2030:
2564:
2147:
1722:
2786:
2668:
3384:
2993:
3243:
3181:
6179:
3353:
3263:
1255:
1075:
3092:
2959:
172:
1624:
3415:
2605:
3646:
2863:
2090:
2808:
2937:
2329:
151:
3060:
3321:
2640:
2121:
2051:
1559:(four-limbed vertebrates; 35,100+ species) (The classification below follows Benton 2004, and uses a synthesis of rank-based Linnaean taxonomy and also reflects evolutionary relationships. Benton included the Superclass Tetrapoda in the Subclass Sarcopterygii in order to reflect the direct descent of tetrapods from lobe-finned fish, despite the former being assigned a higher taxonomic rank.)
2313:
3212:
2915:
2737:
2688:
825:
1901:
3546:
3030:
2884:
3114:
3436:
2831:
1704:(also known as Larvacea), retain tadpole-like shapes and active swimming all their lives, and were for a long time regarded as larvae of sea squirts or salps. The etymology of the term Urochordata (Balfour 1881) is from the ancient Greek οὐρά (oura, "tail") + Latin chorda ("cord"), because the notochord is only found in the tail. The term
1665:
4957:
Although I was among the early supporters of vertebrate paraphyly, I am impressed by the evidence provided by
Heimberg et al. and prepared to admit that cyclostomes are, in fact, monophyletic. The consequence is that they may tell us little, if anything, about the dawn of vertebrate evolution, except
2454:
genes eliminated some older ideas, but opened up the possibility that tunicates (urochordates) are "basal deuterostomes", surviving members of the group from which echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates evolved. Some researchers believe that, within the chordates, craniates are most closely related
1920:
There is still much ongoing differential (DNA sequence based) comparison research that is trying to separate out the simplest forms of chordates. As some lineages of the 90% of species that lack a backbone or notochord might have lost these structures over time, this complicates the classification of
5940:
Putnam, N. H.; Butts, T.; Ferrier, D. E. K.; Furlong, R. F.; Hellsten, U.; Kawashima, T.; Robinson-Rechavi, M.; Shoguchi, E.; Terry, A.; Yu, J. K.; Benito-Gutiérrez, E. L.; Dubchak, I.; Garcia-Fernàndez, J.; Gibson-Brown, J. J.; Grigoriev, I. V.; Horton, A. C.; De Jong, P. J.; Jurka, J.; Kapitonov,
2483:
Traditionally, Cephalochordata and
Craniata were grouped into the proposed clade "Euchordata", which would have been the sister group to Tunicata/Urochordata. More recently, Cephalochordata has been thought of as a sister group to the "Olfactores", which includes the craniates and tunicates. The
5352:
Fedonkin, M. A.; Vickers-Rich, P.; Swalla, B.; Trusler, P.; Hall, M. (2008). "A Neoproterozoic chordate with possible affinity to the ascidians: New fossil evidence from the
Vendian of the White Sea, Russia and its evolutionary and ecological implications". HPF-07 Rise and fall of the Ediacaran
2419:(505 Ma), is also regarded as a primitive chordate. On the other hand, fossils of early chordates are very rare, since invertebrate chordates have no bones or teeth, and only one has been reported for the rest of the Cambrian. The best known and earliest unequivocally identified Tunicate is
1074:
2393:, also from the Chengjiang fauna, is interpreted as a chordate and possibly a craniate, as it shows signs of a heart, arteries, gill filaments, a tail, a neural chord with a brain at the front end, and possibly eyes—although it also had short tentacles round its mouth.
5339:
Vickers-Rich P. (2007). "Chapter 4. The Nama Fauna of
Southern Africa". In: Fedonkin, M. A.; Gehling, J. G.; Grey, K.; Narbonne, G. M.; Vickers-Rich, P. "The Rise of Animals: Evolution and Diversification of the Kingdom Animalia", Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.
3698:, a material not used by chordates. Their hard, calcified shells keep their bodies well protected from the environment, and these skeletons enclose their bodies, but are also covered by thin skins. The feet are powered by another unique feature of echinoderms, a
1878:
features to classify organisms, has produced both results that group them with vertebrates and others that group them with hagfish. If lampreys are more closely related to the hagfish than the other vertebrates, this would suggest that they form a
1650:, one of the three subdivisions of chordates, are small, "vaguely fish-shaped" animals that lack brains, clearly defined heads and specialized sense organs. These burrowing filter-feeders compose the earliest-branching chordate subphylum.
3718:"), and use their feather-like arms to filter food particles out of the water; most live anchored to rocks, but a few species can move very slowly. Other echinoderms are mobile and take a variety of body shapes, for example
1680:. Both of these are soft-bodied filter-feeders that lack the standard features of chordates, which are only retained in their larvae. Sea squirts are sessile and consist mainly of water pumps and filter-feeding apparatus;
5047:
Delabre, Christiane; et al. (2002). "Complete
Mitochondrial DNA of the Hagfish, Eptatretus burgeri: The Comparative Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Sequences Strongly Supports the Cyclostome Monophyly".
4305:
2447:, and paleontological data have produced different "family trees". Some closely linked chordates and hemichordates, but that idea is now rejected. Combining such analyses with data from a small set of
2295:
lived in shallow coastal waters slightly more than 555 to 548 million years ago, and are believed to be the oldest evidence of the chordate lineage of metazoans. The
Russian Precambrian fossil
2491:
is also strongly supported by two CSIs found in the proteins predicted exosome complex RRP44 and serine palmitoyltransferase, that are exclusively shared by species from these two subphyla but not
3931:
He, K.; Liu, J.; Han, J.; Ou, Q.; Chen, A.; Zhang, Z.; Fu, D.; Hua, H.; Zhang, X.; Shu, D. (2023). "Comment on "Ultrastructure reveals ancestral vertebrate pharyngeal skeleton in yunnanozoans"".
4749:
2443:
The evolutionary relationships between the chordate groups and between chordates as a whole and their closest deuterostome relatives have been debated since 1890. Studies based on anatomical,
4138:
Kapli, Paschalia; Natsidis, Paschalis; Leite, Daniel J.; Fursman, Maximilian; Jeffrie, Nadia; Rahman, Imran A.; Philippe, Hervé; Copley, Richard R.; Telford, Maximilian J. (19 March 2021).
4087:
Gupta, Radhey S. (January 2016). "Molecular signatures that are distinctive characteristics of the vertebrates and chordates and supporting a grouping of vertebrates with the tunicates".
4958:
that the intuitions of 19th century zoologists were correct in assuming that these odd vertebrates (notably, hagfishes) are strongly degenerate and have lost many characters over time
3834:
Fedonkin, M. A.; Vickers-Rich, P.; Swalla, B. J.; Trusler, P.; Hall, M. (2012). "A new metazoan from the
Vendian of the White Sea, Russia, with possible affinities to the ascidians".
1859:. However the cladistic exclusion of hagfish from the vertebrates is controversial, as they may instead be degenerate vertebrates who have secondarily lost their vertebral columns.
1062:
5941:
V. V.; Kohara, Y.; Kuroki, Y.; Lindquist, E.; Lucas, S.; Osoegawa, K.; Pennacchio, L. A.; Salamov, A. A.; Satou, Y.; Sauka-Spengler, T.; Schmutz, J.; Shin-i, T. (June 2008).
4325:
5257:, the Vendian mollusc-like organism (White sea region, Russia): palaeoecological and evolutionary implications", in Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower, Patricia (eds.),
8362:
4996:
Shigehiro Kuraku, S.; Hoshiyama, D.; Katoh, K.; Suga, H & Miyata, T. (December 1999). "Monophyly of
Lampreys and Hagfishes Supported by Nuclear DNA-Coded Genes".
4235:
9029:
5716:
2204:
While this has been well known since the 19th century, an insistence on only monophyletic taxa has resulted in vertebrate classification being in a state of flux.
9055:
813:
1855:
and no vertebrae, and are therefore not regarded as vertebrates, but they are members of the craniates, the group within which vertebrates are thought to have
2029:
3817:
1970:
offers a reasonable prospect of dating their emergence. However, the use of molecular phylogenetics for dating evolutionary transitions is controversial.
9152:
5387:
2336:, the world's fastest animal. Peregrines use gravity and aerodynamics to achieve their top speed of around 242mph (390km/h), as opposed to locomotion.
812:
described a taxon comprising tunicates, cephalochordates, and vertebrates in 1866. Though he used the German vernacular form, it is allowed under the
4756:
9003:
4723:
1924:
Attempts to work out the evolutionary relationships of the chordates have produced several hypotheses. The current consensus is that chordates are
9147:
9042:
8068:
4538:
1787:
1262:
6149:
6099:
5274:
4888:
4801:
4707:
4589:
4452:
4427:
4356:
4066:
4846:
9157:
4970:
2321:
722:) was previously considered a fourth chordate subphylum, but now is treated as a separate phylum which are now thought to be closer to the
4210:
7507:
6221:
1921:
chordates. Some chordate lineages may only be found by DNA analysis, when there is no physical trace of any chordate-like structures.
6114:
5873:
5413:
1936:(CSIs) in the proteins cyclophilin-like protein and mitochondrial inner membrane protease ATP23, which are exclusively shared by all
6184:
4380:
1287:
494:
437:
6031:
Delsuc F, Philippe H, Tsagkogeorga G, Simion P, Tilak MK, Turon X, López-Legentil S, Piette J, Lemaire P, Douzery EJ (April 2018).
1928:, meaning that the Chordata include all and only the descendants of a single common ancestor, which is itself a chordate, and that
9114:
6258:
2476:. However, molecular estimates of dates often disagree with each other and with the fossil record, and their assumption that the
1973:
It has also proved difficult to produce a detailed classification within the living chordates. Attempts to produce evolutionary "
4400:
6253:
5094:
Shu, D-G.; Conway Morris, S. & Han, J. (January 2003). "Head and backbone of the Early
Cambrian vertebrate Haikouichthys".
2458:
Since early chordates have left a poor fossil record, attempts have been made to calculate the key dates in their evolution by
1012:
There are soft constraints that separate chordates from other biological lineages, but are not part of the formal definition:
541:. The name "chordate" comes from the first of these synapomorphies, the notochord, which plays a significant role in chordate
2235:
was a member of the protostomes. If so, this means the protostome and deuterostome lineages must have split some time before
1866:
is ambiguous. They have complete braincases and rudimentary vertebrae, and therefore may be regarded as vertebrates and true
9047:
5541:
5146:
2563:
2535:. The positions (relationships) of the lancelets, tunicates, and craniates/vertebrates are based on the following studies:
567:
In addition to the morphological characteristics used to define chordates, analysis of genome sequences has identified two
6337:
6327:
6310:
2462:
techniques—by analyzing biochemical differences, mainly in RNA. One such study suggested that deuterostomes arose before
2455:
to cephalochordates, but there are also reasons for regarding tunicates (urochordates) as craniates' closest relatives.
576:
503:). All chordates possess, at some point during their larval or adult stages, five distinctive physical characteristics (
2253:. Three enigmatic species that are possible very early tunicates, and therefor deuterostomes, were also found from the
1274:. Bolded items are components of all chordates at some point in their lifetimes, and distinguish them from other phyla.
155:
8925:
8902:
8061:
2785:
2667:
2437:
5895:
Schwartz, J. H.; Maresca, B. (December 2006). "Do
Molecular Clocks Run at All? A Critique of Molecular Systematics".
5297:
Butterfield, N.J. (December 2006). "Hooking some stem-group "worms": fossil lophotrochozoans in the Burgess Shale".
8982:
1933:
1700:-like tails; they also have rudimentary brains, light sensors and tilt sensors. The third main group of tunicates,
568:
504:
4512:
3625:
animals, often less than 1 millimetre (0.039 in) long individually, whose dwellings are interconnected. Each
2146:
1721:
9060:
8995:
8205:
5451:
Shu, D.; Zhang, X.; Chen, L. (April 1996). "Reinterpretation of Yunnanozoon as the earliest known hemichordate".
