449:. The integrated CTXφ gene contains many of the genes of RS1, a filamentous "satellite" phage, including elements for replication (RstA), integration (RstB), and regulation of gene expression (RstR), as well as genes coding for proteins needed for phage packaging and secretion (Psh, Cep, OrfU, Ace and Zot), which are very similar to the genes of Ff filamentous coliphages. These genes (and others) enable the replication and later secretion of the CTXφ bacteriophage, as well as coding for CTX, enabling the
3698:
20:
107:
504:
to other vaccines. It has been shown that coupling CTB and antigens improves the response of the vaccine. Currently the adjuvant potential of CTB has been shown in large animal models so further research is needed. This may allow for CTB to be used as an adjuvant for vaccinating against many kinds of
491:
cells however, Dukoral also contains recombinant cholera toxin β (rCTB). Some studies suggest that the inclusion of rCTB may improve vaccine efficacy in young children (2-10) and increase the duration of protection. This is countered by the costs of protecting and storing rCTB against degradation.
525:
Since cholera toxin has been shown to preferentially bind to GM1 gangliosides, this characteristic can be utilized for membrane studies. Lipid rafts are difficult to study as they vary in size and lifetime, as well being part of an extremely dynamic component of cells. Using cholera toxin β as a
574:
One of the most important aspects of cholera toxin is the retrograde traffic mechanism that transports the toxin from the cell membrane back to the trans-Golgi network and the endoplasmic reticulum. Since both cholera toxin and GM1 species can be tagged with a fluorescent tags, the mechanism of
97:
liberated upon disintegration of the bacteria was the cause of the symptoms of cholera. In 1959, De conducted another experiment, this time using a bactaria-free culture-filtrate from V. Cholera injected into the small intestines of rabbits. The resulting build up of fluid in the intestines
418:
665:
Aizpurua-Olaizola, Oier; Sastre Torano, Javier; Pukin, Aliaksei; Fu, Ou; Boons, Geert Jan; de Jong, Gerhardus J.; Pieters, Roland J. (2018). "Affinity capillary electrophoresis for the assessment of binding affinity of carbohydrate-based cholera toxin inhibitors".
566:(FEME). How cholera toxin triggers these endocytosis pathways is not fully understood, but the fact that cholera toxin triggers these pathways shows the use of the toxin as an important marker to investigate these mechanisms.
575:
retrograde traffic can be monitored. This opens up the potential to monitor the mechanism in real time. This may open up new discoveries on how intracellular transport works and how protein and lipid sorting work in the
1791:
1786:
1096:
Wands AM, Cervin J, Huang H, Zhang Y, Youn G, Brautigam CA, Matson Dzebo M, Björklund P, Wallenius V, Bright DK, Bennett CS, Wittung-Stafshede P, Sampson NS, Yrlid U, Kohler JJ (February 7, 2018).
2164:
2040:
1831:
263:(ADP-ribosylation factor 6); binding to Arf6 drives a change in the shape of CTA1 which exposes its active site and enables its catalytic activity. The CTA1 fragment catalyses
321:
461:
Because the B subunit appears to be relatively non-toxic, researchers have found a number of applications for it in cell and molecular biology. It is routinely used as a
2145:
2213:
1662:
2343:
2322:
2292:
1294:
Boron, W. F., & Boulpaep, E. L. (2009). Medical physiology: a cellular and molecular approach (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Saunders/Elsevier.
3290:
1967:
1962:
93:, whom in 1951 studied and documented the effects of injecting rabbits with heat-killed cholerae bacteria. De concluded from this experiment that an
479:
on the cell surface. B subunit complexes labelled with fluorescent tags or subsequently targeted with antibodies can be used to identify rafts.
2327:
1489:
Kenworthy, Anne K.; Schmieder, Stefanie S.; Raghunathan, Krishnan; Tiwari, Ajit; Wang, Ting; Kelly, Christopher V.; Lencer, Wayne I. (2021).
649:
622:
1373:"Cholera toxin regulates a signaling pathway critical for the expansion of neural stem cell cultures from the fetal and adult rodent brains"
563:
538:-dependent and clathrin-independent process, and the cholera toxin utilizes both pathways. Cholera toxin has been shown to enter cells via
244:
triggers the release of the A1 protein by oxidation of protein disulfide isomerase complex. As the A1 protein moves from the ER into the
153:, form a five-membered ring. The A subunit which is 28 kDa, has two important segments. The A1 portion of the chain (CTA1) is a globular
2500:
81:, a German physician and microbiologist, was the first person to postulate the existence of cholera toxin. In 1886, Koch proposed that
1655:
2629:
2621:
2208:
278:
468:
Treatment of cultured rodent neural stem cells with cholera toxin induces changes in the localization of the transcription factor
2625:
2513:
2365:
2218:
1552:
2599:
2728:
2239:
1149:"Unfolded cholera toxin is transferred to the ER membrane and released from protein disulfide isomerase upon oxidation by Ero1"
374:
are diminished. The combined effects result in rapid fluid loss from the intestine, up to 2 liters per hour, leading to severe
3418:
3375:
2223:
310:
67:
1256:
2880:
2524:
2519:
1648:
1581:
1758:
551:
547:
1204:
O'Neal C, Jobling M, Holmes R, Hol W (2005). "Structural basis for the activation of cholera toxin by human ARF6-GTP".
