2368:
2378:
1742:
54:, especially the π- or d-electron state, so this phenomenon is induced by various external stimuli which can alter the electron density of substances. It is known that there are many natural compounds that have chromism, and many artificial compounds with specific chromism have been synthesized to date. It is usually synonymous with
783:
dyes was 800,000 tonnes and of organic pigments, 250,000 tonnes and the volume has grown at a steady rate throughout the early years of this century. In 2019 the value of the organic dyes/pigments market is forecast to be $ 19.5bn. Their value is exceeded by the very large production of
233:
Those phenomena which involve the change in color of a chemical compound under an external stimulus fall under the generic term of chromisms. They take their individual names from the type of the external influence, which can be either
1141:
Materials may be used to control and manipulate light via a variety of mechanisms to produce useful effects involving color. For instance, a change of orientation of molecules to produce a visual effect as in
1174:. Molecular materials are also used to increase the intensity of light by modifying its movement through the materials by electrical means, so increasing its intensity as in
242:, that is involved. Many of these phenomena are reversible. The following list includes all the classic chromisms plus many others of increasing interest in newer outlets.
1994:
779:
produce color by the absorption and reflection of light; these are the materials that make a major impact on the color of our daily lives. In 2000, world production of
1302:
Bamfield Peter and
Hutchings Michael, Chromic Phenomena; technological applications of colour chemistry, 3rd Edition, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2018.
1204:
1045:
Absorption of light and energy transfer (or conversion) involves colored molecules that can transfer electromagnetic energy, commonly in the form of a
2145:
643:
Color change materials have been used in several very common outlets but also in an increasing number of new ones. Commercial applications include
1999:
2135:
1364:
204:
1337:
1315:
1307:
215:
2211:
161:. An increasingly important group of chromisms are those where changes are displayed in their emission spectra. Hence they are called
1214:
1321:
Vik Michal and
Periyasamy Aravin Prince, Chromic Materials; Fundamentals, Measurements and Applications, Apple Academic Press, 2018.
1326:
2156:
2381:
2335:
1147:
2151:
2140:
1129:. A developing area is the conversion of light into kinetic energy, often described under the generic term of lightdriven
2216:
1332:
Ferrara
Mariella and Murat Bengisu, Materials that Change Color: Smart Materials and Intelligent Design, Springer, 2014.
1010:
2019:
1679:
1453:
848:. The exact term used is based on the energy source responsible for the luminescence as in color-change phenomena.
345:
2221:
1808:
1357:
1171:
341:
1986:
1879:
1537:
1159:
1126:
1122:
73:
Chromism is classified by what kind of stimuli are used. Examples of the major kinds of chromism are as follows.
1220:
1054:
2196:
2014:
1664:
1397:
897:
620:
82:
is chromism that is induced by heat, that is, a change of temperature. This is the most common chromism of all.
2191:
2186:
2181:
628:
540:
1114:
1058:
2407:
2248:
2201:
1034:
712:
632:
624:
612:
604:
1109:
by chromic materials/chromophores is exploited in solar cells for the production of electrical energy via
596:
174:
170:
166:
2206:
1143:
1070:
954:
592:
580:
1006:
913:
600:
485:
308:
157:
The output from the chromisms described above is observed by a change in the absorption spectra of the
2130:
1885:
1429:
1350:
1118:
1066:
948:
696:
588:
584:
394:
1604:
1102:
1029:(LEDs/OLEDs), displays and panel lighting. Important new developments are taking place in the areas of
926:
744:
548:
472:
193:
1183:
910:
732:
568:
158:
2103:
1786:
1774:
1155:
1090:
1086:
1026:
982:
978:
716:
562:
535:
479:
429:
377:
208:
62:
of its ambient surrounding medium, such as temperature and pressure, light, solvent, and presence of
1175:
1094:
668:
522:
322:
1818:
1750:
1022:
966:
945:
923:
859:
856:
505:
442:
143:
123:
59:
492:
2233:
1639:
1547:
1441:
1130:
998:
942:
907:
832:
752:
466:
447:
511:
2402:
2343:
2296:
1893:
1708:
1647:
1599:
1532:
1527:
1505:
1434:
1333:
1322:
1311:
1303:
1210:
1163:
1098:
1062:
1014:
974:
939:
929:
891:
872:
828:
554:
301:
135:
111:
43:
2291:
2286:
2266:
2261:
2024:
1791:
1669:
1619:
1614:
1586:
1552:
1542:
1412:
1281:
1254:
1179:
970:
962:
862:
821:
780:
736:
724:
1272:
Amimoto, K.; Toshio, K. (2005). "Photochromism of organic compounds in the crystal state".