2301:
is identified as a tunicate only tentatively, because its fossils are nowhere near as well-preserved as those of
1629:
1270:
917:
171:
5773:"Evaluating Hypotheses of Deuterostome Phylogeny and Chordate Evolution with New LSU and SSU Ribosomal DNA Data"
3958:
Mussini, G.; Smith, M. P.; Vinther, J.; Rahman, I. A.; Murdock, D. J. E.; Harper, D. A. T.; Dunn, F. S. (2024).
3770:
3613:
and worm-like bodies with up to 200 branchial slits, are up to 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) long, and burrow though
2992:
5364:
3383:
893:
to bend and twist relative to each other. In wholly aquatic species, this helps the animal swim efficiently by
46:
42:
38:
3180:
850:
of animals that are defined by having at some stage in their lives all of the following anatomical features:
8290:
6342:
4055:
Freeborn, Michelle (1 January 2015). Roberts, Clive Douglas; Stewart, Andrew L.; Struthers, Carl D. (eds.).
3748:
2459:
2320:, the largest animal, extant or extinct, ever discovered. Mounted outside the Long Marine Laboratory at the
1967:
1871:
1618:
4669:
3586:("half chordates") have some features similar to those of chordates: branchial openings that open into the
3352:
3242:
8842:
8054:
7500:
6214:
5904:
4727:
2369:
830:
9091:
8518:
8168:
6305:
3699:
2389:
1021:
925:
157:
1966:, which implies that they are vertebrates. Because the fossil record of early chordates is poor, only
1233:
9070:
8951:
8930:
8889:
8183:
6173:
5954:
5725:
5669:
5653:
5618:
5556:
5506:
5460:
5175:
5103:
5057:
5005:
4920:
4625:
4151:
4096:
3843:
3785:
3707:
3651:
2287:. Results of a new study have shown possible affinity of these Ediacaran organisms to the ascidians.
561:
156:
5909:
1688:, and have a two-generation cycle in which one generation is solitary and the next forms chain-like
9119:
6194:
4755:. Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Archived from
1293:
886:
546:
154:
4791:
4697:
4579:
3262:
9142:
8513:
8195:
6770:
6322:
6300:
6288:
6263:
5922:
5710:
Chen, Jun-Yuan; Huang, Di-Ying; Peng, Qing-Qing; Chi, Hui-Mei; Wang,Xiu-Qiang; Feng, Man (2003).
5685:
5634:
5572:
5522:
5476:
5322:
5127:
5029:
4850:
4651:
3910:
3859:
3809:
3676:
2801:
1477:
1182:
1135:
1028:
781:
762:
557:
554:
166:
9096:
5437:
4974:
4203:
3629:
by means of a pair of branched tentacles, and has a short, shield-shaped proboscis. The extinct
2958:
1254:
765:
over 539 million years ago. Of the more than 81,000 living species of chordates, about half are
1816:
commented that "craniates are characterized by their heads, just as chordates, or possibly all
9078:
8938:
8305:
7493:
7192:
7112:
6462:
6332:
6295:
6283:
6273:
6207:
6145:
6095:
6064:
6013:
5972:
5877:
5840:
5794:
5753:
5497:
Chen, J-Y.; Hang, D-Y.; Li, C.W. (December 1999). "An early Cambrian craniate-like chordate".
5314:
5280:
5270:
5235:
5193:
5119:
5073:
5021:
4948:
4884:
4797:
4703:
4643:
4585:
4448:
4423:
4417:
4376:
4352:
4279:
4185:
4167:
4120:
4112:
4062:
4037:
3985:
3801:
3743:
3614:
2512:
2429:
1974:
1302:
1103:
901:
874:
742:
519:
372:
5771:
Winchell, C. J.; Sullivan, J.; Cameron, C. B.; Swalla, B. J. & Mallatt, J. (1 May 2002).
9106:
9083:
8581:
8460:
8352:
8295:
8235:
8230:
8158:
8143:
6247:
6087:
6054:
6044:
6003:
5962:
5914:
5869:
5830:
5784:
5743:
5733:
5677:
5626:
5564:
5514:
5468:
5429:
5379:
5306:
5262:
5227:
5183:
5111:
5065:
5013:
4938:
4928:
4904:
4872:
4633:
4317:
4269:
4175:
4159:
4104:
4027:
4019:
3975:
3940:
3902:
3851:
3793:
3622:
2931:
2908:
2378:
2333:
1959:
1832:
1761:
1689:
1459:
1453:
1127:
882:
835:
785:
644:
465:
411:
61:
4560:
4486:
3414:
3091:
1623:
9034:
8754:
8659:
8621:
8576:
8508:
8265:
8225:
8210:
8103:
7909:
7663:
7629:
7556:
7473:
7379:
7230:
7133:
6990:
6523:
6118:
5789:
5772:
4483:
4404:
3680:
3645:
2862:
2732:
2683:
2558:
2500:
2492:
2477:
2085:
1978:
1945:
1647:
1316:
1266:
1160:
935:
894:
805:
770:
766:
731:
691:
591:
531:
329:
5215:
8046:
6091:
5958:
5729:
5673:
5658:
Simonetta and Insom, from the Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian), British Columbia, Canada"
5622:
5560:
5510:
5464:
5179:
5107:
5061:
5009:
4924:
4629:
4155:
4100:
4032:
4007:
3847:
3789:
3675:
differ from chordates and their other relatives in three conspicuous ways: they possess
2089:
8990:
8977:
8880:
8814:
8759:
8749:
8591:
8405:
8357:
8270:
8245:
8240:
8220:
8215:
8118:
8108:
7778:
7750:
7657:
7138:
6934:
6846:
6824:
6787:
6278:
6059:
6032:
5433:
4943:
4908:
4824:
4180:
4139:
3702:
of canals that also functions as a "lung" and surrounded by muscles that act as pumps.
3626:
3163:
3072:
3042:
2780:
2663:
2401:
2259:
1813:
1786:
1535:
1508:
1434:
1241:
989:
959:
913:
878:
773:
637:
284:
6178:
5748:
5711:
594:. These CSIs provide molecular means to reliably distinguish chordates from all other
9136:
8538:
8523:
8485:
8410:
8346:
8332:
8280:
8275:
8189:
8178:
8173:
8153:
8148:
8123:
8021:
7926:
7789:
7733:
7283:
7187:
6686:
5261:, Special publications, vol. 286, London: Geological Society, pp. 157–179,
4397:
3906:
3863:
3813:
3566:
3558:
3302:
3085:
2972:
2532:
2524:
2416:
2395:
1905:
1544:
1486:
1005:
921:
809:
789:
652:
630:
357:
267:
103:
5926:
5689:
5526:
5372:
The Paleontological Society Papers: Neoproterozoic – Cambrian Biological Revolutions
5326:
4008:"A long-headed Cambrian soft-bodied vertebrate from the American Great Basin region"
3914:
2936:
2807:
8734:
8729:
8704:
8679:
8669:
8596:
8465:
8339:
8300:
8285:
8260:
8255:
8200:
8133:
7901:
7856:
7761:
7705:
7542:
7389:
7384:
7272:
7128:
7014:
6900:
6803:
6782:
6652:
6603:
6559:
6540:
5638:
5576:
5480:
5131:
5033:
4655:
4140:"Lack of support for Deuterostomia prompts reinterpretation of the first Bilateria"
3731:
3723:
3606:
3583:
3578:
3562:
3554:
3153:
3059:
2717:
2421:
2328:
2220:
2024:
2011:
1994:
1982:
1925:
1884:
1875:
1817:
1526:
1416:
1408:
1297:. While it is structured so as to reflect evolutionary relationships (similar to a
1017:
859:
735:
727:
715:
640:
446:
297:
252:
3320:
2639:
2120:
8943:
8894:
5580:
3769:
Yang, Chuan; Li, Xian-Hua; Zhu, Maoyan; Condon, Daniel J.; Chen, Junyuan (2018).
3594:, but running in a circle round the "collar", which is ahead of the mouth; and a
1708:(Lamarck 1816) is recognised as having precedence and is now more commonly used.
9016:
8907:
8874:
8789:
8764:
8709:
8684:
8606:
8601:
8566:
8556:
8250:
8163:
7818:
7718:
7350:
7321:
7307:
7297:
6882:
6698:
6611:
6393:
4306:"Key characters uniting hemichordates and chordates: homologies or homoplasies?"
4108:
3711:
3618:
3333:
3225:
3211:
3206:
3193:
3055:
2878:
2604:
2528:
2383:
2374:
2312:
1844:
1840:
1438:
1344:
1325:
1083:
1058:
1042:
909:
905:
866:
helices, which extends along the central axis of the body. Among members of the
839:
671:
572:
516:
365:
349:
315:
306:
291:
216:
78:
4258:"Evolution and Development of the Chordates: Collagen and Pharyngeal Cartilage"
2914:
8822:
8784:
8714:
8694:
8689:
8674:
8644:
8616:
8571:
8561:
8533:
8528:
8470:
8445:
8138:
8113:
8014:
7953:
7806:
7691:
7645:
7579:
7447:
7432:
7427:
7408:
7403:
7331:
7278:
7248:
7240:
7182:
7056:
7048:
7031:
6811:
6723:
6676:
6616:
6578:
6552:
6398:
6383:
6049:
5918:
5383:
5188:
5163:
4909:"MicroRNAs revive old views about jawless vertebrate divergence and evolution"
4876:
3980:
3959:
3855:
3727:
3715:
3672:
3667:
3659:
3630:
3409:
3315:
3024:
2986:
2952:
2844:
2767:
2736:
2713:
2687:
2576:
2444:
2349:
2341:
2317:
2231:
2216:
2212:
2141:
2102:
2046:
1937:
1824:
1781:
1585:); 21,300+ species – 10,000+ species of birds and 11,300+ species of reptiles)
1573:
1517:
1503:(Paleozoic armoured forms; paraphyletic in relation to all other gnathostomes)
1499:
1465:
1423:
1390:
1380:
1353:
1336:
1298:
870:
750:
746:
723:
719:
703:
675:
648:
606:
583:
384:
334:
123:
88:
6033:"A phylogenomic framework and timescale for comparative studies of tunicates"
5284:
4171:
4116:
3805:
2387:, from the earlier Cambrian, was a hemichordate or chordate. Another fossil,
8964:
8739:
8719:
8611:
8490:
8425:
8415:
8400:
8395:
8376:
8128:
7945:
7635:
7609:
7536:
7413:
7360:
7355:
7326:
7315:
7264:
7259:
7211:
7123:
7116:
6910:
6905:
6867:
6716:
6708:
6637:
6589:
6510:
6497:
6478:
6473:
6432:
5860:
5835:
5818:
5738:
5231:
4933:
4274:
4257:
4256:
Rychel, A.L.; Smith, S.E.; Shimamoto, H.T. & Swalla, B.J. (March 2006).
3944:
3684:
3656:
3610:
3591:
3431:
3366:
3258:
3176:
2824:
2635:
2599:
2516:
2254:
2208:
2198:
2050:
1900:
1856:
1852:
1828:
1757:
1745:
1733:
1701:
1590:
1564:
1555:
1447:
1371:
1362:
1143:
1093:
1038:
1031:
997:
981:
867:
855:
824:
683:
614:
542:
523:
512:
449:
242:
229:
203:
183:
140:
128:
72:
8865:
6068:
6017:
5976:
5881:
5844:
5798:
5757:
5318:
5239:
5197:
5123:
5077:
5069:
5025:
4952:
4647:
4283:
4189:
4163:
4124:
4041:
3989:
3771:"Geochronological constraint on the Cambrian Chengjiang biota, South China"
3545:
3029:
2883:
730:, the sister phylum of the Chordates. Chordata, Ambulacraria, and possibly
7485:
3435:
3113:
8917:
8859:
8794:
8774:
8769:
8744:
8724:
8699:
8654:
8649:
8480:
8455:
8435:
8095:
7915:
7843:
7831:
7593:
7564:
7437:
7421:
7344:
7336:
7291:
7254:
7235:
7206:
7200:
7061:
7002:
6978:
6875:
6756:
6645:
6420:
6411:
6317:
6008:
5991:
3719:
3691:
3379:
3238:
3108:
2586:
2496:
2488:
2448:
2426:
2364:
2345:
2324:. The largest blue whale ever reliably recorded measured 98ft (30m) long.
