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subsequently reacts with another chemical, the dye coupler, which is present throughout the emulsion. Different dye couplers are used in each of the three layers, so the reaction forms a different colored dye in each layer. Responding to both exposure and development, a blue-light-sensitive layer forms yellow dye, a green-light-sensitive layer forms magenta dye, and a red-light-sensitive layer forms cyan dye. The remaining silver and silver compounds are then bleached out, leaving a color image composed of dyes in three layers. The exposure of a chromogenic print may be accomplished with a traditional
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Chromogenic processes are characterized by a reaction between two chemicals to create the color dyes that make up a print. After exposure, the silver image is developed (or reduced) by a color developer. In its reaction to the print, the color developer is oxidized in the areas of exposed silver, and
203:
In 1955, Kodak introduced a chromogenic paper named "Type C", which was the first color negative paper Kodak sold to other labs and individual photographers. Although the paper's name was changed to "Kodak
Ektacolor Paper" in 1958, the terminology "Type-C Print" persisted, and has become a popular
133:
and negatives using indoxyl, and thio-indoxyl-based color developers as dye couplers in a light-sensitive silver halide emulsion. The following year he filed a patent listing various color developers and dye couplers, which have historically been used in
196:, the first published chromogenic color print film that could be developed from a negative. It became the cheaper and simpler to develop counterpart to the alternatives at the time, and could be used in the simplest of cameras.
199:
Due to their simple development process and their cheap price, chromogenic printing became wildly popular in amateur photography, and by the 1960s it overtook black and white printing in the amateur photofinishing market.
181:
that could be developed using a transparency. Agfa developed a chromogenic negative film by 1939, which could be developed directly on a companion paper to the film, although this film was never commercialized.
724:, Wilmanns, Gustav; Bitterfeld, Kreis & Schneider, Wilhelm et al., "Color photography", published April 10, 1935, issued November 5, 1939, assigned to Agfa Ansco Corp.
173:
which can easily be scattered in the gelatin while loosely tethering to it. Agfa patented both the developer for this print and its photographic process, and promptly developed and released in 1936
506:
705:, Wilmanns, Gustav; Schneider, Wilhelm & Wendt, Bruno, "Photographic developer", published May 27, 1936, issued June 20, 1939, assigned to Agfa Ansco Corp.
192:
carbon chains which were shorter than Agfa's for their dye couplers, which were suspended within droplets of water in the gelatin layers of the print. In 1942, Kodak released
2605:
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852:
Contemporary Analog and
Digital Color Photographic Prints: Dye and Pigment Print Process Descriptors, Naming Conventions, Dating, and Permanence Characteristics
850:
219:
in its first exhibition of color photography in 1962. Other pioneering fine-art color photographers who printed their photographs on chromogenic prints include
311:
process for making Type-R prints. As of 2008, all of these companies have ceased to produce Type R paper, although
Fujifilm still has some stocks remaining.
150:. In spite of this, Fischer never created a successful color print due to his inability to prevent the dye couplers from moving between the emulsion layers.
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workers Gustav
Wilmanns and Wilhelm Schneider, who created a print made of three layers of gelatin containing subtractive color dye couplers made of long
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211:
up to the 1970s. The pioneers in the use of chromogenic prints and in the use of color photography as a whole in fine-art were photographers such as
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110:
Developing color by using oxidized developers was first suggested by German chemist Benno
Homolka who, in 1907, successfully developed insoluble
858:. American Institution for Conservation 2014 annual conference – via American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works.
1303:
1050:
227:. Their works, and those of many others, caused chromogenic prints to become the preferred medium for contemporary photography by the 1990s.
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to achieve color and density accuracy and also to correct paper sensitivity errors. The same technology can also be used to produce digital
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term for chromogenic prints made from negatives still in use today, with the name "Type-R Print" becoming its reversal film counterpart.
106:, issued by Kodak, describing a photographic color process using color-coupling substances, such as the ones used in a chromogenic print.