2321:
2311:
2306:
2271:
2173:
2009:
1956:
1846:
1779:
1594:
1510:
1488:
1018:
1002:
986:
951:
894:
881:
878:
842:
The absorption of energy followed by the emission of light is often described by the term
454:
389:
293:
268:
162:
130:
102:
1285:
2371:
2316:
2301:
2281:
2276:
2059:
1873:
1868:
1696:
1674:
1609:
1481:
1446:
1419:
1078:
1050:
740:
720:
672:
459:
256:
78:
2396:
2256:
1841:
1727:
1652:
1629:
1569:
1493:
1476:
1382:
1082:
728:
676:
648:
434:
416:
401:
314:
91:
86:
2091:
2054:
2047:
1853:
1836:
1828:
1769:
1761:
1624:
1468:
1106:
1074:
1030:
990:
875:
844:
700:
644:
364:
352:
336:
280:
95:
196:
in a variety of ways. These can be categorized under the following five headings:
2228:
2086:
1863:
1858:
1722:
1691:
1657:
1562:
1458:
1424:
1151:
1110:
760:
704:
498:
273:
261:
827:
Dyes are also made using the properties of chromic substances: Examples being
2238:
2081:
1918:
1909:
1813:
1801:
1741:
1557:
1520:
1515:
1498:
1167:
852:
708:
576:
There are also chromisms which involve two or more stimuli. Examples include:
382:
98:
in crystals, precipitation of metal particles in a glass, or other mechanisms.
1206:
Inorganic
Chromotropism: Basic Concepts and Applications of Colored Materials
17:
2098:
2071:
2066:
1575:
935:
817:
785:
656:
406:
328:
67:
31:
1258:
58:, the (reversible) change in color of a substance due to the physical and
2353:
2076:
1684:
994:
919:
887:
660:
515:
422:
409:
235:
107:
51:
47:
2125:
1407:
1178:, or in modifying the transmission of light through materials, as in
813:
801:
789:
776:
748:
692:
688:
664:
652:
616:
298:
239:
139:
94:
between two different molecular structures, light-induced formation of
2348:
1951:
1941:
868:
756:
1274:
1242:
1049:
light source, to other molecules in another form of energy, such as
1976:
1971:
1961:
1931:
1402:
1373:
1046:
809:
793:
680:
286:
189:
115:
39:
1170:. Increasingly inspiration is coming from Nature, in the form of
90:
is induced by light irradiation. This phenomenon is based on the
1966:
1946:
1926:
1796:
1713:
903:
797:
684:
528:
63:
1346:
1342:
2042:
1936:
1701:
805:
772:
357:
119:
1146:. Other materials operate by producing a physical effect, by
38:
is a process that induces a change, often reversible, in the
1125:(DSSCs), and also in the production of useful chemicals via
150:
There are many more chromisms and these are listed below in
370:
221:
The absorption of light and energy transfer (or conversion)
27:
Color change of a chemical substance due to its environment
611:
Color changes are also observed on the interaction of
46:. In most cases, chromism is based on a change in the
188:
are those phenomena in which color is produced when
1105:
of microbes, blood and insects. The absorption of
2334:
2247:
2172:
2165:
2116:
2035:
1985:
1917:
1908:
1827:
1760:
1749:
1638:
1585:
1467:
1390:
1381:
1995:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
788:pigments. Organic dyes are used mainly to color
1358:
8:
961:Many of these phenomena are widely used in
151:
2377:
2169:
1914:
1757:
1387:
1365:
1351:
1343:
1182:, or by purely by all optical means as in
1021:in analysis, diagnostics and sensors, and
820:. Both are used in the growth area of the
244:
989:in safety signs and low energy lighting,
527:indirectly as a result of the passage of
214:The absorption of energy followed by the
2146:International Commission on Illumination
824:of textiles, paper and other surfaces.
