Chronic kidney disease in cats

477:

repair mechanisms such as connective tissue formation lead to further, partially self-sustaining destruction of functional kidney tissue. The reduced ability of the kidneys to excrete sodium and water causes retention (medicine) of these substances and thus an increase in blood volume, which ultimately leads to an increase in blood pressure. About two thirds of all cats with CNE are affected. High blood pressure in turn leads to increased connective tissue formation. A potassium deficiency or excess calcium secondary to other kidney damage also causes further damage to the kidney tissue.

1618:, which also reduces appetite. Finally, affected animals often show gastrointestinal tract problems. In a clinical study by Elliott et al. 34% of cats could not be switched to the renal diet and in Plantinga et al. the figure was as high as 54%. An attempt can be made to increase the acceptability of the feed by warming it or by adding tasty additives such as tuna juice or sardines. It is therefore recommended to start the feed change only after the uraemia has been eliminated and to extend it over three weeks by gradually mixing it in to avoid feed aversion. Sorptionsuch as 1777: 964: 984: 1075: 263: 20: 1027: 111: 1688:

chronic kidney disease: shaggy coat, loss of appetite, weakness, exhaustion and anaemia. Calcitriol can also be used to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism, but only if parathyroid hormone and calcium levels are monitored. For cats in the early stages with normal blood phosphate levels, a less phosphate-reduced diet ("Senior", "Early-Renal" or a mixture of kidney and normal food) is usually sufficient.

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maintenance requirement of 15 g digestible crude protein per MJ UE and should never be reduced below 11 g/MJ UE, whereby the amount of protein declared on feed must be multiplied by a factor of 0.86 to obtain the digestible crude protein. High-quality animal protein also reduces the amount of nitrogen compounds entering the large intestine and thus the amount of

428: 51:. In current literature, the term "kidney disease" is preferred to the term "renal insufficiency" because the disease initially progresses without any measurable decline in kidney function. Due to the different type of diet and the resulting metabolic peculiarities, the clinical picture and treatment sometimes differ significantly from 1535:

SDMA values often indicate a different stage. This may be due to the biological fluctuation range, concomitant diseases, influencing factors outside the kidney and pre-analytical causes. In this case, staging should be based on the higher value and the determination should be repeated after two to four weeks.

1600:

In veterinary medicine, kidney tests are only carried out in exceptional cases due to the high equipment, logistical and financial costs involved. The aim is therefore to detect chronic kidney disease at the earliest possible stage, when the kidneys still have sufficient reserve capacity. At the same

1543:

In the sum of all examination findings, chronic kidney disease can hardly be confused with any other disease. There is only extensive agreement with acute renal insufficiency. Here, the clinical course (see symptoms) is particularly suitable as a differentiation criterion. In addition, in acute renal

1534:

In stage 1, creatinine and SDMA values are still within the normal range. However, there are other disorders of kidney function, such as an inadequate ability to concentrate, protein loss via the urine, morphological kidney changes or an increase in the values on repeated measurements. Creatinine and

354:

of parathyroid hormone secretion, so that parathyroid hormone continues to be secreted despite the increase in calcium levels. As less phosphate reaches the renal tubules due to the reduced filtration rate, the inhibitory effect of parathyroid hormone on reabsorption in the main body has only a minor

1970:

survival time in a recent study was 1151 days in stage IIb cats, 778 days in stage III and only 103 days in stage IV. The consistent use of phosphate-reduced kidney diets shows quite good results up to stage III. If the measures taken do not work, the only option for advanced kidney disease is often

408:

are independent of the general blood pressure, is also impaired. As a result, kidney performance is reduced at low blood pressure and, in the case of high blood pressure often associated with chronic kidney disease, further damage occurs due to pressure overload of the renal corpuscles. The increase

270:

Symptoms of the disease only appear at an advanced stage, when more than two-thirds of the original kidney function has already been lost. This is due to the body's own compensatory mechanisms and the kidney's reserve capacity, which can compensate for the reduced kidney function for a long time and

1333:

being used as the main criterion. In addition, sub-stages are defined on the basis of the protein-creatinine quotient in the urine and blood pressure. The plasma creatinine concentration should be ensured by at least two measurements at intervals of one to two weeks, the protein-creatinine quotient

1270:

and drop sharply for several hours after food intake. Recent studies suggest that symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a suitable marker for renal function in cats. The SDMA concentration in serum shows close correlations with the glomerular filtration rate and the creatinine concentration. It can

1042:

changes in the kidneys in more detail. In addition to changes in size and shape, renal cysts, localized (focal) organ damage, water sac kidneys and urinary retention as well as tumors can also be visualized. Hardly defined (diffuse) organ changes are accompanied by changes in echogenicity, but can

1794:

can also be used to treat high blood pressure and proteinuria. Telmisartan can significantly reduce the extent of proteinuria. However, the active ingredient can only be used as the sole antihypertensive agent if the blood pressure is below 200 mg Hg. It is important to monitor the effect of

1696:

