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1692:
1410:
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1516:. Singalantaka-terinda-Kaikkolar, a regiment named after Singalantaka i.e. Parantaka Chola I. Danatunga-terinja-Kaikkolar (regiment or group). The early writing of the record and the surname Danatunga of Parantaka I suggest its assignment to his reign. Muthuvalpetra, meaning the “recipient of the pearl ornamented sword” in Tamil seems to indicate some special honour or rank conferred on the regiment by the king. Arulmozhideva-terinja-Kaikkolar is named after
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1155:. Nedunkilli isolated himself in a fort in Avur, which was being besieged by Mavalattan, Nalankilli's younger brother. The poet chided Nedunkilli to come out and fight like a man instead of causing untold misery to the people of the city. In another poem, the poet begs both the princes to give up the civil war as whoever wins, the loser will be a Chola.
1140:
Pandya kingdoms, and established Chola hegemony over
Tamilakam. After the Battle of Venni, Karikala defeated the confederacy of nine minor chieftains in the Battle of Vakaipparandalai. He also invaded Sri Lanka and took away, among other things, 12,000 Sinhalese men to work as slaves in the construction of the
1776:
maritime force consisted of several types of ships, such as the
Kalamukha, Manthai, and Sandhani ships. The Kalamukha was a warship equipped with a battering ram, while the Manthai was a cargo ship with a capacity of up to 500 passengers. The Sandhani was designed specifically to transport horses and
1641:
There are almost seventy such regiments that have been found in these inscriptions. In most of the foregoing names, the first portion appears to be the surnames or titles of the king himself or that of his son. That these regiments were called after the king or his son shows the attachment that the
1629:
is the equivalent of "Guards regiment" or "King's
Regiment"—a royal suffix given in honour of their loyalty and bravery. Some historians like Stein also propose that they were drawn from the civilian population during wartime, suggesting they were more like the National Guard. They are mentioned in
1712:
The Cholas' military administration system was not limited to the establishment of garrisons and cantonments. They also maintained a well-trained and well-equipped army that was ready to respond to any threat to the empire's security. The Cholas also had a navy that patrolled the seas around their
1139:
where the Chola army defeated a confederacy of (about) a dozen rulers headed by Chera and Pandya kings. Following the battle, the Chera king was disgraced (received a wound on his back) and committed suicide. Karikala thus broke the confederacy that was formed against him, conquered the Chera and
1708:
The Cholas' military administration system extended beyond their borders, with garrisons stationed in the territories they had conquered. These garrisons were responsible for the collection of taxes and the maintenance of law and order in these regions. They also acted as a deterrent against any
1206:
rose out of obscurity and captured
Thanjavur and re-established the Chola dynasty. In 852 CE, Vijayalaya Chola declared war on the Pandyas and defeated them and at the same time, the Cholas became so powerful that the Pallavas were also wiped out from the Thanjavur region at a later stage. The
1165:
and his battle with the Chera king
Kanaikkal Irumporai. The Chera was taken prisoner and Poygayar, who was a friend of the Chera, sang a poem praising the Chola King Kochchenganan in 40 stanzas. The Chola king, pleased with the work, released the Chera. Kalavali describes the battle fought at
1704:
The military administration system of the Chola dynasty in ancient India was a meticulously planned and executed strategy to ensure the security and stability of their vast empire. The army was stationed throughout the country in the form of local garrisons and cantonments, commonly known as
1645:
It may not be unreasonable to suppose that these royal names were prefixed to the designations of these regiments after they had distinguished themselves in some engagement or other. It is worthy of note that there are elephant troops, cavalry and foot soldiers among these regiments.
1705:"Kadagams." These garrisons were established in strategic locations to provide immediate security to the surrounding regions. They also served as administrative centres for the collection of taxes, maintenance of law and order, and the dispensation of justice.
1429:
down to the last year of the king's reign is significant and shows the spirit with which the king treated his soldiers. Rajaraja gave his army its due share in the glory derived from his extensive conquests. The army was composed chiefly of
1716:
Overall, the Cholas' military administration system was a testament to their foresight and strategic planning. It provided security and stability to their empire, ensuring its continued prosperity and longevity. Following the
1771:
was established with ships primarily utilized for trade and transportation. Notably, the dynasty lacked a dedicated ship for naval combat. Instead, these ships were repurposed to transport the land army overseas. The
1389:
Invaded
Polonnaruwa and destroyed parakramabahu's preparations for the invasion of Chola Nadu and provided support for Sinhalese Prince Sri Vallabha, nephew of Parakramabahu and a rival claimant to the Polonnaruwa
1068:
It has not been possible to assemble an internal chronology of the Sangam works and pinpoint when and how the early Chola military was formed. The earliest mention of the Chola army comes from Indian historian,
1219:
Cholas recruited military personnel of four types: soldiers of hereditary military families, soldiers raised from various tribes, personnel provided by various tradesmen and merchants, and mercenaries.