619:with another stimulus. Examples include
1195:
192:interacts with materials, often called
2136:Color Association of the United States
1073:of light. Applications areas include
804:, while pigments are used largely in
7:
200:Stimulated (reversible) color change
142:. Most solvatochromic compounds are
1286:10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2005.12.002
106:is induced by the gain and loss of
2000:Blue–green distinction in language
1011:medicinal analysis and diagnostics
25:
2376:
2367:
2366:
2157:International Colour Association
1740:
1243:"Chromotropism and phototropism"
1093:in the treatment of cancer, in
2152:International Color Consortium
2141:International Colour Authority
1069:of chemical reactions and the
346:chemical polarity/polarisation
1:
2217:List of Crayola crayon colors
1172:bioinspired structural colors
965:and other important outlets.
342:vapour of an organic compound
152:§ Color change phenomena
1241:Minkiewicz, Romauld (1907).
1203:Fukuda, Yutaka, ed. (2007).
118:active sites, such as metal
110:. This phenomenon occurs in
2020:Traditional colors of Japan
1797:Achromatic colors (Neutral)
1680:Multi-primary color display
1454:Spectral power distribution
1160:optically variable pigments
1055:laser addressable colorants
1025:in the burgeoning areas of
2424:
1123:dye sensitized solar cells
224:The manipulation of light.
2362:
1880:Color realism (art style)
1738:
1538:Evolution of color vision
1127:artificial photosynthesis
1041:Light and energy transfer
621:plasmonic solvatochromism
2197:List of colors (compact)
2015:Color in Chinese culture
1665:Digital image processing
1398:Electromagnetic spectrum
1247:J. Comp. Neurol. Psychol
898:Electrochemiluminescence
629:plasmonic chronochromism
541:dimerisation/aggregation
2202:List of colors by shade
1144:liquid crystal displays
1117:and organic materials (
1115:inorganic photovoltaics
1059:near-infrared absorbers
713:direct thermal printing
639:Commercial applications
2207:List of color palettes
1061:, are used in thermal
1035:metallic nanoparticles
633:plasmonic vapochromism
625:plasmonic ionochromism
613:metallic nanoparticles
605:Electromechanochromism
285:gas - hydrogen/oxygen
229:Color change phenomena
2131:Color Marketing Group
1886:On Vision and Colours
1819:Tinctures in heraldry
1430:Structural coloration
1259:10.1002/cne.920170104
1119:organic photovoltaics
1053:or electrical. These
1027:light-emitting diodes
983:plasma display panels
949:Crystalloluminescence
597:Thermosolvatochromism
175:mechanofluorochromism
171:electrofluorochromism
167:solvatofluorochromism
2212:List of color spaces
2104:Tint, shade and tone
1987:Cultural differences
1802:Polychromatic colors
1787:Complementary colors
1775:Monochromatic colors
1091:photothermal therapy
1087:photodynamic therapy
1081:, as sensitisers in
1075:optical data storage
1071:selective absorption
979:fluorescent lighting
955:Elasticoluminescence
593:Solvatophotochromism
581:Photoelectrochromism
2192:List of colors: N–Z
2187:List of colors: G–M
2182:List of colors: A–F
1023:electroluminescence
999:optical brighteners
967:Cathodoluminescence
946:Mechanoluminescence
924:Cathodoluminescence
914:Candololuminescence
860:Galvanoluminescence
857:electroluminescence
615:and their attached
601:Halosolvatochromism
486:crystalline habitat
471:interfacing with a
309:Concentratochromism
60:chemical properties
2239:List of web colors
2234:List of RAL colors
1640:Color reproduction
1605:Lüscher color test
1442:Color of chemicals
1137:Light manipulation
1131:molecular machines
1067:photosensitisation
943:Fractoluminescence
908:Thermoluminescence
833:Thermochromic dyes
697:indicators/sensors
589:Bioelectrochromism
585:Photovoltachromism
567:when a species is
448:ionising radiation