Zn order to combat uraemia, the amount of protein in the diet and thus the amount of nitrogen supplied to the body can be reduced. However, this is only possible to a limited extent in cats, as their energy balance is dependent on protein (see above). The protein content should be adjusted to the

1687:

Several studies have shown that a reduction of phosphate in the diet is sufficient to slow down the progression of the disease. If the general condition continues to deteriorate during phosphate reduction, a phosphate deficiency should also be considered. This manifests itself in a similar way to

1752:

is administered for buffering, whereby the latter also compensates for any existing potassium deficiency. A diet rich in potassium and magnesium is recommended and is already used in most commercial kidney diets. Potassium gluconate can also be used to compensate for a potassium deficiency, but

440:

Chronic kidney disease is one of the most common causes of death in older domestic cats. In many animals, however, the disease initially remains unrecognized, as clinical symptoms are often absent in the early stages of chronic kidney disease due to the kidney's reserve capacity and sufficiently

1735:

solutions under the skin by the owner must be viewed critically. These also ultimately enter the vascular system and conventional infusion solutions inevitably lead to a permanent excess of sodium. This form of treatment should therefore only be carried out if the condition and hydration status

1663:

metabolizable energy, see also Physiological calorific value), i.e. to two thirds of the maintenance requirement. Commercially available cat food usually contains twice the maintenance requirement and should therefore not be mixed with the diet food. If the phosphate levels in the plasma remain

975:

By palpation, the kidneys can be checked for pain, firmness (consistency), enlargement or reduction in size and changes in surface structure. A healthy kidney is about 4 cm long, 3 cm wide and 2-3.5 cm thick. In the most common form - CNE due to tubulointerstitial nephritis - the

476:

Chronic kidney disease in cats is an idiopathic tubulointerstitial nephritis, i.e. an inflammation of the renal tubules and the renal interstitial tissue without an identifiable cause. In addition to the damage that this primary disease causes directly to the kidney tissue, activated endogenous

1613:

One problem with dietary therapy with phosphate- and protein-reduced diets is that they are usually not very palatable. In addition, cats with kidney disease have little appetite and getting used to a new food is made even more difficult due to the negative imprinting (behavior) - the cat

1961:

is strongly dependent on the degree of azotemia, protein loss via the urine, hyperphosphatemia and uremia as well as the hematocrit. In stage 2, a low hematocrit and a high urine protein-creatinine ratio, and in stage 3 hyperphosphatemia are prognostic for progression of CNE. A new prognostic

1912:

Kidney transplantation is only possible in a few specialized facilities and is cost-intensive. The basic requirements are decompensated renal insufficiency at an early stage that no longer responds to conventional treatment, a previous weight loss of no more than 20%, the absence of serious

948: - occur gradually over weeks, months or even years, and the general condition is poor. In addition, acute kidney failure is initially characterized by reduced urine production. However, an existing mild or moderate chronic kidney disease is often suddenly worsened by an acute event (" 1705:. If there are severe acceptance problems or there is a loss of body mass and muscle, complicating factors (metabolic acidosis, intestinal bleeding) must be clarified. The necessary nutritional requirements must be guaranteed in any case, in problematic cases even without a kidney diet. 1736:

improve and there are no disturbances in blood pressure or potassium levels. Infusion solutions for cats in stage IV should contain a maximum of 40 mmol/L sodium and about 13 mmol/L (max. 30 mmol/L) potassium (half-electrolyte solution with potassium substitution).

1726:

To combat dehydration , sufficient fresh drinking water should be provided. Here, too, you can try to increase the cat's voluntary water intake by adding meat broth or tuna juice. Switching to wet food also often leads to increased fluid intake. Dehydrated cats or animals with

445:

of the disease in cats is contradictory, varying between 1.6 and 20%. Chronic kidney disease occurs more frequently in older cats: Over 50% of affected cats are seven years old or older and 30% of all cats over 9 years of age show elevated blood levels of nitrogen compounds

976:

kidneys are usually reduced in size and have an irregular surface; in the case of tumors or pyelonephritis, they may be enlarged and sensitive to pain. Since the degree of protein loss via the urine is directly related to the increase in blood pressure, regular

233:

of amino acid degradation are adapted to the high protein intake and their activity is largely independent of the protein supply in the diet, so that cats break down endogenous proteins (especially from the muscles) when there is a lack of protein intake

1547:

The main feature that determines the staging - azotemia - can have a number of other causes that can be localized "before the kidney" (prerenal) or "after the kidney" (postrenal). Prerenal causes in cats are mainly blood loss, dehydration,

1334:

in the urine by two or three measurements over a period of two to four weeks. As creatinine is also influenced by other factors, since 2019 the Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is also used for assessment. In diabetic cats SDMA may be reduced.

