2578:
5388:
1058:). Today, they preserve some features of elasmobranch life in Paleaozoic times, though in other respects they are aberrant. They live close to the bottom and feed on molluscs and other invertebrates. The tail is long and thin and they move by sweeping movements of the large pectoral fins. There is an erectile spine in front of the dorsal fin, sometimes poisonous. There is no stomach (that is, the gut is simplified and the 'stomach' is merged with the intestine), and the mouth is a small aperture surrounded by lips, giving the head a parrot-like appearance.
5418:
5429:
1207:
1425:
1579:
941:
930:
1308:
151:
5413:
2862:
1156:
5395:
1521:
5423:
1363:
1728:
3122:
5407:
2988:
1675:
798:
1017:
3158:
2643:
2739:
5401:
1632:
125:
1471:
1131:
1124:
1117:
3050:
2892:
2699:
2548:
1785:
1255:
3084:
2383:
and several examinations of acanthodian characteristics indicate that bony fish evolved directly from placoderm like ancestors, while acanthodians represent a paraphyletic assemblage leading to
Chondrichthyes. Some characteristics previously thought to be exclusive to acanthodians are also present in
835:
which can be used for defense and predation. They have relatively simple brains with the forebrain not greatly enlarged. The structure and formation of myelin in their nervous systems are nearly identical to that of tetrapods, which has led evolutionary biologists to believe that
Chondrichthyes were
871:
Capture-induced premature birth and abortion (collectively called capture-induced parturition) occurs frequently in sharks/rays when fished. Capture-induced parturition is often mistaken for natural birth by recreational fishers and is rarely considered in commercial fisheries management despite
704:, which have a thick and flabby body, with soft, loose skin, chondrichthyans have tough skin covered with dermal teeth (again, Holocephali is an exception, as the teeth are lost in adults, only kept on the clasping organ seen on the caudal ventral surface of the male), also called
715:
Originally, the pectoral and pelvic girdles, which do not contain any dermal elements, did not connect. In later forms, each pair of fins became ventrally connected in the middle when scapulocoracoid and puboischiadic bars evolved. In
822:
system has modified epithelial cells located externally which sense motion, vibration, and pressure in the water around them. Most species have large well-developed eyes. Also, they have very powerful nostrils and
809:
In chondrichthyans, the nervous system is composed of a small brain, 8–10 pairs of cranial nerves, and a spinal cord with spinal nerves. They have several sensory organs which provide information to be processed.
789:), to extended and slit-like, such as found on the wobbegongs (Orectolobidae). Many larger, pelagic species, such as the mackerel sharks (Lamnidae) and the thresher sharks (Alopiidae), no longer possess them.
3914:
Min Zhu; Xiaobo Yu; Per Erik
Ahlberg; Brian Choo; Jing Lu; Tuo Qiao; Qingming Qu; Wenjin Zhao; Liantao Jia; Henning Blom; You'an Zhu (2013). "A Silurian placoderm with osteichthyan-like marginal jaw bones".
765:
vertebrates are now gone and that the present scales are just modified teeth, even if both the teeth and body armor had a common origin a long time ago. However, there is currently no evidence of this.
712:), making it feel like sandpaper. In most species, all dermal denticles are oriented in one direction, making the skin feel very smooth if rubbed in one direction and very rough if rubbed in the other.
4458:
761:
did not have teeth at all, but had sharp bony plates in their mouth. Thus, it is unknown whether the dermal or oral teeth evolved first. It has even been suggested that the original bony plates of
778:, depending on the species. In general, pelagic species must keep swimming to keep oxygenated water moving through their gills, whilst demersal species can actively pump water in through their
3550:
3305:
754:, another bony fish). This is most likely a secondary evolved characteristic, which means there is not necessarily a connection between the teeth and the original dermal scales.
3409:
3330:
6149:
4238:
Andreev, Plamen S.; Sansom, Ivan J.; Li, Qiang; Zhao, Wenjin; Wang, Jianhua; Wang, Chun-Chieh; Peng, Lijian; Jia, Liantao; Qiao, Tuo; Zhu, Min (28 September 2022).
4183:
Andreev, Plamen S.; Sansom, Ivan J.; Li, Qiang; Zhao, Wenjin; Wang, Jianhua; Wang, Chun-Chieh; Peng, Lijian; Jia, Liantao; Qiao, Tuo; Zhu, Min (September 2022).
6175:
5970:
3504:"Review of the enigmatic Eocene shark genus Xiphodolamia (Chondrichthyes, Lamniformes) and description of a new species recovered from Angola, Iran and Jordan"
3480:
831:
which aid in balance and orientation. Their sound detecting apparatus has limited range and is typically more powerful at lower frequencies. Some species have
630:, sometimes called ghost sharks, which are sometimes separated into their own class). Extant chondrichthyans range in size from the 10 cm (3.9 in)
4029:
5242:
6254:
4356:
Coates, M.; Gess, R.; Finarelli, J.; Criswell, K.; Tietjen, K. (2016). "A symmoriiform chondrichthyan braincase and the origin of chimaeroid fishes".
5051:
4132:
Andreev, Plamen; Coates, Michael I.; Karatajūtė-Talimaa, Valentina; Shelton, Richard M.; Cooper, Paul R.; Wang, Nian-Zhong; Sansom, Ivan J. (2016).
5387:
3889:
6162:
1064:
period. The record is extensive, but most fossils are teeth, and the body forms of numerous species are not known, or at best poorly understood.
2660:
Members of the holocephali that resembled flying fish, are often characterized by large eyes, large upturned pectoral fins, and club-like tails.
2368:
3424:
738:
It is assumed that their oral teeth evolved from dermal denticles that migrated into the mouth, but it could be the other way around, as the
5975:
3408:
Long, John; Thomson, Victoria; Burrow, Carole; Turner, Susan (28 October 2021), Pradel, Alan; Denton, John S.S.; Janvier, Philippe (eds.),
735:
or placoid scales. Denticles usually provide protection, and in most cases, streamlining. Mucous glands exist in some species, as well.
6249:
4490:
2577:
3180:
Shark-like elasmobranchs distinguished by their conical tooth shape, and the presence of a spine on each of their two dorsal fins.
2384:
basal cartilaginous fish. In particular, new phylogenetic studies find cartilaginous fish to be well nested among acanthodians, with
3872:
3578:"Function of the heterocercal tail in sharks: quantitative wake dynamics during steady horizontal swimming and vertical maneuvering"
3560:
981:. The teeth are in several series; the upper jaw is not fused to the cranium, and the lower jaw is articulated with the upper. The
5417:
6211:
3260:
647:
5235:
3582:
905:
901:
3338:
1594:
6167:
494:
5980:
3270:
1741:
1534:
1378:
150:
5987:
5044:
2364:
818:
which help the fish sense electric fields in water. This aids in finding prey, navigation, and sensing temperature. The
802:
6239:
6097:
4046:
Andreev, Plamen S.; Coates, Michael I.; Shelton, Richard M.; Cooper, Paul R.; Smith, M. Paul; Sansom, Ivan J. (2015).
5428:
4301:
Zhu, Y. A.; Li, Q.; Lu, J.; Chen, Y.; Wang, J.; Gai, Z.; Zhao, W.; Wei, G.; Yu, Y.; Ahlberg, P. E.; Zhu, M. (2022).
785:
A spiracle is a small hole found behind each eye. These can be tiny and circular, such as found on the nurse shark (
5267:
5228:
3998:
3255:
5422:
6180:
5955:
511:
5965:
3997:
Maisey, John G.; Miller, Randall; Pradel, Alan; Denton, John S.S.; Bronson, Allison; Janvier, Philippe (2017).
3779:
Adams, Kye R.; Fetterplace, Lachlan C.; Davis, Andrew R.; Taylor, Matthew D.; Knott, Nathan A. (January 2018).
3383:
2437:, China around 439 million years ago, which are also the oldest unambiguous remains of any jawed vertebrates.
832:
3970:"The diplacanthid fishes (Acanthodii, Diplacanthiformes, Diplacanthidae) from the Middle Devonian of Scotland"
3410:"Fossil chondrichthyan remains from the Middle Devonian Kevington Creek Formation, South Blue Range, Victoria"
723:
One of the primary characteristics present in most sharks is the heterocercal tail, which aids in locomotion.