1990:
Sakhuja, Vijay; Sakhuja, Sangeeta (2009). "Rajendra Chola I's Naval
Expedition to Southeast Asia: A Nautical Perspective". In Kulke, Hermann; Kesavapany, K.; Sakhuja, Vijay (eds.).
1265:
and highest ranking general of the Chola Army during their victories against the
Western Chalukya dynasty, Somavamsi dynasty, the Pala Kingdom, and the Kamboja Pala dynasty
1056:. The Chola military fought dozens of wars, and it also underwent numerous changes in structure, organization, equipment and tactics, while conserving a core of lasting
1745:
stationed his army in several military colonies along the main route to Pandya from Chola lands. One such colony was found at
Kottaru and another at Madavilagam near
1190:
The Chola dynasty faded into darkness after c. 300 CE. During this period, the Cholas lost their sovereignty in
Tamilakam and held on to their old capital city of
1123:. 'Karikala' means 'elephant feller' or 'charred leg', which is assumed to be a reference to an accident by fire that befell the prince early in his life.
1231:—the admiralty and logistics. The addition to these, bureaucratic reforms revolutionized the Chola Army, resulting in victories on a massive scale.
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1504:
who had another name Kodandarama. Smarakesarit-terinja-Kaikkolar and Vikramasingat-terinja-Kaikkolar derived their names from possible titles of
1638:
kingdom tried to use them as mercenaries against the Chola empire. They were later silenced and decommissioned when they refused and rebelled.
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The Karunakara Pillaiyar temple in the Jaffna peninsula was built after him. The village, Thondaimanaru, in Ceylon, was also named after him
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maintained a formidable maritime force through the strategic utilization of their ships for both trade and transportation purposes.
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Commander of Northern Troops, He led the army against Pandyas and defeated the Pandya king Veerapandyan at the Battle of Chevur.
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also state that, Ilamchetchenni Chola, revered as a brave king and hard fighter, successfully resisted the exploration of the
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to administer control over the island and deter any attempt of reconquest by the Sinhalese armies. After the troubles in the
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describes this accident and the enterprising way in which the prince escaped and established himself on the Chola throne.
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Chau Ju-Kua: His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, entitled Chu Fan Chï
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created a powerful standing army and a considerable navy, which achieved even greater success under his son
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and describes the numerous battles Karikala fought against the Cheras and Pandyas, including the famous
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rebellion or uprising, thereby ensuring the continued subjugation of the conquered territories.
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means regime). Kaikolars were also a part-time weavers who formed battalions during wartime.
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There were hundreds of generals in the Medieval Chola Army, some notable commanders include:
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dynasties and by making use of the opportunity during a war between the Pandyas and Pallavas,
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who led many Chola campaigns in the deep south and distinguished himself in the Pandya Wars
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Nagapattinam to suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia
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and Jagad Vijaya in battle and successfully re-conquered the Pandyan Kingdom on behalf of
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1508:. Gandaraditta-terinja-Kaikkolar must have been the name of a regiment named after king
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A Global History of Pre-Modern Warfare: Before the Rise of the West, 10,000 BCE–1500 CE
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who strengthened the Pazhuvettaraiyar regiment that was actively deployed during the
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The poet Kovur Kilar mentions a protracted civil war between two Chola chieftains
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who defeated the Kalinga armies of King Anantavarman and went on to plunder Lanka
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and also in the Kudamalai battle in 994 CE where Prince Rajendra led the forces.
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The History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume V: The Struggle for Empire
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elephants overseas. Despite the lack of a ship designed for naval battles, the
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Commander of the Sri Lanka Front Army of Rajaraja l and Rajendra I during the
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Senathipathi Abrameya Pallavan, was the commander-in-chief of Rajaraja Chola.
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A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the fall of Vijayanagar
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devotee who built many fine temples for Siva along the banks of the river
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Medieval Chola Empire traced their ancestry to the ancient Tamil King,
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Thalapathi Thiruchitrambalamudaiyan Perumanambi (Late 12th century)
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Top officers took various titles after the different kings such as
1994:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 76–90.