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print, is a chromogenic print made from a digital file rather than a negative, and exposed using digital exposure systems such as the
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Notwithstanding the success of chromogenic prints in the amateur and professional market, it wasn't considered a medium for
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The potential of oxidized developers in a color photographic process however, was first realized by another German chemist,
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The print's name is derived from the chromogenic reaction between the dye coupler and the oxidized color developer.
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318:, formerly Cibachrome, in use until 2012. This is sometimes also referred to as a Type-R process. Ilfochrome was a
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and thio-indoxyl respectively. He additionally noted these developers could create beautiful photographic effects.
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600:"I. Printing and imaging technologies - Chapter 3: Dyes used in photography, 2. Conventional photographic dyes"
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Read, Shirley (2013). "Chapter 17: Printing for
Exhibition by Mike Crawford - Print types: C type print".
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Hirsch, Robert (2014). "Chapter two - A concise history of color photography: Chromogenic negative film".
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563:, Fischer, Rudolf, "Process of making photographs in natural colors.", issued March 4, 1913
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too worked to solve the issue of the dye couplers movement, and found a different solution. They used
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The Focal
Encyclopedia of Photography: Digital Imaging, Theory and Applications, History, and Science
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that is then developed using conventional silver-based photographic chemicals. The
Chromira uses
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98:
632:
Colour: The
Professional's Guide: Understanding and Mastering Colour in Art, Design and Culture
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910:"Stephen Shore's MoMA Retrospective Takes You on a Trip Through Photography's Recent History"
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582:, Fischer, Rudolf, "Process of making colored photographs.", issued June 30, 1914
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486:. L’Atelier de Restauration et de Conservation des Photographies de la Ville de Paris. 2013
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process, with materials, processing, and results quite different from the R-3 process.
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Chromogenic prints made from negatives became obsolete with the release of chromogenic
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process. As of 2017, the major lines of professional chromogenic print paper are
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Chromogenic prints, like most color photographic prints, are developed using the
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print, is a positive-to-positive photographic print made on reversal-type color
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129:, who, in 1912, filed a patent describing a chromogenic process to develop both
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440:. American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works: 67–78.
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have historically manufactured paper and chemicals for the R-3 process, a
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process. They are composed of three layers of gelatin, each containing an
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536:"Experiments on the Nature of the Latent Image and of the Negative Image"
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366:(LEDs) instead of lasers. All of the aforementioned printers utilize
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507:"From C-Print to Silver Gelatin: The Ultimate Guide to Photo Prints"
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Exhibiting
Photography: A Practical Guide to Displaying Your Work
427:"Chromogenic Characterization: A Study of Kodak Prints 1942-2008"
304:
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82:, which is used as a light-sensitive material, and a different
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using color filters to adjust the color balance of the print.
234:, which have become the most common photographic print today.
270:
Crystal Archive. Plastic chromogenic "papers" such as Kodak
746:(6, illustrated, revised ed.). CRC Press. p. 31.
822:"A Quick History of Color Photography (for Photographers)"
598:
Waller, David; Hinz, Zbigniew J.; Filosa, Michael (2000).
90:
which together, when developed, form a full-color image.
358:
lasers to expose light-sensitive material to produce a
288:
Photographic developer § Reversal film development
880:(2nd ed.). United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.
608:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 61–64.
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459:"Definitions of Print Processes - Chromogenic Print"
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292:A reversal film chromogenic print, also known as a
27:
Photographic print made using a chromogenic process
153:This first solution to this problem was found by
743:Exploring Color Photography: From Film to Pixels
330:A digital chromogenic print, sometimes known as
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8:
778:: 17. January 1945 – via Google Books.
478:
476:
2596:Conservation and restoration of photographs
602:. In Freeman, H. S.; Peters, A. T. (eds.).
177:, the first chromogenic print, which was a
2333:Comparison of digital and film photography
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2553:Photographs considered the most important
549:: 136–138 – via Barbara Flueckiger.