5412:
5394:
6013:
5406:
5037:
4095:
4052:
3731:
3502:
Adnet, S.; Hosseinzadeh, R.; Antunes, M. T.; Balbino, A. C.; Kozlov, V. A.; Cappetta, H. (1 October 2009).
6037:
4483:
3834:
2851:
2167:
2069:
2001:
1484:
845:
779:
487:
2060:
6244:
6198:
2947:
2274:
2254:
811:
3780:
2175:
2154:
2131:
1904:
1895:
1868:
1850:
349:
6216:
4409:"Jaws for a spiral-tooth whorl: CT images reveal novel adaptation and phylogeny in fossil Helicoprion"
3617:
Collin, Shaun P. (2012). "The
Neuroecology of Cartilaginous Fishes: Sensory Strategies for Survival".
3549:
Compagno, Leonard J. V.; Nations, Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United (20 November 2001).
3448:"Deep water chondrichthyans from the Early Miocene of the Vienna Basin (Central Paratethys, Slovakia)"
1859:
6190:
6110:
6084:
6008:
5960:
5647:
4365:
4314:
4251:
4196:
4104:
3926:
3830:
3515:
3503:
2801:
2609:
1984:
1931:
1796:
744:
2665:
2539:
2410:
and bone, have a structure and growth form that is chondrichthyan-like. They may be the remains of
1949:
1913:
1206:
6075:
3012:
2100:
1424:
828:
631:
230:
2938:
2082:
1578:
940:
5696:
5544:
4389:
4338:
4283:
4220:
4071:
4021:
3950:
3800:
3650:
3362:"An enigmatic chondrichthyan with Paleozoic affinities from the Lower Triassic of western Canada"
3039:
2913:
2722:
2478:, appeared in the oceans during the Devonian Period. The first Cartilaginous fishes evolved from
2461:
2293:
2280:
2114:
2021:
1958:
1416:
914:
295:
145:
2601:
2441:, which lived 436 million years ago, had thoracic armour plates resembling those of placoderms.
2392:
6203:
4134:"The systematics of the Mongolepidida (Chondrichthyes) and the Ordovician origins of the clade"
4089:
Sansom, Ivan J.; Davies, Neil S.; Coates, Michael I.; Nicoll, Robert S.; Ritchie, Alex (2012).
1307:
5870:
5818:
5775:
5769:
5732:
5720:
5690:
5345:
5251:
5149:
4476:
4438:
4381:
4330:
4275:
4267:
4212:
4165:
3942:
3868:
3842:
3758:
3707:
3689:
3642:
3634:
3599:
3556:
3531:
3420:
3306:"Mazon Monday #19: Species Spotlight: Bandringa rayi #MazonCreek #fossils #MazonMonday #shark"
3281:
3265:
3127:
3111:
2979:
2861:
2773:
2634:
2583:
2569:
2480:
2398:
2386:
2358:
2242:
2221:
2183:
2091:
1974:
1940:
1922:
1623:
1198:
1155:
1147:
685:
416:
327:
277:
259:
3481:"An unusual new fossil shark (Pisces: Chondrichthyes) from the Late Devonian of South Africa"
3219:(stem cartilaginous fish) └─Chondrichthyes (true cartilaginous fish) ├─
3106:
Eel-like elasmobranchs that were some of the top freshwater predators of the late
Paleozoic.
6003:
5914:
5897:
5611:
5526:
4428:
4420:
4373:
4322:
4259:
4204:
4155:
4145:
4112:
4061:
4013:
3977:
3934:
3917:
3860:
3792:
3748:
3740:
3727:"Origin and evolution of the adaptive immune system: genetic events and selective pressures"
3697:
3681:
3626:
3591:
3523:
3459:
3075:
2826:
2228:
2140:
2005:
1993:
1839:
1520:
1299:
1169:
982:
868:. There is no parental care after birth; however, some chondrichthyans do guard their eggs.
815:
684:, which is also thought to play a role in the immune system). They are also produced in the
588:
580:
442:
271:
6154:
5400:
3781:"Sharks, rays and abortion: The prevalence of capture-induced parturition in elasmobranchs"
2402:
had a mosaic of chondrichthyan and acanthodian traits. Dating back to the Middle and Late
1362:
929:
872:
being shown to occur in at least 12% of live bearing sharks and rays (88 species to date).
782:
and out through their gills. However, this is only a general rule and many species differ.
5883:
5846:
5726:
5677:
5498:
5300:
5187:
4892:
4646:
4612:
4539:
3552:
Sharks of the World: An
Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date
3276:
3211:
3163:
3149:
3144:
Shark-like elasmobranchs characterized by their robust heads and large dorsal fin spines.
3121:
2495:
2328:
2307:
2195:
1727:
1719:
1584:
1570:
1260:
1212:
1075:
1034:
986:
750:
732:
525:
394:
388:
333:
315:
4369:
4318:
4255:
4200:
4108:
3930:
3519:
2768:
Members of the holocephali, they are characterized by large tooth whorls in their jaws.
6089:
5858:
5836:
5781:
5763:
5714:
5683:
5641:
5617:
5362:
5139:
5119:
5102:
4761:
4640:
4433:
4408:
4407:
Tapanila, L; Pruitt, J; Pradel, A; Wilga, C; Ramsay, J; Schlader, R; Didier, D (2013).
4160:
4133:
3753:
3726:
3702:
3669:
3224:
2744:
2730:
2600:
Members of the holocephali, some genera resembled parrot fish, but some members of the
2286:
2260:
2051:
2044:
2030:
1877:
1776:
1512:
1476:
1368:
1354:
1037:
954:
922:
881:
824:
673:
603:
561:
409:
401:
365:
355:
301:
289:
247:
133:
6102:
4463:
3577:
2987:
1674:
6233:
5807:
5654:
5629:
5578:
5491:
5373:
5353:
5092:
5004:
4909:
4772:
4716:
4342:
4287:
4224:
4184:
4117:
4090:
4075:
3654:
3527:
3361:
2883:
2425:
2379:
2013:
1733:
1345:
1313:
1161:
1054:
978:
966:
857:
705:
665:, where the notochord stays intact. In some deepwater sharks, the column is reduced.
596:
576:
381:
253:
215:
202:
73:
4025:
3804:
5919:
5798:
5738:
5623:
5556:
5451:
5172:
5144:
5124:
5029:
4884:
4839:
4744:
4688:
4525:
4393:
3954:
3685:
3089:
2474:
2472:
or early
Devonian, about 416 million years ago. The first abundant genus of shark,
2465:
2457:
2374:
2314:
2267:
1526:
1462:
1138:
1016:
819:
797:
701:
615:
592:
549:
423:
283:
3447:
3157:
2738:
2642:
989:. The inner margin of each pelvic fin in the male fish is grooved to constitute a
692:, which is a very specialized group, lacks both the Leydig's and epigonal organs.
3796:
2396:
being the closest relatives to
Chondrichthyes. Recent studies vindicate this, as
6136:
6069:
5906:
5892:
5828:
5757:
5562:
5517:
5464:
5309:
5201:
5154:
5134:
4801:
4701:
4239:
3220:
2704:
2532:
2485:
2235:
1886:
1769:
1246:
1027:
1010:
974:
893:
689:
669:
662:
635:
623:
568:
557:
343:
265:
137:
48:
4326:
4263:
4208:
2417:
The earliest unequivocal fossils of acanthodian-grade cartilaginous fishes are
17:
5924:
5823:
5668:
5605:
5550:
5532:
5331:
5322:
5182:
5086:
4997:
4936:
4789:
4674:
4628:
4562:
3286:
3216:
3202:
3193:
2690:
2445:
2411:
2403:
2321:
1680:
1666:
1048:
865:
801:
Regions of a
Chondrichthyes brain colored and labeled on dissected skate. The
758:
564:
529:
321:
192:
93:
58:
4271:
3693:
3638:
3535:
6123:
5878:
5635:
5599:
5590:
5504:
5129:
4928:
4618:
4592:
4519:
4302:
3595:
2453:
2449:
1637:
1631:
1430:
1021:
1002:
861:
739:
658:
545:
373:
162:
124:
98:
42:
6060:
4442:
4424:
4385:
4334:
4279:
4216:
4169:
3946:
3762:
3711:
3646:
3603:
1470:
4468:
3479:
Anderson, M. Eric; Long, John A.; Gess, Robert W.; Hiller, Norton (1999).
