
2738:Koasati
2709:Choctaw
2672:Arapaho
2666:Alabama
2651:Italics
1875:Chiwere
1791:Classes
1652:by hand
1649:ru-/ri-
1516:by the
1348:hiⁿ-…wi
1290:Object
1287:Subject
1269:persons
1201:STEM
1181:order.
1136:pronoun
1124:affixes
1114:Grammar
1096:/aeiou/
1076:náxdage
970:láhnũwe
951:chéthka
863:lateral
529:Plosive
522:Glottal
512:Palatal
402:Chiwere
333:) is a
323:Chiwere
309:Country
249:Unicode
190:Chiwere
132:Chiwere
94:Extinct
35:Chiwere
18:Chiwere
3235:Woccon
3182:Biloxi
3103:Quapaw
3044:Stoney
3037:Lakota
3032:Dakota
2998:Mandan
2989:Mandan
2879:German
2799:Seneca
2794:Quapaw
2769:Pawnee
2763:Ottawa
2682:Cayuga
2552:
1978:(also)
1803:, and
1777:skunyi
1457:wa-…wi
1416:ri-…wi
1399:ra-…wi
1368:wa-wa-
1086:Vowels
1068:chéxdó
1019:, and
1005:swá̃la
995:, and
933:, and
897:, and
713:Voiced
507:Dental
497:Labial
447:Status
429:Báxoje
345:, and
300:Ich'é,
281:Jiwére
272:Báxoje
264:People
220:UNESCO
116:Siouan
88:(2007)
76:1,150
67:Kansas
65:, and
55:Region
3092:Osage
3086:Kansa
3027:Sioux
2830:Yuchi
2782:Ponca
2758:Osage
2732:Kansa
2677:Caddo
2561:(PDF)
2546:(PDF)
2511:(PDF)
2500:(PDF)
2157:(PDF)
1859:Notes
1733:Tense
1727:Tense
1562:sa ke
1542:gisaⁿ
1529:kiki-
1526:form
1468:wa-wa
1104:/ãĩũ/
1072:náxda
1009:baswá
982:péhñi
962:sáhmã
772:Nasal
517:Velar
410:voice
372:Names
3279:Otoe
2974:Crow
2550:ERIC
2168:2011
2104:2009
2078:2012
2053:2012
2032:2009
1937:2009
1795:The
1742:hnye
1701:The
1611:gra-
1560:kiki
1355:hiⁿ-
1341:hiⁿ-
1150:and
1140:case
941:and
913:and
905:and
884:áčda
859:flap
347:Iowa
343:Otoe
277:Otoe
268:Iowa
98:1996
82:Otoe
78:Iowa
3189:Ofo
2640:of
2528:doi
1877:at
1720:-hi
1714:da-
1708:-hi
1689:da-
1681:ba-
1673:bo-
1665:ra-
1657:na-
1641:gi-
1633:wa-
1603:gi-
1595:wa-
1538:Uhá
1519:ki-
1501:wa-
1490:hi-
1477:2DU
1473:3SG
1450:wa-
1440:…ñe
1433:…wi
1406:ri-
1389:ra-
1361:mi-
1334:ha-
1179:SVO
867:/ŋ/
857:or
855:tap
851:/ɾ/
645:tʃʼ
604:tʃʰ
466:NSF
435:as
427:of
380:or
329:or
235:IPA
185:ELP
161:iow
3270::
2524:13
2522:.
2502:.
2412:^
2397:^
2370:^
2343:^
2316:^
2265:^
2188:^
2159:.
2127:^
2112:^
2069:.
2018:.
1996:.
1917:^
1903:.
1891:^
1867:^
1807:.
1540:ki
1358:~
1321:PL
1316:DU
1311:SG
1306:PL
1301:DU
1296:SG
1247:u-
1231:i-
1215:a-
1171:je
1146:,
1138:,
1134:,
1106:.
1080:xd
1064:xd
1060:hd
1052:xd
1045:θg
1041:hg
1037:θg
1033:hg
1021:xl
1017:sl
1015:,
1013:θl
1001:sw
997:hw
993:xw
991:,
989:θw
978:hñ
974:hñ
966:hn
958:hm
947:hk
943:xd
939:sd
935:hg
931:hd
929:,
927:sg
925:,
923:sǰ
921:,
919:θg
915:gl
911:bl
907:gw
903:dw
899:ʔh
895:ʔs
893:,
891:ʔθ
880:čd
762:xʼ
753:sʼ
746:θʼ
687:~
652:kʼ
638:tʼ
629:pʼ
611:kʰ
597:tʰ
588:pʰ
558:tʃ
437:pá
433:bá
341:,
283:),
274:),
84:,
80:,
61:,
3089:–
2943:e
2936:t
2929:v
2668:*
2630:e
2623:t
2616:v
2534:.
2530::
2170:.
2106:.
2080:.
2055:.
2034:.
1939:.
1850:/
1848:ɾ
1846:/
1842:/
1840:l
1838:/
1731:"
1572:'
1566:'
1558:U
1552:'
1546:'
1445:∅
1428:∅
1424:3
1411:—
1394:—
1383:2
1328:1
1257:'
1251:'
1241:'
1235:'
1225:'
1219:'
1190:(
833:j
826:ɾ
817:w
801:ŋ
794:ɲ
787:n
778:m
722:ð
704:h
697:x
690:ʃ
684:s
677:θ
572:ʔ
565:k
551:t
542:p
292:)
288:(
279:(
270:(
255:.
20:)
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