1377:
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947:
3116:
1313:
1297:
2886:
2874:
1980:
1075:
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1499:, the stupa became the chorten, and the pagoda in East Asia. The pagoda has varied forms that also include bell-shaped and pyramidal styles. In the Western context, there is no clear distinction between a stupa and a pagoda. In general, however, "stupa" is the term used for a Buddhist structure in India or Southeast Asia, while "pagoda" refers to a building in East Asia that can be entered and that may be used for secular purposes. However, use of the term varies by region. For example, stupas in Burma tend to be referred to as "pagodas".
90:
835:, an archeological site associated with the Indus Valley Civilization, there are several large and high "hemispherical monuments" of tumulus with brick-masonry found with burial chambers inside. Among them, Tumulus-1 and Tumulus-2 mounds were excavated. They consist of a deep and wide rock-cut chamber, surrounded on the ground by a massive circular mud-brick structure made in two tiers, and filled in and topped with earth to form a domical shape. There is also evidence of plastering on the exterior of Tumulus-1, bearing a 10- mm-thick
1648:
1454:
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855:
606:
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1091:
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105:
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50:
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1942:". This is a wooden pole covered with gems and thousands of mantras; it is placed in the central channel of the stupa. It is positioned during a ceremony or initiation, where the participants hold colorful ribbons connected to the Tree of Life. Together, the participants make their most positive and powerful wishes, which are stored in the Tree of Life. In this way, the stupa is charged and starts to function.
1972:
1794:
1731:
7216:
4614:
3013:
4601:
3102:
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3128:
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1871:
938:—became a feature of safety surrounding a stupa. The Buddha had left instructions about how to pay homage to the stupas: "And whoever lays wreaths or puts sweet perfumes and colours there with a devout heart, will reap benefits for a long time". This practice would lead to the decoration of the stupas with stone sculptures of flower garlands in the Classical period.
1122:
1851:
626:
65:
1962:
Destroying a stupa, on the other hand, is considered an extremely negative deed, similar to murder. Such an action is said to create massive negative karmic imprints, leading to serious future problems. It is said this action leaves the mind in a state of paranoia after death has occurred, leading to
839:
of pinkish-white clay over brick masonry. These forms of hemispherical monuments or tumulus of brick-masonry with similar layouts may have been inspirations for later stupas. Some stupas not believed to have been looted have been found empty when excavated, as have some pre-historic cairn sites, and
559:
Apart from very large stupas, designed to attract pilgrims, there were large numbers of smaller stupas in a whole range of sizes, which typically had much taller drums, relative to the height of the dome. Small votive stupas paid for by pilgrims might be less than a metre high, and laid out in rows
1954:
imprints in the mind. Future benefits from this action are said to result in fortunate rebirths. Fortunate worldly benefits also result, such as being born into a rich family, having a beautiful body, a nice voice, bringing joy to others, and having a long and happy life in which one's wishes are
1805:"The shape of the stupa represents the Buddha, crowned and sitting in meditation posture on a lion throne. His crown is the top of the spire; his head is the square at the spire's base; his body is the vase shape; his legs are the four steps of the lower terrace; and the base is his throne."
3858:
Dated "between A.D. 300–350 based on
Kharosthi, Brahmi, and Sodian inscriptions written before and after the drawing was completed (fig. 3). In the center of the triptych, a spectacular stupa with a relatively small dome , a chattravali with seven disks, columns, banners, and multiple bells
827:, where broken Indus-era pottery was incorporated into later Buddhist burials. Scholars have noted structural and functional features of the stupa (including its general mound shape and the practice of surrounding stupas with a stone, relic chamber, or wooden railing) with both pre-
2023:
Also known as "Stupa of Heaped
Lotuses", or "Birth of the Sugata Stupa", this stupa refers to the birth of Gautama Buddha. "At birth Buddha took seven steps in each of the four directions" (east, south, west, and north). In each direction, lotuses sprang up, symbolizing the
1929:
Jewellery and other "precious" objects are also placed in the treasury. It is not necessary that they be expensive, since it is the symbolic value that is important, not the market price. It is believed that the more objects are placed in the stupa, the stronger its energy.
888:
According to some early
Buddhist sources, the Buddha himself had suggested this treatment, and when asked what a stupa was, had demonstrated the basic design: he folded his robe on the ground, placed his begging bowl upside down on it, with his staff above that.
537:, or drum, with vertical sides, which usually sits on a square base. There is no access to the inside of the structure. In large stupas, there may be walkways for circumambulation on top of the base as well as on the ground below it. Large stupas have, or had,
2028:: love, compassion, joy, and equanimity. The base of this stupa is circular and has four steps, and it is decorated with lotus-petal designs. Occasionally, seven heaped lotus steps are constructed. These refer to the seven first steps of the Buddha.
3326:"It is probably traceable to a common cultural inheritance, stretching from the Mediterranean to the Ganges valley, and manifested by the sepulchres, conical mounds of earth on a circular foundation, of about the eighth century B.C. found in
1632:, the sphere of formlessness. The main stupa itself is empty, symbolizing complete perfection of enlightenment. The main stupa is the crown part of the monument, while the base is a pyramidal structure elaborated with galleries adorned with
2952:
1846:
are necessary. The type of stupa to be constructed in a certain area is decided together with the teacher assisting in the construction. Sometimes the type chosen is directly connected with events that have taken place in the area.
822:
Archaeologists in India have observed that a number of early
Buddhist stupas or burials are found in the vicinity of much older, pre-historic burials, including megalithic burial sites. This includes sites associated with the
1397:
in Bodh Gaya is one such example, formed of a succession of steps with niches containing Buddha images, alternating with Greco-Roman pillars. The structure is crowned by the shape of a hemispherical stupa topped by
1589:
The earliest archaeological evidence for the presence of
Buddhist stupas dates to the late 4th century BCE. Some of the oldest known examples of stupas are found in Vaishali, Kushinagar, Piprahwa, Ramgram, Sanchi,
3378:: "In his study L'évolution du stupa en Asie, he even observed that "long before India, the classical Orient was inspired by the shape of the tumulus for constructing its tombs: Phrygia, Lydia, Phenicia ." in
1074:
1059:
1276:
1241:
1312:
1376:
881:
Religious buildings in the form of the
Buddhist stupa, a dome-shaped structure, started to be used in India as commemorative monuments associated with storing sacred relics of the Buddha. After his
2940:
1296:
1257:
1171:) in these areas. The Gandhara stupa followed several steps, generally moving towards more and more elevation and addition of decorative elements, leading eventually to the development of the
1167:, China, and ultimately Korea and Japan through Gandhara, the stylistic evolution of the Gandharan stupa was very influential in the later development of the stupa (and related artistic or
3720:"De l'Indus a l'Oxus : archaeologie de l'Asie Centrale", Pierfrancesco Callieri, p. 212: "The diffusion, from the second century BCE, of Hellenistic influences in the architecture of
4053:
5355:
2885:
1090:
1037:(1st century BCE/CE), and then Amaravati (1st–2nd century CE). The decorative embellishment of stupas also underwent considerable development in the northwest, in the area of
2011:, each referring to a major event in the Buddha's life. Chortens are often made as a set, placed in a row. The Tibetan set differs slightly (by two events) from the Indian
946:
4745:
740:
2858:
2805:, or death of the Buddha, when he was 80 years old. It symbolizes his complete absorption into the highest state of mind. It is bell-shaped and usually unornamented.
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6498:
4347:
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2232:
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gateways, of which there are usually four. At the top of the dome is a thin vertical element, with one or more horizontal discs spreading from it. These were
1644:
as the largest
Buddhist monument in the world. It is also the world's largest Buddhist temple as well as one of the greatest Buddhist monuments in the world.
4715:
4485:
2917:
2012:
1183:, with a near-Indian design of a semi-hemispheric stupa almost directly on the ground surface, probably dated to the 3rd century BCE. Similar stupas are the
2100:
in order to commemorate this event. This type of stupa is characterized by having a central projection at each side, containing a triple ladder, or steps.
1754:, in which the items interred are objects that belonged to the Buddha or his disciples, such as a begging bowls or robes, or important Buddhist scriptures.
966:), and erected 84,000 stupas to distribute the relics across India. In effect, many stupas are thought to date originally from the time of Ashoka, such as
4823:
1393:
It is thought that the temple in the shape of a truncated pyramid may have derived from the design of the stepped stupas that developed in
Gandhara. The
424:
3741:
Didactic
Narration: Jataka Iconography in Dunhuang with a Catalogue of Jataka Representations in China, Alexander Peter Bell, LIT Verlag Münster, 2000
7256:
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1425:
coins, suggests that the pyramidal structure already existed in the 2nd century CE. This is confirmed by archaeological excavations in Bodh Gaya.
6274:
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4725:
2845:
2146:
This stupa commemorates Buddha's successful prolonging of his life by three months. It has only three steps, which are circular and unadorned.
1696:
is the tallest stupa in Europe. It is 33 m (108 ft) high and was inaugurated on 5 October 2003, the final project of
Buddhist master
885:, Buddha's remains were cremated and the ashes divided and buried under eight mounds, with two further mounds encasing the urn and the embers.
