390:, bind to the three glucose residues present on the core N-linked glycan. These chaperone proteins then serve to aid in the folding of the protein that the glycan is attached to. Following proper folding, the three glucose residues are removed, and the glycan moves on to further processing reactions. If the protein fails to fold properly, the three glucose residues are reattached, allowing the protein to re-associate with the chaperones. This cycle may repeat several times until a protein reaches its proper conformation. If a protein repeatedly fails to properly fold, it is excreted from the endoplasmic reticulum and degraded by cytoplasmic proteases.
492:-linked glycans is N-acetyl-galactosamine. After this, several different pathways are possible. A Core 1 structure is generated by the addition of galactose. A Core 2 structure is generated by the addition of N-acetyl-glucosamine to the N-acetyl-galactosamine of the Core 1 structure. Core 3 structures are generated by the addition of a single N-acetyl-glucosamine to the original N-acetyl-galactosamine. Core 4 structures are generated by the addition of a second N-acetyl-glucosamine to the Core 3 structure. Other core structures are possible, though less common.
329:, a lipid, on the external side of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Five mannose residues are then added to this structure. At this point, the partially finished core glycan is flipped across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, so that it is now located within the reticular lumen. Assembly then continues within the endoplasmic reticulum, with the addition of four more mannose residues. Finally, three glucose residues are added to this structure. Following full assembly, the glycan is transferred en bloc by the
32:
809:
predetermined precursor ion in the first quadrupole, a fragmented in the collision quadrupole, and a predetermined fragment ion in the third quadrupole. It is a non-scanning technique, wherein each transition is detected individually and the detection of multiple transitions occurs concurrently in duty cycles. This technique is being used to characterize the immune glycome.
412:
Within the immune system the N-linked glycans on an immune cell's surface will help dictate that migration pattern of the cell, e.g. immune cells that migrate to the skin have specific glycosylations that favor homing to that site. The glycosylation patterns on the various immunoglobulins including
361:
Once transferred to the nascent peptide chain, N-linked glycans, in general, undergo extensive processing reactions, whereby the three glucose residues are removed, as well as several mannose residues, depending on the N-linked glycan in question. The removal of the glucose residues is dependent on
707:
calls for a new focus on glycoscience, a field that explores the structures and functions of glycans and promises great advances in areas as diverse as medicine, energy generation, and materials science. Until now, glycans have received little attention from the research community due to a lack of
761:
from glycoproteins are analyzed routinely by high-performance-liquid-chromatography (reversed phase, normal phase and ion exchange HPLC) after tagging the reducing end of the sugars with a fluorescent compound (reductive labeling). A large variety of different labels were introduced in the recent
1281:
Bermingham, ML; Colombo, M; McGurnaghan, SJ; Blackbourn, LAK; Vučković, F; Pučić Baković, M; Trbojević-Akmačić, I; Lauc, G; Agakov, F; Agakova, AS; Hayward, C; Klarić, L; Palmer, CNA; Petrie, JR; Chalmers, J; Collier, A; Green, F; Lindsay, RS; Macrury, S; McKnight, JA; Patrick, AW; Thekkepat, S;
791:
In recent years, high performance liquid chromatography online coupled to mass spectrometry became very popular. By choosing porous graphitic carbon as a stationary phase for liquid chromatography, even non derivatized glycans can be analyzed. Detection is here done by mass spectrometry, but in
808:
Although MRM has been used extensively in metabolomics and proteomics, its high sensitivity and linear response over a wide dynamic range make it especially suited for glycan biomarker research and discovery. MRM is performed on a triple quadrupole (QqQ) instrument, which is set to detect a
397:
residues in the peptide may be temporarily blocked from forming disulfide bonds with other cysteine residues, due to the size of a nearby glycan. Therefore, the presence of a N-linked glycan allows the cell to control which cysteine residues will form disulfide bonds.
429:
residue serves as a signal that the protein to which this glycan is attached should be moved to the lysosome. This recognition and trafficking of lysosomal enzymes by the presence of mannose-6-phosphate is accomplished by two proteins: CI-MPR (cation-independent
762:
years, where 2-aminobenzamide (AB), anthranilic acid (AA), 2-aminopyridin (PA), 2-aminoacridone (AMAC) and 3-(acetylamino)-6-aminoacridine (AA-Ac) are just a few of them. Different labels have to be used for different ESI modes and MS systems used.