395:mechanical actions
2390:
2389:
2330:
2329:
2112:
2111:
1904:
1903:
1894:Theory of Colours
1736:
1735:
1648:Color photography
1600:Color preferences
1543:Impossible colors
1533:Color vision test
1528:Color temperature
1506:Color calibration
1435:Animal coloration
1338:978-3-319-00289-7
1316:978-1-78801-503-5
1308:978-1-78262-815-6
1164:photonic crystals
1103:photoinactivation
1099:phototheranostics
1063:energy conversion
1015:chemoluminescence
975:photoluminescence
971:cathode ray tubes
963:consumer products
940:Triboluminescence
930:Radioluminescence
927:Anodoluminescence
892:Chemiluminescence
873:Photoluminescence
829:Photochromic dyes
767:Dyes and pigments
745:biological probes
574:
573:
557:of a chromophore
555:crystal structure
549:Crystallochromism
510:interaction with
473:biological entity
194:chromic materials
186:Chromic phenomena
181:Chromic phenomena
165:, exemplified by
16:(Redirected from
2415:
2380:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2170:
2036:Color dimensions
2025:Human skin color
1915:
1792:Analogous colors
1758:
1744:
1670:Color management
1587:Color psychology
1553:Opponent process
1469:Color perception
1388:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1344:
1290:
1289:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1219:. Archived from
1200:
1184:optical limiters
1180:opto-electronics
1107:natural sunlight
911:Pyroluminescence
863:Sonoluminescence
822:digital printing
737:solar protection
733:flexible devices
673:optical switches
569:surface adsorbed
543:of chromophores
313:changes in the
274:electric current
245:
159:chromic material
21:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2358:
2326:
2243:
2161:
2118:
2108:
2031:
2010:Blue in culture
1981:
1900:
1847:Secondary color
1823:
1780:black-and-white
1752:
1745:
1732:
1634:
1620:National colors
1615:Political color
1595:Color symbolism
1581:
1511:Color constancy
1489:Color blindness
1463:
1420:Spectral colors
1377:
1371:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1226:
1224:
1217:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1156:lustre pigments
1139:
1079:photoconductors
1043:
1019:bioluminescence
1003:safety clothing
987:phosphorescence
952:Lyoluminescence
895:Bioluminescence
882:Biofluorescence
879:Phosphorescence
869:Photons (light)
840:
769:
741:solvatochromics
721:electrochromics
717:textile sensors
641:
563:Sorptiochromism
536:Aggregachromism
480:Amorphochromism
455:Magnetochromism
430:Cathodochromism
390:Mechanochromism
378:Metallochromism
327:changes in the
294:Solvatochromism
269:Electrochromism
231:
183:
163:fluorochromisms
144:metal complexes
134:depends on the
131:solvatochromism
103:electrochromism
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2421:
2419:
2411:
2410:
2408:Photochemistry
2405:
2395:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2374:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2176:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2006:Color history
2004:
2003:
2002:
1991:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1889:(Schopenhauer)
1882:
1877:
1874:Color analysis
1871:
1869:Color triangle
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1833:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1766:
1764:
1755:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1675:Color printing
1672:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1644:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1610:Kruithof curve
1607:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1482:Sonochromatism
1473:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1394:
1392:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1330:
1319:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1280:(4): 207–226.