1866:, Page 1458–59 by Richard Ernest Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt Dupuy -1986,
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The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present
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Chola inscriptions mention numerous regiments by specific names.
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Karikala Chola stands pre-eminent amongst all those mentioned in
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empire, protecting their trade routes and preventing piracy.
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Nigarili- Chola terinda-Udanilai-Kudiraichchevagar — Cavalry
1425:. The prominence given to the army from the conquest of the
1558:
Mulaparivara-vitteru alias Jananatha-terinda-parivarattar
2030:
Hirth, Friedrich; Rockhill, William Woodville (1911).
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organized during two separate Tamil golden ages, the
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164:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1543:Mummadi- Chola-terinda-Anaippagar — Elephant corps
1820:. International Centre for Ethnic Studies. 2007.
2058:(2nd ed.). Madras: Oxford University Press.
2015:(3rd ed.). London and New York: Routledge.
1798:Sastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta (1955).
1609:Anukka-vasal-tirumeykappar — Personal bodyguards
1588:Murtavikramabharana-terinda-Valangai-Velaikkarar
1453:Some of the well-known Kaikola battalions were:
1386:Anipathi Annan Pallavarayan (Late 12th century)
2036:. St. Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences.
1917:The Travancore state manual, Volume 1, page 192
1585:Kshatriyasikhamani-terinda-Valangai-Velaikkarar
1721:, Senathipathi of the Sri Lanka Front Army of
1258:Senathipathi Araiyan Rajarajan (11th century)
1576:Aridurgalanghana-terinda-Valangai-Velaikkarar
1523:The following regiments are mentioned in the
1500:Kodandarama-terinja-Kaikkolar is named after
1223:In addition to the divisions, there were the
1211:, making him the dynasty's ancestral father.
1013:
8:
1600:Ranamukha-Bhima-terinda-Valangai-Velaikkarar
1582:Ilaiya-Rajaraja-terinda-Valangai-Velaikkarar
1579:Chandaparakrama-terinda-Valangai-Velaikkarar
1405:Horse-drawn chariots used by the Chola Army
1603:Vikramabharana-terinda-Valangai-Velaikkarar
1591:Rajakanthirava-terinda-Valangai-Velaikkarar
1573:Aragiya- Chola-terinda-Valangai-Velaikkarar
333:Annexation of Kalinga and Bengal, 1019–1024
66:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1612:Parivarameykappargal — Personal bodyguards
1020:
1006:
431:
102:. Please do not remove this message until
1618:Perundanattu-Valangai-Velaikkarappadaigal
1534:Perundanattu Anaiyatkal — Elephant corps.
1355:An important general during the reign of
242:Learn how and when to remove this message
224:Learn how and when to remove this message
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
1570:Sirudanattu-Valangai-Velaikkarappadaigal
1537:Pandita-Chola-Terinda-villigal — Archers
98:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1790:
1597:Rajavinoda-terinda-Valangai-Velaikkarar
1194:by serving as a vassal state under the
1044:) was the combined armed forces of the
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27:Ancient and medieval Tamil armed forces
2009:Hermann, Kulke; Rothermund D (1998) .
1089:, in battle. Fragmentary poems in the
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1594:Rajaraja-terinda-Valangai-Velaikkarar
1549:Parantaka-Kongavalar — Light Infantry
1352:Maravan Kandanar (Late 10th century)
7:
2047:(2nd ed.). Madras: G. S. Press.
1531:Uttama- Chola-terinda-Andalagattalar
1436:Arul mozhideva-terinda-kaikola padai
1161:by Poygayar mentions the Chola King
1131:is a poem on the then Chola capital
383:Battle of Vijuthapura(161 or 162 BC)
162:adding citations to reliable sources
1552:Mummadi- Chola-terinda-parivarattar
1370:Defeated Polonnaruwa Army generals
1316:Famous general during the reign of
1166:Kalumalam, near the Chera capital.
1642:Chola king bore towards his army.
413:Battle of Kudal-Sangamam (1062 CE)
25:
1844:. Manager of Publications, Delhi.
1634:; according to that account, the
1561:Singalantaka-terinda-parivarattar
1490:Parttivasekarat-terinja-Kaikkolar
1484:Karikala-chozha-terinja-Kaikkolar
398:Battle of Kandalur Salai (988 CE)
47:This article has multiple issues.