738:
was a term for a shrine, sanctuary, or holy place in the landscape, generally outdoors, inhabited by, or sacred to, a particular deity. In the
2096:, where his mother had taken rebirth. In order to repay her kindness, he taught the dharma to her rebirth. Local inhabitants built a stupa in
2064:
This stupa is also known as the "Stupa of Many Gates". After reaching enlightenment, the Buddha taught his first students in a deer park near
4536:
4412:
4187:
4057:
4908:
4750:
3034:
1813:
Although not described in any Tibetan text on stupa symbolism, the stupa may represent the five purified elements, according to Buddhism:
1903:
s is placed in the treasury, and the empty space between them is filled with dry sand. On the thus-created new surface, another layer of
1704:
near Málaga, in 1994, a symbol of peace and prosperity for Spain. He went on to build 16 more stupas in Europe before his death in 2003.
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3172:
3075:
6982:
6532:
4627:
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2781:
2227:
2184:
1784:, constructed to commemorate visits or to gain spiritual benefits, usually at the site of prominent stupas that are regularly visited.
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4828:
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World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India, Volume 1 p. 50 by Alī Jāvīd, Tabassum Javeed, Algora Publishing, New York
1979:
6760:
6505:
2901:
1202:, with a flight of stairs to a dome elevated on a square platform. Many Gandhara miniatures represent this type (1st century CE).
994:
831:
cairn and pre-historic megalithic "round mound" burials with chambers found in India, which likely represent a "proto-stupa". In
4423:
3956:
7152:
7142:
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7261:
7097:
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6552:
6443:
6388:
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2112:", this stupa refers to various miracles performed by the Buddha when he was 50 years old. Legend claims that he overpowered
318:
1025:(125 BCE). Full-fledged sculptural decorations and scenes of the life of the Buddha would soon follow at Bharhut (115 BCE),
1628:
monument in Java, Indonesia. The upper rounded terrace, with rows of bell-shaped stupas, contain Buddha images symbolizing
7067:
6765:
6448:
4740:
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2710:
2405:
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1766:, to symbolise aspects of Buddhist theology. For example, Borobudur is considered to be the symbol of "the Three Worlds (
6650:
6522:
6493:
6195:
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2655:
2430:
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1715:
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1899:
s is itself a ceremony. Mantras written on paper are made into thin rolls and put into small clay stupas. One layer of
1558:. In particular the type of the tower-like stupa, the last stage of Gandharan stupa development, visible in the second
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6146:
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3157:
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and heretics by engaging them in intellectual arguments and also by performing miracles. This stupa was raised by the
1465:
525:, has been an important ritual and devotional practice in Buddhism since the earliest times, and stupas always have a
1209:
stupa, with an elongated shape and many narrative reliefs, in many ways the classic Gandharan stupa (2nd century CE).
1436:
temple with multiple images of the Buddha and Bodhisattvas. This design was influential in the development of later
1129:
7266:
7190:
6670:
5632:
4755:
3486:"The "Round Mound" and its Structural Requirements: A Possible Scenario for the Evolution of the Form of the Stupa"
3409:"The 'Round Mound' and its Structural Requirements: A Possible Scenario for the Evolution of the Form of the Stupa"
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901:
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1956:
1485:, where it became prominent as a Buddhist monument used for enshrining sacred relics. The Indian gateway arches,
824:
5378:
3728:, which saw its stupa "monumentalized" at that exact time by basal elements and decorative alcoves derived from
2485:
7185:
6537:
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5758:
5194:
5139:
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2535:
214:
3012:
1453:
866:
1741:
Built for a variety of reasons, Buddhist stupas are classified, based on form and function, into five types:
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6413:
6170:
5900:
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5462:
5144:
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derives from the torana gates at the Buddhist historic site of Sanchi (3rd century BCE–11th century CE). In
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897:
870:
753:
4133:
1647:
7132:
6972:
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6610:
6383:
6334:
6175:
6123:
6118:
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5598:
5350:
5345:
4029:
2774:
2510:
2495:
2400:
2395:
2217:
1149:
31:
7137:
7107:
6688:
6620:
6453:
6368:
6363:
6287:
6282:
6200:
4730:
3046:
2715:
2705:
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1697:
935:
849:
292:
89:
5753:
3281:
6270:
5410:
2052:", this stupa symbolizes the 35-year-old Buddha's attainment of enlightenment under the bodhi tree in
854:
791:
and can be related to the conical mounds on circular bases from the 8th century BCE that are found in
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6527:
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6245:
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5790:
5713:
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5286:
5024:
5016:
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4705:
4672:
4622:
2725:
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2490:
2370:
2278:
2263:
2207:
2179:
2077:
1693:
452:
122:
118:
4941:
4868:
2823:. Its symbolism is not connected to events in the Buddha's life but instead to the symbolism of the
541:
railings outside the path around the base, often highly decorated with sculpture, especially at the
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474:
438:
126:
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6408:
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6255:
6180:
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5610:
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5171:
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3162:
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Stupas were soon to be richly decorated with sculptural reliefs, following the first attempts at
983:
950:
An early stupa, 6 meters (20 ft) in diameter, with fallen umbrella on side at Chakpat, near
874:
731:
332:
3957:"Stupa – Bhutanese, Nepalese, Tibetan Style Chortens or Stupa is the symbol of enlightened mind"
3485:
3408:
3342:. Youth Advancement, Tourism & Cultural Department Government of Andhra Pradesh. p. 33.
3177:
962:(rule: 273–232 BCE) recovered the relics of the Buddha from the earlier stupas (except from the
4946:
4148:
3518:"How the Harappans Honoured Death at Dholavira – Chapter VI. Hemispherical monument or tumulus"
3459:"How the Harappans Honoured Death at Dholavira – Chapter VI. Hemispherical monument or tumulus"
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2004:
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All stupas contain a treasury filled with various objects. Small clay votive offerings called
1065:
1022:
987:
783:
Some authors have suggested that stupas were derived from a wider cultural tradition from the
665:
561:
546:
465:
254:
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296:
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6809:
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2008:
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includes some of the tallest, most ancient, and best-preserved stupas in the world, such as
1394:
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516:
376:
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228:
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180:
95:
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1578:
1348:
7241:
7220:
7165:
7117:
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6915:
6713:
6693:
6635:
6547:
6210:
6108:
5691:
5674:
5659:
5637:
5189:
5059:
4893:
4351:
3729:
3081:
2908:
2755:
2670:
2470:
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2325:
1748:, in which the relics or remains of the Buddha, his disciples, and lay saints are interred
1719:
1153:
1108:
979:
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306:
5965:
5679:
4926:
4789:
704:
645:
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3192:
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2500:
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2056:, where he conquered worldly temptations and attacks, manifesting in the form of Mara.
2036:
1875:
1567:
1559:
1515:
1478:
1458:
1283:
1263:
1231:
1206:
1163:
The stupa underwent major evolutions in the area of Gandhara. Since Buddhism spread to
1096:
The Great Stupa at Sanchi Decorated toranas built from the 1st c. BCE to the 1st c. CE.
1050:
840:
animal bones are suspected to have occasionally been deposited at both types of sites.
584:
398:
280:
104:
6103:
5403:
5393:
4339:
Article: Lopon Tsechu Rinpoche: "The Four Thoughts which Turn the Mind from Samsara."
2375:
7235:
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6005:
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1402:, forming a logical elongation of the stepped Gandharan stupas such as those seen in
1303:
1224:
1184:
1042:
1006:
971:
828:
788:
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412:
6990:
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5773:
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4367:
2068:. The series of doors on each side of the steps represents the first teachings: the
1793:
1730:
1068:, the earliest known stupa with important displays of decorative reliefs, c. 125 BCE
760:/caitya implies the presence of important relics. Both words have forms prefixed by
7035:
7020:
6940:
6930:
6772:
6567:
6060:
5561:
5556:
5383:
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4590:
4453:: KFrank Luker, Superintendent, Government Press, North-Western Provinces and Oudh.
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3202:
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2138:, where the reconciliation occurred. It has four octagonal steps with equal sides.
2049:
2025:
1939:
1914:
s required to completely fill the treasury depends on its size and the size of the
1614:
1437:
1410:
1164:
998:
587:, various rather different elongated shapes of dome evolved, leading to high, thin
521:
5818:
5803:
5763:
4700:
1971:
497:
49:
4468:
3381:
3355:
3337:
3242:
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quickly fulfilled. On the absolute level, one will also be able to quickly reach
764:
for "great", "large", or "important", but scholars find the difference between a
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6995:
6834:
5975:
5960:
5743:
5551:
5479:
5259:
5089:
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4422:
Skilling, Peter (2016). "Chapter 2". In Shimada, Akira; Willis, Michael (eds.).
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1633:
1602:
1418:
931:
917:
556:, Madhya Pradesh, is the most famous and best-preserved early stupa in India.
530:
510:
27:
Mound-like structure containing Buddhist relics, used as a place of meditation
5264:
1707:
A stupa was built on the ground of the Kalachakra Kalapa Centre in southwest
6925:
6898:
6065:
5940:
5652:
5568:
5445:
5335:
5308:
5301:
5221:
5184:
4951:
4916:
4883:
4858:
4813:
4450:
4315:
3207:
2989:
2974:
2600:
2575:
2053:
1996:
1625:
1597:
With the top of its spire reaching 120.45 m (395.2 ft) in height,
1582:
1563:
1503:
1482:
1220:
1188:
1157:
1142:
1134:
1026:
909:
905:
893:
832:
808:
675:
534:
506:
6698:
5534:
5388:
5154:
4936:
4805:
4797:
1950:
Building a stupa is considered extremely beneficial, leaving very positive
1870:
1640:. Borobudur's unique and significant architecture has been acknowledged by
1360:
266:
5460:
4210:
3444:
Schopen, Gregory. 2004. Buddhist Monks & Business Matters, pp. 361–374
2750:
1227:, with flights of stairs in the four cardinal directions (4th century CE).