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461:. Santa Fe, New Mexico: Photo-Eye Gallery
314:Another positive-to-positive process was
674:. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.
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354:. The LightJet and the Lambda both use
605:Colorants for non-textile applications
505:Fenstermaker, Will (April 27, 2017).
274:and Duraclear are used for producing
7:
169:. This turned the dye couplers into
2548:Museums devoted to one photographer
908:Dafoe, Taylor (November 22, 2017).
635:. London: Ilex Press. p. 144.
434:Topics in Photographic Preservation
425:Gawain, Weaver; Long, Zach (2009).
2095:Timeline of photography technology
543:The British Journal of Photography
25:
961:"What is a digital C Type print?"
2646:
2636:
2635:
820:Touchetter, Amy (June 8, 2017).
534:Homolka, Benno (February 1907).
2647:
768:"For Better Kodacolor Pictures"
849:Wilhelm, Henry (Spring 2014).
138:and are still in use today in
1:
2145:Painted photography backdrops
2077:Golden triangle (composition)
1352:35 mm equivalent focal length
983:"Digital Chromogenic Prints"
215:, which was profiled by the
1855:Intentional camera movement
797:Hamburg Kennedy Photographs
2690:
2543:Most expensive photographs
1900:Multi-exposure HDR capture
326:Digital chromogenic prints
285:
2631:
897:– via Google Books.
756:– via Google Books.
645:– via Google Books.
618:– via Google Books.
2477:Digital image processing
629:Triedman, Karen (2015).
494:– via Paris Photo.
380:black and white prints.
114:-blue and red dyes on a
2150:Photography and the law
665:Peres, Michael (2007).
254:Chromogenic print today
18:Chromogenic color print
2674:Photographic processes
2497:Gelatin silver process
1521:Science of photography
1506:Photographic processes
1484:Perspective distortion
722:US patent 2179239A
703:US patent 2163166A
580:US patent 1102028A
561:US patent 1055155A
107:
1955:Schlieren photography
1494:Photographic printing
1417:Exposure compensation
364:light-emitting diodes
303:Fujifilm, Kodak, and
286:Further information:
278:advertising and art.
245:photographic enlarger
238:Development of prints
101:
1739:Straight photography
1377:Chromatic aberration
691:– via The Eye.
484:"Chromogenic prints"
399:"C-print – Art Term"
282:Reversal film prints
217:Museum of Modern Art
209:fine-art photography
2606:photographic plates
2291:Digital photography
1469:Hyperfocal distance
1382:Circle of confusion
772:Popular Photography
102:Figure from patent
44:silver halide print
2110:Autochrome Lumière
2105:Analog photography
1930:Pigeon photography
1719:Social documentary
1198:discontinued films
963:. January 24, 2017
298:photographic paper
108:
52:photographic print
34:, also known as a
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2462:Collodion process
2398:Chromogenic print
2385:Color photography
1895:Multiple exposure
1870:Lo-fi photography
1397:Color temperature
793:"Types of Prints"
221:William Eggleston
140:Fujichrome Velvia
88:subtractive color
48:dye coupler print
32:chromogenic print
16:(Redirected from
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2517:Print permanence
2467:Cross processing
2425:CMYK color model
2410:Color management
2363:Foveon X3 sensor
2358:Three-CCD camera
2002:Miniature faking
1960:Sabattier effect
1572:Astrophotography
1427:Zebra patterning
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375:silver gelatin
371:color profiles
332:digital Type-C
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232:digital prints
127:Rudolf Fischer
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56:color negative