2069:. Delhi: Narendra Prakash Jain.
1933:. Routledge. 14 September 2021.
1555:Keralantaka-terinda-parivarattar
267:
138:
77:
36:
2063:Tripathi, Rama Sankar (1987) .
2052:Nilakanta Sastri, K.A (1958) .
2041:Nilakanta Sastri, K.A (1955) .
1606:Keralantaka-vasal-tirumeykappar
1487:Arulmozhideva-terinja-Kaikkolar
1478:Vikramasingat-terinja-Kaikkolar
1475:Samarakesarit-terinja-Kaikkolar
1215:Organization and administration
1064:Sangam period (300 BC – 300 AD)
149:needs additional citations for
55:or discuss these issues on the
1719:Chola conquest of Anuradhapura
1493:Gandaraditta-terinja-Kaikkolar
1457:Singalantaka-terinda-Kaikkolar
1361:Chola conquest of Anuradhapura
1303:Chola conquest of Anuradhapura
1:
1659:Jayamkondachola Villuparaiyar
1496:Madurantaka-terinja-Kaikkolar
1481:Adityapanma-terinda-Kaikkolar
1463:Kodandarama-terinja-Kaikkolar
1380:Pandyan Civil War (1169–1177)
559:
460:
353:Conquest of Anuradhapura, 993
343:Pandyan Civil War (1169–1177)
1876:Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999).
1460:Virachozha-terinja-Kaikkolar
1335:General during the reign of
1682:Mummudi chola pallavaraiyar
1655:Rajarajakesari Muvendavelar
1615:Palavagai-Parampadaigalilar
1469:Parantaka-terinja-Kaikkolar
1466:Danatonga-terinja-Kaikkolar
1275:kandalur salai battle 988CE
992:Legendary early Chola kings
418:Battle of Vijayawada (1068)
393:Battle of Takkolam (949 CE)
358:Invasion of Srivijaya, 1025
104:conditions to do so are met
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1767:The maritime force of the
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1731:Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan
1686:Viranarayanan Muvendavelan
1651:Rajaraja Chola Brahmarajan
1567:Valangai-Parambadaigalilar
1564:Sirudanattu Vadugakkalavar
1296:Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan
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952:Great Living Chola Temples
937:Chola art and architecture
423:Battle of Nettur (1188 CE)
408:Battle of Koppam (1054 CE)
2099:Military history of India
1954:South Indian Inscriptions
1882:. New Age International.
1842:"Epigraphia Indica Vol V"
1733:, garrisoned the city of
1671:Nittavinotha Muvendavelar
1413:Elephants used in battle
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403:Battle of Donur (1007 CE)
373:Invasion of Kalinga, 1110
368:Invasion of Kalinga, 1097
363:Invasion of Kadaram, 1068
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2066:History of Ancient India
1967:Majumdar, Romesh Chandra
1663:Uttamachola Muvendavelar
1273:He was the commander in
1073:, who claimed that King
388:Battle of Venni (130 CE)
1804:. University of Madras.
1695:Chola troops in battle
1472:Muthuvalpetra-Kaikkolar
1977:Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
1696:
1446:means well known, and
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1227:—the commissariat and
1071:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri
977:Gangaikonda Cholapuram
647:Parantaka II (Sundara)
309:Gangaikonda Cholapuram
1817:Walking to Kataragama
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1667:Manukula Muvendavelar
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897:Rajahnate of Sanmalan
1442:is the king's name,
1376:Rajadhiraja Chola II
1372:Lankapura Dandanatha
1332:(Late 11th century)
1313:(Late 11th century)
1311:Karunakara Tondaiman
1298:(10th–11th century)
657:Aditya II (Karikala)
158:improve this article
1854:Sastri 1992b: 745-7
1623:Velaikkarappadaigal
1546:Vira- Chola-Anukkar
1261:Younger brother of
1186:Medieval Chola army
1087:Chandragupta Maurya
338:Chola–Chalukya wars
91:of this article is
2012:A History of India
1743:Kulothunga Chola I
1697:
1510:Gandaraditya Chola
1415:
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1357:Parantaka Chola II
1339:and his successor
1337:Kulottunga Chola I
1318:Kulottunga Chola I
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438:Kings and Emperors
2104:Military of Chola
1518:Raja Raja Chola I
1506:Parantaka Chola I
1170:is one of the 63
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2094:Chola Empire
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1514:Uttama Chola
1499:
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1146:
1142:Kallanai Dam
1128:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1097:Mauryan army
1090:
1067:
1060:traditions.