1121:
485:
7055:
7010:
6955:
6920:
6824:
6483:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6030:
6015:
5995:
5930:
5848:
5838:
5813:
5808:
5708:
5469:
5340:
5328:
5239:
4976:
4898:
4595:
3327:
3222:
2610:
2590:
2585:
2465:
2161:
2109:
2097:
1879:
1859:
1606:
1601:
in Nakhon Pathom, Thailand is the tallest extant stupa in the world. The
1551:
1489:, reached East Asia with the spread of Buddhism. Some scholars hold that
1429:
1422:
1414:
1413:
period (5th century CE), the "Plaque of Mahabhodi Temple", discovered in
1038:
951:
859:
816:
804:
694:
652:
609:
567:
As Buddhism spread, other forms were used for the same purposes, and the
152:
1850:
17:
6960:
6903:
6888:
6035:
6025:
6000:
5875:
5870:
5828:
5798:
5730:
5696:
5647:
5583:
5524:
5519:
5415:
5373:
5276:
5114:
5064:
4851:
4677:
4554:
The Great Stupa of Universal Compassion in Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
2865:
2290:
2135:
2128:
This stupa commemorates the Buddha's resolution of a dispute among the
2093:
2065:
1668:
1656:
1613:
and Dharmarajika-Taxila in Pakistan. In Sri Lanka, the ancient city of
1610:
1591:
1470:
1403:
1383:
1287:
1282:
A tower-shaped stupa, thought to be the design of the second (rebuilt)
1213:
1138:
1081:
1030:
975:
836:
792:
708:
700:
690:
636:
613:
593:
568:
502:
3511:
3509:
2003:, are usually called "chorten" in English, reflecting the term in the
1907:
s is made, and so on, until the entire space of the treasury is full.
625:
322:
7040:
7025:
6861:
6723:
6703:
6478:
6140:
6020:
6010:
5945:
5573:
5529:
5514:
5504:
5474:
5455:
5398:
5281:
5049:
4921:
4665:
4660:
4147:
friends, Venerable Kusalo Bhikkhu – with help from his teachers and.
4089:
4079:
3259:
3187:
3182:
3004:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2258:
2000:
1760:, built to commemorate events in the lives of Buddha or his disciples
1708:
1641:
1562:(4th century), is thought to be the precursor of the tower stupas in
1409:
Although the current structure of the Mahabdhodi Temple dates to the
1399:
1318:
1172:
1034:
967:
959:
757:
745:
686:
576:
553:
542:
240:
114:
55:
4290:
3724:
is also attested by the archaeological searches at the sanctuary of
3517:
3458:
974:, where he also erected pillars with his inscriptions, and possibly
1714:
A stupa based on the bell-shaped stupas at Borobudur is located at
1461:(523 CE) is thought to derive from the Gandharan tower-stupa model.
64:
7180:
7015:
6873:
6839:
6819:
6789:
6135:
5980:
5858:
5853:
5823:
5778:
5625:
5620:
5499:
5204:
5029:
4996:
4986:
3331:
2540:
2035:
1992:
1978:
1970:
1869:
1849:
1792:
1729:
1646:
1577:
1496:
1491:
1464:
1452:
1148:
1128:
1120:
945:
865:
853:
819:
mound burials with chambers, which likely represent proto-stupas.
812:
800:
796:
671:
656:
632:
604:
588:
552:, symbolic umbrellas, and have not survived, if not restored. The
492:
428:
79:
75:
71:
3940:
3260:"Buddhist Art and Architecture: Symbolism of the Stupa / Chorten"
1428:
This truncated pyramid design also marked the evolution from the
7050:
5843:
5509:
5006:
3197:
1878:
in Peshawar, Pakistan. These surviving relics are now housed in
1843:
1543:
1002:
913:
480:
166:
4562:
1678:
in Yangon, Myanmar, is one of the largest stupas in the world.
6708:
5244:
3217:
1984:
892:
The relics of the Buddha were spread between eight stupas, in
3249:, 2000, originally published by Oxford University Press 2000.
1636:
scenes derived from Buddhist texts and depicting the life of
4490:
Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
4121:
1895:
s in Tibetan fill most of the treasury. The creation of the
1826:
The upper lotus parasol and the crescent moon represent air.
1514:. Later, many more were built over the years, including the
495:-like or hemispherical structure containing relics (such as
4553:
4425:
Amaravati: The Art of an Early Buddhist Monument in Context
3386:. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. p. 12.
3959:. Bhutan Majestic Travel. 17 January 2013. Archived from
2092:
At 42 years of age, Buddha spent a summer retreat in the
1175:
tower. The main stupa types are, in chronological order:
990:
throughout his realm, generally next to Buddhist stupas.
4054:"Guinness names Borobudur world's largest Buddha temple"
3787:
3785:
1117:
Development in Gandhara (3rd century BCE–5th century CE)
877:, and possibly the earliest archaeologically known stupa
815:, 5th c. BCE). Some authors suggest stupas emerged from
3941:
Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System (2001),
3247:
A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
1033:(125–60 BCE), again at Sanchi for the elevation of the
993:
The first known appearance of the word "stupa" is from
597:, which is a prayer hall or temple containing a stupa.
388:
381:
2134:. A stupa in this design was built in the kingdom of
1251:, with square base and four columns (1st century CE).
1084:
Stupa. Sculptured railings: 115 BCE, toranas: 75 BCE.
1049:
decorative elements from the 2nd century BCE) or the
928:
is likely the earliest archaeologically known stupa.
844:
Mounds for the relics of the Buddha (5th century BCE)
366:
4149:"Stupa construction at Amaravati Buddhist Monastery"
3912:
3910:
3675:
3673:
3660:
3658:
1137:
stupa was dedicated in the 2nd century CE under the
7151:
7066:
6981:
6679:
6581:
6464:
6161:
6089:
5916:
5789:
5729:
5364:
5230:
5170:
5015:
4907:
4837:
4691:
4636:
3859:illustrates a trend towards decorative profusion."
437:
411:
397:
375:
353:
331:
305:
279:
253:
227:
201:
179:
165:
151:
143:
136:
2007:. There are eight different shapes of chortens in
1829:The sun and the dissolving point represent wisdom.
744:, near the end of his life, the Buddha remarks to
4316:"Benefits Resulting from the Building of Stupas"
2827:, created to protect against negative energies.
1922:in southern Spain contains approximately 14,000
1605:hosts a well-preserved stupa at Shingardar near
1542:in Japanese) are all thought to derive from the
443:
4446:The Jain stûpa and other antiquities of Mathurâ
3452:
3450:
3352:On the hemispherical Phenician tombs of Amrit:
2013:set of Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha
344:
337:
4254:The Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols and Motifs
3629:. Harvard University Press. pp. 246–247.
1432:stupa dedicated to the cult of relics, to the
862:stupa is one of the earliest surviving stupas.
270:
259:
157:
4574:
2775:
1820:The hemispherical dome/vase represents water.
359:
244:
233:
218:
207:
192:
185:
8:
5356:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
4394:Chandra, Pramod (2008). "South Asian arts".
4171:
4169:
3602:An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism
3282:"The Buddhist stupa: origin and development"
2108:Also known as the "Stupa of Conquest of the
2048:Also known as the "Stupa of the Conquest of
1938:An important element in every stupa is the "
1624:The most elaborate stupa is the 8th-century
1417:and dated to 150–200 CE, based on its dated
722:appear to be almost interchangeable, though
311:
3380:Bénisti, Mireille; K, Thanikaimony (2003).
1370:: a stepped pyramid with round stupa on top
699:Stupas may have originated as pre-Buddhist
403:
285:
4581:
4567:
4559:
3868:. Wayne State University Press: 152. 2002.
3583:
3581:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
2782:
2768:
2148:
417:
171:
4531:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
1854:The sharing of the relics of the Buddha.
1510:converted to Buddhism. The first was the
958:According to Buddhist tradition, Emperor
756:. In later times and in other countries,
714:In early Buddhist inscriptions in India,
707:were buried in a seated position, called
4248:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3691:
3484:M. Menon, Srikumar (16 September 2016).
3407:M. Menon, Srikumar (16 September 2016).
3314:
3302:
1700:. Lopon Tsechu built his first stupa at
6543:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
4335:
4333:
4310:
4308:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4228:
3649:
3604:. Oxford University Press. p. 85.
3562:Chandi Borobudur: A Monument of Mankind
3543:
3541:
3539:
3235:
3030:
2936:
2834:
2160:
1237:
1055:
934:—consisting of posts, crossbars, and a
113:Various architectural styles of stupa:
6746:List of Buddhist architecture in China
4285:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
3493:National Institute of Advanced Studies
3416:National Institute of Advanced Studies
1995:and Tibetan-influenced regions of the
1473:stupas on roadside east of Leh, Ladakh
133:
4109:
4052:Purnomo Siswoprasetjo (4 July 2012).
3838:
3836:
2864:Buddha statue inside a votive stupa,
7:
3984:, 6th ed., Columbia University Press
3564:, p. 39, 1976, Paris: Unesco Press.
3357:History of Indian and Indonesian art
591:. A related architectural term is a
3383:Stylistics of Buddhist art in India
3173:Great Stupa of Universal Compassion
2088:Stupa of Descent from the God Realm
1421:inscriptions and combined finds of
924:. Lars Fogelin has stated that the
533:form is a large solid dome above a
6533:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
4486:"The Symbolism of the Early Stūpa"
4256:(2004) Serindia Publications Inc.