501: : Core 1 and Core 2 generation. White square = N-acetyl-galactosamine; black circle = galactose; Black square = N-acetyl-glucosamine. Note: There is a mistake in this diagram. The bottom square should always be white in each image, not black.
417:
and other immune receptors. Glycans may also be involved in "self" and "non self" discrimination, which may be relevant to the pathophysiology of various autoimmune diseases; including rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes.
1624:
Harvey DJ, Bateman RH, Bordoli RS, Tyldesley R (2000). "Ionisation and fragmentation of complex glycans with a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer fitted with a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation ion source".
370:. Processing and modification of N-linked glycans within the Golgi does not follow a linear pathway. As a result, many different variations of N-linked glycan structure are possible, depending on enzyme activity in the Golgi.
988:
The focus of the NCFG is the development in the glycosciences, with an emphasis on exploring the molecular mechanisms of glycan recognition by proteins important in human biology and disease. They have a number of
754:, in which the glycan part is cleaved either enzymatically or chemically from the target and subjected to analysis. In case of glycolipids, they can be analyzed directly without separation of the lipid component.
1703:
Pabst M, Bondili JS, Stadlmann J, Mach L, Altmann F (July 2007). "Mass plus retention time equals structure: a strategy for the analysis of N-glycans by carbon LC-ESI-MS and its application to fibrin N-glycans".
514:
units to the various core structures. These are formed by the repetitive addition of galactose and N-acetyl-glucosamine units. Polylactosamine chains on O-linked glycans are often capped by the addition of a
708:
tools to probe their often complex structures and properties. The report presents a roadmap for transforming glycoscience from a field dominated by specialists to a widely studied and integrated discipline.
1235:
Nakagawa, S; Hato, M; Takegawa, Y; Deguchi, K; Ito, H; Takahata, M; Iwasaki, N; Minami, A; Nishimura, S-I (2007). "Detection of altered N-glycan profiles in whole serum from rheumatoid arthritis patients".
579:, have been found to be important in developing normal intestinal microflora. Certain strains of intestinal bacteria bind specifically to mucin, allowing them to colonize the intestine.
218:
Glycans can be found attached to proteins as in glycoproteins and proteoglycans. In general, they are found on the exterior surface of cells. O- and N-linked glycans are very common in
1782:"Selected reaction monitoring to differentiate and relatively quantitate isomers of sulfated and unsulfated core 1 O-glycans from salivary MUC7 protein in rheumatoid arthritis"
1530:
Pabst M, Kolarich D, Pöltl G, et al. (January 2009). "Comparison of fluorescent labels for oligosaccharides and introduction of a new postlabeling purification method".
553:, on blood vessel endothelial cells, can be induced by a number of factors. One such factor is the response of the endothelial cell to certain bacterial molecules, such as
925:
and other carbohydrate-binding proteins have revealed a wide variety of the structural basis for glycome function. The purity of test samples have been obtained through
1668:
Schulz, BL; Packer NH, NH; Karlsson, NG (Dec 2002). "Small-scale analysis of O-linked oligosaccharides from glycoproteins and mucins separated by gel electrophoresis".
401:
N-linked glycans also play an important role in cell-cell interactions. For example, tumour cells make N-linked glycans that are abnormal. These are recognized by the
1417:
Aizpurua-Olaizola, O.; Toraño, J. Sastre; Falcon-Perez, J.M.; Williams, C.; Reichardt, N.; Boons, G.-J. (2018). "Mass spectrometry for glycan biomarker discovery".
914:
1858:
1495:
Hase S, Ikenaka T, Matsushima Y (November 1978). "Structure analyses of oligosaccharides by tagging of the reducing end sugars with a fluorescent compound".
336:
to a nascent peptide chain, within the reticular lumen. This core structure of N-linked glycans, thus, consists of 14 residues (3 glucose, 9 mannose, and 2
1061:
and make them available to the scientific community free of charge. The data generated by these resources are captured in databases accessible through the
683:. Some glycosaminoglycans, such as heparan sulfate, are found attached to the cell surface, where they are linked through a tetrasacharide linker via a
784:
without prefractionation, although a discrimination between isobaric glycan structures is more challenging or even not always possible. Anyway, direct
1880:
1333:
1075:
773:
751:
1849:
1362:
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917:
for complete structural analysis of complex glycans is a difficult and complex field. However, the structure of the binding site of numerous
867:
Lectin and antibody arrays provide high-throughput screening of many samples containing glycans. This method uses either naturally occurring
886:, contain carbohydrate compounds that can be screened with lectins or antibodies to define carbohydrate specificity and identify ligands.