3722:
1743:
237:
505:
diseases. This may include bacterial and viral infections, allergy and diabetes. Of note, as CTB has shown to induce
2639:
2183:
2308:
2200:
2113:
1748:
1688:
2929:
1753:
1726:
1679:
1592:
450:
430:
1102:
2713:
2701:
2505:
2494:
2243:
1806:
176:
3732:
2685:
2443:
1721:
329:
1351:
769:
De, S. N.; Sarkar, J. K.; Tribedi, B. P. (1951). "An experimental study of the action of cholera toxin".
3536:
3171:
2532:
2287:
1773:
1763:
509:
333:
229:
143:
446:
193:
Cholera toxin acts by the following mechanism: First, the B subunit ring of the cholera toxin binds to
1312:
2723:
2358:
2155:
1982:
1716:
1384:
1213:
501:
395:
3727:
3701:
2117:
2032:
1930:
1703:
1675:
487:
There are currently two vaccines for cholera: Dukoral and
Shanchol. Both vaccines use whole killed
469:
233:
200:
on the surface of target cells. If a cell lacks GM1, the toxin most likely binds to other types of
3639:
2809:
2767:
2644:
2475:
2270:
1954:
1692:
1237:
1186:
972:
699:
506:
94:
3644:
3588:
2875:
2312:
1738:
1640:
1620:
1599:
1522:
1466:
1412:
1332:
1229:
1178:
1129:
1078:
1025:
964:
923:
882:
864:
833:
825:
786:
748:
730:
691:
683:
645:
618:
306:
205:
3583:
3401:
3007:
2923:
2865:
2671:
2150:
2137:
1781:
1731:
1573:
1512:
1502:
1456:
1446:
1402:
1392:
1324:
1221:
1168:
1160:
1119:
1111:
1068:
1058:
1043:
Cervin J, Wands AM, Casselbrant A, Wu H, Krishnamurthy S, Cvjetkovic A, et al. (2018).
1015:
1005:
954:
913:
872:
817:
778:
738:
675:
325:
317:
268:
264:
241:
217:
181:
172:
158:
150:
139:
2022:
2017:
943:"Cholera toxin: a paradigm for multi-functional engagement of cellular mechanisms (Review)"
901:
3666:
3571:
3166:
2821:
2718:
2563:
2538:
2423:
2351:
2169:
555:
526:
marker, we can get a better understanding of the properties and functions of lipid rafts.
462:
386:
367:
225:
82:
58:
50:
1588:
1388:
1217:
1098:"Fucosylated Molecules Competitively Interfere with Cholera Toxin Binding to Host Cells"
3608:
3156:
3096:
2919:
2911:
2658:
2612:
2381:
1517:
1490:
1461:
1434:
1407:
1372:
1173:
1148:
1124:
1097:
1073:
1049:
1044:
1020:
991:
877:
852:
743:
718:
417:
253:
90:
1556:
1328:
992:"Fucosylation and protein glycosylation create functional receptors for Cholera toxin"
3716:
3684:
note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species
3598:
3541:
3295:
3258:
3206:
3151:
3136:
3012:
2972:
2915:
2558:
2481:
1711:
1629:
1608:
976:
703:
3661:
3651:
3634:
3603:
3551:
3515:
3474:
3428:
3365:
3268:
3191:
3126:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2939:
2753:
2589:
2386:
1241:
1190:
900:
Zhang R, Scott D, Westbrook M, Nance S, Spangler B, Shipley G, Westbrook E (1995).
1577:
212:, attached to proteins instead of lipids. Once bound, the entire toxin complex is
1555:. Protein of the Month (POTM). Protein Data Bank in Europe (PDBe). Archived from
1397:
1271:
1063:
959:
942:
3624:
3578:
3566:
3423:
3370:
3320:
3226:
3221:
3211:
3176:
3161:
3027:
2695:
2666:
2486:
2464:
2401:
2391:
1671:
1115:
593:
588:
576:
539:
379:
375:
360:
213:
197:
165:
78:
3656:
3593:
3510:
3488:
3433:
3396:
3340:
3310:
3300:
3241:
3231:
3216:
3201:
3196:
3181:
3101:
3086:
3002:
2992:
2987:
2977:
2944:
2634:
2594:
2411:
2406:
476:
371:
1371:
Androutsellis-Theotokis A, Walbridge S, Park DM, Lonser RR, McKay RD (2010).