3464:
3049:
2891:
2698:
2547:
1784:
661:
is gradually replaced by a vertebral column during development, except in
6054:
5841:
5786:
5743:
5538:
5337:
5315:
5277:
5209:
5164:
5080:
5074:
4898:
4826:
4814:
4576:
4547:
4500:
3841:. Sears Foundation for Marine Research, Yale University. pp. 64–65.
3232:
3228:
2469:
2430:
2419:
1790:
1690:
1563:
1436:
1268:
1220:
1061:
1042:
998:
962:
948:
897:
889:
717:
627:
611:
541:
309:
182:
114:
110:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
4377:
4303:"The oldest complete jawed vertebrates from the early Silurian of China"
3938:
1254:
1130:
1123:
1116:
836:
a cornerstone group in the evolutionary timeline of myelin development.
5929:
5469:
5459:
5441:
5177:
5011:
4850:
4696:
4150:
4066:
4047:
3846:
2434:
2407:
1040:
is the only surviving group. This group includes the rat fishes (e.g.,
990:
619:
103:
78:
6141:
3630:
3083:
599:, cartilaginous fishes are distinct from all other jawed vertebrates.
5292:
4917:
4874:
4863:
4513:
935:
720:, the pectoral fins are connected to the head and are very flexible.
677:
517:
500:
172:
6031:
5220:
4091:"Chondrichthyan-like scales from the Middle Ordovician of Australia"
3744:
844:
Like all other jawed vertebrates, members of Chondrichthyes have an
688:, which is only found in certain cartilaginous fishes. The subclass
6128:
4017:
5748:
5111:
994:
958:
885:
796:
681:
607:
584:
3982:
3969:
3419:, Munich, Germany: Verlag, Dr Friedrich Pfeil, pp. 239–245,
748:
has most of its head covered by dermal teeth (as does, probably,
6115:
5262:
4942:
4840:
Lissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians)
970:
775:
572:
6035:
5224:
5033:
4472:
3968:
Burrow, CJ; Den Blaauwen, J.; Newman, MJ; Davidson, RG (2016).
2414:-chondrichthyans, but their classification remains uncertain.
856:
Fertilization is internal. Development is usually live birth (
475:
4185:"Spiny chondrichthyan from the lower Silurian of South China"
4734:
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, chimaeras)
2452:(a paraphyletic assemblage of ancient armoured fishes), the
939:
469:
3808:
2444:
By the start of the Early Devonian, 419 million years ago,
774:
All chondrichthyans breathe through five to seven pairs of
472:
4048:"Ordovician chondrichthyan-like scales from North America"
880:
The class Chondrichthyes has two subclasses: the subclass
448:
463:
3070:
Holocephalans, and potential members of the symmoriida.
2448:
had divided into three distinct groups: the now extinct
2373:
Cartilaginous fish are considered to have evolved from
478:
466:
451:
445:
5911:
5866:
5833:
5815:
5665:
5587:
5514:
5481:
5369:
5358:
5349:
5342:
5327:
5305:
5288:
460:
457:
6044:
5996:
5948:
5857:
5806:
5797:
5705:
5664:
5586:
5577:
5513:
5480:
5450:
5440:
5276:
5200:
5163:
5110:
5101:
4927:
4908:
4883:
4872:
4848:
4824:
4799:
4770:
4742:
4714:
4687:
4672:
4627:
4601:
4575:
4560:
4538:
4464:
Images of many sharks, skates and rays on Morphbank
4003:: Bridging the 'Acanthodian'-Chondrichthyan Divide"
3223:(chimaeras + several extinct clades) └
1060:The fossil record of the Holocephali starts in the
973:clefts opening individually to the exterior, rigid
454:
2365:List of transitional fossils § Chondrichthyes
680:and the epigonal organ (special tissue around the
814:are a network of small jelly filled pores called
3310:Earth Science Club of Northern Illinois - ESCONI
2721:Members of the holocephali, they were heavily
731:Chondrichthyans have tooth-like scales called
5236:
5045:
4484:
3446:Charlie J. Underwood and Jan Schlogl (2012).
556:, which have skeletons primarily composed of
8:
827:organs. Their inner ears consist of 3 large
3892:Chondrichthyes – Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras
6032:
5803:
5583:
5447:
5243:
5229:
5221:
5107:
5052:
5038:
5030:
4924:
4880:
4856:
4832:
4807:
4782:
4754:
4726:
4684:
4680:
4633:
4605:
4585:
4572:
4568:
4535:
4491:
4477:
4469:
1834:
602:The class is divided into two subclasses:
123:
31:
5188:Myliobatiformes (stingrays and relatives)
4432:
4159:
4149:
4116:
4065:
3981:
3752:
3701:
3463:
3417:Ancient Fishes and their Living Relatives
2531:
1854:Karatajüte-Talimaa & Novitskaya, 1990
3863:; Dando, Marc; Fowler, Sarah L. (2005).
3774:
3772:
3668:de Bellard, Maria Elena (15 June 2016).
3485:Records of the Western Australian Museum
3331:"Bear Gulch - Delphyodontos dacriformes"
3245:: Lines show evolutionary relationships.
2973:
2937:
2490:
2150:Infraclass Euselachii (sharks and rays)
2064:Ginter, Liao & Valenzuela-Rios, 2008
1768:
1562:
1344:
1137:
1070:
965:. Members of the elasmobranchii have no
910:
5120:Hexanchiformes (frilled and cow sharks)
4619:Thaliacea (pyrosomes, salps, doliolids)
3297:
997:. These fish are widely distributed in
2406:Period, many isolated scales, made of
2369:List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish
3725:Flajnik, M. F.; Kasahara, M. (2009).
2211:Subdivision Selachii (modern sharks)
7:
6191:4acd6aba-2825-45a9-8143-ae4486ceeeb7
5183:Rajiformes (skates and guitarfishes)
4035:from the original on 9 October 2022.
3839:Fishes of the Western North Atlantic
3576:Wilga, C. D.; Lauder, G. V. (2002).
3215:(true jawed vertebrates) ├─
5140:Heterodontiformes (bullhead sharks)
3227:(shark and rays) ├─
2711:Zangerl, 1981 (sensu Maisey, 2007)
657:The skeleton is cartilaginous. The
634:to the over 10 m (33 ft)
27:Class of jawed cartilaginous fishes
860:species) but can be through eggs (
548:. They can be contrasted with the
25:
6255:Extant Silurian first appearances
5150:Carcharhiniformes (ground sharks)
3508:Journal of African Earth Sciences
805:end of the skate is to the right.
132:Example of cartilaginous fishes:
5427:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5405:
5399:
5393:
5386:
5145:Orectolobiformes (carpet sharks)
4762:Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
4118:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01127.x
3528:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2009.04.005
3261:Cartilaginous versus bony fishes
3231:(true sharks) └─
3156:
3120:
3082:
3048:
2986:
2890:
2860:
2737:
2697:
2641:
2576:
2546:
2464:. The modern bony fishes, class
1783:
1726:
1673:
1630:
1577:
1519:
1469:
1423:
1361:
1306:
1253:
1205:
1154:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1015:
957:is a subclass that includes the
928:
648:Cartilaginous versus bony fishes
441:
149:
5173:Torpediniformes (electric rays)
3583:Journal of Experimental Biology
2108:†Infraclass Cladoselachimorpha
2034:Berg, 1940 sensu Obručhev, 1953
5130:Pristiophoriformes (sawsharks)
4240:"The oldest gnathostome teeth"
3867:. Princeton University Press.
3686:10.1016/j.brainres.2016.01.013
3670:"Myelin in cartilaginous fish"
3555:. Food & Agriculture Org.
