190:
179:
169:
66:
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1130:
Parasympathomimetics are a group of drugs that act either by directly stimulating the muscarinic receptor, for example pilocarpine, or by inhibiting the enzyme
1479:
962:
539:
364:
While 4 ChEIs are approved in the US for the treatment of
Alzheimer's Disease, only three of these are available commercially. The three available are
1933:
1447:
1372:
1254:
1123:
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847:
814:
928:
1390:"Adverse Effects of Cholinesterase Inhibitors in Dementia, According to the Pharmacovigilance Databases of the United-States and Canada"
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2030:
1739:
1314:
1298:
223:
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Forrester, John V.; Dick, Andrew D.; McMenamin, Paul G.; Roberts, Fiona; Pearlman, Eric (2016). "General and ocular pharmacology".
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227:
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2019:
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231:
20:
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Colovic, Mirjana B.; Krstic, Danijela Z.; Lazarevic-Pasti, Tamara D.; Bondzic, Aleksandra M.; Vasic, Vesna M. (2013-04-01).
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1995:
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726:"Cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine for Parkinson's disease dementia and Lewy body dementia: A meta‑analysis"
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675:"Memantine and Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Complementary Mechanisms in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease"
2006:
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381:
242:
59:
2137:
1981:
1714:
1601:
590:
Cholinesterase inhibitors came to a public attention in 2020 when
Russian opposition and dissent figure
550:
found that rivastigmine was associated with a higher frequency of reports of death as an adverse event.
412:
235:
509:
2174:
2142:
1986:
1839:
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1401:
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559:
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Deutch, Ariel Y.; Roth, Robert H. (2014). "Pharmacology and
Biochemistry of Synaptic Transmission".
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1051:"An update on the safety of current therapies for Alzheimer's disease: focus on rivastigmine"
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189:
24:
797:
English, Brett A.; Webster, Andrew A. (2012). "Acetylcholinesterase and its
Inhibitors".
542:'s Adverse Event Reporting System database compared rivastigmine to the other ChEI drugs
1405:
1146:
Castelvecchi, Davide (2019). "Novichok nerve agents banned by chemical-weapons treaty".
388:. If a benefit occurs, it is generally during the second or third month after starting.
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Parsons, Chris G.; Danysz, Wojciech; Dekundy, Andrzej; Pulte, Irena (2013-05-09).
1448:"Alexei Navalny was poisoned 'using Novichok' nerve agent, say German government"
1414:
147:
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2014:
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Chai, Peter R.; Hayes, Bryan D.; Erickson, Timothy B.; Boyer, Edward W. (2018).
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are both acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors.
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Khoury, Rita; Rajamanickam, Jayashree; Grossberg, George T. (2018-01-08).
742:
724:
Meng, Yan‑Hong; Wang, Pan‑Pan; Song, Ya‑Xue; Wang, Jian‑Hua (2019-03-01).
218:. This increases the amount of the acetylcholine or butyrylcholine in the
160:
1917:
1013:
Budson, Andrew E.; Solomon, Paul R. (2016). "Cholinesterase
Inhibitors".
528:
497:
449:
445:
437:
385:
270:
266:
1541:
1290:
1179:"Novichok agents: A historical, current, and toxicological perspective"
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391:
It is difficult to determine which ChEI has greater efficacy, due to
306:
262:
16:
Chemicals which prevent breakdown of acetylcholine and butyrylcholine
230:
and others. This group of inhibitors is divided into two subgroups,
1355:
Waiskopf, Nir; Soreq, Hermona (2015). "Cholinesterase
Inhibitors".
210:, are chemicals that prevent the breakdown of the neurotransmitter
1350:
1348:
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469:
310:
274:
188:
182:
177:
167:
121:
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to reverse the effects of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants e.g.
554:
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and nicotinic receptor modulator
282:
1461:
951:"Environmental Risks of Insecticides Cholinesterase Inhibitors"
865:"Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Pharmacology and Toxicology"
571:
might be less well tolerated than donepezil and rivastigmine.
1388:
Ali TB, Schleret TR, Reilly BM, Chen WY, Abagyan R (2015).
1237:
Comprehensive handbook of personality and psychopathology
636:
Institute, National; (UK), Care
Excellence (2019-12-27).
685:(3). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 358–369.
1134:, which hydrolyses the acetylcholine in the synapse.
639:
Cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine for dementia
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2040:
2005:
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1681:
1668:
1654:
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1495:
921:"Cholinesterase Inhibitors (Medical Use & WMD)"
331:. Since November 2019 the group of ACheIs known as
154:
140:
135:
120:
106:
101:
89:
77:
65:
55:
50:
36:
1450:. Telegraph Media Group Limited. 2 September 2020.
1357:Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
335:have been banned as agents of warfare under the
1281:(2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.).
875:(3). Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.: 315–335.
350:, also a neurotoxic organophosphorus compound.
1015:Memory Loss, Alzheimer's Disease, and Dementia
606:which is known since 2019 as belonging to the
257:. Side effects when used as drugs may include
1473:
8:
1245:). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley. p.