1336:
868:
829:
734:
687:
3561:
3556:
3546:
3526:
3469:
3459:
3454:
3413:
3325:
3141:
3121:
3111:
3071:
3066:
3046:
3017:
2967:
2949:
2902:
2894:
2801:
2785:
2396:
1544:
1433:
Baldauf, Keegan; Royal, Joshua; Hamorsky, Krystal; Matoba, Nobuyuki (2015).
1225:
805:
782:
442:
434:
356:
314:
245:
161:
54:
47:
1526:
1507:
1470:
1416:
1233:
1182:
1133:
1082:
1029:
968:
918:
886:
837:
790:
752:
695:
679:
1451:
1164:
927:
138:. Subunit B binds while subunit A activates the G protein which activates
19:
3464:
3444:
3355:
3350:
3315:
3305:
3280:
3236:
3186:
3131:
3106:
3091:
3056:
3051:
2982:
2934:
2907:
2853:
2781:
2775:
2761:
2747:
2738:
2434:
543:
535:
337:
221:
130:
124:
115:
1010:
399:
acts in a similar manner with the exception that it ADP-ribosylates the
370:. In addition, the entry of Na and consequently the entry of water into
62:. CTX is responsible for the massive, watery diarrhea characteristic of
3619:
3081:
3076:
3061:
3022:
2997:
2834:
2814:
2454:
2332:
2190:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1871:
1795:
1634:
1624:
1613:
1603:
512:, vaccines against mucosal viruses such as HIV are a potential target.
209:
119:
86:
63:
821:
3386:
3360:
3330:
3146:
2848:
2829:
2577:
2128:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1824:
1819:
1814:
806:"Enterotoxicity of bacteria-free culture-filtrate of Vibrio cholerae"
352:
287:
subunit to lose its catalytic activity of GTP hydrolysis into GDP + P
240:. The A1 chain is then unfolded and delivered to the membrane, where
201:
154:
1435:"Cholera Toxin B: One Subunit with Many Pharmaceutical Applications"
400:
142:. The three-dimensional structure of the toxin was determined using
1545:
Enterotoxicity of bacteria-free culture filtrate of Vibrio cholerae
1352:"The Discovery of Cholera-Toxin as a Powerful Neuroanatomical Tool"
3335:
3251:
3246:
3116:
3037:
2376:
2280:
2275:
2248:
2099:
2050:
2045:
1565:
996:
378:
and other factors associated with cholera, including a rice-water
344:
249:
18:
89:. Koch's postulation was proven correct by Indian microbiologist
3500:
3408:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2062:
2057:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1977:
1972:
1944:
1939:
1934:
559:
260:
2347:
1792:
Glycoprotein-N-acetylgalactosamine 3-beta-galactosyltransferase
1787:
B-N-acetylglucosaminyl-glycopeptide b-1,4-galactosyltransferase
1644:
128:), and five copies of the B subunit (part B, receptor binding,
106:
3345:
639:
340:
259:
CTA1 is then free to bind with a human partner protein called
194:
122:
made up of a single copy of the A subunit (part A, enzymatic,
309:
activity, which increases the intracellular concentration of
168:
which sits snugly in the central pore of the B subunit ring.
1619:
Overview of all the structural information available in the
1598:
Overview of all the structural information available in the
313:(cAMP) to more than 100-fold over normal and over-activates
1313:"Filamentous phages linked to virulence of Vibrio cholerae"
1045:"GM1 ganglioside-independent intoxication by Cholera toxin"
500:
Another application of the CTB subunit may be as a vaccine
252:
channel, it refolds and avoids deactivation as a result of
902:"The three-dimensional crystal structure of cholera toxin"
1572:. Molecule of the Month (MOTM). Protein Data Bank (PDB).
16:
Protein complex secreted by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae
853:"Cholera toxin: A paradigm of a multifunctional protein"
719:"Cholera toxin: A paradigm of a multifunctional protein"
425:
The gene encoding the cholera toxin was introduced into
421:
Comparison between RS1, CTXφ and f1 filamentous phages.
638:
Faruque, Shah M; Nair, G. Balakrish, eds. (July 2008).
2041:
Dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase
851:
Bharati, Kaushik; Ganguly, Nirmal K. (February 2011).
717:
Bharati, Kaushik; Ganguly, Nirmal K. (February 2011).
3617:
3524:
3498:
3487:
3442:
3384:
3278:
3267:
3036:
2893:
2864:
2800:
2737:
2684:
2657:
2610:
2576:
2549:
2462:
2453:
2442:
2433:
2422:
2307:
2263:
2232:
2199:
2136:
2127:
2112:
2031:
1953:
1805:
1772:
1702:
1687:
322:
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
171:This structure is similar in shape, mechanism, and
409:, rendering it unable to inhibit cAMP production.
85:secreted a substance which caused the symptoms of
1311:Davis, Brigid M; Waldor, Matthew K (2003-02-01).