3209:(armored gnathostomes) └
2456:, and the clade that includes
1891:†Superorder Paraselachimorpha
507: 'cartilage' and
1:
5155:Lamniformes (mackerel sharks)
5135:Squatiniformes (angel sharks)
5125:Squaliformes (dogfish sharks)
3619:Brain, Behavior and Evolution
3452:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
3384:"Fossilworks: Acanthorhachis"
3366:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
3271:Important Shark and Ray Areas
2124:†Infraclass Xenacanthimorpha
1968:Superorder Holocephalimorpha
239:Living subclasses and orders
5988:List of transitional fossils
3797:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.10.010
3266:Largest cartilaginous fishes
3177:
3175:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3148:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3110:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3074:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3056:
3054:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3022:
3011:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2978:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2946:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2800:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2783:
2772:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2748:
2743:
2729:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2673:
2664:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2608:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2538:
1842:, 2005 with additions from
1827:
1825:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1794:
1789:
1775:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1739:
1732:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1688:
1679:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1622:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1592:
1583:
1569:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1532:
1525:
1511:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1482:
1475:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1434:
1429:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1376:
1367:
1353:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1312:
1298:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1274:
1266:
1259:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1218:
1211:
1197:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1167:
1160:
1146:
140:at the bottom of the image.
136:at the top of the image and
4593:Appendicularia (larvaceans)
3360:Mutter, R.J.; Neuman, A.G.
3335:Fossil Fishes of Bear Gulch
1837:
1033:is a subclass of which the
6271:
5268:Timeline of fish evolution
5210:Chimaeriformes (chimaeras)
5020:denote paraphyletic groups
4899:Squamata (scaled reptiles)
4459:Taxonomy of Chondrichthyes
4327:10.1038/s41586-022-05136-8
4264:10.1038/s41586-022-05166-2
4209:10.1038/s41586-022-05233-8
3974:Palaeontologia Electronica
3256:List of cartilaginous fish
3179:
3143:
3105:
3069:
3034:
3007:
2969:
2933:
2908:
2878:
2846:
2821:
2795:
2767:
2720:
2685:
2659:
2629:
2599:
2564:
2493:
2362:
2356:
1829:
1764:
1714:
1661:
1618:
1558:
1507:
1457:
1411:
1340:
1294:
1241:
1193:
1073:
953:
645:
510:
493:
6250:Pridoli first appearances
6022:
5956:Lists of prehistoric fish
5384:
5258:
5069:
4991:
4937:Crocodilia (crocodilians)
4893:Rhynchocephalia (tuatara)
4859:
4835:
4810:
4785:
4757:
4729:
4683:
4636:
4608:
4588:
4571:
4534:
4508:
4010:American Museum Novitates
3565:– via Google Books.
3199:Infraphylum Gnathostomata
2429:from the early Silurian (
2331:(stingrays and relatives)
2324:(skates and guitarfishes)
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
969:, five to seven pairs of
949:rays, skates, and sawfish
913:
890:rays, skates, and sawfish
864:). Some rare species are
595:. Within the infraphylum
243:
238:
146:Scientific classification
144:
131:
122:
34:
5178:Pristiformes (sawfishes)
4998:Ascidiacea (sea squirts)
4790:Actinistia (coelacanths)
3999:"Pectoral Morphology in
2498:of cartilaginous fishes
2439:Shenacanthus vermiformis
2263:(frilled and cow sharks)
2250:Superorder Squalomorphi
2135:Hampe & Ivanov, 2007
2086:Karatajute-Talimaa, 1997
1078:of cartilaginous fishes
1046:), rabbit-fishes (e.g.,
993:for the transmission of
917:of cartilaginous fishes
902:full list of the species
6014:Vertebrate paleontology
4548:Leptocardii (lancelets)
3785:Biological Conservation
3732:Nature Reviews Genetics
3596:10.1242/jeb.205.16.2365
2468:, appeared in the late
2214:Superorder Galeomorphi
1953:Grogan & Lund, 2000
1052:) and elephant-fishes (
4702:Hyperoartia (lampreys)
4425:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0057
2997:Cappetta et al., 1993
1838:Taxonomy according to
944:
846:adaptive immune system
806:
787:Ginglymostoma cirratum
544:primarily composed of
6199:Paleobiology Database
3835:Schroeder, William C.
3465:10.4202/app.2011.0101
3235:(rays and relatives)
2363:Further information:
2303:Subdivision Batoidea
2255:Chlamydoselachiformes
2205:Division Neoselachii
943:
812:Ampullae of Lorenzini
800:
560:. Chondrichthyes are
6009:Transitional fossils
5648:Pseudopetalichthyida
4918:Testudines (turtles)
2344:* position uncertain
2191:†Division Hybodonta
2168:Polymerolepidiformes
2070:Elegestolepidiformes
2002:Chondrenchelyiformes
745:Denticeps clupeoides
676:are produced in the
668:As they do not have
35:Cartilaginous fishes
5012:Reptilia (reptiles)
4720:(jawed vertebrates)
4378:10.1038/nature20806
4370:2017Natur.541..208C
4319:2022Natur.609..954Z
4256:2022Natur.609..964A
4201:2022Natur.609..969A
4109:2012Palgy..55..243S
3939:10.1038/nature12617
3931:2013Natur.502..188Z
3865:Sharks of the World
3811:on 23 February 2019
3520:2009JAfES..55..197A
3341:on 25 February 2015
2915:†Cochliodontiformes
2796:Position uncertain
2377:. The discovery of
2101:Protacrodontiformes
2061:Antarctilamniformes
892:) and the subclass
829:semicircular canals
632:finless sleeper ray
524: 'fish') is a
6240:Cartilaginous fish
5697:Ischnacanthiformes
5545:Cephalaspidomorphi
5062:cartilaginous fish
4864:Mammalia (mammals)
4776:(lobe-finned fish)
4748:(bony vertebrates)
4151:10.7717/peerj.1850
4067:10.1111/pala.12167
2981:†Squatinactiformes
2723:sexually dimorphic
2636:†Iniopterygiformes
2604:resembled skates.
2571:†Petalodontiformes
2462:cartilaginous fish
2294:Pristiophoriformes
2281:Synechodontiformes
2275:Protospinaciformes
2115:Cladoselachiformes
2022:Cochliodontiformes
1959:Eugeneodontiformes
1418:Pristiophoriformes
945:
807:
770:Respiratory system
534:cartilaginous fish
532:that contains the
296:Pristiophoriformes
6227:
6226:
6038:Taxon identifiers
6029:
6028:
5944:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5871:Palaeonisciformes
5819:Onychodontiformes
5776:Petalodontiformes
5770:Iniopterygiformes
5733:Phoebodontiformes
5721:Ctenacanthiformes
5691:Diplacanthiformes
5573:
5572:
5346:Myllokunmingiidae
5252:Evolution of fish
5218:
5217:
5196:
5195:
5112:Selachii (sharks)
5027:
5026:
5009:³orders of class
4995:¹orders of class
4987:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4815:Dipnoi (lungfish)
4710:
4709:
4668:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4556:
4555:
4364:(7636): 208–211.
4313:(7929): 954–958.
4250:(7929): 964–968.
4195:(7929): 969–974.
3925:(7470): 188–193.
3861:Compagno, Leonard
3831:Bigelow, Henry B.
3631:10.1159/000339870
3590:(16): 2365–2374.