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2558:Photographers
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2452:Bleach bypass
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2423:
2421:
2420:primary color
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2405:Reversal film
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2370:Image sharing
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2130:Daguerreotype
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2017:
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2010:
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1975:Stopping down
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1940:Rephotography
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1875:Long-exposure
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1567:Architectural
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1479:Metering mode
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1392:Color balance
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1357:Angle of view
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1304:Manufacturers
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941:
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936:"Pikto Paper"
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887:9781136102530
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681:9780240807409
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642:9781781573624
638:
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615:9780444828880
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225:Stephen Shore
222:
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210:
205:
201:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
180:
176:
175:Agfacolor Neu
172:
168:
167:sulfonic acid
164:
160:
156:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
128:
123:
121:
118:by oxidizing
117:
113:
105:
100:
93:
91:
89:
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81:
80:silver halide
77:
73:
69:
65:
64:digital image
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2618:Polaroid art
2512:K-14 process
2507:Instant film
2502:Gum printing
2457:C-41 process
2442:Photographic
2397:
2343:Image sensor
2338:Film scanner
1992:Sun printing
1925:Print toning
1712:space selfie
1682:Pictorialism
1612:Ethnographic
1592:Conservation
1464:Guide number
1459:Focal length
1015:. Retrieved
1011:
1002:
990:. Retrieved
986:
977:
965:. Retrieved
955:
943:. Retrieved
939:
930:
918:. Retrieved
913:
903:
893:November 15,
891:. Retrieved
876:
851:
829:. Retrieved
826:envato tuts+
825:
800:. Retrieved
796:
775:
771:
762:
742:
735:
716:
697:
685:. Retrieved
667:
631:
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604:
593:
574:
555:
546:
542:
516:November 13,
514:. Retrieved
510:
500:
490:November 12,
488:. Retrieved
463:. Retrieved
437:
433:
406:. Retrieved
402:
392:
360:latent image
352:ZBE Chromira
348:Océ LightJet
344:Durst Lambda
339:
335:
331:
329:
313:
302:
293:
291:
257:
249:
241:
229:
206:
202:
198:
184:
161:chains, and
152:
124:
116:latent image
109:
60:transparency
54:made from a
47:
43:
40:C-type print
39:
35:
31:
29:
2623:Stereoscopy
2487:E-6 process
2482:Dye coupler
2415:color space
2328:Digiscoping
2321:camera back
2236:Philippines
2165:Visual arts
2155:Glass plate
2140:Heliography
2039:Composition
2014:Ultraviolet
1970:Stereoscopy
1965:Slow motion
1950:Scanography
1865:Kite aerial
1805:Contre-jour
1697:Post-mortem
1687:Pornography
1667:Neues Sehen
1602:Documentary
1536:Zone System
1511:Reciprocity
1437:Film format
1367:Backscatter
1345:Terminology
1215:beauty dish
1114:rangefinder
1079:light-field