2297:
2283:
2269:
2137:
2115:
1956:
1941:
1929:
1836:
1809:
1797:
1777:
1685:
1673:
1659:
1642:
1471:
1395:
1211:
1054:
963:
890:
863:
777:
754:
711:
695:
667:
659:
587:
579:
378:
339:
118:
113:
98:
93:
83:
65:
17:
5967:
5942:
5874:
10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199901)21:1<71::AID-BIES9>3.0.CO;2-B
5115:
4516:
4023:
3797:
3590:
and look rather like gill slits; stomochords, similar in composition to
8799:
8779:
8475:
8450:
8440:
8430:
8386:
8323:
8028:
7867:
7713:
7397:
7373:
7365:
7302:
7216:
7036:
7023:
6956:
6947:
6892:
6817:
5310:
5017:
3703:
3695:
3634:
3599:
3587:
3396:
2520:
2433:
2353:
2264:
2248:
1863:
1848:
1805:
1791:
1741:
1697:
1676:
appear as adults in one of two major forms, known as "sea squirts" and
1578:
1403:
1174:
1151:
985:
974:
939:
618:
527:
133:
108:
31:
6199:
5089:
5087:
4691:
4689:
4687:
2830:
1521:(Paleozoic "spiny sharks"; paraphyletic in relation to Chondrichthyes)
8639:
8631:
8500:
7934:
7891:
7880:
7530:
7442:
7176:
6466:
6376:
6363:
6234:
6231:
6082:
Goujet, Daniel F (16 February 2015), "Placodermi (Armoured Fishes)",
5992:"Cyclostome embryology and early evolutionary history of vertebrates"
5681:
5630:
5472:
5266:
3688:
3346:
2857:
2471:
2464:
2411:
2358:
2278:
2241:
2225:
1952:
1911:
1753:
1595:
1427:
1225:
1190:
1050:
1046:
1001:
943:
847:
758:
626:
602:
595:
550:
456:
452:
323:
193:
8836:
4638:
4613:
4321:
3683:, meaning that their body pattern is shaped like a wheel; they have
969:
A post-anal tail. A muscular tail that extends backwards behind the
8969:
5518:
4780:
Oxford English Dictionary, Third Edition, January 2009: Urochordata
3893:
Nielsen, C. (July 2012). "The authorship of higher chordate taxa".
2223:, the latter of which contains chordates. It seems very likely the
966:, they are only present during embryonic stages of the development.
9008:
8548:
8420:
6189:
5943:"The amphioxus genome and the evolution of the chordate karyotype"
5819:"Molecular Phylogeny and Divergence Times of Deuterostome Animals"
5568:
5253:
Fedonkin, M.A.; Simonetta, A; Ivantsov, A.Y. (2007), "New data on
4375:. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland Mass 2003 (2nd ed.), p. 47,
3644:
3595:
3544:
2327:
2311:
1899:
1880:
1801:
1785:
1749:
1737:
1693:
1664:
1663:
1622:
1245:
1207:
1203:
996:
to gather food particles, which helps in transporting food to the
993:
947:
929:
823:
687:
663:
656:
508:
9021:
6117:. University of California Museum of Paleontology. Archived from
4973:. University of California Museum of Paleontology. Archived from
4849:. University of California Museum of Paleontology. Archived from
4251:
4249:
8586:
8078:
7959:
7857:
Lissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians)
6168:
2406:
1963:
1932:' nearest relatives are tunicates. Recent identification of two
1867:
1681:
1677:
1582:
1164:
1119:
970:
955:
951:
793:
699:
679:
634:
622:
610:
538:
535:
8840:
8050:
7489:
6495:
6203:
5353:(Vendian) biota. International Geological Congress - Oslo 2008.
5605:
Shu, D-G.; Conway Morris, S.; Zhang, X-L. (November 1996). "A
3565:. The Chordata and Ambulacraria together form the superphylum
3553:
The closest relatives of the Chordates are believed to be the
2451:
1491:
4539:"New Study Doubles the Estimate of Bird Species in the World"
714:
are chordates, but their internal placement is less certain.
8956:
7751:
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, chimaeras)
962:
system that extracts food particles from ingested water. In
471:
420:
149:
5712:"The first tunicate from the Early Cambrian of South China"
5540:
Shu, D-G.; Conway Morris, S.; Zhang, X-L. (November 1999).
4493:. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York
3605:
There are two living groups of hemichordates. The solitary
2415:, discovered much earlier (1911) but from the Mid Cambrian
1948:
also provide strong evidence of the monophyly of Chordata.
486:
480:
426:
3549:
Acorn worms or Enteropneusts are example of hemichordates.
1398:) (vertebrates – animals with backbones; 66,100+ species)
5363:
Bengtson, S. (2004). Lipps, J.H.; Waggoner, B.M. (eds.).
4209:. International Stratigraphic Commission. February 2022.
3637:
blades, lived in tubes similar to those of pterobranchs.
5858:
Ayala, F. J. (January 1999). "Molecular clock mirages".
1730:--------------------------------------------------------
706:, which is sister to Cephalochordata (see diagram under
757:) and is also one of the most ancient taxons. Chordate
4883:(7th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings.
4056:
3878:
Anthropogenie oder Entwicklungsgeschichte des Menschen
2519:
show probable evolutionary relationships between both
3751: – All the classes and orders of phylum Chordata
2495:, indicating Vertebrates are more closely related to
1752:, 7. Gut, 8. V-shaped muscles, 9. Anus, 10. Inhalant
1696:
have the standard chordate features, including long,
738:, although this has recently been called into doubt.
686:), which only retain the synapomorphies during their
495:
468:
438:
417:
4447:(4th ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
4001:
3999:
2356:), are quite common from the start of the Cambrian,
483:
477:
429:
423:
8849:
8812:
8630:
8547:
8499:
8384:
8375:
8322:
8094:
7944:
7925:
7900:
7889:
7865:
7841:
7816:
7787:
7759:
7731:
7704:
7689:
7644:
7618:
7592:
7577:
7555:
7166:
7047:
7022:
7013:
6989:
6967:
6932:
6891:
6866:
6859:
6844:
6796:
6769:
6754:
6707:
6685:
6665:
6636:
6629:
6602:
6587:
6576:
6539:
6508:
6431:
6392:
6361:
5214:Erwin, Douglas H.; Eric H. Davidson (1 July 2002).
4491:
Amphibian Species of the World, an Online Reference
4351:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 7.
2480:runs at a known constant rate has been challenged.
1835:. It consists of a series of bony or cartilaginous
1756:, 11. Exhalant syphon, 12. Heart, 13. Stomach, 14.
741:Chordata is the third-largest phylum of the animal
474:
414:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5609:-like chordate from the Lower Cambrian of China".
5148:Why we have a spine when over 90% of animals don't
2405:, also from the Chengjiang fauna, are regarded as
2246:, and hence well before the start of the Cambrian
1727:A. Lancelet, B. Larval tunicate, C. Adult tunicate
702:. The Vertebrates and Tunicates compose the clade
5492:
5490:
4827:. University of California Museum of Paleontology
4006:Lerosey-Aubril, R.; Ortega-Hernández, J. (2024).
2277:-like genus from the Onega Peninsula of northern
1301:), it also retains the traditional ranks used in
1285:The following schema is from the 2015 edition of
958:, but in some other chordates they are part of a
808:(1885), it was already in prevalent use by 1880.
8363:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
6144:(3rd ed.). Blackwell Science. p. 412.
3633:, colonial animals whose fossils look like tiny
2487:A specific relationship between Vertebrates and
2377:hemichordate. Opinions differ about whether the
1847:, and with projections that link the vertebrae.
5717:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5418:, a Middle Cambrian rhabdopleurid hemichordate"
4913:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4793:Vertebrate Palaeontology: Biology and Evolution
4699:Vertebrate Palaeontology: Biology and Evolution
4614:"Evolutionary biology: The amphioxus unleashed"
4581:Vertebrate Palaeontology: Biology and Evolution
2309:, so this identification has been questioned.
1962:, and include two species that are regarded as
153:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4293:
3964:reveals the origins of the chordate body plan"
977:, this is only present in the embryonic stage.
873:(vertebrates), the notochord gets replaced by
545:structuring and movements. Chordates are also
8062:
7501:
6215:
5817:Blair, J. E.; Hedges, S. B. (November 2005).
5542:"Lower Cambrian vertebrates from south China"
5209:
5207:
4398:The classification scheme is available online
3888:
3886:
3609:, commonly known as "acorn worms", have long
2340:Fossils of one major deuterostome group, the
1627:Cephalochordate: lancelet. Pictured species:
1291:. The invertebrate chordate classes are from
920:end of the neural tube enlarges into several
834:) is one of the few chordates with a visible
8:
6086:, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 1–7,
5348:
5346:
1760:, 15. Intestines, 16. Tail, 17. Atrium, 18.
804:Although the name Chordata is attributed to
27:Phylum of animals having a dorsal nerve cord
5990:Ota, K. G.; Kuratani, S. (September 2007).
4061:. Vol. Two. Te Papa Press. p. 6.
1348:(Urochordata) – (tunicates; 3,000 species)
1004:, and may be a precursor of the vertebrate
582:ATP23, which are exclusively shared by all
8837:
8381:
8319:
8091:
8087:
8069:
8055:
8047:
7941:
7897:
7873:
7849:
7824:
7799:
7771:
7743:
7701:
7697:
7650:
7622:
7602:
7589:
7585:
7552:
7508:
7494:
7486:
7163:
7019:
6995:
6971:
6940:
6863:
6856:
6852:
6775:
6766:
6762:
6691:
6669:
6662:
6633:
6599:
6595:
6584:
6573:
6545:
6516:
6505:
6492:
6404:
6369:
6358:
6222:
6208:
6200:
6177:
5412:Bengtson, S.; Urbanek, A. (October 2007).
2207:The majority of animals more complex than
1253:
885:, and notochord remnants develop into the
53:
6058:
6048:
6007:
5966:
5908:
5834:
5788:
5747:
5737:
5187:
4942:
4932:
4637:
4273:
4179:
4031:
3979:
1916:in China, may be the earliest known fish.
6560:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
5259:The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota
4971:"Introduction to the Petromyzontiformes"
4796:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 12–13.
3926:
3924:
3710:and look rather like flowers (hence the
3679:only as larvae – in adulthood they have
1714:Comparison of two invertebrate chordates
816:because of its subsequent latinization.
776:) and the vast majority of the rest are
7636:Thaliacea (pyrosomes, salps, doliolids)
4422:(4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
4396:, Third Edition. Blackwell Publishing.
3761:
1539:(ray-finned fish; about 30,000 species)
1024:, the anus forms before the mouth does.
912:, the main communications trunk of the
6554:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
6524:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
1320:(Acraniata) – (lancelets; 30 species)
629:), whose notochords are replaced by a
5790:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004134
5216:"The last common bilaterian ancestor"
5050:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
4089:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1977:" shows that many of the traditional
761:have been found from as early as the
734:are believed to form the superphylum
7:
9071:406e3eca-a45f-43d7-ab69-43831f3412b4
8996:1700ebea-6b47-49a0-ab76-b82462c4c44b
6825:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
5654:"A Redescription of a Rare Chordate,
4082:
4080:
4078:
3823:from the original on 9 October 2022.
3687:; and their bodies are supported by
2322:University of California, Santa Cruz
1411:(jawless vertebrates; 100+ species)
6092:10.1002/9780470015902.a0001533.pub2
5996:Integrative and Comparative Biology
5393:from the original on 9 October 2022
5162:Holland, N. D. (22 November 2005).
4702:. Blackwell Publishing. p. 5.
4584:. Blackwell Publishing. p. 6.