1264:
1233:
1216:978-3540723110
1215:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1176:organic lasers
1138:
1135:
1095:photodiagnosis
1057:, also called
1042:
1039:
959:
958:
933:
917:
901:
885:
866:
839:
836:
790:textile fibers
768:
765:
677:thermochromics
669:optical memory
640:
637:
609:
608:
572:
571:
565:
559:
558:
551:
545:
544:
538:
532:
531:
525:
523:Chronochromism
519:
518:
508:
502:
501:
495:
489:
488:
482:
476:
475:
469:
463:
462:
460:magnetic field
457:
451:
450:
445:
439:
438:
432:
426:
425:
419:
413:
412:
404:
398:
397:
392:
386:
385:
380:
374:
373:
367:
361:
360:
355:
349:
348:
339:
333:
332:
331:of the medium
325:
323:Rigidichromism
319:
318:
317:in the medium
311:
305:
304:
296:
290:
289:
283:
277:
276:
271:
265:
264:
259:
257:Thermochromism
253:
252:
249:
230:
227:
226:
225:
222:
219:
212:
201:
182:
179:
148:
147:
127:
99:
83:
79:thermochromism
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2420:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2383:
2375:
2373:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:organizations
2115:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2060:Pastel colors
2058:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1842:Primary color
1840:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1809:Light-on-dark
1807:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1748:
1743:
1729:
1728:Color mapping
1726:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1653:Color balance
1651:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1630:Chromotherapy
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1571:
1570:Tetrachromacy
1568:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1494:Achromatopsia
1492:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1477:Chromesthesia
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:Color physics
1389:
1386:
1384:
1383:Color science
1380:
1375:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1327:9781771886802
1324:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1234:
1223:on 2022-10-25
1222:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1199:
1196:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:, using both
1112:
1108:
1104:
1101:, and in the
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:photomedicine
1080:
1077:, as organic
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
921:
920:Electron Beam
918:
915:
912:
909:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
854:
851:
850:
849:
847:
846:
837:
835:
834:
830:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
778:
774:
766:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
729:smart windows
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
645:photochromics
638:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
579:
578:
577:
570:
566:
564:
561:
560:
556:
552:
550:
547:
546:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
530:
526:
524:
521:
520:
517:
513:
509:
507:
506:Hydrochromism
504:
503:
500:
496:
494:
491:
490:
487:
483:
481:
478:
477:
474:
470:
468:
465:
464:
461:
458:
456:
453:
452:
449:
446:
444:
443:Radiochromism
441:
440:
436:
435:electron beam
433:
431:
428:
427:
424:
420:
418:
417:Piezochromism
415:
414:
411:
408:
405:
403:
402:Tribochromism
400:
399:
396:
393:
391:
388:
387:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
372:
368:
366:
363:
362:
359:
356:
354:
351:
350:
347:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
330:
326:
324:
321:
320:
316:
315:concentration
312:
310:
307:
306:
303:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
288:
284:
282:
279:
278:
275:
272:
270:
267:
266:
263:
260:
258:
255:
254:
250:
247:
246:
243:
241:
237:
228:
223:
220:
217:
213:
210:
206:
202:
199:
198:
197:
195:
191:
187:
180:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
153:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:
128:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
104:
100:
97:
96:color centers
93:
92:isomerization
89:
88:
87:photochromism
84:
81:
80:
76:
75:
74:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
56:chromotropism
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Chromotropism
2092:Fluorescence
2055:Colorfulness
2048:Dichromatism
1892:
1884:
1854:Chromaticity
1837:Color mixing
1829:Color theory
1762:Color scheme
1625:Chromophobia
1574:
1297:Bibliography
1277:
1273:
1267:
1253:(1): 89–92.
1250:
1246:
1236:
1225:. Retrieved
1221:the original
1209:. Springer.