1060:Photography
1017:October 28,
992:October 28,
967:October 28,
945:October 28,
914:Artnet news
802:November 3,
465:October 28,
309:chromogenic
266:Endura and
159:hydrocarbon
84:dye coupler
72:chromogenic
2613:Lomography
2444:processing
2393:Print film
2309:comparison
2276:Uzbekistan
2226:Luxembourg
2186:Bangladesh
2135:Dufaycolor
2115:Box camera
2072:Simplicity
2029:Zoom burst
2024:Xerography
2019:Vignetting
2009:Time-lapse
1997:Tilt–shift
1890:Mordançage
1880:Luminogram
1845:Holography
1840:High-speed
1820:Fill flash
1800:Burst mode
1778:Techniques
1759:Vernacular
1754:Underwater
1749:Toy camera
1729:Still life
1657:Monochrome
1647:High-speed
1597:Cloudscape
1587:Conceptual
1489:Photograph
1474:Lens flare
1454:Film speed
1336:Zone plate
1282:wide-angle
1267:long-focus
1008:"Chromira"
408:2020-08-16
384:References
316:Ilfochrome
213:Ernst Haas
163:carboxylic
148:Ektachrome
136:Agfachrome
104:US2113329A
2563:Norwegian
2527:Stop bath
2472:Developer
2100:Ambrotype
2062:Lead room
1985:Slit-scan
1920:Photogram
1915:Panoramic
1825:Fireworks
1810:Cyanotype
1652:Landscape
1297:telephoto
1245:reflector
1240:monolight
1235:lens hood
1220:cucoloris
1156:safelight
1067:Equipment
831:April 15,
687:April 15,
338:print or
272:Duratrans
194:Kodacolor
131:positives
68:developed
2668:Category
2642:Category
2348:CMOS APS
2246:Slovenia
2174:Regional
2120:Calotype
2057:Headroom
1935:Redscale
1850:Infrared
1795:Brenizer
1769:Wildlife
1692:Portrait
1637:Forensic
1627:Fine-art
1562:Aircraft
1552:Abstract
1432:F-number
1412:Exposure
1387:Clipping
1362:Aperture
1230:hot shoe
1151:enlarger
1146:Darkroom
920:April 7,
916:. Artnet
511:Artspace
340:LightJet
268:Fujifilm
171:micelles
76:emulsion
70:using a
2653:Outline
2589:Related
2281:Vietnam
2266:Ukraine
2201:Denmark
2181:Albania
2160:Tintype
2087:History
2052:Framing
1945:Rollout
1910:Panning
1860:Kirlian
1764:Wedding
1642:Glamour
1622:Fashion
1607:Eclipse
1577:Banquet
1499:Albumen
1309:Monopod
1287:fisheye
1255:softbox
1104:pinhole
1094:instant
1084:digital
378:bromide
334:print,
276:backlit
120:indoxyl
94:History
50:, is a
46:, or a
36:C-print
2651:
2640:
2573:street
2568:Polish
2261:Turkey
2256:Taiwan
2241:Serbia
2231:Norway
2206:Greece
2191:Canada
1785:Afocal
1744:Street
1724:Sports
1707:Selfie
1662:Nature
1617:Erotic
1582:Candid
1557:Aerial
1545:Genres
1447:medium
1324:Tripod
1292:swivel
1205:Filter
1183:holder
1178:format
1074:Camera
884:
750:
728:
709:
678:
639:
612:
586:
567:
397:Tate.
336:Lambda
294:Type-R
146:, and
144:Provia
112:indigo
66:, and
2578:women
2536:Lists
2492:Fixer
2375:Pixel
2304:D-SLR
2251:Sudan
2221:Korea
2216:Japan
2211:India
2196:China
1980:Strip
1905:Night
1885:Macro
1790:Bokeh
1734:Stock
1702:Ruins
1442:large
1272:prime
1250:snoot
1210:Flash
1188:stock
1163:Drone
1124:still
1109:press
1099:phone
1089:field
940:PIKTO
856:(PDF)
672:(PDF)
539:(PDF)
430:(PDF)
264:Kodak
186:Kodak
2601:film
2316:MILC
1815:ETTR
1672:Nude
1632:Fire
1531:Sync
1329:head
1277:zoom
1262:Lens
1225:gobo
1173:base
1168:Film
1139:view
1019:2017
994:2017
969:2017
947:2017
922:2019
895:2017
882:ISBN
833:2019
804:2017
748:ISBN
689:2019
676:ISBN
637:ISBN
610:ISBN
518:2017
492:2017
467:2017
403:Tate
350:and
305:Agfa
260:RA-4
223:and
155:Agfa
142:and
42:, a
2353:CCD
1134:toy
1129:TLR
1119:SLR
1012:zbe
368:ICC
356:RGB
165:or
86:of
78:of
62:or
38:or
2670::
1010:.
985:.
938:.
912:.
864:^
841:^
824:.
812:^
795:.
784:^
776:16
774:.
770:.
651:^
547:54
545:.
541:.
526:^
509:.
475:^
446:^
438:13
436:.
432:.
417:^
401:.
346:,
300:.
58:,
30:A
1052:e
1045:t
1038:v
1021:.
996:.
971:.
949:.
924:.
835:.
806:.
520:.
469:.
411:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