1456:"Comparison of the methods for profiling glycoprotein glycans—HUPO Human Disease Glycomics/Proteome Initiative multi-institutional study"
366:. Modification reactions may involve the addition of a phosphate or acetyl group onto the sugars, or the addition of new sugars, such as
1401:
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879:
1038:
115:
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2169:
1034:
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53:
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Metabolic labeling of glycans can be used as a way to detect glycan structures. A well-known strategy involves the use of
431:
1873:
213:
96:
780:-TOF-MS(MS) to get further information about structure and purity. Sometimes glycan pools are analyzed directly by
68:
1054:
42:
2154:
942:
728:
333:
946:
75:
1567:"In a pursuit of optimal glycan fluorescent label for negative MS mode for high-throughput N-glycan analysis"
1310:
1186:
Maverakis E, Kim K, Shimoda M, Gershwin M, Patel F, Wilken R, Raychaudhuri S, Ruhaak LR, Lebrilla CB (2015).
769:
are usually analysed without any tags, due to the chemical release conditions preventing them to be labeled.
413:
IgE, IgM, IgD, IgE, IgA, and IgG bestow them with unique effector functions by altering their affinities for
2083:
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49:
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2164:
2159:
1909:
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residue at either -1 or +3 relative to the serine or threonine is favourable for O-linked glycosylation.
2006:
1838:
Varki, Ajit; Cummings, Richard; Esko, Jeffrey; Freeze, Hudson; Hart, Gerald; Marth, Jamey, eds. (1999).
910:
872:
638:
315:
269:
249:
82:
1058:
1634:
1341:
1072:
875:, where both are immobilized on a certain chip and incubated with a fluorescent glycoprotein sample.
511:
1780:
Flowers, Sarah A.; Ali, Liaqat; Lane, Catherine S.; Olin, Magnus; Karlsson, Niclas G. (2013-04-01).
1565:Šoić, Dinko; Mlinarić, Zvonimir; Lauc, Gordan; Gornik, Olga; Novokmet, Mislav; Keser, Toma (2022).
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64:
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enzymes is also accomplished by N-linked glycans. The modification of an N-linked glycan with a
2133:
1977:
1905:
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1803:
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781:
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144:
linked glycosidically". However, in practice the term glycan may also be used to refer to the
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2025:
1942:
1935:
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1713:
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1016:
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Attachment sides can be analysed by tandem MS experiments (side-specific glycan analysis).
668:
616:
367:
363:
280:
169:
165:
141:
788:-TOF-MS analysis can lead to a fast and straightforward illustration of the glycan pool.
1741:"Oligosaccharide analysis by graphitized carbon liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry"
1638:
742:
High-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
378:
N-linked glycans are extremely important in proper protein folding in eukaryotic cells.
2128:
2103:
1889:
1816:
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1601:
1566:
1212:
1187:
926:
622:
601:
535:
524:
149:
133:
1508:
1144:
Dwek, Raymond A. (1996). "Glycobiology: Toward
Understanding the Function of Sugars".
2148:
2017:
968:
611:
566:
554:
201:
1053:(CFG) is a non-profit research initiative comprising eight core facilities and 500+
393:
N-linked glycans also contribute to protein folding by steric effects. For example,
89:
1901:
692:
688:
587:
387:
161:
153:
145:
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2055:
1964:
1952:
1925:
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Useful for complex glycan mixtures (generation of a further analysis dimension).
717:
672:
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598:
594:
562:
558:
516:
223:
197:
31:
2119:
1839:
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738:
The following are examples of the commonly used techniques in glycan analysis:
1897:
1757:
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627:
261:
253:
219:
157:
1807:
1592:
1543:
2104:"Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity"
2036:
1998:
1798:
1472:
1455:
1188:"Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity"
1120:
958:
632:
465:
422:
311:
276:
173:
2137:
1825:
1766:
1725:
1689:
1654:
1610:
1551:
1481:
1319:
1267:
1221:
1165:
659:(GAGs). These comprise 2-aminosugars linked in an alternating fashion with
353:-acetylglucosamine; light circles are mannose; dark triangles are glucose.