4216:from the original on 9 October 2022
3402:
3372:
3339:
3308:
3231:
3199:
3169:
3159:
3078:
3048:
3016:
3009:
2978:
2850:
2773:
2656:
2628:
2621:
2592:
2582:
2551:
2541:
2108:
2078:
2017:
2007:
2000:
1990:
726:, and together they form the clade
698:), which resemble fish but have no
507:) that distinguish them from other
395:
6422:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
6115:"Introduction to the Hemichordata"
5434:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1986.tb00743.x
4515:. 15 February 2013. Archived from
4513:"Reptiles face risk of extinction"
2469:and the earliest chordates around
1512:(cartilaginous fish; 900+ species)
792:) who evolved air-breathing using
511:. These five synapomorphies are a
25:
9153:Extant Cambrian first appearances
5145:Josh Gabbatiss (15 August 2016),
3778:Journal of the Geological Society
2432:at Shankou village, Anning, near
954:, the slits are modified to form
601:Chordates are divided into three
7779:Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
7466:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
3907:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00536.x
3434:
3413:
3382:
3351:
3319:
3261:
3241:
3210:
3179:
3112:
3090:
3058:
3028:
2991:
2957:
2935:
2913:
2882:
2861:
2829:
2806:
2784:
2735:
2686:
2666:
2638:
2603:
2562:
2145:
2119:
2088:
2049:
2028:
1720:
1366:(salps, doliolids and pyrosomes)
1073:
464:
410:
170:
5823:Molecular Biology and Evolution
5777:Molecular Biology and Evolution
4825:"Morphology of the Vertebrates"
4470:Vertebrate Paleontology. 3rd ed
4262:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2531:. Relatives of vertebrates are
2523:taxa, which are denoted with a
2215:are split into two groups, the
1684:float in mid-water, feeding on
9148:Terreneuvian first appearances
6653:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
6195:Chordate node at NCBI Taxonomy
6185:Chordate on GlobalTwitcher.com
4998:Journal of Molecular Evolution
4790:Benton, M.J. (14 April 2000).
4696:Benton, M.J. (14 April 2000).
4578:Benton, M.J. (14 April 2000).
3598:nerve cord—but also a smaller
2344:(whose modern members include
889:, which allow adjacent spinal
842:is housed within its backbone.
707:
1:
6190:Chordate node at Tree Of Life
4561:"Species Statistics Aug 2019"
3541:Closest nonchordate relatives
1955:have been found in the Early
1951:All of the earliest chordate
1548:(lobe-finned fish: 8 species)
1530:(bony fish; 30,000+ species)
1027:All chordates are based on a
895:flexing its tail side-to-side
858:, a stiff but elastic rod of
7265:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
4847:"Introduction to the Myxini"
4304:Ruppert, E. (January 2005).
2515:of the phylum. Lines of the
2273:, and one from a second new
1736:, 2. Nerve chord, 3. Buccal
1568:(amphibians; 8,100+ species)
973:. In some chordates such as
710:). Extinct taxa such as the
577:inner mitochondrial membrane
9158:Taxa named by Ernst Haeckel
7610:Appendicularia (larvaceans)
7322:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
7062:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
6877:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
6788:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
6677:Loricifera (corset animals)
4416:Benton, Michael J. (2014).
4310:Canadian Journal of Zoology
4109:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.09.019
2484:matter is not yet settled.
1883:, which has been named the
9174:
8037:denote paraphyletic groups
7916:Squamata (scaled reptiles)
7212:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
6958:Annelida (segmented worms)
6783:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
6699:Onychophora (velvet worms)
5652:Conway Morris, S. (2008).
4204:"Stratigraphic Chart 2022"
4012:Royal Society Open Science
3665:
3576:
3561:, which together form the
2373:has been interpreted as a
2199:evolutionary relationships
1934:conserved signature indels
1839:vertebrae, generally with
1775:
1657:
1640:
1637:Cephalochordata: Lancelets
1616:
1041:, and have a fluid-filled
1020:. This means that, during
984:. This is a groove in the
908:, which develops into the
571:(CSIs) in their proteins:
569:conserved signature indels
36:
29:
8318:
8090:
8086:
8081:phyla/divisions by domain
8008:
7954:Crocodilia (crocodilians)
7910:Rhynchocephalia (tuatara)
7876:
7852:
7827:
7802:
7774:
7746:
7700:
7653:
7625:
7605:
7588:
7551:
7525:
7462:
7260:Asterozoans inc. starfish
7162:
7155:
7106:
7057:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
7038:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
6998:
6974:
6943:
6883:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
6855:
6778:
6765:
6694:
6672:
6661:
6612:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
6598:
6572:
6548:
6519:
6504:
6491:
6456:
6407:
6384:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
6372:
6357:
6241:
6050:10.1186/s12915-018-0499-2
5919:10.1162/biot.2006.1.4.357
5384:10.1017/S1089332600002345
5189:10.1016/j.cub.2005.11.008
4724:"Animal fact files: salp"
4058:The fishes of New Zealand
3981:10.1016/j.cub.2024.05.026
3960:"A new interpretation of
3856:10.1134/S0031030112010042
3429:
3407:
3400:
3377:
3370:
3344:
3337:
3313:
3306:
3256:
3236:
3229:
3204:
3197:
3174:
3167:
3157:
3106:
3083:
3076:
3053:
3046:
3021:
3014:
3007:
2983:
2976:
2950:
2929:
2906:
2876:
2855:
2848:
2822:
2799:
2778:
2771:
2730:
2711:
2681:
2661:
2654:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2597:
2590:
2580:
2556:
2549:
2135:
2113:
2106:
2083:
2076:
2044:
2022:
2015:
2005:
1998:
1630:Branchiostoma lanceolatum
1271:Branchiostoma lanceolatum
928:, which give rise to the
280:
275:
167:Scientific classification
165:
148:
56:
8015:Ascidiacea (sea squirts)
7807:Actinistia (coelacanths)
6818:Rotifera (wheel animals)
6617:Priapulida (penis worms)
5365:"Early skeletal fossils"
4612:Gee, H. (19 June 2008).
4565:www.reptile-database.org
4472:. Blackwell Science Ltd.
4419:Vertebrate Palaeontology
4394:Vertebrate Palaeontology
4371:R.C.Brusca, G.J.Brusca.
4347:Valentine, J.W. (2004).
2422:Shankouclava shankouense
1692:. However, all tunicate
1288:Vertebrate Palaeontology
988:wall of the pharynx. In
47:Caudate (disambiguation)
43:Cordata (disambiguation)
39:Cordate (disambiguation)
37:Not to be confused with
34:, a group of amphibians.
30:Not to be confused with
8291:Thermodesulfobacteriota
7565:Leptocardii (lancelets)
7032:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
7004:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
6725:Tardigrada (waterbears)
6718:Arthropoda (arthropods)
5739:10.1073/pnas.1431177100
5662:Journal of Paleontology
5232:10.1242/dev.129.13.3021
4934:10.1073/pnas.1014583107
4403:19 October 2008 at the
3945:10.1126/science.ade9707
3836:Paleontological Journal
3749:List of chordate orders
2474: million years ago
2467: million years ago
2460:molecular phylogenetics
2361: million years ago
2263:from the Nama Group of
2251: million years ago
2244: million years ago
1968:molecular phylogenetics
1914: million years ago
1872:molecular phylogenetics
1820:, are by their tails".
1619:List of chordate orders
946:immediately behind the
662:(i.e. chordates with a
344:Total group Vertebrata
7719:Hyperoartia (lampreys)
7207:Anthozoans inc. corals
6906:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
5656:Metaspriggina walcotti
5070:10.1006/mpev.2001.1045
4443:Nelson, J. S. (2006).
4349:On the Origin of Phyla
4164:10.1126/sciadv.abe2741
3663:
3550:
2370:Rhabdotubus johanssoni
2337:
2325:
1917:
1794:
1669:
1668:Tunicates: sea squirts
1660:Tunicate (Urochordata)
1654:Tunicata (Urochordata)
1633:
916:. In vertebrates, the
843:
831:Kryptopterus vitreolus
562:metameric segmentation
160:
9092:Paleobiology Database
8519:Neocallimastigomycota
7337:Hexapods inc. insects
6647:Nematoda (roundworms)
5836:10.1093/molbev/msi225
4726:. BBC. Archived from
4468:Benton, M.J. (2004).
4392:Benton, M.J. (2004).
4275:10.1093/molbev/msj055
3880:. Leipzig: Engelmann.
3700:water vascular system
3649:A red knob sea star,
3648:
3548:
2390:Haikouella lanceolata
2331:
2315:
2270:Yarnemia ascidiformis
1903:
1789:
1772:Craniata (Vertebrata)
1667:
1626:
1430:(hagfish; 65 species)
1022:embryonic development
926:embryonic development
827:
547:bilaterally symmetric
159:
8991:Fauna Europaea (new)
8184:Coprothermobacterota
7935:Testudines (turtles)
6530:Chordata (chordates)
6174:Encyclopedia of Life
5440:on 16 December 2012.
4519:on 17 September 2018
3974:(13): 2980–2989.e2.
3876:Haeckel, E. (1874).
3652:Protoreaster linckii
1053:lining derived from
992:species it produces
904:, also known as the
887:intervertebral discs
718:(which includes the
8029:Reptilia (reptiles)
7737:(jawed vertebrates)
6980:Mollusca (molluscs)
6465:of the animal root
5968:10.1038/nature06967
5959:2008Natur.453.1064P
5953:(7198): 1064–1071.
5730:2003PNAS..100.8314C
5674:2008JPal...82..424M
5623:1996Natur.384..157S
5586:on 26 February 2009
5561:1999Natur.402...42S
5511:1999Natur.402..518C
5465:1996Natur.380..428S
5180:2005CBio...15.R911H
5116:10.1038/nature01264
5108:2003Natur.421..526S
5062:2002MolPE..22..184D
5010:1999JMolE..49..729K
4925:2010PNAS..10719137J
4919:(45): 19137–19138.
4853:on 15 December 2017
4672:. Lander University
4630:2008Natur.453..999G
4445:Fishes of the World
4156:2021SciA....7.2741K
4101:2016MolPE..94..383G
4024:10.1098/rsos.240350
3848:2012PalJ...46....1F
3798:10.1144/jgs2017-103
3790:2018JGSoc.175..659Y
1831:is replaced by the
1823:Most craniates are
1804:. They include the
1294:Fishes of the World
1197:14 = mouth opening
1112:4 = post-anal tail
942:is the part of the
828:The glass catfish (
8514:Blastocladiomycota
7881:Mammalia (mammals)
7793:(lobe-finned fish)
7765:(bony vertebrates)
7193:Calcareous sponges
6378:Porifera (sponges)
6140:Cowen, R. (2000).
6121:on 1 February 2019
6009:10.1093/icb/icm022
5311:10.1002/bies.20507
5018:10.1007/PL00006595
4977:on 24 January 2018
4624:(7198): 999–1000.
4328:on 9 December 2012
3677:bilateral symmetry
3664:
3615:seafloor sediments
3551:
2802:Cephalaspidomorphi
2338:
2326:
2316:A skeleton of the
2239:appeared—at least
1918:
1800:all have distinct
1795:
1670:
1634:
1478:Cephalaspidomorphi
1219:16 = light sensor
1136:circulatory system
1049:) with a complete
1037:All chordates are
1016:All chordates are
844:
786:lobe-finned fishes
763:Cambrian explosion
655:a subgroup of the
575:-like protein and
558:circulatory system
161:
9130:
9129:
9079:Open Tree of Life
8843:Taxon identifiers
8834:
8833:
8830:
8829:
8808:
8807:
8371:
8370:
8314:
8313:
8306:Verrucomicrobiota
8044:
8043:
8026:³orders of class
8012:¹orders of class
8004:
8003:
8000:
7999:
7996:
7995:
7992:
7991:
7988:
7987:
7984:
7983:
7980:
7979:
7976:
7975:
7972:
7971:
7968:
7967:
7832:Dipnoi (lungfish)
7727:
7726:
7685:
7684:
7681:
7680:
7677:
7676:
7673:
7672:
7573:
7572:
7483:
7482:
7458:
7457:
7151:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7102:
7101:
7098:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7090:
7089:
7086:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7074:
7073:
7070:
7069:
6928:
6927:
6924:
6923:
6840:
6839:
6836:
6835:
6750:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6742:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6734:
6733:
6625:
6624:
6568:
6567:
6487:
6486:
6452:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6151:978-0-632-04444-3
6101:978-0-470-01590-2
5897:Biological Theory
5829:(11): 2275–2284.