3426:978-3-89937-269-4
3282:Threatened sharks
3184:
3183:
3169:
3133:
3095:
3077:†Xenacanthiformes
3058:
3026:
2996:
2961:
2925:
2900:
2870:
2838:
2828:†Squalorajiformes
2813:
2787:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2710:
2677:
2651:
2621:
2589:
2556:
2359:Evolution of fish
2350:
2349:
2345:
2243:Carcharhiniformes
2238:(mackerel sharks)
2224:(bullhead sharks)
2222:Heterodontiformes
2217:
2208:
2200:
2188:
2184:Ctenacanthiformes
2179:
2176:Ptychodontiformes
2171:
2163:
2155:Altholepidiformes
2145:
2136:
2132:Bransonelliformes
2127:
2119:
2110:
2105:
2096:
2092:Squatinactiformes
2087:
2078:
2065:
2056:
2035:
2026:
2017:
2009:
1997:
1989:
1980:
1975:Psammodontiformes
1970:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1941:Iniopterygiformes
1936:
1927:
1923:Petalodontiformes
1918:
1909:
1905:Polysentoriformes
1900:
1896:Desmiodontiformes
1882:
1873:
1869:Coronodontiformes
1864:
1855:
1851:Mongolepidiformes
1833:
1832:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1745:
1694:
1643:
1625:Rhinopristiformes
1598:
1538:
1488:
1440:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1322:
1279:
1272:
1224:
1200:Heterodontiformes
1173:
1149:Carcharhiniformes
1069:
1068:
540:, which all have
434:
433:
417:Psammodontiformes
350:Holocephalimorpha
328:Rhinopristiformes
278:Heterodontiformes
260:Carcharhiniformes
234:
16:(Redirected from
6262:
6220:
6219:
6207:
6206:
6194:
6193:
6184:
6183:
6171:
6170:
6158:
6157:
6145:
6144:
6132:
6131:
6119:
6118:
6106:
6105:
6093:
6092:
6080:
6079:
6078:
6065:
6064:
6063:
6033:
6004:Prehistoric life
5915:Pycnodontiformes
5913:
5898:Acipenseriformes
5868:
5835:
5817:
5804:
5667:
5612:Brindabellaspida
5589:
5584:
5527:Pteraspidomorphi
5516:
5483:
5448:
5432:
5431:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5409:
5403:
5398:
5397:
5390:
5371:
5360:
5351:
5344:
5329:
5307:
5290:
5245:
5238:
5231:
5222:
5108:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5031:
4925:
4881:
4877:
4857:
4853:
4833:
4829:
4808:
4804:
4783:
4779:
4777:
4755:
4751:
4749:
4727:
4723:
4721:
4697:Myxini (hagfish)
4685:
4681:
4677:
4634:
4606:
4586:
4581:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4536:
4493:
4486:
4479:
4470:
4447:
4446:
4436:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4163:
4153:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4069:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4007:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3888:Haaramo, Mikko.
3885:
3879:
3878:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3807:. Archived from
3776:
3767:
3766:
3756:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3705:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3414:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3337:. Archived from
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3302:
3170:Patterson, 1966
3168:
3160:
3152:
3151:†Hybodontiformes
3132:
3124:
3116:
3094:
3086:
3078:
3057:
3052:
3044:
3025:
3017:
2995:
2990:
2982:
2976:
2960:
2952:
2943:
2924:
2916:
2899:
2894:
2886:
2869:
2864:
2856:
2853:†Chondrenchelyi-
2837:
2829:
2812:
2804:
2803:†Copodontiformes
2786:
2778:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2741:
2733:
2709:
2701:
2693:
2676:
2668:
2650:
2645:
2637:
2620:
2612:
2611:†Helodontiformes
2588:
2580:
2572:
2555:
2550:
2542:
2535:
2491:
2343:
2270:(dogfish sharks)
2229:Orectolobiformes
2215:
2206:
2198:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2157:
2143:
2141:Xenacanthiformes
2134:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2072:
2063:
2055:
2033:
2024:
2016:
2004:
1996:
1994:Squalorajiformes
1987:
1978:
1969:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1880:
1871:
1862:
1860:Omalodontiformes
1853:
1840:Leonard Compagno
1835:
1820:+17 extinct
1819:
1812:
1805:
1795:
1787:
1779:
1772:
1740:
1730:
1722:
1689:
1677:
1669:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1593:
1581:
1573:
1566:
1533:
1523:
1515:
1483:
1473:
1465:
1435:
1427:
1419:
1402:+33 extinct
1401:
1395:+11 extinct
1394:
1387:
1377:
1365:
1357:
1350:
1320:
1310:
1302:
1301:Orectolobiformes
1277:
1267:
1257:
1249:
1219:
1209:
1201:
1168:
1158:
1150:
1143:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1071:
1031:(complete-heads)
1019:
933:
932:
911:
816:electroreceptors
733:dermal denticles
710:dermal denticles
587:, and a lack of
581:conus arteriosus
521:
514:
504:
497:
485:
484:
481:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
272:Orectolobiformes
229:
154:
153:
127:
108:
45:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
6270:
6269:
6265:
6264:
6263:
6261:
6260:
6259:
6230:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6215:
6210:
6202:
6197:
6189:
6187:
6179:
6174:
6166:
6161:
6153:
6148:
6140:
6135:
6127:
6122:
6114:
6109:
6101:
6096:
6088:
6083:
6074:
6073:
6068:
6059:
6058:
6053:
6040:
6030:
6025:
6018:
5992:
5936:
5884:Polypteriformes
5853:
5847:Tetrapodomorpha
5793:
5727:Hybodontiformes
5701:
5678:Acanthodiformes
5660:
5569:
5509:
5499:Paraconodontida
5476:
5444:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5426:
5404:
5392:
5382:
5301:Cephalochordate
5272:
5254:
5249:
5219:
5214:
5192:
5165:Batoidea (rays)
5159:
5097:
5065:
5058:
5028:
5023:
5003:²subclasses of
4947:
4923:
4904:
4873:
4868:
4849:
4844:
4825:
4820:
4800:
4795:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4766:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4738:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4706:
4673:
4652:
4647:Aplousobranchia
4623:
4613:Stolidobranchia
4597:
4579:
4578:
4561:
4552:
4540:Cephalochordata
4530:
4504:
4497:
4455:
4453:Further reading
4450:
4419:(2): 20130057.
4413:Biology Letters
4406:
4405:
4401:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4032:
4005:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3898:
3896:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3814:
3812:
3778:
3777:
3770:
3745:10.1038/nrg2703
3724:
3723:
3719:
3680:(Pt A): 34–42.
3667:
3666:
3662:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3412:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3392:
3390:
3388:fossilworks.org
3382:
3381:
3377:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3344:
3342:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3314:
3312:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3277:Threatened rays
3252:
3236:
3212:Eugnathostomata
3189:
3150:
3114:
3112:
3076:
3042:
3040:
3015:
3014:†Protacrodonti-
3013:
2980:
2974:
2950:
2948:
2941:
2939:
2914:
2884:
2854:
2852:
2827:
2802:
2776:
2774:
2751:Eugeneodontida
2732:†Eugeneodontida
2731:
2691:
2667:†Debeeriiformes
2666:
2635:
2610:
2570:
2541:†Orodontiformes
2540:
2533:
2371:
2361:
2355:
2329:Myliobatiformes
2310:(electric rays)
2308:Torpediniformes
2245:(ground sharks)
2231:(carpet sharks)
2196:Hybodontiformes
1985:Copodontiformes
1935:Patterson, 1965
1932:Helodontiformes
1818:
1813:+3 extinct
1811:
1806:+2 extinct
1804:
1777:
1770:
1735:
1721:Torpediniformes
1720:
1684:
1682:
1667:
1624:
1588:
1586:
1572:Myliobatiformes
1571:
1564:
1528:
1513:
1478:
1463:
1417:
1400:
1393:
1388:+3 extinct
1386:
1372:
1370:
1355:
1348:
1346:
1321:Applegate, 1972
1315:
1300:
1278:+2 extinct
1276:
1262:
1247:
1214:
1199:
1163:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1024:
987:tapetum lucidum
963:rays and skates
951:
938:
927:
878:
854:
842:
833:electric organs
795:
772:
751:Atherion elymus
729:
698:
674:red blood cells
655:
650:
644:
538:chondrichthyans
444:
440:
395:Mcmurdodontidae
389:Listracanthidae
334:Torpediniformes
316:Myliobatiformes
228:
216:Eugnathostomata
148:
118:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
18:Chondropterygii
15:
12:
11:
5:
6268:
6266:
6258:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6232:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6221:
6208:
6195:
6185:
6172:
6159:
6146:
6133:
6120:
6107:
6103:Chondrichthyes
6094:
6090:Chondrichthyes
6081:
6076:Chondrichthyes
6066:
6050:
6048:
6046:Chondrichthyes
6042:
6041:
6036:
6027:
6026:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6000:
5998:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5985:
5984:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5952:
5950:
5946:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5900:
5889:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5875:
5874:
5863:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5837:Porolepiformes
5826:
5821:
5812:
5810:
5801:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5789:
5784:
5782:Symmoriiformes
5778:
5772:
5766:
5764:Eugeneodontida
5754:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5735:
5729:
5723:
5715:Elasmobranchii
5711:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5693:
5687:
5684:Climatiiformes
5680:
5673:
5671:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5651:
5644:
5642:Acanthothoraci
5638:
5632:
5626:
5620:
5618:Petalichthyida
5614:
5608:
5602:
5595:
5593:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5559:
5553:
5541:
5535:
5529:
5522:
5520:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5501:
5495:
5492:Protoconodonta
5487:
5485:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5462:
5456:
5454:
5445:
5438:
5437:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5367:
5363:Myllokunmingia
5340:
5335:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5282:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5240:
5233:
5225:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5206:
5204:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5169:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5116:
5114:
5105:
5103:Elasmobranchii
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5089:
5083:
5077:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5034:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5015:
5007:
5001:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4933:
4931:
4922:
4921:
4914:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4896:
4889:
4887:
4878:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4860:
4854:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4836:
4830:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4811:
4805:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4786:
4780:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4758:
4752:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4730:
4724:
4712:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4693:
4691:
4678:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4644:
4641:Phlebobranchia
4637:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4609:
4603:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4566:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4544:
4542:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4522:
4516:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4399:
4348:
4293:
4230:
4175:
4124:
4103:(2): 243–247.