4056:. The Jakarta Post. Archived from
3993:
3916:
3901:
3889:
3842:
3827:
3815:
3803:
3791:
3776:
3764:
3708:
3679:
3664:
3587:
3245:. Credited to James Stevens Curl,
2819:A ninth kind of stupa exists, the
2233:Decline in the Indian subcontinent
2228:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
2120:kingdom to commemorate the event.
1823:The conical spire represents fire.
1711:, Austria, between 2000 and 2002.
1477:Stupa architecture was adopted in
1354:The Mahabodhi Temple in 150–200 CE
1230:The towering design of the second
954:; probably Maurya, 3rd century BCE
726:has a broader meaning, and unlike
25:
4467:Das Gupta, P. C. (October 1977).
1983:Row of chortens at roadside near
1817:The square base represents Earth.
1508:Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura
7257:Types of monuments and memorials
7214:
7204:
7203:
6761:Thai temple art and architecture
6506:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
4746:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
4612:
4599:
4589:
4431:. British Museum. Archived from
3928:Encyclopædia Britannica (2008),
3547:Encyclopædia Britannica (2008),
3354:Coomaraswamy, Ananda K. (1972).
3138:
3126:
3114:
3100:
3088:
3074:
3059:
3045:
3033:
3011:
2996:
2981:
2966:
2951:
2939:
2916:
2900:
2884:
2872:
2857:
2837:
2749:
2168:
1609:; another stupa is located near
1566:and the Chinese pagodas such as
1375:
1359:
1347:
1311:
1295:
1275:
1256:
1240:
1101:
1089:
1073:
1058:
942:Expansion under Ashoka (250 BCE)
664:
644:
624:
103:
88:
63:
48:
4613:
4366:. karmaguen.org. Archived from
3336:Rao, P. R. Ramachandra (2002).
3145:Small stupa in Kathmandu street
3040:Roadside stupa; Kathmandu, 1979
1017:Decorated stupas (from 125 BCE)
529:path around them. The original
6751:Japanese Buddhist architecture
6553:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
5633:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
4824:Places where the Buddha stayed
4443:Smith, Vincent Arthur (1901).
3866:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
3522:Archaeological Survey of India
3463:Archaeological Survey of India
1334:Origin of the pyramidal temple
986:. Ashoka also established the
748:how beautiful are the various
741:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
651:Royal funeral tumulus of King
1:
6766:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
1322:
1321:petroglyphs, Buddhist stupa,
1270:of Gandhara (2nd century CE).
1080:East Gateway and Railings of
1041:, with instances such as the
509:) that is used as a place of
6523:Buddhism and the Roman world
6499:Decline of Buddhism in India
6494:History of Buddhism in India
4594: Topics in
4509:. Calcutta: Sahitya Samsad.
4085:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
4080:"Borobudur Temple Compounds"
2431:Buddhist Paths to liberation
1770:) and the spiritual stages (
1716:Amaravati Buddhist Monastery
1526:The Asian words for pagoda (
1306:period, about 2nd century CE
1191:stupa, or the Chakpat stupa.
5721:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
5461:
3158:Ancient stupas of Sri Lanka
2879:Abayagiri Dageba, Sri Lanka
501:– typically the remains of
486:
429:
389:
367:
345:
323:
297:
271:
245:
219:
193:
7288:
6671:The unanswerable questions
4529:The Symbolism of the Stupa
4496:(2): 67–94. Archived from
2812:
1842:and ceremonies known to a
1801:complex from the northeast
1685:
1594:, Amaravati, and Bharhut.
1386:of a Buddhist temple; 900s
847:
684:
29:
7199:
6756:Buddhist temples in Korea
5319:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
5222:Three planes of existence
4829:Buddha in world religions
4608:
4182:. Grafikol. p. 140.
4025:"Largest Buddhist temple"
3982:The Columbia Encyclopedia
3625:Lahiri, Nayanjot (2015).
2799:This stupa refers to the
2142:Stupa of Complete Victory
1522:Development of the pagoda
1125:Butkara Stupa in Gandhara
825:Indus Valley Civilization
734:. In pre-Buddhist India,
469:
451:
418:
404:
382:
360:
338:
312:
286:
260:
234:
208:
186:
173:𑀣𑀼𑀩𑁂 ("thube"), thūpa
172:
158:
56:The Great Stupa of Sanchi
6538:Persecution of Buddhists
5759:Four stages of awakening
5140:Three marks of existence
4726:Physical characteristics
4211:"Introduction to stupas"
4033:. Guinness World Records
3730:Hellenistic architecture
1959:, the goal of Buddhism.
1302:Stupa-shaped reliquary,
1266:decorated stupa, in the
926:Relic Stupa of Vaishali
5901:Ten principal disciples
4784:(aunt, adoptive mother)
4396:Encyclopædia Britannica
3627:Ashoka in Ancient India
3516:Singh Bisht, Ravindra.
3457:Singh Bisht, Ravindra.
2451:Philosophical reasoning
2124:Stupa of Reconciliation
2104:Stupa of Great Miracles
2040:Enlightenment Stupa at
1874:Buddha relics from the
1328:CE based on paleography
1247:A model resembling the
1216:stupa (2nd century CE).
1141:and contained coins of
1045:("monumentalized" with
995:an inscribed dedication
871:Relic Stupa of Vaishali
601:Description and history
58:, Madhya Pradesh, India
6611:Buddhism and democracy
6124:Tibetan Buddhist canon
6119:Chinese Buddhist canon
5351:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
5346:Early Buddhist schools
4484:Harvey, Peter (1984).
4469:"Stupa in Mexican Art"
4403:Le, Huu Phuoc (2010).
4030:Guinness World Records
3600:Fogelin, Lars (2015).
2218:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
2045:
1988:
1976:
1975:The Eight Great Stupas
1963:unfortunate rebirths.
1883:
1867:
1862:, 2nd–3rd century CE.
1809:Five purified elements
1802:
1738:
1660:
1586:
1474:
1462:
1160:
1146:
1126:
955:
878:
863:
617:
583:are some of these. In
560:by the hundred, as at
444:
32:Stupa (disambiguation)
7262:Buddhist architecture
6621:Eight Consciousnesses
4731:Life of Buddha in art
4405:Buddhist Architecture
4179:Buddhist Architecture
4176:Le Huu Phuoc (2010).
2946:Stupa of Kantha Bopha
2486:Aids to Enlightenment
2311:Dependent Origination
2039:
1982:
1974:
1873:
1853:
1796:
1733:
1698:Lopon Tsechu Rinpoche
1671:in the 19th century.
1650:
1581:
1502:Stupas were built in
1468:
1456:
1234:(4th–5th century CE).
1156:, from the period of
1152:
1132:
1124:
1051:Loriyan Tangai stupas
949:
869:
857:
850:Buddhist architecture
848:Further information:
807:, 6th c. BCE), or in
639:, dated to c. 740 BCE
616:) with chamber, India
608:
554:Great Stupa at Sanchi
70:A stupa (chorten) in
7098:East Asian religions
6528:Buddhism in the West
6099:Early Buddhist texts
5714:Four Right Exertions
5180:Ten spiritual realms
4673:Noble Eightfold Path
4500:on 10 December 2014.
4350:3 March 2009 at the
3862:"Chital petroglyphs"
2927:in Karma Guen, Spain
2456:Devotional practices
2279:Noble Eightfold Path
2078:Noble Eightfold Path
1918:a. For example, the
1554:pronunciation being
1111:, 1st-2nd century CE
780:, hard to pin down.
453:Glossary of Buddhism
390:mchod rten (chorten)
30:For other uses, see
7221:Religion portal
6968:Temple of the Tooth
6847:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
5886:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
5379:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
5162:Two truths doctrine
4982:Mahapajapati Gotamī
4782:Mahapajapati Gotamī
4153:www.buddhamind.info
4136:. 27 February 2013.
3963:on 31 December 2012
3892:, pp. 238–248.
3806:, pp. 176–177.
3794:, pp. 174–176.
3779:, pp. 182–183.
3711:, pp. 149–150.
3590:, pp. 140–174.
2907:The white stupa in
2852:, third century BCE
2756:Buddhism portal
2629:Buddhism by country
2391:Sanskrit literature
2060:Stupa of Many Doors
2032:Enlightenment Stupa
2019:Lotus Blossom Stupa
1840:Dharma transmission
1758:Commemorative stupa
1212:The near-pyramidal
1169:architectural forms
1001:pillar (spelled in
730:does not define an
581:East Asian Buddhism
7247:Buddhist buildings
7143:Western philosophy
6741:Dzong architecture
6563:Vipassana movement
6558:Buddhist modernism
5986:Emperor Wen of Sui
5754:Pratyekabuddhayāna
5687:Threefold Training
5489:Vipassana movement
5205:Hungry Ghost realm
5025:Avidyā (Ignorance)
4972:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
4721:Great Renunciation
4716:Eight Great Events
4598:
4507:Buddhist Monuments
4505:Mitra, D. (1971).
4370:on 5 December 2008
4364:"Kalachakra Stupa"
4060:on 5 November 2014
2844:An early stupa at
2243:Buddhist modernism
2046:
1989:
1977:
1884:
1868:
1864:ZenYouMitsu Temple
1856:Greco-Buddhist art
1838:To build a stupa,
1803:
1739:
1737:, Kathmandu, Nepal
1688:Buddhism in Europe
1661:
1599:Phra Pathommachedi
1587:
1585:bell-shaped stupas
1475:
1463:
1268:Greco-Buddhist art
1249:Saidu Sharif Stupa
1196:Saidu Sharif Stupa
1181:Dharmarajika Stupa
1161:
1147:
1127:
1053:(2nd century CE).