220:releases the cholera toxin A1 (CTA1) chain. The
1491:"Cholera Toxin as a Probe for Membrane Biology"
1255:Joaquín Sánchez; Jan Holmgren (February 2011).
990:Amberlyn M Wands; Akiko Fujita (October 2015).
641:Vibrio cholerae: Genomics and Molecular Biology
2214:Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
164:, while the A2 chain (CTA2) forms an extended
98:conclusively proved the existence of a toxin.
2359:
1656:
542:in multiple pathways. These pathways include
8:
2323:Beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase
228:, where the A1 protein is recognized by the
2293:Indolylacetylinositol arabinosyltransferase
3495:
3275:
2582:
2459:
2450:
2439:
2430:
2366:
2352:
2344:
2133:
2124:
1699:
1663:
1649:
1641:
617:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 375.
320:. These active PKA then phosphorylate the
3291:Androctonus australis hector insect toxin
1591:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1516:
1506:
1460:
1450:
1406:
1396:
1172:
1123:
1072:
1062:
1019:
1009:
958:
917:
876:
771:The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology
742:
445:) hold a genes from a virus known as the
110:Cholera toxin B pentamer, Vibrio cholerae
416:
105:
1633:(Cholera enterotoxin subunit B) at the
1612:(Cholera enterotoxin subunit A) at the
605:
2328:Monosialoganglioside sialyltransferase
2165:NAD(P):arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase
2146:NAD:diphthamide ADP-ribosyltransferase
1584:from the original on October 25, 2011.
1257:"Cholera toxin – A foe & a friend"
1147:Tsai, Billy; Rapoport, Tom A. (2002).
857:The Indian Journal of Medical Research
723:The Indian Journal of Medical Research
1484:
1482:
1480:
1428:
1426:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
453:of CTXφ to other susceptible celles.
149:The five B subunits—each weighing 11
7:
764:
762:
564:Fast Endophilin-Mediated Endocytosis
534:Endocytosis is broadly divided into
299:in its activated state. Increased Gα
281:. The ADP-ribosylation causes the Gα
216:by the cell and the reduction of a
2645:Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB)
1547:. Nature. 30 May 1959. 183:1533–4.
1264:Indian Journal of Medical Research
554:-Enriched Endocytic Compartments (
14:
2209:Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase
66:infection. It is a member of the
3697:
3696:
2219:Uracil phosphoribosyltransferase
179:secreted by some strains of the
2729:Extracellular adenylate cyclase
2240:Purine nucleoside phosphorylase
1551:McDowall, Jennifer (Sep 2005).
1317:Current Opinion in Microbiology
2224:Amidophosphoribosyltransferase
613:Ryan KJ; Ray CG, eds. (2004).
475:GM1 gangliosides are found in
305:activation leads to increased
68:heat-labile enterotoxin family
1:
2881:Fibronectin binding protein A
1329:10.1016/S1369-5274(02)00005-X
548:clathrin-independent carriers
472:and increases their numbers.
34:and sometimes abbreviated to
1759:Ceramide glucosyltransferase
1564:Goodsell, David (Sep 2005).
1398:10.1371/journal.pone.0010841
1064:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006862
960:10.1080/09687680410001663267
941:De Haan L, Hirst TR (2004).
615:Sherris Medical Microbiology
2622:Staphylococcus aureus alpha
2600:Panton–Valentine leukocidin
1578:10.2210/rcsb_pdb/mom_2005_9
1116:10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00085
238:protein disulfide isomerase
3749:
2640:Toxic shock syndrome toxin
2184:Poly ADP ribose polymerase
644:. Caister Academic Press.
562:-mediated endocytosis and
343:and leads to secretion of
3692:
3679:
3537:(+)-Allopumiliotoxin 267A
2585:
2201:Phosphoribosyltransferase
328:proteins, which leads to
146:by Zhang et al. in 1995.
2930:beta-Nitropropionic acid
1754:1,3-Beta-glucan synthase
1593:Medical Subject Headings
804:De, S. N. (1959-05-30).
546:, clathrin-coated pits,
510:humoral immune responses
451:horizontal gene transfer
431:horizontal gene transfer
2714:Heat-labile enterotoxin
2705:heat-stable enterotoxin
2244:Thymidine phosphorylase
1226:10.1126/science.1113398
1153:Journal of Cell Biology
1103:ACS Infectious Diseases
783:10.1002/path.1700630417
177:heat-labile enterotoxin
23:Cholera toxin mechanism
2823:Bacillus thuringiensis
2138:ADP-ribosyltransferase
1570:RCSB Protein Data Bank
1508:10.3390/toxins13080543
919:10.1006/jmbi.1995.0456
680:10.1002/elps.201700207
570:Retrograde trafficking
422:
111:
24:
2288:Arabinosyltransferase
1764:N-glycosyltransferase
1452:10.3390/toxins7030974
1270:: 158. Archived from
1165:10.1083/jcb.200207120
420:
393:protein) produced by
293:, thus maintaining Gα
230:endoplasmic reticulum
144:X-ray crystallography
109:
22:
2724:Pseudomonas exotoxin
2156:Pseudomonas exotoxin
1676:glycosyltransferases
1350:Pierre-Hervé Luppi.