619:, a transmembrane receptor involved in development and cell fate decisions
2063:
1917:
1516:
998:
990:
902:. This method has been used for in vitro and in vivo imaging of glycans.
680:
546:
394:
383:
1647:
10.1002/1097-0231(20001130)14:22<2135::AID-RCM143>3.0.CO;2-#
1108:
994:
1439:
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766:
758:
684:
676:
664:
477:
295:
265:
1717:
1681:
1300:
1283:
1258:
1157:
1065:, a web resource maintained through a partnership between the CFG and
815::Advantages and disadvantages of mass spectrometry in glycan analysis
1062:
922:
918:
607:
520:
461:
291:
257:
185:
177:
20:
260:. The sequon is an Asn-X-Ser or Asn-X-Thr sequence, where X is any
1893:
985:
895:
793:
785:
777:
576:
402:
307:
137:
510:
A common structural theme in O-linked glycans is the addition of
938:
362:
proper protein folding. These processing reactions occur in the
1862:
505:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=glyco.figgrp.562
499:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=glyco.figgrp.561
345:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=glyco.figgrp.469
140:
as synonyms meaning "compounds consisting of a large number of
1987:
1982:
1972:
1844:. Cold Spring Harbor NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
539:
434:) and CD-MPR (cation-dependent mannose-6-phosphate receptor).
25:
569:
of these cells into the surrounding tissue during infection.
523:
residue is also added, to the next to penultimate residue, a
557:. P-selectin binds to the SLex structure that is present on
1396:(2nd ed.). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 2009.
1009:
883:
306:
In eukaryotes, N-linked glycans are derived from a core 14-
204:
of monosaccharide residues, and can be linear or branched.
1043:
468:
residue of a peptide chain in the Golgi apparatus. Unlike
1022:
1003:
1454:
Wada Y, Azadi P, Costello CE, et al. (April 2007).
1284:"N-Glycan Profile and Kidney Disease in Type 1 Diabetes"
1028:
460:-linked glycans are assembled one sugar at a time on a
835:
Applicable for small sample amounts (lower fmol range)
488:
The first monosaccharide attached in the synthesis of
545:
SLex is also important to proper immune response. P-
2076:
2053:
2034:
2015:
1996:
1962:
1951:
1916:
1365:
1336:
1073:
817:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
409:as a sign that the cell in question is cancerous.
222:but may also be found, although less commonly, in
1363:"U.S. National Research Council Report-in-Brief,
1311:20.500.11820/413dce5a-e852-4787-aac9-62c2c6d4389f
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
986:National Center for Functional Glycomics (NCFG)
898:-labeled sugars which can be reacted using the
382:proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, such as
776:(HPLC) instruments can be further analyzed by
1874:
1282:Gornik, O; McKeigue, PM; Colhoun, HM (2018).
915:nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
8:
1739:Ruhaak LR, Deelder AM, Wuhrer M (May 2009).
1086:. This site provides information about the
844:Glycan sequencing by tandem MS experiments.
519:residue (similar to neuraminic acid). If a
1959:
1881:
1867:
1859:
890:Metabolic and covalent labeling of glycans
2127:
1815:
1797:
1756:
1600:
1582:
1471:
1438:
1309:
1299:
1257:
1211:
1090:'s reports and workshops on glycoscience.
252:to the nitrogen (N) in the side chain of
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1334:"U.S. National Research Council Report,
878:Glycan arrays, like that offered by the
176:is a glycan (or, to be more specific, a
2102:Emanual Maverakis; et al. (2015).
1100:
655:Another type of cellular glycan is the
357:Processing, modification, and diversity
1046:, NIH funded glycoinformatics resource
774:high-performance liquid chromatography
746:The most commonly applied methods are
507: : Core 3 and Core 4 generation.
164:, even if the carbohydrate is only an
939:PAGE (polyacrylamide electrophoresis)
854:Need of a proper experimental design.