1872:
1678:
1665:
1619:
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1285:. World Health Organization. p. 429.
963:United States National Library of Medicine
540:United States Food and Drug Administration
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1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
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380:is not. They are generally used to treat
1315:"Prescribing information : Aricept"
436:Common side effects of one ChEI include
789:
799:Primer on the Autonomic Nervous System
661:
651:
33:
730:Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
112:
7:
929:Tulane University School of Medicine
395:in head-to-head comparison studies.
346:and are considered more potent than
1324:. Eisai Inc. and Pfizer Inc. 2012.
1055:Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety
2087:Angiotensin II receptor antagonist
2031:Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor
1365:10.1016/b978-0-12-800159-2.00052-x
1116:10.1016/b978-0-7020-5554-6.00006-x
1023:10.1016/b978-0-323-28661-9.00016-0
840:10.1016/b978-0-12-397179-1.00007-5
807:10.1016/b978-0-12-386525-0.00132-3
14:
1978:Acetylcholine receptor antagonist
1740:Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
1110:. Elsevier. pp. 338–369.e1.
1061:(3). SAGE Publications: 171–178.
422:Cholinesterase inhibitor toxicity
236:butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors
2106:Vasopressin receptor antagonist
2020:Cannabinoid receptor antagonist
1331:from the original on 2016-02-21
520:are selective BChE inhibitors.
504:Butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor
500:are selective AChE inhibitors.
481:Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
241:ChEIs may be used as drugs for
232:acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
2092:Endothelin receptor antagonist
1956:Acetylcholine receptor agonist
1715:Adrenergic receptor antagonist
1359:. Elsevier. pp. 761–778.
1017:. Elsevier. pp. 160–173.
834:. Elsevier. pp. 207–237.
801:. Elsevier. pp. 631–633.
411:is used in combination with a
21:Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
1:
1924:Glutamate receptor antagonist
1840:Serotonin receptor antagonist
1793:Histamine receptor antagonist
1568:Negative allosteric modulator
1562:Positive allosteric modulator
1195:10.1080/24734306.2018.1475151
360:Donepezil § Medical uses
72:N06#N06DA Anticholinesterases
2081:Adenosine reuptake inhibitor
2015:Cannabinoid receptor agonist
1934:Glutamate reuptake inhibitor
1853:Serotonin reuptake inhibitor
1764:Dopamine receptor antagonist
1415:10.1371/journal.pone.0144337
401:is used in the treatment of
1769:Dopamine reuptake inhibitor
1691:Adrenergic receptor agonist
881:10.2174/1570159x11311030006
337:Chemical Weapons Convention
2211:
2060:Opioid receptor antagonist
1914:Glutamate receptor agonist
1835:Serotonin receptor agonist
1788:Histamine receptor agonist
1156:10.1038/d41586-019-03686-y
832:From Molecules to Networks
578:
557:
425:
357:
344:organophosphorus compounds
320:ChEIs are indirect-acting
18:
1759:Dopamine receptor agonist
1279:World Health Organization
1183:Toxicology Communications
869:Current Neuropharmacology
691:10.1007/s12640-013-9398-z
428:Organophosphate poisoning
327:ChEls are widely used as
322:parasympathomimetic drugs
201:Cholinesterase inhibitors
159:
41:
2025:Endocannabinoid enhancer
1971:Cholinesterase inhibitor
1890:GABA receptor antagonist
1283:WHO Model Formulary 2008
1067:10.1177/2042098617750555
972:10.4103/0971-6580.111556
955:Toxicology International
949:Mandour, Raafat (2013).
194:Tetraethyl pyrophosphate
37:Cholinesterase inhibitor
19:Not to be confused with
2065:Enkephalinase inhibitor
2055:Opioid receptor agonist
1895:GABA reuptake inhibitor
1600:♦ Miscellaneous:
1233:Hersen, Michel (2006).
596:Berlin Charité hospital
524:AChE and BChE inhibitor
203:(ChEIs), also known as
1648:Ion channel modulators
679:Neurotoxicity Research
508:Tetra (monoisopropyl)
339:. Novichok agents are
197:
186:
175:
1885:GABA receptor agonist
743:10.3892/etm.2018.7129
586:Assassination Attempt
579:Further information:
448:, accidental injury,
426:Further information:
413:muscarinic antagonist
358:Further information:
192:
181:
171:
2190:Parasympathomimetics
2180:Hydrolase inhibitors
1132:acetylcholinesterase
560:Allosteric modulator
291:peptic ulcer disease
224:muscarinic receptors
2185:Anticholinesterases
2101:receptor antagonist
1406:2015PLoSO..1044337A
382:Alzheimer's disease
228:nicotinic receptors
196:molecule, C8H20O7P2
185:molecule, C4H10FO2P
79:Mechanism of action
60:Alzheimer's disease
1489:Pharmacomodulation
610:subgroup of ChEI.