396:Bordetella pertussis
1931:Hyaluronan synthase
1389:2010PLoSO...510841A
1218:2005Sci...309.1093O
1011:10.7554/eLife.09545
816:(4674): 1533–1534.
577:endocytotic pathway
3723:Bacterial proteins
3640:Alpha-Bungarotoxin
2810:Lipopolysaccharide
2768:Pore-forming toxin
2271:Xylosyltransferase
1744:Debranching enzyme
1559:on April 27, 2019.
447:CTXφ bacteriophage
423:
112:
25:
3710:
3709:
3675:
3674:
3645:Beta-Bungarotoxin
3589:Pumiliotoxin 251D
3483:
3482:
2889:
2888:
2876:Clumping factor A
2796:
2795:
2680:
2679:
2653:
2652:
2572:
2571:
2341:
2340:
2303:
2302:
2259:
2258:
2108:
2107:
1739:Glycogen synthase
1543:De, Sambhu Nath.
822:10.1038/1831533a0
651:978-1-904455-33-2
624:978-0-8385-8529-0
441:(the O1 and O139
307:adenylate cyclase
277:) proteins using
140:adenylate cyclase
3740:
3700:
3699:
3628:
3584:Histrionicotoxin
3530:
3504:
3496:
3448:
3402:Alpha-latrotoxin
3390:
3284:
3276:
3008:Sterigmatocystin
2960:, Fumonisin B3,
2924:epsilon-amanitin
2843:B. thuringiensis
2672:Diphtheria toxin
2615:
2583:
2552:
2468:
2460:
2451:
2440:
2431:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2345:
2151:Diphtheria toxin
2134:
2125:
1782:Lactose synthase
1749:Branching enzyme
1700:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1642:
1585:
1560:
1531:
1530:
1520:
1510:
1486:
1475:
1474:
1464:
1454:
1430:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1400:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1308:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1261:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1212:(5737): 1093–6.
1201:
1195:
1194:
1176:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1127:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1076:
1066:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1023:
1013:
987:
981:
980:
962:
947:Mol. Membr. Biol
938:
932:
931:
921:
897:
891:
890:
880:
848:
842:
841:
801:
795:
794:
766:
757:
756:
746:
714:
708:
707:
662:
656:
655:
635:
629:
628:
610:
516:Membrane biology
496:Vaccine adjuvant
368:intestinal lumen
326:chloride channel
311:3',5'-cyclic AMP
269:Gs alpha subunit
265:ADP-ribosylation
224:is moved to the
218:disulfide bridge
182:Escherichia coli
134:), denoted as AB
133:
127:
53:secreted by the
3748:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3688:
3671:
3667:Cardiotoxin III
3623:
3618:
3613:
3525:
3520:
3499:
3491:
3479:
3443:
3438:
3385:
3380:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3167:Resiniferatoxin
3032:
2885:
2867:
2860:
2825:delta endotoxin
2792:
2733:
2719:Pertussis toxin
2687:
2676:
2649:
2611:
2606:
2568:
2564:Listeriolysin O
2550:
2545:
2463:
2445:
2425:
2418:
2372:
2342:
2337:
2314:
2299:
2255:
2228:
2195:
2170:Pertussis toxin
2119:
2104:
2027:
1949:
1801:
1768:
1694:
1683:
1669:
1566:"Cholera Toxin"
1563:
1553:"Cholera toxin"
1550:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1488:
1487:
1478:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1310:
1309:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1057:(2): e1006862.
1042:
1041:
1037:
989:
988:
984:
940:
939:
935:
899:
898:
894:
850:
849:
845:
803:
802:
798:
768:
767:
760:
716:
715:
711:
668:Electrophoresis
664:
663:
659:
652:
637:
636:
632:
625:
612:
611:
607:
602:
585:
572:
532:
523:
518:
498:
485:
463:neuronal tracer
459:
415:
406:
392:
387:pertussis toxin
364:
348:
304:
298:
292:
286:
276:
226:Golgi apparatus
191:
159:ADP-ribosylates
137:
129:
123:
104:
83:Vibrio cholerae
76:
59:Vibrio cholerae
51:protein complex
30:(also known as
17:
12:
11:
5:
3746:
3744:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3715:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3631:
3629:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3609:Zetekitoxin AB
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3544:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3493:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3451:
3449:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3393:
3391:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3273:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3157:Pseudaconitine
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3097:Djenkolic acid
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2920:gamma-amanitin
2912:alpha-amanitin
2905:
2899:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2806:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2743:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2707:
2699:
2692:
2690:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2659:Actinomycetota
2655:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2618:
2616:
2613:Staphylococcus
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2471:
2469:
2457:
2448:
2437:
2428:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2348:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2142:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2037:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1708:
1706:
1697:
1685:
1684:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1617:
1596:
1586:
1561:
1548:
1539:
1538:External links
1536:
1533:
1532:
1476:
1445:(3): 974–996.