248:N-Linked glycans are attached in the
188:is a glycan composed of β-1,4-linked
7:
168:. Glycans usually consist solely of
54:adding citations to reliable sources
1786:Molecular & Cellular Proteomics
1419:TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry
1051:Consortium for Functional Glycomics
880:Consortium for Functional Glycomics
472:-linked glycans, there is no known
804:Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)
268:and the glycan may be composed of
14:
1039:Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics
476:yet. However, the placement of a
172:of monosaccharides. For example,
687:residue to a protein (forming a
30:
1023:Carbohydrate Structure Database
663:, and include polymers such as
575:-linked glycans, in particular
41:needs additional citations for
1088:U.S. National Research Council
1084:U.S. National Research Council
1057:that work together to develop
796:-MS, electrospray ionisation (
734:Tools used for glycan research
705:U.S. National Research Council
1:
1509:10.1016/S0006-291X(78)80037-0
1497:Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun
1250:10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.03.003
1006:, Glycan structure repository
999:protocols for glycan analysis
991:resources for glycan analysis
542:blood antigen determination.
421:The targeting of degradative
298:, and other monosaccharides.
196:-glucosamine. Glycans can be
1063:Functional Glycomics Gateway
1031:, Australian glycan database
527:(SLex) structure is formed.
432:mannose-6-phosphate receptor
1627:Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom
1055:participating investigators
800:) is more frequently used.
214:Glycan-protein interactions
180:) composed of β-1,4-linked
2191:
2120:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.12.002
1841:Essentials of Glycobiology
1431:10.1016/j.trac.2017.12.015
1393:Essentials of Glycobiology
1204:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.12.002
772:Fractionated glycans from
648:
444:
236:
211:
18:
16:Class of organic compounds
1758:10.1007/s00216-009-2664-5
1584:10.3389/fchem.2022.999770
1113:IUPAC Gold Book - Glycans
1025:, Russian glycan database
943:capillary electrophoresis
729:glycophosphatidylinositol
610:involved in formation of
565:and helps to mediate the
334:oligosaccharyltransferase
325:residues are attached to
1544:10.1016/j.ab.2008.09.041
1019:, German glycan database
947:affinity electrophoresis
531:Functions and importance
374:Functions and importance
19:Not to be confused with
2108:Journal of Autoimmunity
2084:Sphingosine-1-phosphate
1910:metabolic intermediates
1799:10.1074/mcp.M113.028878
1121:10.1351/goldbook.G02645
1067:Nature Publishing Group
931:affinity chromatography
906:Tools for glycoproteins
703:A 2012 report from the
2170:Carbohydrate chemistry
1571:Frontiers in Chemistry
1059:resources and services
447:O-linked glycosylation
327:dolichol monophosphate
310:unit assembled in the
239:N-linked glycosylation
2007:Globotriaosylceramide
1473:10.1093/glycob/cwl086
1037:, glycan database by
995:training in glycomics
933:etc.) and analytical
911:X-ray crystallography
873:monoclonal antibodies
639:plasminogen activator
340:-acetylglucosamine).
316:endoplasmic reticulum
250:endoplasmic reticulum
170:O-glycosidic linkages
606:Mucin, a protein in
551:Weibel-Palade bodies
407:Natural Killer cells
273:-acetylgalactosamine
208:Glycans and proteins
50:improve this article
1639:2000RCMS...14.2135H
974:Glycosyltransferase
964:Glycoside hydrolase
900:Staudinger ligation
851:Destructive method.
427:mannose-6-phosphate
331:glycosyltransferase
2045:Galactocerebroside
1931:Galactocerebroside
1906:glycosphingolipids
1078:2014-10-20 at the
1015:2021-02-11 at the
712:Glycans and lipids
657:glycosaminoglycans
645:Glycosaminoglycans
474:consensus sequence
323:-acetylglucosamine
288:-acetylglucosamine
2092:
2091:
2072:
2071:
1851:978-0-87969-559-0
1745:Anal Bioanal Chem
1718:10.1021/ac070363i
1682:10.1021/ac025890a
1301:10.2337/dc17-1042
1158:10.1021/cr940283b
1130:978-0-9678550-9-7
860:
859:
782:mass spectrometry
651:Glycosaminoglycan
349:Dark squares are
195:
183:
126:
125:
118:
100:
2182:
2155:Oligosaccharides
2141:
2131:
2026:Glucocerebroside
1960:
1943:Lactosylceramide
1936:Glucocerebroside
1883:
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1801:
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1369:. Archived from
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1349:
1340:. Archived from
1330:
1324:
1323:
1313:
1303:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1261:
1244:(1–2): 133–137.