602:by a Russian-made
564:nicotinic receptor
432:cholinergic crisis
417:rocuronium bromide
198:
187:
176:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2114:
2113:
1942:
1941:
1862:
1861:
1632:Enzyme inhibition
1374:978-0-12-800159-2
1256:978-0-471-75725-2
1125:978-0-7020-5554-6
1032:978-0-323-28661-9
849:978-0-12-397179-1
816:978-0-12-386525-0
510:pyrophosphoramide
403:myasthenia gravis
247:myasthenia gravis
222:that can bind to
166:
165:
91:Biological target
51:Class identifiers
2202:
2195:Organophosphates
2131:Enzyme cofactors
2050:Opioid modulator
2007:Cannabinoidergic
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1400:(12): e0144337.
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736:(3): 1611–1624.
720:
710:
669:
663:
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649:
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646:
575:Chemical weapons
476:Binding affinity
329:chemical weapons
259:loss of appetite
251:chemical weapons
150:
130:
116:
84:Enzyme inhibitor
34:
2210:
2209:
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2170:Neurophysiology
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1557:Inverse agonist
1547:Partial agonist
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1322:FDA access data
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630:Further reading
620:Organophosphate
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608:Novichok agents
594:was treated in
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581:Chemical weapon
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592:Alexei Navalny
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399:Pyridostigmine
355:
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315:fasciculations
249:, and also as
220:synaptic cleft
216:butyrylcholine
207:cholinesterase
164:
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136:External links
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96:Cholinesterase
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2119:Miscellaneous
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1780:Histaminergic
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1751:Dopaminergic
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366:rivastigmine
363:
332:
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275:vivid dreams
271:loose stools
255:insecticides
240:
204:
200:
199:
155:Legal status
114:Drug Classes
42:
2175:Neurotoxins
2143:Amino acids
2042:Opioidergic
1948:Cholinergic
1661:transporter
1641:Ion channel
1577:Transporter
1521:Ion channel
1291:10665/44053
604:nerve agent
569:Galantamine
548:galantamine
494:huperzine A
462:hypotension
458:bradycardia
409:Neostigmine
374:galantamine
354:Medical use
299:weight loss
287:bradycardia
279:dehydration
243:Alzheimer's
161:In Wikidata
128:MedicineNet
29:Cholinergic
2164:Categories
1991:Ganglionic
1982:Muscarinic
1960:Muscarinic
1683:Adrenergic
1552:Antagonist
784:References
775:2019-12-27
645:2019-12-27
558:See also:
490:phenserine
466:ecchymosis
341:neurotoxic
307:salivation
303:rhinorrhea
277:at night,
238:(BChEIs).
44:Drug class
2138:Precursor
1987:Nicotinic
1965:Nicotinic
1877:GABAergic
1602:Precursor
1587:Inhibitor
1513:Inhibitor
1075:2042-0986
965:: 30–34.
934:24 August
925:PharmWiki
889:1570-159X
752:1792-0981
699:1029-8428
664:ignored (
654:cite book
624:carbamate
600:poisoning
544:donepezil
486:Donepezil
454:dizziness
370:donepezil
333:Novichoks
108:Drugs.com
2126:Cofactor
1996:Muscular
1656:Receptor
1607:Cofactor
1593:Releaser
1581:Enhancer
1575:♦
1538:Receptor
1536:♦
1519:♦
1502:♦
1434:26642212
1394:PLOS ONE
1326:Archived
1265:63041762
1213:30003185
1164:33244185
1093:29492246
991:23833435
907:24179466
770:30783428
717:23657927
614:See also
529:Paraoxon
514:Iso-OMPA
498:BW284c51
450:headache
446:vomiting
438:insomnia
386:dementia
376:, while
295:seizures
267:vomiting
67:ATC code
2083:(AdoRI)
2033:(eCBRI)
1616:Classes
1542:Agonist
1530:Blocker
1508:Inducer
1425:4671709
1402:Bibcode
1204:6039123
1108:The Eye
1084:5810854
982:3702124
898:3648782
761:6364145
708:3753463
378:tacrine
148:D002800
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1525:Opener
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348:VX gas
313:, and
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2074:Other
1897:(GRI)
1855:(SRI)
1771:(DRI)
1742:(NRI)
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1570:(NAM)
1564:(PAM)
1496:Types
1335:6 May
1329:(PDF)
1318:(PDF)
961:(1).
470:sleep
205:anti-
183:Sarin
122:WebMD
27:, or
1928:NMDA
1918:AMPA
1844:5-HT
1646:See
1629:see
1595:(RA)
1589:(RI)
1583:(RE)
1430:PMID
1369:ISBN
1337:2021
1295:ISBN
1261:OCLC
1251:ISBN
1209:PMID
1160:PMID
1120:ISBN
1089:PMID
1071:ISSN
1027:ISBN
987:PMID
936:2020
903:PMID
885:ISSN
844:ISBN
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766:PMID
748:ISSN
713:PMID
695:ISSN
666:help
622:and
598:for
562:and
546:and
531:and
444:and
430:and
384:and
283:rash
253:and
245:and
142:MeSH
1420:PMC
1410:doi
1361:doi
1287:hdl
1247:514
1199:PMC
1191:doi
1152:doi
1112:doi
1079:PMC
1063:doi
1019:doi
977:PMC
967:doi
893:PMC
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