1422:
1363:
1342:
1296:
1287:
1247:
1196:
1159:(2): 207–216.
1139:
1110:(5): 758–770.
1088:
1050:PLOS Pathogens
1035:
982:
933:
892:
863:(2): 179–187.
843:
796:
777:(4): 707–717.
758:
729:(2): 179–187.
709:
674:(2): 344–347.
657:
650:
630:
623:
604:
603:
601:
598:
597:
596:
591:
584:
581:
571:
568:
531:
528:
522:
519:
517:
514:
497:
494:
484:
481:
458:
455:
414:
411:
402:
390:
362:
346:
300:
294:
288:
282:
272:
254:ubiquitination
190:
187:
135:
103:
100:
91:Sambhu Nath De
75:
72:
48:AB5 multimeric
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3745:
3734:
3733:Toxic enzymes
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3703:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3599:Samandaridine
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3572:Marinobufagin
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3542:Batrachotoxin
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3296:Charybdotoxin
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3207:Solauricidine
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3152:Protoanemonin
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3137:Oenanthotoxin
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3013:Trichothecene
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2973:Ibotenic acid
2971:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2916:beta-amanitin
2913:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2863:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2710:Cholera toxin
2708:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2683:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2609:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2559:Anthrax toxin
2557:
2556:
2554:
2548:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2482:Tetanospasmin
2480:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2175:Cholera toxin
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1807:Glucuronosyl-
1804:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1712:Phosphorylase
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1589:Cholera+Toxin
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1458:
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1383:(5): e10841.
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1277:on 2013-02-03
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937:
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929:
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920:
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912:(4): 563–73.
911:
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550:(CLICs), and
549:
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169:
167:
163:
160:
157:payload that
156:
152:
147:
145:
141:
132:
126:
121:
117:
114:The complete
108:
101:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
73:
71:
69:
65:
61:
60:
56:
52:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
28:Cholera toxin
21:
3683:
3662:Calcicludine
3652:Calciseptine
3635:Bungarotoxin
3604:Tarichatoxin
3552:Arenobufagin
3516:Tetrodotoxin
3475:Tetrodotoxin
3429:Vanillotoxin
3366:Phaiodotoxin
3269:Invertebrate
3192:Solasodamine
3127:Lotaustralin
2962:Fumonisin B4
2958:Fumonisin B2
2954:Fumonisin B1
2940:Cytochalasin
2842:
2822:
2774:
2760:
2754:Superantigen
2746:
2709:
2702:
2590:Streptolysin
2531:
2512:
2493:
2474:
2315:transferases
2174:
2120:transferases
1695:transferases
1672:Transferases
1628:
1607:
1569:
1557:the original
1498:
1494:
1442:
1438:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1355:. Retrieved
1345:
1323:(1): 35–42.
1320:
1316:
1290:
1279:. Retrieved
1272:the original
1267:
1263:
1250:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1107:
1101:
1091:
1054:
1048:
1038:
1001:
995:
985:
953:(2): 77–92.
950:
946:
936:
909:
905:
895:
860:
856:
846:
813:
809:
799:
774:
770:
726:
722:
712:
671:
667:
660:
640:
633:
614:
608:
573:
533:
524:
499:
488:
486:
474:
467:
460:
457:Applications
438:
426:
424:
403:
394:
384:
301:
295:
289:
283:
273:
258:
198:gangliosides
192:
189:Pathogenesis
180:
170:
148:
113:
77:
57:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
26:
3625:Snake venom
3579:Epibatidine
3567:Cinobufagin
3424:Stromatoxin
3371:Imperatoxin
3321:Scyllatoxin
3227:Tagetitoxin
3222:Swainsonine
3212:Solauricine
3177:Solamargine
3172:Scopolamine
3162:Retronecine
3028:Zearalenone
2696:Shiga toxin
2667:Cord factor
2506:Enterotoxin
2501:Alpha toxin
2495:perfringens
2487:Tetanolysin
2465:Clostridium
2402:hepatotoxin
2392:enterotoxin
2382:cardiotoxin
1774:Galactosyl-
594:Ganglioside
589:Enterotoxin
558:) pathway,
540:endocytosis
530:Endocytosis
521:Lipid rafts
489:V. cholerae
477:lipid rafts
439:V. cholerae
437:strains of
427:V. cholerae
389:(also an AB
376:dehydration
372:enterocytes
214:endocytosed
185:bacterium.