4081:
4060:(4): 691–704.
4038:
4018:10.1206/3875.1
4012:(3875): 1–15.
3989:
3960:
3906:
3880:
3873:
3852:
3822:
3768:
3717:
3674:Brain Research
3660:
3609:
3568:
3561:
3541:
3514:(3): 197–204.
3494:
3471:
3458:(3): 487–509.
3438:
3425:
3400:
3375:
3352:
3322:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3225:Elasmobranchii
3190:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3154:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:Glikman, 1964
3130:
3125:
3118:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:Glikman, 1964
3092:
3087:
3080:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3055:
3053:
3046:
3041:†Cladoselachi-
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2949:†Protospinaci-
2945:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2895:
2888:
2885:†Menaspiformes
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2865:
2858:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2747:
2742:
2735:
2727:
2726:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2695:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2646:
2639:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:Zangerl, 1981
2586:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2289:(angel sharks)
2287:Squatiniformes
2283:
2277:
2271:
2264:
2261:Hexanchiformes
2257:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2216:Compagno, 1977
2207:Compagno, 1977
2203:
2202:
2201:
2189:
2180:
2172:
2164:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2137:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2079:
2066:
2057:
2052:Plesioselachus
2045:Elasmobranchii
2041:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2031:Chimaeriformes
2027:
2025:Obručhev, 1953
2018:
2010:
1998:
1990:
1988:Obručhev, 1953
1981:
1979:Obruchev, 1953
1966:
1965:
1964:
1955:
1950:Debeeriiformes
1946:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1914:Orodontiformes
1910:
1908:Cappetta, 1993
1901:
1883:
1878:Symmoriiformes
1874:
1865:
1856:
1844:
1843:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1793:
1788:
1781:
1778:Chimaeriformes
1774:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1687:
1678:
1671:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1591:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1514:Squatiniformes
1509:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1433:
1428:
1421:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1375:
1366:
1359:
1356:Hexanchiformes
1352:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1273:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1067:
1066:
1038:Chimaeriformes
1025:
1020:
1013:
1007:
1006:
979:placoid scales
955:Elasmobranchii
952:
946:
934:
925:
923:Elasmobranchii
919:
918:
900:). To see the
882:Elasmobranchii
877:
876:Classification
874:
853:
850:
841:
838:
794:
793:Nervous system
791:
771:
768:
728:
725:
706:placoid scales
697:
694:
686:Leydig's organ
654:
651:
643:
640:
604:Elasmobranchii
577:placoid scales
437:Chondrichthyes
432:
431:
430:
429:
428:
427:
419:
413:
410:Plesioselachus
405:
402:Nanocetorhinus
397:
391:
385:
377:
366:Incertae sedis
362:
361:
360:
359:
358:
356:Chimaeriformes
340:
339:
338:
337:
336:
330:
324:
318:
306:
305:
304:
302:Hexanchiformes
298:
292:
290:Squatiniformes
286:
280:
274:
268:
262:
248:Elasmobranchii
241:
240:
236:
235:
226:Chondrichthyes
223:
219:
218:
213:
206:
205:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
142:
141:
134:Elasmobranchii
129:
128:
120:
119:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
46:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6267:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6218:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6186:
6182:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6086:
6082:
6077:
6071:
6067:
6062:
6056:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6034:
6021:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5995:
5989:
5986:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5971:cartilaginous
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5872:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5856:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5809:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5765:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5728:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5717:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5707:Cartilaginous
5704:
5698:
5694:
5692:
5688:
5685:
5681:
5679:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5663:
5656:
5655:Stensioellida
5652:
5649:
5645:
5643:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5631:
5630:Ptyctodontida
5627:
5625:
5621:
5619:
5615:
5613:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5576:
5564:
5560:
5558:
5554:
5552:
5548:
5547:
5546:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5528:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5512:
5506:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5493:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5479:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5433:
5430:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5408:
5402:
5396:
5389:
5376:
5375:
5374:Zhongxiniscus
5368:
5365:
5364:
5356:
5355:
5354:Haikouichthys
5347:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5295:
5294:
5287:
5286:
5285:Basal member
5284:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5257:
5253:
5246:
5241:
5239:
5234:
5232:
5227:
5226:
5223:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5100:
5094:
5093:Gnathostomata
5090:
5088:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5076:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5063:
5055:
5050:
5048:
5043:
5041:
5036:
5035:
5032:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5006:
5005:Sarcopterygii
5002:
5000:
4999:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4910:Archelosauria
4907:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4871:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4847:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4823:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4798:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4773:Sarcopterygii
4769:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4741:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4717:Gnathostomata
4713:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4671:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4580:(Urochordata)
4574:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4559:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4527:
4526:Deuterostomia
4523:
4521:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4502:
4494:
4489:
4487:
4482:
4480:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4444:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4403:
4400:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4352:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4297:
4294:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4234:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4179:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4128:
4125:
4119:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4096:Palaeontology
4092:
4085:
4082:
4077:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4053:Palaeontology
4049:
4042:
4039:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4004:
4002:
3993:
3990:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3964:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3910:
3907:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3884:
3881:
3876:
3874:9780691120720
3870:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3721:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3572:
3569:
3564:
3562:9789251045435
3558:
3554:
3553:
3545:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3495:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3472:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3439:
3428:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3401:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3372:(2): 271–282.