956:
879:
864:
732:architectural form
618:
7267:Indian inventions
7229:
7228:
6867:Om mani padme hum
6573:Women in Buddhism
6489:Buddhist councils
6359:Western countries
6147:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
5908:Shaolin Monastery
5485:Samatha-vipassanā
5095:Pratītyasamutpāda
4899:Metteyya/Maitreya
4817:
4809:
4801:
4793:
4785:
4777:
4769:
4646:Four Noble Truths
4538:978-81-208-0781-5
4525:Snodgrass, Adrian
4414:978-0-9844043-0-8
4189:978-0-9844043-0-8
3317:, pp. 23–24.
3284:. 13 January 2005
2960:Norodom Suramarit
2825:Kalachakra Tantra
2792:
2791:
2274:Four Noble Truths
2070:Four Noble Truths
1694:Benalmádena Stupa
1667:was excavated at
1518:in Anuradhapura.
1444:Expansion in Asia
1341:Pyramidal temples
1066:Sanchi Stupa No.2
1023:Sanchi Stupa No.2
997:by Ashoka on the
988:Pillars of Ashoka
562:Ratnagiri, Odisha
478:
458:
457:
98:, Yangon, Myanmar
16:(Redirected from
7279:
7252:Buddhist temples
7219:
7218:
7207:
7206:
7046:Sacred languages
6894:Maya Devi Temple
6857:Mahabodhi Temple
6661:Secular Buddhism
6626:Engaged Buddhism
5466:
5314:Tibetan Buddhism
5265:Vietnamese Thiền
4864:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
4815:
4807:
4799:
4791:
4783:
4775:
4767:
4616:
4615:
4603:
4593:
4583:
4576:
4569:
4560:
4542:
4520:
4501:
4480:
4454:
4439:
4438:on 15 July 2018.
4437:
4430:
4418:
4399:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4360:
4354:
4345:Available online
4343:, Vol. 5, 1998.
4337:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4312:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4287:
4264:
4250:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4173:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4134:"Buddhist Stupa"
4130:
4124:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3953:
3947:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3887:
3870:
3869:
3856:
3850:
3840:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3780:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3756:
3751:
3745:
3739:
3733:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3668:
3662:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3576:
3558:
3552:
3545:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3513:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3490:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3454:
3445:
3442:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3413:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3262:. 14 August 2006
3256:
3250:
3243:encyclopedia.com
3240:
3142:
3130:
3118:
3104:
3092:
3078:
3063:
3049:
3037:
3027:Kathmandu, Nepal
3018:Golden stupa at
3015:
3000:
2985:
2970:
2955:
2943:
2925:Kalachakra stupa
2920:
2904:
2888:
2876:
2861:
2841:
2821:Kalachakra stupa
2815:Kalachakra stupa
2809:Kalachakra stupa
2795:Stupa of Nirvana
2784:
2777:
2770:
2754:
2753:
2481:Sublime abidings
2172:
2149:
2009:Tibetan Buddhism
2005:Tibetan language
1920:Kalachakra stupa
1844:Buddhist teacher
1774:) in a Mahayana
1735:Boudhanath Stupa
1676:Shwedagon Pagoda
1659:, 1st century CE
1546:word for stupa,
1395:Mahabodhi Temple
1379:
1368:Mahabodhi Temple
1363:
1351:
1327:
1324:
1315:
1299:
1279:
1260:
1244:
1223:type, as in the
1105:
1093:
1077:
1062:
668:
648:
628:
573:Tibetan Buddhism
517:Circumambulation
489:
479:'heap',
473:
471:
447:
445:Phù đồ, bảo tháp
432:
421:
420:
407:
406:
392:
385:
384:
370:
363:
362:
348:
341:
340:
326:
315:
314:
300:
289:
288:
274:
263:
262:
248:
237:
236:
222:
211:
210:
196:
189:
188:
175:
174:
161:
160:
134:
107:
96:Shwedagon Pagoda
92:
67:
52:
21:
7287:
7286:
7282:
7281:
7280:
7278:
7277:
7276:
7232:
7231:
7230:
7225:
7213:
7195:
7147:
7062:
6977:
6714:Ordination hall
6675:
6577:
6548:Buddhist crisis
6460:
6157:
6109:Mahayana sutras
6085:
6081:Thích Nhất Hạnh
5912:
5785:
5725:
5675:Bodhisattva vow
5360:
5226:
5166:
5125:Taṇhā (Craving)
5060:Five hindrances
5011:
4903:
4833:
4687:
4632:
4604:
4587:
4550:
4545:
4539:
4523:
4517:
4504:
4483:
4466:
4462:
4460:Further reading
4457:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4415:
4402:
4393:
4389:
4384:
4383:
4373:
4371:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4352:Wayback Machine
4338:
4331:
4321:
4319:
4314:
4313:
4306:
4296:
4294:
4291:"Miracle Stupa"
4289:
4288:
4267:
4251:
4226:
4216:
4214:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4175:
4174:
4167:
4157:
4155:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4120:
4116:
4108:
4104:
4094:
4092:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4063:
4061:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4036:
4034:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3992:
3988:
3980:
3976:
3966:
3964:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3939:
3935:
3927:
3923:
3915:
3908:
3900:
3896:
3888:
3873:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3841:
3834:
3826:
3822:
3814:
3810:
3802:
3798:
3790:
3783:
3775:
3771:
3763:
3759:
3752:
3748:
3740:
3736:
3719:
3715:
3707:
3698:
3692:Skilling (2016)
3690:
3686:
3678:
3671:
3663:
3656:
3648:
3644:
3637:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3586:
3579:
3559:
3555:
3546:
3537:
3527:
3525:
3515:
3514:
3507:
3497:
3495:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3468:
3466:
3456:
3455:
3448:
3443:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3411:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3379:
3373:
3369:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3335:
3325:
3321:
3315:Skilling (2016)
3313:
3309:
3303:Skilling (2016)
3301:
3297:
3287:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3265:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3153:
3146:
3143:
3134:
3131:
3122:
3119:
3110:
3105:
3096:
3093:
3084:
3082:Kaathe Swyambhu
3079:
3070:
3064:
3055:
3050:
3041:
3038:
3029:
3022:
3016:
3007:
3001:
2992:
2986:
2977:
2971:
2962:
2956:
2947:
2944:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2912:
2909:Miaoying Temple
2905:
2896:
2889:
2880:
2877:
2868:
2862:
2853:
2842:
2833:
2817:
2811:
2797:
2788:
2748:
2741:
2740:
2631:
2621:
2620:
2571:
2561:
2560:
2526:
2516:
2515:
2421:
2411:
2410:
2381:Mahayana Sutras
2361:
2351:
2350:
2291:Five Aggregates
2269:
2268:
2248:
2247:
2238:Later Buddhists
2203:
2144:
2126:
2106:
2090:
2062:
2034:
2021:
1969:
1948:
1936:
1889:
1836:
1811:
1791:
1728:
1726:Types of stupas
1720:Hemel Hempstead
1690:
1684:
1682:European stupas
1576:
1538:in Vietnamese,
1524:
1451:
1446:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1329:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1300:
1291:
1280:
1271:
1261:
1252:
1245:
1198:, pillared and
1154:Manikyala Stupa
1119:
1112:
1109:Amaravati Stupa
1106:
1097:
1094:
1085:
1078:
1069:
1063:
1019:
964:Ramagrama stupa
944:
873:, built by the
852:
846:
799:, 8th c. BCE),
697:
683:
682:
681:
680:
679:
669:
661:
660:
649:
641:
640:
629:
603:
460:In Buddhism, a
422:
386:
364:
342:
316:
290:
264:
238:
212:
190:
138:
137:Translations of
132:
131:
130:
129:
110:
109:
108:
100:
99:
93:
84:
83:
82:
68:
60:
59:
53:
44:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7285:
7283:
7275:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7234:
7233:
7227:
7226:
7224:
7223:
7211:
7200:
7197:
7196:
7194:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7157:
7155:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7094:
7093:
7088:
7078:
7072:
7070:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7060:
7059:
7058:
7053:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6987:
6985:
6979:
6978:
6976:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6964:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6912:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6870:
6869:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6781:
6780:
6778:Greco-Buddhist
6770:
6769:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6732:
6731:
6729:Burmese pagoda
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6685:
6683:
6677:
6676:
6674:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6587:
6585:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6519:
6518:
6511:Greco-Buddhism
6508:
6503:
6502:
6501:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6470:
6468:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6444:United Kingdom
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6389:Czech Republic
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6356:
6355:
6354:
6349:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6327:
6326:
6325:
6320:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6268:
6263:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6167:
6165:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6155:
6153:Abhidharmadīpa
6150:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6095:
6093:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6071:B. R. Ambedkar
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5991:Songtsen Gampo
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5922:
5920:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5910:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5795:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5735:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5717:
5716:
5706:
5705:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5684:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5670:Eight precepts
5667:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5549:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5458:
5448:
5443:
5441:Five Strengths
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5381:
5376:
5370:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5236:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5182:
5176:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5080:Mental factors
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5021:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4932:Mahamoggallāna
4929:
4924:
4919:
4913:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4847:Avalokiteśvara
4843:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4811:
4803:
4795:
4787:
4779:
4771:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4697:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4648:
4642:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4549:
4548:External links
4546:
4544:
4543:
4537:
4521:
4515:
4502:
4481:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4440:
4419:
4413:
4400:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4355:
4341:Buddhism Today
4329:
4304:
4265:
4252:Beer, Robert:
4224:
4202:
4188:
4165:
4139:
4125:
4114:
4102:
4071:
4044:
4016:
4007:"พระปฐมเจดีย์"
3998:
3996:, p. 183.