166:alpha helix
79:Robert Koch
3728:AB5 toxins
3717:Categories
3657:Taicatoxin
3594:Samandarin
3547:Bufotoxins
3511:Ciguatoxin
3489:Vertebrate
3434:Huwentoxin
3414:Cupiennins
3397:Latrotoxin
3341:Kaliotoxin
3311:Margatoxin
3301:Maurotoxin
3242:Toxalbumin
3232:Tinyatoxin
3217:Strychnine
3202:Solasonine
3197:Solasodine
3182:Solanidine
3102:Falcarinol
3087:Delphinine
3003:Phalloidin
2993:Ochratoxin
2988:Orellanine
2978:Lolitrem B
2945:Ergotamine
2895:Mycotoxins
2739:Mechanisms
2698:/Verotoxin
2635:Exfoliatin
2595:Leukocidin
2412:phototoxin
2407:neurotoxin
1727:Cellobiose
1501:(8): 543.
1357:2011-03-23
1281:2013-06-09
1004:: e09545.
906:J Mol Biol
600:References
443:Serogroups
332:-mediated
204:, such as
162:G proteins
32:choleragen
3562:Bufotenin
3557:Bufotalin
3527:Amphibian
3470:Saxitoxin
3460:Eledoisin
3455:Conotoxin
3326:Hefutoxin
3142:Oleandrin
3122:Linamarin
3112:Helenalin
3072:Cicutoxin
3067:Chaconine
3047:Amygdalin
3018:Vomitoxin
2968:Gliotoxin
2950:Fumonisin
2903:Aflatoxin
2866:Virulence
2802:Endotoxin
2533:botulinum
2514:difficile
2424:Bacterial
2397:hemotoxin
2387:cytotoxin
2118:Pentosyl-
2033:Mannosyl-
1704:Glucosyl-
1337:1369-5274
869:0971-5916
830:0028-0836
735:0971-5916
688:1522-2683
366:into the
315:cytosolic
246:cytoplasm
234:chaperone
102:Structure
95:endotoxin
55:bacterium
3702:Category
3465:Onchidal
3445:Mollusca
3356:Bestoxin
3351:Birtoxin
3316:Slotoxin
3306:Agitoxin
3281:Scorpion
3237:Tomatine
3187:Solanine
3132:Mimosine
3107:Gossypol
3092:Divicine
3057:Antiarin
3052:Anisatin
2983:Muscimol
2935:Citrinin
2908:Amatoxin
2854:Cry34Ab1
2782:AB toxin
2776:type III
2688:negative
2446:positive
2435:Exotoxin
1955:Fucosyl-
1722:Glycogen
1693:Hexosyl-
1582:Archived
1527:34437414
1471:25802972
1417:20520777
1377:PLOS ONE
1234:16099990
1183:12403808
1134:29411974
1083:29432456
1030:26512888
977:22270979
969:15204437
887:21415492
838:13666809
791:14898376
753:21415492
704:33657660
696:28905402
583:See also
544:caveolae
536:clathrin
502:adjuvant
435:Virulent
338:chloride
222:endosome
173:sequence
46:) is an
3620:Reptile
3082:Daphnin
3077:Coniine
3062:Brucine
3023:Zeranol
2998:Patulin
2845:toxins
2835:Cry3Bb1
2815:Lipid A
2762:type II
2703:E. coli
2455:Bacilli
2333:ST8SIA4
2191:Sirtuin
1924:UGT2B28
1919:UGT2B17
1914:UGT2B15
1909:UGT2B11
1904:UGT2B10
1872:UGT1A10
1796:C1GALT1
1635:PDBe-KB
1625:UniProt
1614:PDBe-KB
1604:UniProt
1518:8402489
1462:4379537
1408:2877108
1385:Bibcode
1242:8669389
1214:Bibcode
1206:Science
1191:3111310
1174:2173060
1125:5948155
1074:5825173
1021:4686427
928:7658473
878:3089049
744:3089049
507:mucosal
483:Vaccine
407:subunit
324:(CFTR)
267:of the
248:by the
210:Lewis X
206:Lewis Y
202:glycans
175:to the
120:hexamer
87:Cholera
74:History
64:cholera
3492:toxins
3387:Spider
3361:BmKAEP
3331:HgeTx1
3272:toxins
3147:Persin
3040:toxins
2868:factor
2849:Cry6Aa
2841:Other
2830:Cry1Ac
2748:type I
2551:Other:
2476:tetani
2426:toxins
2377:Toxins
2313:Sialyl
2309:2.4.99
2129:Ribose
1968:POFUT2
1963:POFUT1
1899:UGT2B7
1894:UGT2B4
1889:UGT2A3
1884:UGT2A2
1879:UGT2A1
1867:UGT1A9
1862:UGT1A8
1857:UGT1A7