5724:(14): 8314–8318.
5617:(6605): 157–158.
5505:(6761): 518–522.
5459:(6573): 428–430.
5276:978-1-86239-233-5
5226:(13): 3021–3032.
5102:(6922): 526–529.
4890:978-0-8053-7171-0
4803:978-0-632-05614-9
4709:978-0-632-05614-9
4591:978-0-632-05614-9
4454:978-0-471-25031-9
4429:978-1-118-40764-6
4358:978-0-226-84548-7
4095:(Pt A): 383–391.
4068:978-0-9941041-6-8
3895:Zoologica Scripta
3744:Chordate genomics
3655:is an example of
3537:
3536:
3528:
3527:
3519:
3518:
3510:
3509:
3501:
3500:
3492:
3491:
3483:
3482:
3474:
3473:
3465:
3464:
3456:
3455:
3447:
3446:
3292:
3291:
3283:
3282:
3274:
3273:
3143:
3142:
3134:
3133:
3125:
3124:
3027:" (paraphyletic)
2989:" (paraphyletic)
2895:
2894:
2757:
2756:
2748:
2747:
2708:
2707:
2699:
2698:
2513:phylogenetic tree
2430:Maotianshan Shale
2194:
2193:
2185:
2184:
2176:
2175:
2167:
2166:
2158:
2157:
2062:
2061:
1843:that protect the
1814:Michael J. Benton
1764:
1598:; 5,700+ species)
1303:Linnaean taxonomy
1104:dorsal nerve cord
1063:Brusca and Brusca
1000:. It also stores
902:dorsal nerve cord
875:hyaline cartilage
846:Chordates form a
767:ray-finned fishes
745:(behind only the
520:dorsal nerve cord
455:belonging to the
402:
401:
373:Myllokunmingiidae
271:
16:(Redirected from
9165:
9123:
9122:
9110:
9109:
9100:
9099:
9087:
9086:
9074:
9073:
9064:
9063:
9051:
9050:
9038:
9037:
9025:
9024:
9012:
9011:
8999:
8998:
8986:
8985:
8973:
8972:
8960:
8959:
8947:
8946:
8934:
8933:
8921:
8920:
8911:
8910:
8898:
8897:
8885:
8884:
8883:
8870:
8869:
8868:
8838:
8582:Anthocerotophyta
8461:Hemimastigophora
8382:
8353:Nitrososphaerota
8320:
8296:Thermomicrobiota
8236:Kiritimatiellota
8231:Ignavibacteriota
8196:Deferribacterota
8159:Campylobacterota
8144:Bdellovibrionota
8092:
8088:
8071:
8064:
8057:
8048:
7942:
7898:
7894:
7874:
7870:
7850:
7846:
7825:
7821:
7800:
7796:
7794:
7772:
7768:
7766:
7744:
7740:
7738:
7714:Myxini (hagfish)
7702:
7698:
7694:
7651:
7623:
7603:
7598:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7553:
7510:
7503:
7496:
7487:
7164:
7120:
7020:
6996:
6972:
6941:
6937:
6864:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6776:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6692:
6670:
6663:
6634:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6585:
6581:
6574:
6546:
6517:
6513:
6506:
6493:
6470:
6405:
6370:
6366:
6359:
6270:
6250:
6224:
6217:
6210:
6201:
6181:
6156:
6155:
6137:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6111:
6105:
6104:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6062:
6052:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6011:
5987:
5981:
5980:
5970:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5912:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5838:
5814:
5803:
5802:
5792:
5768:
5762:
5761:
5751:
5741:
5707:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5682:10.1666/06-130.1
5649:
5643:
5642:
5631:10.1038/384157a0
5602:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5585:
5579:. Archived from
5546:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5494:
5485:
5484:
5473:10.1038/380428a0
5448:
5442:
5441:
5436:. Archived from
5409:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5392:
5369:
5360:
5354:
5350:
5341:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5267:10.1144/SP286.12
5250:
5244:
5243:
5211:
5202:
5201:
5191:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5091:
5082:
5081:
5044:
5038:
5037:
4993:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4946:
4936:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4787:
4781:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4762:on 20 March 2011
4761:
4754:
4750:"Appendicularia"
4746:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4693:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4641:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4527:– via BBC.
4526:
4524:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4484:Frost, Darrel R.
4480:
4474:
4473:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4413:
4407:
4390:
4384:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4324:. Archived from
4301:
4288:
4287:
4277:
4253:
4244:
4243:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4215:
4208:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4183:
4150:(12): eabe2741.
4144:Science Advances
4135:
4129:
4128:
4084:
4073:
4072:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4035:
4003:
3994:
3993:
3983:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3928:
3919:
3918:
3890:
3881:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3775:
3766:
3438:
3418:
3417:
3403:
3386:
3373:
3356:
3355:
3340:
3323:
3309:
3265:
3245:
3232:
3215:
3214:
3200:
3183:
3170:
3160:
3116:
3095:
3094:
3079:
3062:
3049:
3032:
3017:
3010:
2996:
2995:
2979:
2962:
2961:
2939:
2932:Pteraspidomorphi
2918:
2917:
2909:Myllokunmingiida
2886:
2865:
2851:
2834:
2833:
2811:
2810:
2788:
2774:
2739:
2690:
2670:
2657:
2642:
2629:
2622:
2607:
2593:
2583:
2566:
2552:
2542:
2501:Cephalochordates
2493:Cephalochordates
2475:
2468:
2379:Chengjiang fauna
2362:
2334:peregrine falcon
2260:Ausia fenestrata
2252:
2245:
2229:
2228:million-year-old
2149:
2124:
2123:
2109:
2092:
2086:Cephalochordates
2079:
2053:
2033:
2032:
2018:
2008:
2001:
1991:
1960:Chengjiang fauna
1946:cephalochordates
1915:
1862:The position of
1851:have incomplete
1833:vertebral column
1808:, which have no
1729:
1724:
1648:Cephalochordates
1460:Pteraspidomorphi
1454:Myllokunmingiida
1257:
1249:
1236:
1234:metapleural fold
1228:
1220:
1215:
1198:
1193:
1185:
1177:
1168:
1154:
1150:9 = space above
1146:
1138:
1130:
1122:
1113:
1106:
1096:
1087:
1077:
936:Pharyngeal slits
653:phylogenetically
592:cephalochordates
532:pharyngeal slits
499:
493:
492:
489:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
441:
436:
435:
432:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
301:
266:
175:
174:
152:
138:
75:
62:Cambrian Stage 3
60:Temporal range:
54:
21:
9173:
9172:
9168:
9167:
9166:
9164:
9163:
9162:
9133:
9132:
9131:
9126:
9118:
9113:
9105:
9103:
9095:
9090:
9082:
9077:
9069:
9067:
9059:
9054:
9046:
9041:
9033:
9028:
9020:
9015:
9007:
9002:
8994:
8989:
8981:
8976:
8968:
8963:
8955:
8950:
8942:
8937:
8929:
8924:
8916:
8914:
8906:
8901:
8893:
8888:
8879:
8878:
8873:
8864:
8863:
8858:
8845:
8835:
8826:
8804:
8755:Gnathostomulida
8660:Xenacoelomorpha
8626:
8622:Flowering plant
8577:Marchantiophyta
8543:
8509:Chytridiomycota
8495:
8367:
8310:
8266:Planctomycetota
8226:Gemmatimonadota
8211:Elusimicrobiota
8104:Acidobacteriota
8082:
8075:
8045:
8040:
8020:²subclasses of
7964:
7940:
7921:
7890:
7885:
7866:
7861:
7842:
7837:
7817:
7812:
7792:
7791:
7788:
7783:
7764:
7763:
7760:
7755:
7736:
7735:
7732:
7723:
7690:
7669:
7664:Aplousobranchia
7640:
7630:Stolidobranchia
7614:
7596:
7595:
7578:
7569:
7557:Cephalochordata
7547:
7521:
7514:
7484:
7479:
7454:
7380:Phylactolaemata
7168:
7158:
7157:
7143:
7134:Xenambulacraria
7110:
7066:
7043:
7009:
6991:Kryptotrochozoa
6985:
6963:
6933:
6920:
6911:Monoblastozoa (
6887:
6845:
6832:
6804:Micrognathozoa
6792:
6755:
6730:
6703:
6681:
6657:
6621:
6588:
6577:
6564:
6535:
6509:
6500:
6483:
6460:
6444:
6427:
6396:
6388:
6362:
6353:
6352:
6268:
6246:
6237:
6228:
6165:
6160:
6159:
6152:
6142:History of Life
6139:
6138:
6134:
6124:
6122:
6113:
6112:
6108:
6102:
6081:
6080:
6076:
6030:
6029:
6025:
5989:
5988:
5984:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5910:10.1.1.534.4060
5894:
5893:
5889:
5857:
5856:
5852:
5816:
5815:
5806:
5770:
5769:
5765:
5709:
5708:
5704:
5694:
5692:
5651:
5650:
5646:
5604:
5603:
5599:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5544:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5496:
5495:
5488:
5450:
5449:
5445:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5367:
5362:
5361:
5357:
5351:
5344:
5338:
5334:
5296:
5295:
5291:
5277:
5252:
5251:
5247:
5213:
5212:
5205:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5093:
5092:
5085:
5046:
5045:
5041:
4995:
4994:
4990:
4980:
4978:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4891:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4856:
4854:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4830:
4828:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4779:
4775:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4752:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4733:
4731:
4730:on 21 June 2013
4722:
4721:
4717:
4710:
4695:
4694:
4685:
4675:
4673:
4670:"Branchiostoma"
4668:
4667:
4663:
4639:10.1038/453999a
4611:
4610:
4606:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4544:
4542:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4522:
4520:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4496:
4494:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4455:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4430:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4405:Wayback Machine
4391:
4387:
4370:
4366:
4359:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4331:
4329:
4322:10.1139/Z04-158
4303:
4302:
4291:
4255:
4254:
4247:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4086:
4085:
4076:
4069:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4005:
4004:
3997:
3968:Current Biology
3957:
3956:
3952:
3930:
3929:
3922:
3892:
3891:
3884:
3875:
3871:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3820:
3773:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3758:
3740:
3681:radial symmetry
3670:
3643:
3581:
3575:
3543:
3538:
3529:
3520:
3511:
3502:
3493:
3484:
3475:
3466:
3457:
3448:
3412:
3350:
3293:
3284:
3275:
3209:
3144:
3135:
3126:
3089:
2990:
2956:
2912:
2896:
2828:
2805:
2758:
2749:
2733:Stolidobranchia
2709:
2700:
2684:Aplousobranchia
2559:Cephalochordata
2538:
2509:
2478:molecular clock
2470:
2463:
2425:from the Lower
2357:
2267:, the sac-like
2247:
2240:
2224:
2202:
2197:Diagram of the
2196:
2195:
2186:
2177:
2168:
2159:
2118:
2063:
2027:
1910:
1898:
1893:
1827:, in which the
1784:
1776:Main articles:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1662:
1656:
1645:
1639:
1621:
1615:
1317:Cephalochordata
1310:Phylum Chordata
1283:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1267:cephalochordate
1265:Anatomy of the
1264:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1250:
1239:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1161:pharyngeal slit
1158:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1128:digestive canal
1125:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1081:
1078:
862:wrapped in two
822:
806:William Bateson
802:
800:History of name
732:Xenacoelomorpha
692:Cephalochordata
497:
467:
463:
439:
413:
409:
330:Cephalochordata
295:
265:
169:
158:
150:
144:
143:record, 555 Ma)
137:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
70:
69:
58:
50:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9171:
9169:
9161:
9160:
9155:
9150:
9145:
9135:
9134:
9128:
9127:
9125:
9124:
9111:
9101:
9088:
9075:
9065:
9052:
9039:
9026:
9013:
9000:
8987:
8978:Fauna Europaea
8974:
8961:
8948:
8935:
8922:
8912:
8899:
8886:
8871:
8855:
8853:
8847:
8846:
8841:
8832:
8831:
8828:
8827:
8820:
8818:
8815:Incertae sedis
8810:
8809:
8806:
8805:
8803:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8760:Micrognathozoa
8757:
8752:
8750:Acanthocephala
8747:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8636:
8634:
8628:
8627:
8625:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8594:
8592:Lycopodiophyta
8589:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8553:
8551:
8545:
8544:
8542:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8505:
8503:
8497:
8496:
8494:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8406:Ancyromonadida
8403:
8398:
8392:
8390:
8379:
8373:
8372:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8365:
8360:
8358:Thermoproteota
8355:
8350:
8343:
8336:
8328:
8326:
8316:
8315:
8312:
8311:
8309:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8271:Pseudomonadota
8268:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8246:Mycoplasmatota
8243:
8241:Lentisphaerota
8238:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8221:Fusobacteriota
8218:
8216:Fibrobacterota
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8119:Armatimonadota
8116:
8111:
8109:Actinomycetota
8106:
8100:
8098:
8084:
8083:
8076:
8074:
8073:
8066:
8059:
8051:
8042:
8041:
8039:
8038:
8032:
8024:
8018:
8009:
8006:
8005:
8002:
8001:
7998:
7997:
7994:
7993:
7990:
7989:
7986:
7985:
7982:
7981:
7978:
7977:
7974:
7973:
7970:
7969:
7966:
7965:
7963:
7962:
7957:
7950:
7948:
7939:
7938:
7931:
7929:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7919:
7913:
7906:
7904:
7895:
7887:
7886:
7884:
7883:
7877:
7871:
7863:
7862:
7860:
7859:
7853:
7847:
7839:
7838:
7836:
7835:
7828:
7822:
7814:
7813:
7811:
7810:
7803:
7797:
7785:
7784:
7782:
7781:
7775:
7769:
7757:
7756:
7754:
7753:
7747:
7741:
7729:
7728:
7725:
7724:
7722:
7721:
7716:
7710:
7708:
7695:
7687:
7686:
7683:
7682:
7679:
7678:
7675:
7674:
7671:
7670:
7668:
7667:
7661:
7658:Phlebobranchia
7654:
7648:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7638:
7633:
7626:
7620:
7616:
7615:
7613:
7612:
7606:
7600:
7583:
7575:
7574:
7571:
7570:
7568:
7567:
7561:
7559:
7549:
7548:
7546:
7545:
7539:
7533:
7526:
7523:
7522:
7515:
7513:
7512:
7505:
7498:
7490:
7481:
7480:
7478:
7477:
7470:
7463:
7460:
7459:
7456:
7455:
7453:
7452:
7451:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7418:
7417:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7394:
7393:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7370:
7369:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7345:Platyhelminths
7341:
7340:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7312:
7311:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7288:
7287:
7286:
7281:
7269:
7268:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7245:
7244:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7221:
7220:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7197:
7196:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7172:
7170:
7160:
7159:
7156:
7153:
7152:
7149:
7148:
7145:
7144:
7142:
7141:
7139:Centroneuralia
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7107:
7104:
7103:
7100:
7099:
7096:
7095:
7092:
7091:
7088:
7087:
7084:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7076:
7075:
7072:
7071:
7068:
7067:
7065:
7064:
7059:
7053:
7051:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7041:
7034:
7028:
7026:
7017:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7007:
6999:
6993:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6983:
6975:
6969:
6965:
6964:
6962:
6961:
6954:
6944:
6938:
6935:Lophotrochozoa
6930:
6929:
6926:
6925:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6918:
6908:
6903:
6897:
6895:
6889:
6888:
6886:
6885:
6880:
6872:
6870:
6861:
6850:
6847:Platytrochozoa
6842:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6834:
6833:
6831:
6830:
6829:
6828:
6821:
6809:
6806:(Limnognathia)
6800:
6798:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6790:
6785:
6779:
6773:
6760:
6752:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6728:
6721:
6713:
6711:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6701:
6695:
6689:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6679:
6673:
6667:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6650:
6642:
6640:
6631:
6627:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6619:
6614:
6608:
6606:
6593:
6582:
6570:
6569:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6562:
6557:
6549:
6543:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6533:
6526:
6520:
6514:
6502:
6501:
6496:
6489:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6438:
6436:
6435:(Triploblasts)
6429:
6428:
6426:
6425:
6418:
6416:and relatives)
6408:
6402:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6386:
6381:
6373:
6367:
6355:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6348:
6347:
6346:
6343:Mesomycetozoea
6340:
6335:
6325:
6315:
6314:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6292:
6291:
6279:Diaphoretickes
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6243:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6229:
6227:
6226:
6219:
6212:
6204:
6198:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6164:
6163:External links
6161:
6158:
6157:
6150:
6132:
6106:
6100:
6074:
6023:
6002:(3): 329–337.
5982:
5932:
5903:(4): 357–371.
5887:
5850:
5804:
5783:(5): 762–776.
5763:
5702:
5668:(2): 424–430.
5644:
5597:
5532:
5519:10.1038/990080
5486:
5443:
5428:(4): 293–308.
5404:
5355:
5342:
5332:
5305:(12): 1161–6.
5289:
5275:
5245:
5203:
5174:(22): R911–4.
5154:
5137:
5083:
5056:(2): 184–192.
5039:
5004:(6): 729–735.
4988:
4962:
4896:
4889:
4873:Campbell, N.A.
4864:
4838:
4816:
4802:
4782:
4773:
4741:
4715:
4708:
4683:
4661:
4604:
4590:
4570:
4552:
4530:
4504:
4475:
4460:
4453:
4435:
4428:
4408:
4385:
4364:
4357:
4339:
4289:
4268:(3): 541–549.
4245:
4227:
4195:
4130:
4074:
4067:
4047:
3995:
3950:
3920:
3901:(4): 435–436.
3882:
3869:
3826:
3784:(4): 659–666.
3760:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3746:
3739:
3736:
3706:are typically
3666:Main article:
3642:
3639:
3577:Main article:
3574:
3571:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3406:
3401:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3376:
3371:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3318:(coelacanths)
3312:
3307:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3203:
3198:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3173:
3168:
3166:
3164:Actinopterygii
3158:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3082:
3077:
3075:
3073:Elasmobranchii
3069:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3052:
3047:
3045:
3043:Chondrichthyes
3039:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2982:
2977:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2781:Anaspidomorphi
2777:
2772:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2664:Phlebobranchia
2660:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2632:
2627:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2600:Appendicularia
2596:
2591:
2589:
2581:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2555:
2550:
2548:
2540:
2508:
2505:
2402:Myllokunmingia
2284:Burykhia hunti
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1773:
1770:
1726:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1702:Appendicularia
1658:Main article:
1655:
1652:
1641:Main article:
1638:
1635:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1586:
1569:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1540:
1536:Actinopterygii
1522:
1513:
1509:Chondrichthyes
1504:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1435:Petromyzontida
1431:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1372:Appendicularia
1367:
1358:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1282:
1281:Classification
1279:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1242:hepatic caecum
1238:
1230:
1222:
1217:
1200:
1195:
1187:
1179:
1171:
1157:
1148:
1140:
1132:
1124:
1116:
1110:
1100:
1090:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1035:
1025:
1010:
1009:
990:filter-feeding
978:
967:
960:filter-feeding
933:
914:nervous system
898:
879:osseous tissue
821:
818:
801:
798:
774:Actinopterygii
560:, and exhibit
505:synapomorphies
400:
399:
392:
391:
390:
389:
388:
387:
382:
375:
369:
361:
353:
342:
332:
327:
319:
311:
302:
288:
285:Vetulocystidae
278:
277:
273:
272:
260:
256:
255:
250:
246:
245:
240:
233:
232:
227:
220:
219:
214:
207:
206:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
163:
162:
146:
145:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
76:
59:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9170:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9140:
9138:
9121:
9116:
9112:
9108:
9102:
9098:
9093:
9089:
9085:
9080:
9076:
9072:
9066:
9062:
9057:
9053:
9049:
9044:
9040:
9036:
9031:
9027:
9023:
9018:
9014:
9010:
9005:
9001:
8997:
8992:
8988:
8984:
8979:
8975:
8971:
8966:
8962:
8958:
8953:
8949:
8945:
8940:
8936:
8932:
8927:
8923:
8919:
8913:
8909:
8904:
8900:
8896:
8891:
8887:
8882:
8876:
8872:
8867:
8861:
8857:
8856:
8854:
8852:
8848:
8844:
8839:
8825:
8824:
8819:
8817:
8816:
8811:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8637:
8635:
8633:
8629:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8554:
8552:
8550:
8546:
8540:
8539:Basidiomycota
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8524:Glomeromycota
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8506:
8504:
8502:
8498:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8486:Stramenopiles
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8411:Apusomonadida
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8374:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8348:
8347:Nanoarchaeota
8344:
8341:
8337:
8334:
8333:Euryarchaeota
8330:
8329:
8327:
8325:
8321:
8317:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8281:Spirochaetota
8279:
8277:
8276:Rhodothermota
8274:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8206:Dictyoglomota
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8191:
8190:Cyanobacteria
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8179:Chrysiogenota
8177:
8175:
8174:Chloroflexota
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8154:Calditrichota
8152:
8150:
8149:Caldisericota
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8124:Atribacterota
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8101:
8099:
8097:
8093:
8089:
8085:
8080:
8072:
8067:
8065:
8060:
8058:
8053:
8052:
8049:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8030:
8025:
8023:
8022:Sarcopterygii
8019:
8017:
8016:
8011:
8010:
8007:
7961:
7958:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7947:
7943:
7936:
7933:
7932:
7930:
7928:
7927:Archelosauria
7924:
7917:
7914:
7911:
7908:
7907:
7905:
7903:
7899:
7896:
7893:
7888:
7882:
7879:
7878:
7875:
7872:
7869:
7864:
7858:
7855:
7854:
7851:
7848:
7845:
7840:
7833:
7830:
7829:
7826:
7823:
7820:
7815:
7808:
7805:
7804:
7801:
7798:
7795:
7790:Sarcopterygii
7786:
7780:
7777:
7776:
7773:
7770:
7767:
7758:
7752:
7749:
7748:
7745:
7742:
7739:
7734:Gnathostomata
7730:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7711:
7709:
7707:
7703:
7699:
7696:
7693:
7688:
7665:
7662:
7659:
7656:
7655:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7643:
7637:
7634:
7631:
7628:
7627:
7624:
7621:
7617:
7611:
7608:
7607:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7597:(Urochordata)
7591:
7587:
7584:
7581:
7576:
7566:
7563:
7562:
7560:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7544:
7543:Deuterostomia
7540:
7538:
7534:
7532:
7528:
7527:
7524:
7519:
7511:
7506:
7504:
7499:
7497:
7492:
7491:
7488:
7475:
7474:dubious phyla
7471:
7469:
7465:
7464:
7461:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7424:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7401:
7400:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7377:
7376:
7375:
7371:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7348:
7347:
7346:
7342:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7319:
7318:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7295:
7294:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7276:
7275:
7274:
7273:Hemichordates
7270:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7252:
7251:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7228:
7227:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7204:
7203:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7188:Glass sponges
7186:
7184:
7181:
7180:
7179:
7178:
7174:
7173:
7171:
7165:
7161:
7154:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7129:Deuterostomia
7127:
7125:
7122:
7118:
7115:of Bilateria
7114:
7109:
7108:
7105:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7050:
7046:
7040:
7039:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7025:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7012:
7006:
7005:
7001:
7000:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6988:
6982:
6981:
6977:
6976:
6973:
6970:
6966:
6960:
6959:
6955:
6953:
6951:
6948:Cycliophora (
6946:
6945:
6942:
6939:
6936:
6931:
6916:
6914:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6894:
6890:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6878:
6874:
6873:
6871:
6869:
6865:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6851:
6848:
6843:
6827:
6826:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6815:
6814:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6807:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6795:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6780:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6761:
6758:
6753:
6727:
6726:
6722:
6720:
6719:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6710:
6706:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6687:Panarthropoda
6684:
6678:
6675:
6674:
6671:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6648:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6639:
6635:
6632:
6628:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6594:
6591:
6586:
6583:
6580:
6575:
6571:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6555:
6551:
6550:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6518:
6515:
6512:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6494:
6490:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6459:
6458:
6455:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6430:
6424:
6423:
6419:
6417:
6415:
6410:
6409:
6406:
6403:
6400:
6395:
6391:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6379:
6375:
6374:
6371:
6368:
6365:
6360:
6356:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6319:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6306:Stramenopiles