3986:
3974:
3948:
3933:
3921:
3919:, p. 180.
3906:
3904:, p. 234.
3894:
3871:
3851:
3832:
3830:, p. 178.
3820:
3818:, p. 179.
3808:
3796:
3781:
3769:
3767:, p. 181.
3757:
3746:
3734:
3713:
3696:
3684:
3682:, p. 173.
3669:
3667:, p. 143.
3654:
3650:Chandra (2008)
3642:
3635:
3617:
3610:
3592:
3577:
3560:Soekmono, Dr,
3553:
3535:
3505:
3476:
3446:
3428:
3399:
3392:
3376:Gisbert Combaz
3374:Commenting on
3367:
3345:
3319:
3307:
3295:
3273:
3251:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3193:Mankiala Stupa
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3113:
3111:
3106:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3087:
3085:
3080:
3073:
3071:
3065:
3058:
3056:
3051:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3017:
3010:
3008:
3002:
2995:
2993:
2987:
2980:
2978:
2973:Main stupa at
2972:
2965:
2963:
2958:Stupa of King
2957:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2897:
2895:, Lhasa, Tibet
2890:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2871:
2869:
2863:
2856:
2854:
2843:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2813:Main article:
2810:
2807:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2546:Pratyekabuddha
2543:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2501:Buddhist chant
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2362:
2359:Buddhist texts
2357:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2174:
2173:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2143:
2140:
2125:
2122:
2105:
2102:
2089:
2086:
2082:Twelve Nidānas
2061:
2058:
2033:
2030:
2020:
2017:
1968:
1967:Tibetan stupas
1965:
1947:
1944:
1935:
1932:
1910:The number of
1888:
1885:
1876:Kanishka stupa
1866:Museum, Tokyo.
1835:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1810:
1807:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1779:
1764:Symbolic stupa
1761:
1755:
1749:
1727:
1724:
1683:
1680:
1638:Gautama Buddha
1575:
1574:Notable stupas
1572:
1568:Songyue Pagoda
1560:Kanishka Stupa
1523:
1520:
1516:Jetavanaramaya
1459:Songyue Pagoda
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1381:
1374:
1373:
1365:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1326: 300–350
1317:
1310:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1284:Kanishka Stupa
1281:
1274:
1272:
1264:Loriyan Tangai
1262:
1255:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1232:Kanishka Stupa
1228:
1217:
1210:
1207:Loriyan Tangai
1203:
1192:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1088:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1070:
1064:
1057:
1018:
1015:
943:
940:
845:
842:
670:
663:
662:
650:
643:
642:
630:
623:
622:
621:
620:
619:
612:burial mound (
602:
599:
585:Southeast Asia
503:Buddhist monks
456:
455:
449:
448:
441:
435:
434:
430:sa thup, chedi
415:
409:
408:
401:
395:
394:
379:
373:
372:
357:
351:
350:
335:
329:
328:
309:
303:
302:
283:
277:
276:
257:
251:
250:
231:
225:
224:
205:
199:
198:
183:
177:
176:
169:
163:
162:
155:
149:
148:
145:
141:
140:
112:
111:
102:
101:
94:
87:
86:
85:
69:
62:
61:
54:
47:
46:
45:
41:
40:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7284:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7239:
7237:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7210:
7202:
7201:
7198:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7158:
7156:
7154:
7150:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7083:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7069:
7065:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6988:
6986:
6984:
6983:Miscellaneous
6980:
6974:
6973:Vegetarianism
6971:
6969:
6966:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6938:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6886:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6868:
6865:
6864:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6817:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6795:Buddha in art
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6774:
6771:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6730:
6727:
6726:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6691:
6690:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6682:
6678:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6586:
6584:
6580:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6500:
6497:
6496:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6467:
6463:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6449:United States
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6361:
6360:
6357:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6340:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6328:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6276:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6164:
6160:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6088:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6006:Padmasambhava
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5919:
5918:Major figures
5915:
5909:
5906:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5865:
5864:Western tulku
5862:
5861:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5728:
5722:
5719:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5710:
5707:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5685:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5665:Five precepts
5663:
5662:
5661:
5658:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5643:Dhamma vicaya
5641:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5631:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5411:Buddhābhiṣeka
5409:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5223:
5220:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5163:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5055:Enlightenment
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5045:Dhamma theory
5043:
5041:
5040:Buddha-nature
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4879:Samantabhadra
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4818:
4812:
4810:
4804:
4802:
4796:
4794:
4788:
4786:
4780:
4778:
4772:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4584:
4579:
4577:
4572:
4570:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4540:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4516:0-89684-490-0
4512:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4426:
4420:
4416:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4317:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4292:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4262:1-932476-10-5
4259:
4255:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4191:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4154:
4150:
4143:
4140:
4135:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4103:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4059:
4055:
4048:
4045:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4012:
4011:jedeethai.com
4008:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3987:
3983:
3978:
3975:
3962:
3958:
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3848:
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3833:
3829:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3694:, p. 23.
3693:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3643:
3638:
3636:9780674057777
3632:
3628:
3621:
3618:
3613:
3611:9780199948239
3607:
3603:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3570:92-3-101292-4
3567:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3523:
3519:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3477:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3400:
3395:
3393:9788173052415
3389:
3385:
3384:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3349:
3346:
3341:
3340:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3308:
3305:, p. 25.
3304:
3299:
3296:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3236:
3229:
3224:
3221:
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3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
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3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3141:
3136:
3129:
3124:
3117:
3112:
3109:
3103:
3098:
3091:
3086:
3083:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3057:
3054:
3053:Swayambhunath
3048:
3043:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3014:
3009:
3006:
2999:
2994:
2991:
2984:
2979:
2976:
2969:
2964:
2961:
2954:
2949:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2893:Potala Palace
2891:Chorten near
2887:
2882:
2875:
2870:
2867:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2850:Maurya Empire
2847:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2808:
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2804:
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2794:
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2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2512:
2511:Vegetarianism
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:Recollections
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2436:Five precepts
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2401:Chinese canon
2399:
2397:
2396:Tibetan canon
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
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2257:
2256:
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2241:
2239:
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2226:
2224:
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2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2159:
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2151:
2150:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2094:Tuṣita Heaven
2087:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2038:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2026:brahmaviharas
2018:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1981:
1973:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1957:enlightenment
1953:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1800:
1799:Wat Phra Kaew
1795:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1776:bodhisattva's
1773:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1723:
1722:, in the UK.
1721:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1672:
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1666:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1619:Ruwanwelisaya
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1571:
1569:
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1500:
1498:
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1488:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1467:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1438:Hindu temples
1435:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1385:
1382:Model of the
1378:
1369:
1362:
1350:
1333:
1320:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1225:Bhamala Stupa
1222:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1185:Butkara Stupa
1182:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1123:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1099:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:Butkara Stupa
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1007:Brahmi script
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
953:
948:
941:
939:
937:
933:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
890:
886:
884:
876:
872:
868:
861:
856:
851:
843:
841:
838:
834:
830:
826:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
789:Ganges Valley
786:
785:Mediterranean
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
742:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
712:
710:
706:
702:
696:
692:
688:
677:
673:
667:
658:
654:
647:
638:
634:
631:The "Tomb of
627:
615:
611:
607:
600:
598:
596:
595:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
565:
563:
557:
555:
551:
549:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:
518:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:
494:
490:
488:
482:
476:
467:
463:
454:
450:
446:
442:
440:
436:
431:
426:
416:
414:
410:
402:
400:
396:
391:
380:
378:
374:
369:
358:
356:
352:
347:
336:
334:
330:
325:
320:
310:
308:
304:
299:
294:
284:
282:
278:
273:
268:
258:
256:
252:
247:
242:
232:
230:
226:
221:
216:
206:
204:
200:
195:
184:
182:
178:
170:
168:
164:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
135:
128:
124:
120:
116:
106:
97:
91:
81:
77:
73:
66:
57:
51:
37:
33:
19:
7161:Bodhisattvas
7081:Christianity
7076:Baháʼí Faith
6941:Dharmachakra
6931:Prayer wheel
6921:Prayer beads
6718:
6689:Architecture
6568:969 Movement
6352:Saudi Arabia
6330:Central Asia
6323:South Africa
6145:
6128:
6061:Panchen Lama
5966:Buddhapālita
5562:Satipatthana
5557:Mindful Yoga
5470:Recollection
5384:Brahmavihara
5255:Japanese Zen
5250:Chinese Chan
5210:Animal realm
5017:Key concepts
4839:Bodhisattvas
4651:Three Jewels
4528:
4506:
4498:the original
4493:
4489:
4476:
4473:Jain Journal
4472:
4445:
4433:the original
4424:
4407:. Grafikol.