1852:UGT1A6
1847:UGT1A5
1842:UGT1A4
1837:UGT1A3
1832:UGT1A1
1825:B3GAT3
1820:B3GAT2
1815:B3GAT1
1717:Starch
1630:P01556
1609:P01555
1595:(MeSH)
1525:
1515:
1495:Toxins
1469:
1459:
1439:Toxins
1415:
1405:
1335:
1240:
1232:
1189:
1181:
1171:
1132:
1122:
1081:
1071:
1028:
1018:
975:
967:
926:
885:
875:
867:
836:
828:
810:Nature
789:
751:
741:
733:
702:
694:
686:
648:
621:
413:Origin
359:, and
334:efflux
155:enzyme
131:P01556
125:P01555
3419:PhTx3
3336:HsTx1
3259:Tutin
3252:Ricin
3247:Abrin
3117:Ledol
3038:Plant
2630:delta
2578:Cocci
2539:Botox
2281:XYLT2
2276:XYLT1
2264:Other
2249:ECGF1
2233:Other
2114:2.4.2
2100:ALG12
2051:POMT2
2046:POMT1
2023:FUT11
2018:FUT10
1689:2.4.1
1275:(PDF)
1260:(PDF)
1238:S2CID
1187:S2CID
997:eLife
973:S2CID
700:S2CID
556:GEECs
380:stool
250:Sec61
232:(ER)
118:is a
116:toxin
3501:Fish
3409:CSTX
2686:Gram
2626:beta
2444:Gram
2095:ALG9
2090:ALG8
2085:ALG6
2080:ALG3
2075:ALG2
2070:ALG1
2063:DPM3
2058:DPM1
2013:FUT9
2008:FUT8
2003:FUT7
1998:FUT6
1993:FUT5
1988:FUT4
1983:FUT3
1978:FUT2
1973:FUT1
1945:HAS3
1940:HAS2
1935:HAS1
1732:Myo-
1682:2.4)
1623:for
1602:for
1523:PMID
1467:PMID
1413:PMID
1333:ISSN
1230:PMID
1179:PMID
1130:PMID
1079:PMID
1026:PMID
965:PMID
924:PMID
883:PMID
865:ISSN
834:PMID
826:ISSN
787:PMID
749:PMID
731:ISSN
692:PMID
684:ISSN
646:ISBN
619:ISBN
560:ARF6
470:Hes3
385:The
341:ions
261:ARF6
242:Ero1
208:and
3376:Pi3
3346:Lq2
2786:AB5
1621:PDB
1600:PDB
1574:doi
1513:PMC
1503:doi
1457:PMC
1447:doi
1403:PMC
1393:doi
1325:doi
1268:133
1222:doi
1210:309
1169:PMC
1161:doi
1157:159
1120:PMC
1112:doi
1069:PMC
1059:doi
1016:PMC
1006:doi
955:doi
914:doi
910:251
873:PMC
861:133
818:doi
814:183
779:doi
739:PMC
727:133
676:doi
552:GPI
429:by
361:HCO
336:of
330:ATP
318:PKA
279:NAD
271:(Gα
195:GM1
151:kDa
42:or
40:Ctx
36:CTX
3719::
2956:,
2922:,
2918:,
2914:,
2311::
2242::
2116::
1933::
1691::
1680:EC
1674::
1627::
1606::
1580:.
1568:.
1521:.
1511:.
1499:13
1497:.
1493:.
1479:^
1465:.
1455:.
1441:.
1437:.
1425:^
1411:.
1401:.
1391:.
1379:.
1375:.
1331:.
1319:.
1315:.
1299:^
1266:.
1262:.
1236:.
1228:.
1220:.
1208:.
1185:.
1177:.
1167:.
1155:.
1151:.
1128:.
1118:.
1106:.
1100:.
1077:.
1067:.
1055:14
1053:.
1047:.
1024:.
1014:.
1000:.
994:.
971:.
963:.
951:21
949:.
945:.
922:.
908:.
904:.
881:.
871:.
859:.
855:.
832:.
824:.
812:.
808:.
785:.
775:63
773:.
761:^
747:.
737:.
725:.
721:.
698:.
690:.
682:.
672:39
670:.
579:.
465:.
433:.
401:Gα
382:.
355:,
353:Na
351:,
256:.
236:,
70:.
44:CT
38:,
3627::
3622:/
3529::
3503::
3447::
3389::
3283::
2964:)
2952:(
2926:)
2910:(
2784:/
2712:/
2628:/
2624:/
2525:B
2520:A
2467::
2367:e
2360:t
2353:v
1798:)
1794:(
1678:(
1664:e
1657:t
1650:v
1637:.
1616:.
1576::
1529:.
1505::
1473:.
1449::
1443:7
1419:.
1395::
1387::
1381:5
1360:.
1339:.
1327::
1321:6
1284:.
1244:.
1224::
1216::
1193:.
1163::
1136:.
1114::
1108:4
1085:.
1061::
1032:.
1008::
1002:4
979:.
957::
930:.
916::
889:.
840:.
820::
793:.
781::
755:.
706:.
678::
654:.
627:.
404:i
391:5
363:3
357:K
349:O
347:2
345:H
302:s
296:s
290:i
284:s
274:s
136:5
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