1205:
1198:
1162:, colloidal
1148:interference
1140:
1044:
1031:quantum dots
991:fluorescence
960:
876:Fluorescence
845:luminescence
843:
841:
838:Luminescence
826:
770:
753:gasochromics
705:ionochromics
701:architecture
642:
610:
575:
497:lowering of
493:Cryochromism
437:irradiation
365:Halochromism
353:Ionochromism
337:Vapochromism
281:Gasochromism
232:
185:
184:
156:
149:
129:
101:
85:
77:
72:
55:
35:
29:
2229:Color chart
2087:Iridescence
1919:Basic terms
1910:Color terms
1864:Color wheel
1859:Color solid
1723:Color space
1709:subtractive
1692:Color model
1563:Unique hues
1459:Colorimetry
1425:Chromophore
1152:diffraction
1111:solar cells
969:is used in
761:gas sensors
725:car mirrors
649:ophthalmics
553:changes in
499:temperature
484:changes in
467:Biochromism
421:mechanical
262:temperature
122:or organic
2397:Categories
2249:Shades of:
2082:Brightness
1814:Web colors
1770:Color tool
1753:philosophy
1658:Color cast
1558:Afterimage
1548:Metamerism
1521:Color code
1516:Color task
1499:Dichromacy
1227:2022-10-25
1190:References
1168:holography
1085:, such as
1007:biological
936:Mechanical
853:Electrical
771:Classical
709:copy paper
512:bulk water
407:mechanical
383:metal ions
369:change in
209:reflection
205:absorption
50:states of
2099:Grayscale
2072:Lightness
2067:Luminance
1876:(fashion)
1576:The dress
818:cosmetics
786:inorganic
657:cosmetics
112:compounds
108:electrons
68:electrons
52:molecules
44:compounds
32:chemistry
2403:Chromism
2372:Category
2354:Lighting
2077:Darkness
1897:(Goethe)
1697:additive
1685:Quattron
997:, inks,
995:pigments
888:Chemical
777:pigments
693:textiles
689:plastics
661:security
516:humidity
423:pressure
410:friction
329:rigidity
302:polarity
240:physical
236:chemical
218:of light
216:emission
211:of light
136:polarity
124:radicals
48:electron
36:chromism
2336:Related
2297:Magenta
2222:history
2126:Pantone
1413:Visible
1408:Rainbow
1166:and in
1051:thermal
904:Thermal
814:plastic
802:leather
781:organic
757:windows
749:sensors
699:and in
665:sensors
653:fashion
617:ligands
344:due to
299:solvent
140:solvent
138:of the
2349:Qualia
2344:Vision
2292:Purple
2287:Violet
2267:Yellow
2262:Orange
1957:Orange
1952:Purple
1942:Yellow
1376:topics
1336:
1325:
1314:
1310:{EPUB
1306:
1213:
1154:as in
1121:) and
1005:, and
810:paints
681:paints
251:Cause
40:colors
2382:Index
2322:Black
2312:White
2307:Brown
2272:Green
2174:Lists
2166:Names
2148:(CIE)
2117:Color
1977:Brown
1972:White
1962:Black
1932:Green
1751:Color
1447:Water
1403:Light
1374:Color
1047:laser
794:paper
287:redox
248:Type
190:light
116:redox
114:with
2317:Gray
2302:Pink
2282:Blue
2277:Cyan
1967:Gray
1947:Pink
1927:Blue
1714:CMYK
1334:ISBN
1323:ISBN
1312:ISBN
1304:ISBN
1211:ISBN
1158:and
1150:and
1097:and
1089:and
1033:and
1017:and
1009:and
981:and
831:and
816:and
806:inks
798:hair
775:and
773:dyes
759:and
747:and
735:and
715:and
691:and
685:inks
671:and
631:and
529:time
358:ions
207:and
203:The
173:and
120:ions
66:and
64:ions
2257:Red
2043:Hue
1937:Red
1702:RGB
1282:doi
1255:doi
993:in
977:in
755:in
743:in
739:,
723:in
707:in
695:as
679:in
647:in
514:or
238:or
42:of
30:In
2399::
1318:}.
1276:.
1251:17
1249:.
1245:.
1186:.
1133:.
1065:,
1037:.
1013:,
1001:,
985:,
973:,
938:–
922:–
906:–
890:–
871:–
855:–
812:,
808:,
800:,
796:,
792:,
763:.
751:,
731:,
727:,
719:,
711:,
703:,
687:,
683:,
675:,
667:,
663:,
659:,
651:,
635:.
627:,
623:,
603:–
599:–
595:–
591:–
587:–
583:–
371:pH
177:.
169:,
154:.
70:.
34:,
1366:e
1359:t
1352:v
1329:.
1288:.
1284::
1278:6
1261:.
1257::
1230:.
957:.
932:.
916:.
900:.
884:.
865:.
655:/
607:.
146:.
126:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.