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6282:
6281:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6269:(major groups
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6249:
6245:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6233:
6225:
6220:
6218:
6213:
6211:
6206:
6205:
6202:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6180:
6176:
6175:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6153:
6147:
6143:
6136:
6133:
6120:
6116:
6110:
6107:
6103:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6078:
6075:
6070:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6027:
6024:
6019:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5986:
5983:
5978:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5936:
5933:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5891:
5888:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5862:
5854:
5851:
5846:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5813:
5811:
5809:
5805:
5800:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5767:
5764:
5759:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5706:
5703:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5657:
5648:
5645:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5601:
5598:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5569:10.1038/46965
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5543:
5536:
5533:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5493:
5491:
5487:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5447:
5444:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5417:
5408:
5405:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5366:
5359:
5356:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5336:
5333:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5293:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5249:
5246:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5210:
5208:
5204:
5199:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5158:
5155:
5150:
5149:
5141:
5138:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5043:
5040:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4992:
4989:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4963:
4959:
4954:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4900:
4897:
4892:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4868:
4865:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4839:
4826:
4820:
4817:
4805:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4786:
4783:
4777:
4774:
4758:
4751:
4745:
4742:
4729:
4725:
4719:
4716:
4711:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4671:
4665:
4662:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4608:
4605:
4593:
4587:
4583:
4582:
4574:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4556:
4553:
4540:
4534:
4531:
4518:
4514:
4508:
4505:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4479:
4476:
4471:
4464:
4461:
4456:
4450:
4446:
4439:
4436:
4431:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4381:0-87893-097-3
4378:
4374:
4373:Invertebrates
4368:
4365:
4360:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4340:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4228:
4212:
4205:
4199:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4070:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4051:
4048:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3963:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3827:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3762:
3755:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3732:sea cucumbers
3729:
3725:
3724:brittle stars
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3647:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3607:enteropneusts
3603:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3584:Hemichordates
3580:
3573:Hemichordates
3572:
3570:
3568:
3567:Deuterostomia
3564:
3560:
3559:Echinodermata
3556:
3555:Hemichordates
3547:
3540:
3533:
3532:
3524:
3523:
3515:
3514:
3506:
3505:
3497:
3496:
3488:
3487:
3479:
3478:
3470:
3469:
3461:
3460:
3452:
3451:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3304:
3303:Sarcopterygii
3301:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3288:
3287:
3279:
3278:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3139:
3138:
3130:
3129:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3087:
3086:Selachimorpha
3081:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3026:
3019:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2988:
2981:
2980:
2974:
2973:Gnathostomata
2971:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2753:
2752:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2704:
2703:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2602:(larvaceans)
2601:
2595:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2533:invertebrates
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2479:
2473:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2445:embryological
2441:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2417:Burgess Shale
2414:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2396:Haikouichthys
2392:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2335:
2330:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2250:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2227:
2222:
2221:deuterostomes
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2190:
2189:
2181:
2180:
2172:
2171:
2163:
2162:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2025:Hemichordates
2020:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1995:Deuterostomes
1993:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1913:
1909:, from about
1908:
1907:
1906:Haikouichthys
1902:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1874:, which uses
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1841:neural arches
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1818:deuterostomes
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1723:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1666:
1661:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1625:
1620:
1612:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1545:Sarcopterygii
1541:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1494:vertebrates)
1493:
1489:
1488:
1487:Gnathostomata
1483:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1357:(sea squirts)
1356:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1280:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1256:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1227:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1192:
1184:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1129:
1121:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1098:
1095:
1085:
1082:1 = bulge in
1076:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1018:deuterostomes
1015:
1014:
1013:
1007:
1006:thyroid gland
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
976:
972:
968:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
934:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
852:
851:
849:
841:
837:
833:
832:
826:
819:
817:
815:
811:
810:Ernst Haeckel
807:
799:
797:
795:
791:
790:Sarcopterygii
787:
783:
779:
775:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
736:Deuterostomia
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
658:
654:
650:
649:cladistically
646:
642:
639:
636:
632:
631:cartilaginous
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
578:
574:
570:
565:
563:
559:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
537:
534:, and a post-
533:
529:
525:
521:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:
491:
461:
458:
454:
451:
448:
447:deuterostomic
444:
443:
434:
407:
398:
397:
386:
383:
380:
376:
374:
370:
368:
367:
362:
360:
359:
358:Metaspriggina
354:
352:
351:
346:
345:
343:
341:
338:
337:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
325:
320:
318:
317:
312:
309:
308:
303:
299:
293:
289:
286:
282:
281:
279:
274:
269:
264:
261:
258:
257:
254:
253:Deuterostomia
251:
249:Superphylum:
248:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
173:
168:
164:
147:
142:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
74:
67:
63:
55:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
8850:
8821:
8813:
8735:Orthonectida
8730:Gastrotricha
8705:Nematomorpha
8680:Chaetognatha
8670:Hemichordate
8664:
8597:Pteridophyta
8466:Malawimonada
8340:Korarchaeota
8301:Thermotogota
8286:Synergistota
8261:Nitrospirota
8256:Nitrospinota
8201:Deinococcota
8134:Bacteroidota
8034:
8027:
8013:
7960:Aves (birds)
7902:Lepidosauria
7762:Euteleostomi
7706:Cyclostomata
7541:Superphylum
7517:
7472:Potentially
7467:
7420:
7396:
7390:Gymnolaemata
7385:Stenolaemata
7374:Ectoproctans
7372:
7343:
7314:
7290:
7284:Pterobranchs
7271:
7247:
7224:
7223:
7199:
7175:
7169:within phyla
7167:Major groups
7037:
7024:Bryozoa s.l.
7015:Lophophorata
7003:
6979:
6957:
6949:
6912:
6901:Orthonectida
6876:
6823:
6816:
6805:
6724:
6717:
6646:
6604:Scalidophora
6553:
6541:Ambulacraria
6529:
6528:
6441:(see below↓)
6421:
6413:
6377:
6328:Opisthokonta
6172:
6141:
6135:
6125:22 September
6123:. Retrieved
6119:the original
6109:
6083:
6077:
6040:
6036:
6026:
5999:
5995:
5985:
5950:
5946:
5935:
5900:
5896:
5890:
5868:(1): 71–75.
5865:
5859:
5853:
5826:
5822:
5780:
5776:
5766:
5721:
5715:
5705:
5693:. Retrieved
5665:
5661:
5655:
5647:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5600:
5590:23 September
5588:. Retrieved
5581:the original
5555:(6757): 42.
5552:
5548:
5535:
5502:
5498:
5456:
5452:
5446:
5438:the original
5425:
5421:
5415:
5407:
5395:. Retrieved
5375:
5371:
5358:
5335:
5302:
5298:
5292:
5258:
5254:
5248:
5223:
5219:
5171:
5167:
5157:
5147:
5140:
5099:
5095:
5053:
5049:
5042:
5001:
4997:
4991:
4979:. Retrieved
4975:the original
4965:
4956:
4916:
4912:
4899:
4880:
4867:
4855:. Retrieved
4851:the original
4841:
4831:23 September
4829:. Retrieved
4819:
4809:22 September
4807:. Retrieved
4792:
4785:
4776:
4764:. Retrieved
4757:the original
4744:
4734:22 September
4732:. Retrieved
4728:the original
4718:
4698:
4674:. Retrieved
4664:
4621:
4617:
4607:
4597:22 September
4595:. Retrieved
4580:
4573:
4564:
4555:
4543:. Retrieved
4533:
4521:. Retrieved
4517:the original
4507:
4495:. Retrieved
4490:
4478:
4469:
4463:
4444:
4438:
4418:
4411:
4393:
4388:
4372:
4367:
4348:
4342:
4332:22 September
4330:. Retrieved
4326:the original
4313:
4309:
4265:
4261:
4239:
4230:
4218:. Retrieved
4198:
4147:
4143:
4133:
4092:
4088:
4057:
4050:
4015:
4011:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3953:
3936:
3932:
3898:
3894:
3877:
3872:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3781:
3777:
3764:
3671:
3650:
3627:filter feeds
3619:Pterobranchs
3604:
3602:nerve cord.
3582:
3579:Hemichordate
3563:Ambulacraria
3552:
3430:
3408:
3378:
3345:
3314:
3257:
3237:
3205:
3175:
3154:Osteichthyes
3107:
3084:
3054:
3022:
2984:
2951:
2930:
2907:
2877:
2856:
2823:
2800:
2779:
2731:
2718:paraphyletic
2682:
2662:
2634:
2598:
2561:(lancelets)
2557:
2545:
2537:
2510:
2486:
2482:
2457:
2442:
2420:
2410:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2368:
2339:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2274:
2268:
2258:
2236:
2230:
2206:
2203:
2201:of chordates
2136:
2114:
2084:
2072:
2045:
2023:
2012:Ambulacraria
1983:paraphyletic
1975:family trees
1972:
1950:
1926:monophyletic
1923:
1919:
1904:
1885:Cyclostomata
1861:
1822:
1796:
1705:
1671:
1646:
1628:
1589:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1543:
1534:
1527:Osteichthyes
1525:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1485:
1484:Infraphylum
1417:Cyclostomata
1415:
1409:paraphyletic
1402:
1401:Superclass '
1389:
1379:
1375:(larvaceans)
1370:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1335:
1324:
1315:
1309:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1269:
1248:-like sack)
1156:
1109:
1099:
1089:
1011:
860:glycoprotein
845:
829:
803:
740:
728:Ambulacraria
716:Hemichordata
641:endoskeleton
600:
566:
553:, possess a
459:
405:
403:
393:
364:
356:
348:
322:
314:
305:
298:Paraphyletic
262:
236:
223:
210:
200:Subkingdom:
51:
9017:iNaturalist
8875:Wikispecies
8790:Brachiopoda
8765:Cycliophora
8710:Onychophora
8685:Kinorhyncha
8607:Ginkgophyta
8602:Cycadophyta
8567:Chlorophyta
8557:Glaucophyta
8251:Myxococcota
8169:Chlorobiota
8164:Chlamydiota
7946:Archosauria
7819:Rhipidistia
7535:(unranked)
7448:Tusk shells
7433:Cephalopods
7404:Polychaetes
7351:Turbellaria
7332:Crustaceans
7308:Secernentea
7298:Chromadorea
7279:Acorn worms
7249:Echinoderms
7241:Vertebrates
7183:Demosponges
7117:is disputed
6579:Protostomia
6467:is disputed
6394:ParaHoxozoa
6037:BMC Biology
5416:Rhabdotubus
5220:Development
5164:"Chordates"
4905:Janvier, P.
4877:Reece, J.B.
4523:20 December
4497:11 November
4236:"Chordates"
3842:(1): 1–11.