1054:Medieval Era
1046:Chola Empire
1033:
1031:
972:Melakadambur
926:
884:of Karnataka
849:
834:Rajendra III
824:Rajaraja III
764:Kulothunga I
755:Later Cholas
737:Athirajendra
727:Virarajendra
717:Rajamahendra
627:Gandaraditya
557:
543:Perunarkilli
516:Killivalavan
446:Early Cholas
377:
347:
313:Chola Empire
304:Chola Empire
293:Headquarters
238:
220:
211:
201:
194:
187:
180:
168:
156:Please help
151:verification
148:
118:
109:
87:
63:
56:
50:
49:Please help
46:
29:
1747:South Arcot
1735:Polonnaruwa
1675:Atirajendra
1627:Velaikkarar
1438:; in this,
1378:during the
1168:Kocengannan
1163:Kocengannan
874:Chodagangas
794:Rajaraja II
707:Rajendra II
697:Rajadhiraja
607:Parantaka I
471:Kulakkottan
2088:Categories
2003:References
1975:. Mumbai:
1763:Chola Navy
1751:Tamil Nadu
1727:Rajendra I
1723:Rajaraja l
1244:Rajendra I
1153:Nedunkilli
1149:Nalankilli
1092:Purananuru
932:Chola Navy
876:of Kalinga
687:Rajendra I
677:Rajaraja I
587:Vijayalaya
565: – c.
563: 200
507:Nalankilli
498:Nedunkilli
348:Invasions
184:newspapers
89:neutrality
52:improve it
18:Chola army
2044:The CōĻas
1801:The Cōlas
1741:country,
1700:Garrisons
1636:Sinhalese
1632:Mahavamsa
1432:Kaikolars
1397:Regiments
1248:Karnataka
1101:Tamilakam
1085:, son of
1083:Bindusara
1077:defeated
1042:சோழர் படை
987:Tiruvarur
982:Thanjavur
962:Poompuhar
868:of Andhra
838:1246–1279
828:1216–1256
818:1178–1218
808:1166–1178
798:1146–1173
788:1133–1150
778:1118–1135
768:1070–1120
741:1067–1070
731:1063–1070
721:1060–1063
711:1051–1063
701:1018–1054
691:1012–1044
459:205 BCE–
300:Thanjavur
284:Disbanded
262:சோழர் படை
214:June 2022
112:June 2022
100:talk page
58:talk page
1969:(2001).
1956:, vol. 3
1879:Kaikolar
1525:Tanjavur
1209:Karikala
1196:Kalabhra
1172:nayanars
1159:Kalavali
1052:and the
681:985–1014
637:Arinjaya
597:Aditya I
591:848–871?
489:Karikala
378:Battles
93:disputed
1444:terinda
1427:Pandyas
1229:Payanam
1200:Pallava
967:Uraiyur
850:Related
774:Vikrama
671:971–987
661:966–971
651:950–980
641:955–956
631:949–962
621:935–949
611:907–955
601:871–907
455:Ellalan
326:History
287:1280 AD
276:Founded
198:scholar
2073:
2019:
1937:
1886:
1824:
1739:Pandya
1684:, and
1390:throne
1225:Nadapu
1192:Urayur
1180:Kaveri
667:Uttama
279:300 BC
200:
193:
186:
179:
171:
1785:Notes
1774:Chola
1448:padai
1081:King
1058:Tamil
1038:Tamil
436:Chola
329:Wars
205:JSTOR
191:books
2071:ISBN
2017:ISBN
1935:ISBN
1884:ISBN
1822:ISBN
1757:Navy
1725:and
1630:the
1198:and
1176:Siva
1151:and
1032:The
177:news
86:The
1625:or
1099:in
160:by
2090::
1753:.
1729:,
1688:.
1680:,
1673:,
1669:,
1665:,
1661:,
1657:,
1653:,
1520:.
1250:.
1182:.
1144:.
1103:.
1040::
560:c.
461:c.
311:,
302:,
61:.
2079:.
2025:.
1979:.
1943:.
1906:.
1892:.
1830:.
1036:(
1021:e
1014:t
1007:v
569:)
245:)
239:(
227:)
221:(
216:)
212:(
202:·
195:·
188:·
181:·
154:.
125:)
119:(
114:)
110:(
106:.
96:.
68:)
64:(
20:)
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