4404:
4395:
4372:. Retrieved
4368:the original
4358:
4340:
4320:. Retrieved
4295:. Retrieved
4253:
4215:. Retrieved
4205:
4193:. Retrieved
4178:
4156:. Retrieved
4152:
4142:
4128:
4117:
4110:Smith (1901)
4105:
4093:. Retrieved
4083:
4074:
4062:. Retrieved
4058:the original
4047:
4035:. Retrieved
4028:
4019:
4010:
4001:
3989:
3981:
3977:
3965:. Retrieved
3961:the original
3951:
3942:
3936:
3929:
3924:
3897:
3865:
3854:
3823:
3811:
3799:
3772:
3760:
3749:
3737:
3716:
3687:
3645:
3626:
3620:
3601:
3595:
3561:
3556:
3548:
3526:. Retrieved
3521:
3498:16 September
3496:. Retrieved
3492:
3479:
3467:. Retrieved
3462:
3421:16 September
3419:. Retrieved
3415:
3402:
3382:
3370:
3356:
3348:
3338:
3322:
3310:
3298:
3286:. Retrieved
3276:
3264:. Retrieved
3254:
3246:
3238:
3213:Round barrow
3203:Peace Pagoda
3133:Yetkha Stupa
3121:Tahiti stupa
2818:
2800:
2798:
2461:Merit making
2426:Three Jewels
2366:Buddhavacana
2296:Impermanence
2284:Dharma wheel
2145:
2129:
2127:
2113:
2107:
2091:
2063:
2047:
2022:
1990:
1961:
1949:
1940:Tree of Life
1937:
1934:Tree of Life
1928:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1837:
1834:Construction
1812:
1804:
1797:View of the
1782:Votive stupa
1781:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1752:Object stupa
1751:
1745:
1740:
1713:
1706:
1691:
1673:
1662:
1623:
1615:Anuradhapura
1596:
1588:
1555:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1530:in Chinese,
1527:
1525:
1501:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1457:The Chinese
1449:Asian stupas
1427:
1408:
1392:
1165:Central Asia
1162:
1020:
1010:
1009:as 𑀣𑀼𑀩𑁂
999:Nigali Sagar
992:
984:Dharmarajika
957:
930:
891:
887:
880:
821:
782:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
749:
739:
735:
727:
723:
719:
715:
713:
698:
678:, 5th c. BCE
659:, 6th c. BCE
592:
566:
558:
547:
538:
527:pradakhshina
526:
522:pradakhshina
520:
515:
496:
484:
461:
459:
419:สถูป, เจดีย์
405:தாது கோபுரம்
298:chétĕy, stob
287:ចេតិយ, ស្តូប
36:
7006:Dharma talk
6835:Asalha Puja
6631:Eschatology
6434:Switzerland
6414:New Zealand
6342:Middle East
6251:Philippines
6171:Afghanistan
5976:Bodhidharma
5961:Buddhaghosa
5881:Householder
5791:Monasticism
5744:Bodhisattva
5599:Prostration
5552:Mindfulness
5480:Anapanasati
5463:Kammaṭṭhāna
5260:Korean Seon
5200:Asura realm
5195:Human realm
5135:Ten Fetters
5090:Parinirvana
4992:Uppalavanna
4957:Mahākaccana
4942:Mahākassapa
4874:Kṣitigarbha
4869:Ākāśagarbha
4766:Suddhodāna
4711:Four sights
4638:Foundations
4479:(2): 51–60.
4387:Works cited
4318:. stupa.org
4213:. stupa.org
4158:25 November
4095:28 December
3845:, pp.
3020:Wat Ounalom
2848:, probably
2802:parinirvana
2696:New Zealand
2551:Bodhisattva
2536:Four Stages
2491:Monasticism
2471:Mindfulness
2441:Perfections
2371:Early Texts
2042:Ogoy Island
1778:character".
1746:Relic stupa
1603:Swat Valley
1550:, with the
1534:in Korean,
1512:Thuparamaya
1506:soon after
1200:quincunxial
1047:Hellenistic
932:Guard rails
902:Kapilavastu
883:parinirvana
829:Mauryan-era
531:South Asian
7236:Categories
7123:Psychology
7103:Gnosticism
7091:Comparison
7086:Influences
7068:Comparison
6951:Bhavacakra
6909:Kushinagar
6884:Pilgrimage
6830:Māgha Pūjā
6785:Bodhi Tree
6601:Buddhology
6591:Abhidharma
6583:Philosophy
6516:Menander I
6384:Costa Rica
6335:Uzbekistan
6176:Bangladesh
6130:Dhammapada
6114:Pali Canon
6076:Ajahn Chah
6056:Dalai Lama
5956:Kumārajīva
5951:Vasubandhu
5926:The Buddha
5834:Zen master
5769:Sakadagami
5749:Buddhahood
5680:Pratimokṣa
5495:Shikantaza
5451:Meditation
5426:Deity yoga
5297:Madhyamaka
5190:Deva realm
5085:Mindstream
5035:Bodhicitta
4947:Aṅgulimāla
4814:Devadatta
4790:Yaśodharā
4693:The Buddha
4683:Middle Way
4293:. stupa.pl
4195:8 December
4122:Karma Guen
4064:27 January
4037:27 January
3967:17 January
3360:. p.
3230:References
3108:Mahabaudha
3067:Boudhanath
2846:Guntupalle
2569:Traditions
2506:Pilgrimage
2446:Meditation
2406:Post-canon
2386:Pāli Canon
2316:Middle Way
2213:The Buddha
2080:, and the
2072:, the Six
1999:, such as
1991:Stupas in
1882:, Myanmar.
1702:Karma Guen
1686:See also:
1665:Jain stupa
1653:Jain stupa
1634:bas-relief
1630:Arūpajhāna
1570:(523 CE).
1419:Kharoshthi
1029:(60 BCE),
918:Kushinagar
817:megalithic
811:(tombs of
774:mahacetiya
685:See also:
610:Megalithic
511:meditation
439:Vietnamese
383:མཆོད་རྟེན་
127:Sri Lankan
7191:Festivals
7171:Buddhists
7133:Theosophy
6936:Symbolism
6926:Hama yumi
6899:Bodh Gaya
6666:Socialism
6641:Evolution
6616:Economics
6454:Venezuela
6369:Australia
6364:Argentina
6288:Sri Lanka
6283:Singapore
6201:Indonesia
6163:Countries
6104:Tripiṭaka
6066:Ajahn Mun
5941:Nagarjuna
5936:Aśvaghoṣa
5819:Anagārika
5814:Śrāmaṇerī
5809:Śrāmaṇera
5804:Bhikkhunī
5764:Sotāpanna
5653:Passaddhi
5594:Offerings
5569:Nekkhamma
5446:Iddhipada
5366:Practices
5336:Theravada
5309:Vajrayana
5302:Yogachara
5272:Pure Land
5185:Six Paths
5172:Cosmology
4952:Anuruddha
4927:Sāriputta
4917:Kaundinya
4909:Disciples
4884:Vajrapāṇi
4736:Footprint
4701:Tathāgata
4451:Allahabad
3994:Le (2010)
3917:Le (2010)
3902:Le (2010)
3890:Le (2010)
3843:Le (2010)
3828:Le (2010)
3816:Le (2010)
3804:Le (2010)
3792:Le (2010)
3777:Le (2010)
3765:Le (2010)
3726:Butkara I
3709:Le (2010)
3680:Le (2010)
3665:Le (2010)
3588:Le (2010)
3524:: 271–284
3465:: 252–305
3339:Amaravati
3288:7 January
3266:7 January
3208:Reliquary
3178:Hōkyōintō
3003:Stupa at
2990:Wat Botum
2988:Stupa at
2975:Wat Phnom
2716:Sri Lanka
2706:Singapore
2661:Indonesia
2601:Vajrayāna
2576:Theravāda
2531:Awakening
2419:Practices
2376:Tripiṭaka
2346:Cosmology
2321:Emptiness
2301:Suffering
2110:Tirthikas
2074:Pāramitās
2054:Bodh Gaya
1997:Himalayas
1789:Symbolism
1626:Borobudur
1583:Borobudur
1564:Turkestan
1504:Sri Lanka
1483:East Asia
1479:Southeast
1290:monastery
1221:cruciform
1189:Manikyala
1158:Kaniska I
1143:Kaniska I
1135:Ahin Posh
1027:Bodh Gaya
980:Amaravati
922:Vethapida
910:Ramagrama
906:Allakappa
894:Rajagriha
875:Licchavis
833:Dholavira
809:Phoenicia
803:(tomb of
795:(tomb of
766:mahastupa
703:in which
676:Phoenicia
564:, India.
535:tholobate
333:Mongolian
7209:Category
7138:Violence
7108:Hinduism
7056:Sanskrit
7011:Hinayana
6996:Amitābha
6956:Swastika
6825:Uposatha
6815:Holidays
6800:Calendar
6646:Humanism
6484:Kanishka
6474:Timeline
6298:Thailand
6266:Kalmykia
6261:Buryatia
6246:Pakistan
6231:Mongolia
6226:Maldives
6221:Malaysia
6186:Cambodia
6051:Shamarpa
6046:Nichiren
5996:Xuanzang
5931:Nagasena
5849:Rinpoche
5579:Pāramitā
5421:Devotion
5341:Navayana
5329:Dzogchen
5292:Nichiren
5240:Mahayana
5232:Branches
5110:Saṅkhāra
4859:Mañjuśrī
4816:(cousin)
4808:(cousin)
4776:(mother)
4768:(father)
4756:Miracles
4706:Birthday
4623:Glossary
4596:Buddhism
4527:(1992).