3371:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3353:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3186:
3165:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3147:
3129:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3113:†Ctenacanthi-
3109:
3091:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3073:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3037:
3020:
3018:
3010:
2989:
2985:
2983:
2972:
2955:
2953:
2944:
2936:
2919:
2917:
2911:
2893:
2889:
2887:
2881:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2849:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2807:
2805:
2799:
2781:
2779:
2775:†Psammodonti-
2771:
2758:
2756:Zangerl, 1981
2746:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2728:
2724:
2706:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2688:
2671:
2669:
2663:
2644:
2640:
2638:
2632:
2615:
2613:
2607:
2603:
2585:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2567:
2549:
2545:
2543:
2536:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2426:Fanjingshania
2422:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2380:Entelognathus
2376:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2352:
2346:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2187:Zangerl, 1981
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2104:Zangerl, 1981
2102:
2098:
2095:Zangerl, 1981
2093:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2014:Menaspiformes
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1962:Zangerl, 1981
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1926:Zangerl, 1981
1924:
1920:
1917:Zangerl, 1981
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1899:Zangerl, 1981
1897:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1881:Zangerl, 1981
1879:
1875:
1872:Zangerl, 1981
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1773:
1767:
1743:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1723:
1717:
1692:
1686:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1664:
1639:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1621:
1596:
1590:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1567:
1561:
1536:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1510:
1486:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1460:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1414:
1380:
1374:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1297:
1270:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1244:
1222:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1196:
1171:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1151:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1065:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1055:Callorhynchus
1051:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
967:swim bladders
964:
960:
956:
950:
942:
937:
931:
926:
924:
921:
920:
916:
912:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
875:
873:
869:
867:
863:
859:
858:ovoviviparous
851:
849:
847:
840:Immune system
839:
837:
834:
830:
826:
821:
817:
813:
804:
799:
792:
790:
788:
783:
781:
777:
769:
767:
764:
760:
755:
753:
752:
747:
746:
741:
736:
734:
727:Body covering
726:
724:
721:
719:
713:
711:
707:
703:
702:electric rays
695:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
664:
660:
652:
649:
641:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
597:Gnathostomata
594:
593:swim bladders
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
520:
513:
509:
506:
503:
496:
492:
489:
488:Ancient Greek
483:
438:
426:
425:
420:
418:
414:
412:
411:
406:
404:
403:
398:
396:
392:
390:
386:
384:
383:
382:Delphyodontos
378:
376:
375:
370:
369:
368:
367:
363:
357:
353:
352:
351:
347:
346:
345:
341:
335:
331:
329:
325:
323:
319:
317:
313:
312:
311:
307:
303:
299:
297:
293:
291:
287:
285:
281:
279:
275:
273:
269:
267:
263:
261:
257:
256:
255:
254:Selachimorpha
251:
250:
249:
245:
244:
242:
237:
232:
227:
224:
221:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
207:
204:
203:Gnathostomata
201:
199:Infraphylum:
198:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
152:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
126:
121:
116:
112:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
33:
30:
19:
6245:Fish classes
6045:
5961:spiny sharks
5920:Halecomorphi
5739:Xenacanthida
5706:
5624:Phyllolepida
5557:Pituriaspida
5518:Ostracoderms
5452:Cyclostomata
5442:Jawless fish
5391:
5372:
5361:
5352:
5330:
5308:
5291:
5091:Infraphylum
5061:
5017:
5010:
4996:
4943:Aves (birds)
4885:Lepidosauria
4745:Euteleostomi
4733:
4689:Cyclostomata
4524:Superphylum
4416:
4412:
4402:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4310:
4306:
4296:
4247:
4243:
4233:
4192:
4188:
4178:
4141:
4137:
4127:
4100:
4094:
4084:
4057:
4051:
4041:
4009:
4000:
3992:
3983:10.26879/601
3973:
3963:
3922:
3916:
3909:
3897:. Retrieved
3893:
3890:
3883:
3864:
3855:
3838:
3825:
3813:. Retrieved
3809:the original
3788:
3784:
3739:(1): 47–59.
3736:
3730:
3720:
3677:
3673:
3663:
3625:(2): 80–96.
3622:
3618:
3612:
3587:
3581:
3571:
3551:
3544:
3511:
3507:
3497:
3488:
3484:
3474:
3455:
3451:
3441:
3430:, retrieved
3416:
3403:
3391:. Retrieved
3387:
3378:
3369:
3365:
3355:
3343:. Retrieved
3339:the original
3334:
3325:
3313:. Retrieved
3309:
3300:
3242:
3237:
3210:
3206:
3198:
3192:
2752:
2745:Eugeneodonts
2512:Common name
2479:
2475:Cladoselache
2473:
2466:Osteichthyes
2458:spiny sharks
2446:jawed fishes
2443:
2438:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2378:
2375:acanthodians
2372:
2342:
2315:Pristiformes
2268:Squaliformes
2159:
2083:Lugalepidida
2074:
2050:
1944:Zanger, 1973
1863:Turner, 1997
1685:guitarfishes
1464:Squaliformes
1092:Common name
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1030:
977:, and small
879:
870:
855:
852:Reproduction
843:
820:Lateral line
808:
786:
784:
773:
762:
756:
749:
743:
737:
730:
722:
714:
709:
699:
667:
656:
601:
553:
550:Osteichthyes
537:
533:
518:
515:
508:
501:
498:
491:
436:
435:
424:Xiphodolamia
422:
408:
400:
380:
372:
364:
284:Squaliformes
225:
209:
29:
6137:iNaturalist
6070:Wikispecies
5981:lobe-finned
5907:Neopterygii
5893:Chondrostei
5829:Rhipidistia
5808:Lobe-finned
5758:Holocephali
5563:Osteostraci
5465:Hyperoartia
5310:Cathaymyrus
5278:Forerunners
5202:Holocephali
4929:Archosauria
4802:Rhipidistia
4518:(unranked)
3432:30 November
3393:17 December
3221:Holocephali
3128:Ctenacanths
3059:Dean, 1894
2940:Squalomorph
2692:†Symmoriida
2584:Petalodonts
2534:Holocephali
2488:ancestors.
2486:spiny shark
2454:bony fishes
2317:(sawfishes)
2296:(sawsharks)
2236:Lamniformes
2036:(chimaeras)
1887:Holocephali
1771:Holocephali
1347:Squalomorph
1248:Lamniformes
1028:Holocephali
1011:Holocephali
975:dorsal fins
894:Holocephali
700:Apart from
690:Holocephali
670:bone marrow
663:Holocephali
636:whale shark
624:Holocephali
569:paired fins
565:vertebrates
558:bone tissue
486:; from
348:Superorder
344:Holocephali
308:Superorder
266:Lamniformes
252:Superorder
189:Subphylum:
138:Holocephali
117:) - Present
41:439–0
6234:Categories
5966:placoderms
5925:Ginglymodi
5859:Ray-finned
5824:Coelacanth
5669:Acanthodii
5606:Arthrodira
5591:Placoderms
5579:Jawed fish
5551:Galeaspida
5533:Thelodonti
5332:Haikouella
5323:Olfactores
5087:Vertebrata
5085:Subphylum
4675:Vertebrata
4629:Enterogona
4563:Olfactores
3899:22 October
3847:B000J0D9X6
3815:18 January
3491:: 151–156.
3293:References
3287:Placodermi
3217:Acanthodii
3203:Placodermi
3194:Vertebrata
3191:Subphylum
3090:Xenacanths
2705:Symmoriids
2602:Janassidae
2515:Authority
2460:and early
2450:placoderms
2404:Ordovician
2393:Tamiobatis
2357:See also:
2322:Rajiformes
2199:Owen, 1846
2144:Berg, 1940
2126:Berg, 1940
2118:Dean, 1909
2006:Moy-Thomas
1691:L. S. Berg
1668:Rajiformes
1437:L. S. Berg
1373:cow sharks
1269:L. S. Berg
1221:L. S. Berg
1095:Authority
1049:Hydrolagus
915:Subclasses
866:viviparous
759:placoderms
742:bony fish
696:Appendages
646:See also:
530:jawed fish
322:Rajiformes
193:Vertebrata
6024:† extinct
5879:Cladistia
5636:Rhenanida
5600:Antiarchi
5505:Conodonta
5484:Conodonts
4827:Tetrapoda
4520:Bilateria
4343:252569910
4288:252569771
4272:0028-0836
4225:252570103
4144:: e1850.
4076:140675923
3791:: 11–27.
3694:0006-8993
3655:207717002
3639:1421-9743
3536:1464-343X
3315:4 October
3164:Hybodonts
2518:Families
2353:Evolution
2043:Subclass
1885:Subclass
1638:sawfishes
1589:relatives
1585:stingrays
1431:sawsharks
1098:Families
1022:Chimaeras
1003:temperate
898:chimaeras
862:oviparous
825:olfactory
780:spiracles
659:notochord
628:chimaeras
571:, paired
554:bony fish
546:cartilage
542:skeletons
374:Bandringa
342:Subclass
246:Subclass
169:Kingdom:
163:Eukaryota
6055:Wikidata
5842:Lungfish
5787:Chimaera
5539:Anaspida
5338:Tunicate
5316:Lancelet
5081:Chordata
5075:Animalia
5073:Kingdom
4577:Tunicata
4514:Animalia
4512:Kingdom
4501:chordate
4443:23445952
4386:28052054
4335:36171378
4280:36171375
4217:36171377
4170:27350896
4030:Archived
4026:44127090
4001:Doliodus
3947:24067611
3837:(1948).
3805:90834034
3763:19997068
3712:26776480
3647:22986825
3604:12124362
3250:See also
3233:Batoidea
3229:Selachii
3187:Taxonomy
2524:Species
2494:Extinct
2481:Doliodus
2470:Silurian
2431:Aeronian
2420:Qianodus
2399:Doliodus
2387:Doliodus
2158:Andreev
2073:Andreev
1797:Obruchev
1791:chimaera
1734:electric
1703:>270
1595:Compagno
1485:Goodrich
1261:mackerel
1213:bullhead
1182:>270
1170:Compagno
1104:Species
1062:Devonian
1043:Chimaera
1005:waters.