1238:J. Chromatogr. B
1232:
1226:
1225:
1215:
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1170:
1169:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1105:
1010:Glycosciences.DE
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538:is important in
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34:
26:
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2101:
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2011:
1992:
1955:
1947:
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1890:Glycoconjugates
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1834:
1833:
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1774:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1676:(23): 6088–97.
1667:
1666:
1662:
1633:(22): 2135–42.
1623:
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669:heparan sulfate
653:
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597:, a protein in
533:
512:polylactosamine
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456:In eukaryotes,
454:
449:
443:
441:-Linked glycans
376:
368:neuraminic acid
364:Golgi apparatus
359:
304:
281:neuraminic acid
246:
241:
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233:-Linked glycans
216:
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166:oligosaccharide
142:monosaccharides
136:are defined by
134:polysaccharides
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602:cell membranes
536:Sialyl lewis x
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485:
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445:Main article:
442:
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202:heteropolymers
184:-glucose, and
150:glycoconjugate
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612:dental plaque
609:
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588:glycoproteins
585:
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567:extravasation
564:
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555:peptidoglycan
552:
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1460:Glycobiology
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1375:. Retrieved
1371:the original
1364:
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1342:the original
1335:
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699:Glycoscience
693:proteoglycan
689:glycoprotein
661:uronic acids
654:
583:
582:Examples of
581:
572:
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544:
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494:
489:
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452:Introduction
438:
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388:calreticulin
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360:
350:
348:
342:
337:
320:
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244:Introduction
230:
217:
189:
162:proteoglycan
154:glycoprotein
152:, such as a
146:carbohydrate
129:
127:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
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60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
2056:sphingosine
1965:ganglioside
1953:Ganglioside
1926:Cerebroside
1898:glycolipids
1854:. NBK20709.
1440:1874/364403
1198:(6): 1–13.
1192:J Autoimmun
993:as well as
792:instead of
723:GPI-Anchors
718:glycolipids
673:chondroitin
599:erythrocyte
595:Glycophorin
563:bloodstream
559:neutrophils
517:sialic acid
224:prokaryotes
2149:Categories
1706:Anal. Chem
1670:Anal. Chem
1577:: 999770.
1377:2012-10-03
1348:2012-10-03
1259:2115/28276
1095:References
822:Advantages
628:Factor VII
262:amino acid
254:asparagine
220:eukaryotes
212:See also:
158:glycolipid
128:The terms
76:newspapers
2175:Glycomics
2037:sulfatide
1999:globoside
1808:1535-9484
1593:2296-2646
1146:Chem. Rev
1109:"Glycans"
1029:UniCarbKB
1004:GlyTouCan
980:Resources
959:Glycoside
949:, etc.).
633:Factor IX
466:threonine
423:lysosomal
380:Chaperone
312:cytoplasm
277:galactose
174:cellulose
2138:25578468
2114:: 1–13.
2064:Ceramide
1918:Ceramide
1826:23457413
1767:19247642
1726:17539604
1690:12498206
1655:11114021
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1076:Archived
1013:Archived
953:See also
681:dermatan
586:-linked
547:selectin
495:Images:
484:Assembly
395:cysteine
384:calnexin
302:Assembly
192:-acetyl-
106:May 2012
65:"Glycan"
2129:4340844
1956:pathway
1817:3617339
1635:Bibcode
1602:9574008
1213:4340844
1082:by the
923:enzymes
919:lectins
869:lectins
813:Table 1
767:glycans
759:glycans
685:xylosyl
677:keratan
665:heparin
561:in the
478:proline
343:Image:
296:mannose
266:proline
264:except
160:, or a
130:glycans
90:scholar
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1896:, and
1894:lipids
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863:Arrays
608:saliva
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462:serine
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178:glucan
92:
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896:azide
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590:are:
577:mucin
403:CD337
308:sugar
198:homo-
138:IUPAC
97:JSTOR
83:books
2134:PMID
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1763:PMID
1722:PMID
1686:PMID
1651:PMID
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1316:PMID
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1125:ISBN
1049:The
997:and
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882:and
752:HPLC
750:and
727:See
716:See
679:and
386:and
314:and
132:and
69:news
2124:PMC
2116:doi
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1988:GD2
1983:GM3
1978:GM2
1973:GM1
1812:PMC
1794:doi
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1678:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