4374:18 April
4348:Archived
4322:18 April
4297:18 April
4217:18 April
3743:pp. 15ff
3574:Full PDF
3528:21 March
3469:21 March
3223:Ziggurat
3151:See also
2933:Cambodia
2726:Thailand
2686:Mongolia
2681:Malaysia
2646:Cambodia
2611:Navayana
2591:Hinayana
2586:Mahāyāna
2496:Lay life
2326:Morality
2306:Not-self
2264:Concepts
2223:Councils
2208:Timeline
2180:Glossary
2162:Buddhism
2154:a series
2152:Part of
2098:Sankassa
2044:, Russia
1987:, Ladakh
1946:Benefits
1887:Treasury
1880:Mandalay
1860:Gandhara
1607:Ghalegay
1552:Sanskrit
1430:aniconic
1423:Huvishka
1415:Kumrahar
1039:Gandhara
972:Kesariya
952:Chakdara
898:Vaishali
860:Piprahwa
805:Alyattes
754:Vaishali
705:śramaṇas
695:Megalith
653:Alyattes
569:chortens
466:Sanskrit
324:soldopha
255:Japanese
153:Sanskrit
18:Chortens
7186:Temples
7166:Buddhas
7128:Science
7118:Judaism
7113:Jainism
7031:Lineage
6991:Abhijñā
6961:Thangka
6904:Sarnath
6889:Lumbini
6810:Funeral
6805:Cuisine
6681:Culture
6656:Reality
6606:Creator
6596:Atomism
6466:History
6439:Ukraine
6399:Germany
6318:Senegal
6308:Vietnam
6236:Myanmar
6036:Shinran
6026:Karmapa
6001:Shandao
5971:Dignāga
5896:Śrāvaka
5876:Donchee
5871:Kappiya
5829:Sayadaw
5799:Bhikkhu
5774:Anāgāmi
5731:Nirvana
5697:Samadhi
5584:Paritta
5525:Tonglen
5520:Mandala
5475:Smarana
5456:Mantras
5404:Upekkha
5374:Bhavana
5324:Shingon
5277:Tiantai
5130:Tathātā
5120:Śūnyatā
5115:Skandha
5105:Saṃsāra
5100:Rebirth
5075:Kleshas
5065:Indriya
4967:Subhūti
4852:Guanyin
4806:Ānanda
4798:Rāhula
4678:Nirvana
4618:Outline
3847:179–180
3328:Eritrea
3168:Gorintō
2911:, China
2866:Sarnath
2831:Gallery
2736:Vietnam
2691:Myanmar
2606:Tibetan
2596:Chinese
2524:Nirvāṇa
2341:Saṃsāra
2336:Rebirth
2201:History
2190:Outline
2136:Magadha
2118:Lichavi
2066:Sarnath
1718:, near
1669:Mathura
1657:Mathura
1611:Barikot
1592:Sarnath
1471:chorten
1469:Row of
1404:Jaulian
1400:finials
1384:sikhara
1288:Jaulian
1214:Jaulian
1139:Kushans
1082:Bharhut
1035:toranas
1031:Mathura
1005:in the
976:Bharhut
837:plaster
793:Phrygia
787:to the
752:around
691:Tumulus
637:Gordion
614:tumulus
594:chaitya
577:pagodas
491:) is a
477:
377:Tibetan
355:Sinhala
346:suvarga
339:суварга
229:Chinese
203:Burmese
181:Bengali
144:English
123:Burmese
119:Tibetan
7242:Stupas
7181:Sutras
7176:Suttas
7041:Siddhi
7026:Koliya
7001:Brahmā
6916:Poetry
6862:Mantra
6852:Kasaya
6724:Pagoda
6704:Kyaung
6699:Vihāra
6694:Temple
6636:Ethics
6479:Ashoka
6429:Sweden
6424:Poland
6419:Norway
6409:Mexico
6394:France
6379:Canada
6374:Brazil
6313:Africa
6293:Taiwan
6256:Russia
6181:Bhutan
6141:Vinaya
6021:Naropa
6011:Saraha
5946:Asanga
5702:Prajñā
5611:Refuge
5574:Nianfo
5535:Tertön
5530:Tantra
5515:Ganana
5505:Tukdam
5431:Dhyāna
5399:Mudita
5394:Karuṇā
5287:Risshū
5282:Huayan
5215:Naraka
5155:Anattā
5150:Dukkha
5145:Anicca
5050:Dharma
5002:Channa
4937:Ānanda
4922:Assaji
4889:Skanda
4792:(wife)
4761:Family
4741:Relics
4666:Sangha
4661:Dharma
4656:Buddha
4535:
4513:
4411:
4260:
4186:
4090:UNESCO
3633:
3608:
3568:
3549:Pagoda
3390:
3188:Kyaung
3183:Kurgan
3005:Oudong
2721:Taiwan
2701:Russia
2641:Brazil
2636:Bhutan
2556:Buddha
2476:Wisdom
2259:Dharma
2131:sangha
2076:, the
2001:Bhutan
1952:karmic
1924:tsatsa
1912:tsatsa
1905:tsatsa
1901:tsatsa
1897:tsatsa
1893:tsatsa
1709:Styria
1642:UNESCO
1487:torana
1434:iconic
1319:Chilas
1304:Kushan
1187:, the
1173:pagoda
968:Sanchi
960:Ashoka
936:coping
920:, and
778:cetiya
768:and a
758:cetiya
750:caitya
746:Ananda
736:caitya
724:caitya
720:caitya
709:caitya
701:tumuli
693:, and
687:Cetiya
589:spires
548:chatra
543:torana
539:vedikā
498:śarīra
361:දාගැබ්
307:Korean
293:UNGEGN
272:sotoba
267:Rōmaji
246:sūdǔpō
241:Pinyin
125:, and
115:Sanchi
7272:Newar
7153:Lists
7021:Kalpa
7016:Iddhi
6879:Music
6874:Mudra
6840:Vassa
6820:Vesak
6790:Budai
6736:Candi
6719:Stupa
6651:Logic
6404:Italy
6303:Tibet
6241:Nepal
6211:Korea
6206:Japan
6196:India
6191:China
6136:Sutra
6091:Texts
6041:Dōgen
6031:Hōnen
6016:Atiśa
5981:Zhiyi
5891:Achar
5859:Tulku
5854:Geshe
5839:Rōshi
5824:Ajahn
5779:Arhat
5739:Bodhi
5709:Vīrya
5626:Sacca
5621:Satya
5616:Sādhu
5604:Music
5547:Merit
5540:Terma
5500:Zazen
5436:Faith
5389:Mettā
5070:Karma
5030:Bardo
4997:Asita
4987:Khema
4977:Upāli
4962:Nanda
4800:(son)
4774:Māyā
4751:Films
4628:Index
4436:(PDF)
4429:(PDF)
3943:torii
3930:torii
3489:(PDF)
3412:(PDF)
3332:Lydia
3163:Candi
3095:Stupa
3069:Stupa
2731:Tibet
2671:Korea
2666:Japan
2656:India
2651:China
2616:Newar
2541:Arhat
2331:Karma
2185:Index
2114:maras
1993:Tibet
1916:tsats
1772:bhumi
1768:dhatu
1556:stupa
1548:thupa
1497:Tibet
1492:torii
1411:Gupta
1011:thube
982:, or
813:Amrit
801:Lydia
797:Midas
772:, or
770:stupa
728:stupa
716:stupa
672:Amrit
657:Lydia
635:" in
633:Midas
519:, or
493:mound
487:stūpa
470:स्तूप
462:stupa
399:Tamil
368:dagab
281:Khmer
215:MLCTS
194:st̪up
187:স্তূপ
159:स्तूप
147:Stupa
139:Stupa
80:Tibet
76:Lhasa
72:Samye
42:Stupa
7051:Pāḷi
7036:Māra
6946:Flag
6347:Iran
6271:Tuva
6216:Laos
5844:Lama
5692:Śīla
5660:Śīla
5648:Pīti
5638:Sati
5589:Puja
5510:Koan
5416:Dāna
5007:Yasa
4894:Tārā
4533:ISBN
4511:ISBN
4409:ISBN
4376:2009
4324:2009
4299:2009
4258:ISBN
4219:2009
4197:2011
4184:ISBN
4160:2018
4097:2008
4066:2014
4039:2014
3969:2013
3722:Swat
3631:ISBN
3606:ISBN
3566:ISBN
3530:2011
3500:2016
3471:2011
3423:2016
3388:ISBN
3330:and
3290:2013
3268:2013
3198:Ovoo
2923:The
2676:Laos
2581:Pāli
2050:Mara
1692:The
1674:The
1544:Pali
1536:tháp
1532:t'ap
1481:and
1366:The
1219:The
1205:The
1194:The
1179:The
1133:The
1003:Pali
914:Pava
858:The
776:and
762:maha
718:and
575:and
507:nuns
481:IAST
475:lit.
425:RTGS
413:Thai
220:zèdì
209:စေတီ
167:Pali
6773:Art
6709:Wat
5245:Zen
3334:."
3218:Wat
1985:Leh
1926:s.
1858:of
1013:).
970:or
579:of
571:of
505:or
313:솔도파
261:卒塔婆
235:窣堵坡
7238::
6275:ru
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4488:.
4477:12
4475:.
4471:.
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4307:^
4268:^
4227:^
4168:^
4151:.
4088:.
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4027:.
4009:.
3909:^
3874:^
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3835:^
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3732:".
3699:^
3672:^
3657:^
3580:^
3572:,
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3508:^
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3449:^
3431:^
3414:.
3362:12
2711:US
2156:on
2084:.
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1655:,
1651:A
1621:.
1540:tō
1528:tā
1440:.
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1286:,
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912:,
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