3728:sea urchins
3712:common name
3673:Echinoderms
3641:Echinoderms
3631:graptolites
3611:proboscises
3349:(lungfish)
3334:Rhipidistia
3226:Neopterygii
3207:Chondrostei
3194:Actinopteri
3056:Holocephali
2881:(lampreys)
2879:Hyperoartia
2652:Enterogona
2529:extant taxa
2511:Below is a
2438:South China
2384:Yunnanozoon
2375:pterobranch
2350:sea urchins
2342:echinoderms
2217:protostomes
2142:vertebrates
2047:Echinoderms
1938:vertebrates
1876:biochemical
1870:. However,
1845:spinal cord
1837:cylindrical
1825:vertebrates
1581:(including
1553:Superclass
1439:Hyperoartia
1433:Infraclass
1422:Infraclass
1329:(lancelets)
1326:Leptocardii
1084:spinal cord
1059:mesothelium
1043:body cavity
910:spinal cord
906:neural tube
840:spinal cord
782:terrestrial
747:protostomic
724:echinoderms
720:acorn worms
690:stage; and
676:sea squirts
672:Urochordata
584:vertebrates
573:cyclophilin
366:Nuucichthys
350:Emmonsaspis
316:Cathaymyrus
307:Yunnanozoon
292:Vetulicolia
217:ParaHoxozoa
71:525–0
9137:Categories
8823:Parakaryon
8785:Entoprocta
8720:Arthropoda
8715:Tardigrada
8695:Priapulida
8690:Loricifera
8675:Echinoderm
8645:Ctenophora
8617:Gnetophyta
8572:Charophyta
8562:Rhodophyta
8534:Ascomycota
8529:Zygomycota
8471:Metamonada
8446:Euglenozoa
8431:Ciliophora
8139:Balneolota
8114:Aquificota
7692:Vertebrata
7646:Enterogona
7580:Olfactores
7428:Gastropods
7409:Clitellata
7316:Arthropods
7255:Sea lilies
7201:Cnidarians
7119:; see also
7049:Brachiozoa
6812:Syndermata
6771:Gnathifera
6469:; see also
6414:Trichoplax
6412:Placozoa (
6399:Planulozoa
6169:"Chordate"
5255:Kimberella
5168:Curr. Biol
4981:28 October
4857:28 October
4766:28 October
4676:5 February
4545:15 October
4541:. Amnh.org
4487:"ASW Home"
3756:References
3716:sea lilies
3668:Echinoderm
3660:Echinoderm
3657:Asterozoan
3592:notochords
3410:Sauropsida
3316:Actinistia
3088:(sharks)
3025:Acanthodii
2987:Placodermi
2953:Thelodonti
2860:(hagfish)
2845:Cyclostomi
2768:Vertebrata
2714:Ascidiacea
2577:Olfactores
2363:. The Mid
2318:blue whale
2237:Kimberella
2232:Kimberella
2213:Cnidarians
2211:and other
2103:Olfactores
1853:braincases
1790:Craniate:
1782:Vertebrata
1617:See also:
1574:Sauropsida
1518:Acanthodii
1500:Placodermi
1466:Thelodonti
1441:(lampreys)
1424:Myxinoidea
1391:Vertebrata
1388:Subphylum
1381:Sorberacea
1354:Ascidiacea
1342:Subphylum
1337:Olfactores
1314:Subphylum
1189:13 = oral
1039:coelomates
871:Vertebrata
751:Arthropoda
704:Olfactores
684:larvaceans
647:) and are
615:amphibians
607:Vertebrata
450:bilaterial
385:Vertebrata
335:Olfactores
276:Subgroups
139:(Possible
9143:Chordates
8740:Dicyemida
8612:Pinophyta
8491:Telonemia
8426:Cryptista
8416:Breviatea
8401:Amoebozoa
8396:Alveolata
8377:Eukaryote
8129:Bacillota
7844:Tetrapoda
7537:Bilateria
7414:Sipuncula
7361:Monogenea
7356:Trematoda
7327:Myriapods
7292:Nematodes
7236:Tunicates
7231:Lancelets
7225:Chordates
7217:Myxozoans
7124:Nephrozoa
7113:phylogeny
6913:Salinella
6868:Rouphozoa
6709:Tactopoda
6638:Nematoida
6590:Ecdysozoa
6511:Bilateria
6498:Bilateria
6479:Benthozoa
6474:Eumetazoa
6463:phylogeny
6433:Bilateria
6323:Amoebozoa
6301:Alveolata
6289:Cryptista
6264:Eukaryota
6043:(1): 39.
5905:CiteSeerX
5861:BioEssays
5378:: 67–78.
5299:BioEssays
5285:156823511
4172:2375-2548
4117:1055-7903
3864:128415270
3814:135091168
3806:0016-7649
3692:skeletons
3685:tube feet
3432:Synapsida
3367:Tetrapoda
3259:Teleostei
3177:Cladistia
2825:Conodonta
2636:Thaliacea
2527:(†), and
2517:cladogram
2507:Cladogram
2497:Tunicates
2489:Tunicates
2257:period –
2255:Ediacaran
2209:jellyfish
2138:Craniates
2116:Tunicates
2073:Chordates
1942:tunicates
1930:craniates
1891:Phylogeny
1849:Hagfishes
1829:notochord
1810:vertebrae
1798:Craniates
1758:Esophagus
1746:Gill slit
1734:Notochord
1674:tunicates
1591:Synapsida
1556:Tetrapoda
1542:Subclass
1533:Subclass
1448:Conodonta
1363:Thaliacea
1299:cladogram
1183:vestibule
1144:atriopore
1094:notochord
1086:("brain")
1032:body plan
1029:bilateral
998:esophagus
982:endostyle
964:tetrapods
900:A hollow
891:vertebrae
868:subphylum
856:notochord
814:ICZN code
784:clade of
778:tetrapods
712:conodonts
708:Phylogeny
696:lancelets
588:tunicates
549:, have a
543:body plan
524:endostyle
513:notochord
379:Conodonta
243:Nephrozoa
230:Bilateria
204:Eumetazoa
190:Kingdom:
184:Eukaryota
141:Ediacaran
57:Chordates
18:Chordonia
8915:BioLib:
8908:Chordata
8895:Chordata
8881:Chordata
8860:Wikidata
8851:Chordata
8800:Annelida
8795:Mollusca
8775:Phoronid
8770:Nemertea
8745:Rotifera
8725:Flatworm
8700:Nematoda
8665:Chordate
8655:Cnidaria
8650:Placozoa
8481:Rhizaria
8456:Haptista
8436:Cercozoa
8096:Bacteria
7594:Tunicata
7531:Animalia
7529:Kingdom
7518:chordate
7438:Bivalves
7422:Molluscs
7398:Annelids
6757:Spiralia
6364:Animalia
6318:Amorphea
6296:Rhizaria
6284:Hacrobia
6274:Excavata
6259:Bacteria
6069:29653534
6018:21672842
5977:18563158
5927:28166727
5882:10070256
5845:16049193
5799:11961109
5758:12835415
5695:28 April
5690:85619898
5527:24895681
5388:Archived
5327:29130876
5319:17120226
5240:12070079
5198:16303545
5124:12556891
5078:11820840
5026:10594174
4953:21041649
4907:(2010).
4879:(2005).
4648:18563145
4401:Archived
4316:: 8–23.
4284:16280542
4220:25 April
4211:Archived
4190:33741592
4125:26419477
4042:39050723
4033:11267725
3990:38866005
3939:(6656).
3915:83266247
3818:Archived
3738:See also
3720:starfish
3704:Crinoids
3694:made of
3623:colonial
3380:Amphibia
3239:Holostei
3109:Batoidea
2587:Tunicata
2546:Chordata
2449:ribosome
2427:Cambrian
2365:Cambrian
2354:crinoids
2346:starfish
2307:Burykhia
2298:Yarnemia
2293:Burykhia
1957:Cambrian
1896:Overview
1864:lampreys
1778:Craniata
1706:Tunicata
1690:colonies
1686:plankton
1643:Lancelet
1613:Subphyla
1579:reptiles
1565:Amphibia
1472:Anaspida
1396:Craniata
1345:Tunicata
1212:testicle
1055:mesoderm
975:hominids
922:vesicles
864:collagen
836:backbone
755:Mollusca
668:Tunicata
660:Craniata
619:reptiles
603:subphyla
580:protease
460:Chordata
406:chordate
394:And see
340:Tunicata
263:Chordata
259:Phylum:
194:Animalia
180:Domain:
8780:Bryozoa
8476:Provora
8451:Jakobea
8441:Discoba
8387:Protist
8324:Archaea
8077:Extant
8035:italics
7868:Amniota
7520:classes
7516:Extant
7443:Chitons
7366:Cestoda
7303:Enoplea
7177:Sponges
6950:Symbion
6893:Mesozoa
6333:Animals
6254:Archaea
6230:Extant
6171:at the
6060:5899321
5955:Bibcode
5726:Bibcode
5670:Bibcode
5639:4234408
5619:Bibcode
5577:4402854
5557:Bibcode
5507:Bibcode
5481:4368647
5461:Bibcode
5422:Lethaia
5397:18 July
5176:Bibcode
5132:4401274
5104:Bibcode
5058:Bibcode
5034:5613153
5006:Bibcode
4944:2984170
4921:Bibcode
4881:Biology
4656:4402585
4626:Bibcode
4181:7978419
4152:Bibcode
4097:Bibcode
3933:Science
3844:Bibcode
3786:Bibcode
3708:sessile
3696:calcite
3635:hacksaw
3600:ventral
3588:pharynx
3397:Amniota
3111:(rays)
2521:extinct
2434:Kunming
2381:fossil
2367:fossil
2265:Namibia
1979:classes
1953:fossils
1857:evolved
1806:hagfish
1792:Hagfish
1742:Pharynx
1698:tadpole
1596:mammals
1515:Class †
1497:Class †
1476:Class †
1470:Class †
1464:Class †
1458:Class †
1452:Class †
1446:Class †
1404:Agnatha
1175:pharynx
1152:pharynx
1057:called
1051:serosal
986:ventral
940:pharynx
924:during
918:rostral
881:of the
820:Anatomy
759:fossils
743:kingdom
627:mammals
596:animals
528:thyroid
445:) is a
268:Haeckel
66:Present
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9107:216536
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9097:273393
9084:125642
9068:NZOR:
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8970:1CHORP
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6248:Domain
6232:animal
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2525:dagger
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2279:Russia
1802:skulls
1754:syphon
1694:larvae
1588:Class
1571:Class
1562:Class
1524:Class
1506:Class
1428:Myxini
1414:Class
1378:Class
1369:Class
1360:Class
1351:Class
1334:Clade
1323:Class
1226:nerves
1204:gonads
1047:coelom
1002:iodine
944:throat
938:. The
848:phylum
838:. The
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688:larval
682:, and
555:closed
551:coelom
517:hollow
457:phylum
453:animal
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270:, 1874
9115:WoRMS
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8983:11996
8918:14966
8549:Plant
8501:Fungi
8421:CRuMs
7619:Acopa
6630:N+L+P
6338:Fungi
6235:phyla
5923:S2CID
5686:S2CID
5635:S2CID
5584:(PDF)
5573:S2CID
5545:(PDF)
5523:S2CID
5477:S2CID
5391:(PDF)
5368:(PDF)
5340:69–87
5323:S2CID
5151:, BBC
5128:S2CID
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4652:S2CID
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4207:(PDF)
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3911:S2CID
3860:S2CID
3821:(PDF)
3810:S2CID
3774:(PDF)
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2303:Ausia
2289:Ausia
2275:Ausia
2249:538.8
1881:clade
1762:Tunic
1750:Gonad
1748:, 6.
1744:, 5.
1740:, 4.
1738:cirri
1682:salps
1678:salps
1672:Most
1583:birds
1492:jawed
1246:liver
1240:19 =
1232:18 =
1224:17 =
1208:ovary
1202:15 =
1191:cirri
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1173:11 =
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1061:(see
994:mucus
956:gills
950:. In
948:mouth
930:brain
883:spine
794:lungs
771:class
700:gills
680:salps
664:skull
657:clade
645:spine
638:axial
623:birds
522:, an
442:-dayt
237:Clade
224:Clade
211:Clade
45:, or
9120:1821
9061:7711
9056:NCBI
9043:ITIS
9004:GBIF
8965:EPPO
8926:BOLD
8587:Moss
8079:life
7111:The
6461:The
6146:ISBN
6127:2008
6096:ISBN
6065:PMID
6014:PMID
5973:PMID
5878:PMID
5841:PMID
5795:PMID
5754:PMID
5697:2009
5592:2008
5399:2008
5315:PMID
5281:OCLC
5271:ISBN
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5022:PMID
4983:2008
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4885:ISBN
4859:2008
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4811:2008
4798:ISBN
4768:2008
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4704:ISBN
4678:2016
4644:PMID
4599:2008
4586:ISBN
4547:2018
4525:2019
4499:2019
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4424:ISBN
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4334:2008
4280:PMID
4222:2022
4186:PMID
4168:ISSN
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4113:ISSN
4063:ISBN
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3986:PMID
3802:ISSN
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3621:are
3557:and
2407:fish
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1981:are
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6797:M+S
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