999:tropical
961:and the
904:, click
757:The old
653:Skeleton
589:opercula
502:khóndros
310:Batoidea
183:Chordata
179:Phylum:
173:Animalia
159:Domain:
115:Aeronian
111:Silurian
6217:1517375
6116:2774522
5997:Related
5930:Teleost
5470:Lamprey
5460:Hagfish
5079:Phylum
5060:Extant
5018:italics
4851:Amniota
4503:classes
4499:Extant
4434:3639784
4394:4455946
4366:Bibcode
4315:Bibcode
4252:Bibcode
4197:Bibcode
4161:4918221
4105:Bibcode
3955:4462506
3927:Bibcode
3754:3805090
3703:4909530
3516:Bibcode
3238:
3207:extinct
2521:Genera
2435:Guizhou
2408:dentine
2279:†Order
2273:†Order
2194:†Order
2182:†Order
2174:†Order
2166:†Order
2153:†Order
2139:†Order
2130:†Order
2113:†Order
2099:†Order
2090:†Order
2081:†Order
2068:†Order
2059:†Order
2020:†Order
2012:†Order
2000:†Order
1992:†Order
1983:†Order
1973:†Order
1957:†Order
1948:†Order
1939:†Order
1930:†Order
1921:†Order
1912:†Order
1903:†Order
1894:†Order
1876:†Order
1867:†Order
1858:†Order
1849:†Order
1742:de Buen
1477:dogfish
1379:de Buen
1369:frilled
1101:Genera
1074:Extant
991:clasper
985:have a
803:rostral
740:teleost
642:Anatomy
620:sawfish
583:in the
562:aquatic
519:ikhthús
495:χόνδρος
222:Class:
6188:NZOR:
6168:159785
6142:196614
6129:1CHONC
6061:Q25371
5293:Pikaia
5064:orders
4875:Sauria
4441:
4431:
4392:
4384:
4358:Nature
4341:
4333:
4307:Nature
4286:
4278:
4270:
4244:Nature
4223:
4215:
4189:Nature
4168:
4158:
4074:
4024:
3953:
3945:
3918:Nature
3871:
3845:
3803:
3761:
3751:
3710:
3700:
3692:
3653:
3645:
3637:
3602:
3559:
3534:
3423:
3345:15 May
3273:(ISRA)
3115:formes
3043:formes
3016:formes
2951:formes
2942:sharks
2855:formes
2777:formes
2509:Image
2506:Order
2503:Group
2496:orders
2484:-like
2367:, and
2327:Order
2320:Order
2313:Order
2306:Order
2292:Order
2285:Order
2266:Order
2259:Order
2253:Order
2241:Order
2234:Order
2227:Order
2220:Order
2162:, 2015
2160:et al.
2077:, 2016
2075:et al.
2029:Order
2008:, 1939
1799:, 1953
1744:, 1926
1693:, 1940
1681:skates
1597:, 1973
1537:, 1926
1529:sharks
1487:, 1909
1479:sharks
1439:, 1958
1381:, 1926
1349:sharks
1316:sharks
1314:carpet
1271:, 1958
1263:sharks
1223:, 1940
1215:sharks
1172:, 1977
1164:sharks
1162:ground
1142:sharks
1140:Galean
1112:Total
1089:Image
1086:Order
1083:Group
1076:orders
959:sharks
936:Sharks
886:sharks
682:gonads
678:spleen
622:) and
616:skates
608:sharks
354:Order
332:Order
326:Order
320:Order
314:Order
300:Order
294:Order
288:Order
282:Order
276:Order
270:Order
264:Order
258:Order
233:, 1880
231:Huxley
109:Early
6212:WoRMS
6204:34422
6150:IRMNG
5949:Lists
5749:Shark
4602:Acopa
4390:S2CID
4339:S2CID
4284:S2CID
4221:S2CID
4138:PeerJ
4072:S2CID
4033:(PDF)
4022:S2CID
4006:(PDF)
3951:S2CID
3801:S2CID
3651:S2CID
3413:(PDF)
2975:Other
2527:Note
2433:) of
1527:angel
1107:Note
1035:order
995:sperm
776:gills
585:heart
573:nares
567:with
526:class
512:ἰχθύς
490:
210:Clade
6181:7777
6176:NCBI
6163:ITIS
6155:1155
6124:EPPO
5976:bony
5799:Bony
5263:Fish
4439:PMID
4382:PMID
4331:PMID
4276:PMID
4268:ISSN
4213:PMID
4166:PMID
3943:PMID
3901:2013
3869:ISBN
3843:ASIN
3817:2019
3759:PMID
3708:PMID
3690:ISSN
3678:1641
3643:PMID
3635:ISSN
3600:PMID
3557:ISBN
3532:ISSN
3434:2023
3421:ISBN
3395:2021
3347:2019
3317:2020
3243:Note
2423:and
2412:stem
2390:and
1736:rays
1655:5–7
1652:5–7
1607:223
1565:Rays
1535:Buen
1497:126
1001:and
983:eyes
971:gill
947:and
906:here
718:rays
708:(or
618:and
612:rays
591:and
49:PreꞒ
6111:EoL
6098:AFD
6085:ADW
5744:Ray
5348:? (
4429:PMC
4421:doi
4374:doi
4362:541
4323:doi
4311:609
4260:doi
4248:609
4205:doi
4193:609
4156:PMC
4146:doi
4113:doi
4062:doi
4014:doi
3978:doi
3935:doi
3923:502
3793:doi
3789:217
3749:PMC
3741:doi
3698:PMC
3682:doi
3627:doi
3592:doi
3588:205
3524:doi
3460:doi
1754:69
1751:12
1712:26
1709:12
1700:36
1683:and
1616:33
1613:16
1604:29
1601:10
1587:and
1547:24
1494:23
1371:and
1331:43
1328:13
1292:10
1285:16
1282:10
1191:21
1188:10
1179:51
763:all
552:or
536:or
528:of
6236::
6214::
6201::
6178::
6165::
6152::
6139::
6126::
6113::
6100::
6087::
6072::
6057::
5682:†"
5357:,
4437:.
4427:.
4415:.
4411:.
4388:.
4380:.
4372:.
4360:.
4337:.
4329:.
4321:.
4309:.
4305:.
4282:.
4274:.
4266:.
4258:.
4246:.
4242:.
4219:.
4211:.
4203:.
4191:.
4187:.
4164:.
4154:.
4140:.
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4111:.
4101:55
4099:.
4093:.
4070:.
4058:58
4056:.
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4028:.
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3976:.
3972:.
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3933:.
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3833:;
3799:.
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3771:^
3757:.
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3737:11
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3489:57
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3386:.
3370:51
3368:.
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3333:.
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3205:—
3201:├─
3197:└─
3173:5
3137:2
3099:4
3065:2
3062:1
3003:1
3000:1
2761:4
2725:.
2714:4
2593:4
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1817:39
1762:9
1757:2
1748:2
1706:4
1697:5
1649:2
1646:1
1610:1
1556:5
1553:4
1550:3
1544:1
1541:1
1505:6
1500:1
1491:7
1449:6
1446:2
1443:1
1338:7
1325:7
1233:9
1230:1
1227:1
1185:7
1176:8
908:.
888:,
848:.
672:,
638:.
614:,
610:,
579:,
575:,
476:iː
212::
99:Pg
43:Ma
5912:†
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5867:†
5834:†
5816:†
5780:†
5774:†
5768:†
5762:†
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5731:†
5725:†
5719:†
5695:†
5689:†
5686:"
5676:†
5666:†
5657:?
5653:†
5650:?
5646:†
5640:†
5634:†
5628:†
5622:†
5616:†
5610:†
5604:†
5598:†
5588:†
5561:†
5555:†
5549:†
5543:†
5537:†
5531:†
5525:†
5515:†
5503:†
5497:†
5494:?
5490:†
5482:†
5377:?
5370:†
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5359:†
5350:†
5343:†
5328:†
5306:†
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5244:e
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5039:v
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4920:³
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