952:") and thus becomes conspicuous to the cat owner. This can be the case, for example, if one kidney has already become a non-functioning shrunken kidney due to urinary retention and the second suddenly swells acutely due to urinary retention ( 1819:. Of these active substances, benazepril and ramipril are currently approved for cats in Germany, all others must be reclassified. Dietetically, the tendency to high blood pressure can be reduced by reducing the sodium content of the feed. 89:. Treatment is mainly based on reducing the protein and phosphate content of the diet to the basic requirement ("renal diet"). In addition, the numerous secondary symptoms resulting from renal dysfunction, such as disorders of the water, 1023:) is injected into the bloodstream and its excretion via the kidneys is recorded radiographically. This makes it possible to detect circulatory disorders, dysfunctions of the renal corpuscles and obstructions of the outflow pathways. 349:

and calcification of the kidneys, skin, heart and blood vessels. In the kidneys, this calcification contributes to further destruction of the kidney tissue. The reduced responsiveness of the parathyroid cells to calcium disrupts the

1799:

blood pressure must not be lowered below 120 mm Hg; it should be around 140 mm Hg. Telmisartan should also be discontinued in phases of volume or fluid deficiency, during acute episodes of illness or before anesthesia.

1795:

telmisartan at the beginning and after one week if the dose is changed by determining creatitinine, blood pressure and potassium levels; after four weeks, the urine protein-creatinine quotient should be checked. The reduction in

1789:

Over 60% of cats with kidney disease develop high blood pressure. Amlodipine is the main drug used for treatment. If the antihypertensive effect is not sufficient, the AT1 antagonist, which has been approved for cats since 2014

1658:

A key goal in the management of chronic kidney disease in cats is to reduce dietary phosphate intake early in the course of the disease. As a rule of thumb, the phosphate content can be reduced to 170 mg/MJ UE

1875:

and is more potent. Darbepoetin is used when the hematocrit is permanently below 20, the target range is a Hct of 25-35. This is usually achieved after two to three weeks, then the dose can be gradually reduced.

101:

and digestive disorders are treated with medication. If detected and treated early, the progression of the disease can be slowed, the quality of life improved and the life expectancy of the animals increased.

1815:

alone do not usually lead to a sufficient reduction in blood pressure, but they can slow down the progression of the disease up to stage III. In stage IV, ACE inhibitors are considered relatively

473:

Since the kidneys have a high reserve capacity and clinical symptoms only appear when two thirds of the original kidney function has been lost, the triggering factors must damage both kidneys.

1630:

may be used for a short time to increase appetite; if these measures do not work, force-feeding via an esophageal or gastric tube is necessary. The administration of feed supplements based on

1929:

may be significantly prolonged (e.g. with numerous antibiotics) and the dose must be reduced accordingly. Drugs that can only be administered with caution in cats with kidney disease include

1605:

measures. Finally, metabolic imbalances and sequelae must be buffered. From a plasma creatinine level of 7 mg/dL (618.8 μmol/L), however, drug therapy is not very promising.

77:

are a reluctance to eat, increased drinking, increased urine output, fatigue, vomiting and weight loss. Chronic kidney disease in cats is divided into four main stages based on the

1925:

Since the kidney is also an important excretory organ for numerous drugs, chronic kidney disease must be taken into account in the drug therapy of other diseases. For example, the

162:. In addition, endogenous and exogenous substances are metabolized and broken down in the kidneys - the kidney is therefore a central metabolic organ alongside the 1282:, which is already reduced in chronic kidney disease before azotemia occurs. Various substances have been evaluated for cats, the most practical being creatinine and 1098:

are impractical in cats. The UPC is a good marker for the early detection of CNE, as it reveals renal dysfunction even before the creatinine in the blood rises. The

310:

secretion and thus lead to an increase in gastric acid production and thus to hyperacidity of the stomach. Finally, they cause vascular inflammation (uraemic

1904:, which have long been recommended for therapy, are no longer indicated. Mirtazapine has been shown to stimulate the appetite and reduce uraemic nausea. 1757:

is usually poorly accepted by cats and often causes gastrointestinal disorders. It must be noted that the restriction of renal excretion in stage IV,

2348: 725: 2929:

Mirtazapine as an appetite stimulant and anti-emetic in cats with chronic kidney disease: a masked placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial.

1957:

It is not possible to restore lost nephrons, so that all therapeutic measures only result in an increase in quality of life and lifespan. The

1684:

in advanced stages. The use of phosphate binders should be monitored by blood tests and their dose adjusted on the basis of phosphate levels.

1066:

have very good detail recognition, they only play a subordinate role in veterinary medicine due to their high costs and limited availability.

2878:

Gegenüberstellung der Wirksamkeit einer oralen Langzeitbehandlung mit Telmisartan und Benazepril bei Katzen mit chronischer Nierenerkrankung.

1731:

require fluid administration with correction of electrolytes. Renal azotemia cannot be influenced in this way. The administration of sterile

837: 2908:

Relationship among serum creatinine, serum gastrin, calcium-phosphorus product, and uremic gastropathy in cats with chronic kidney disease.

1835:

is particularly useful. The iron content in the feed should be slightly above the maintenance requirement of 5 mg/MJ UE. However, the

1601:

time, attempts are made to reduce the amount of urinary substances - especially nitrogen compounds and phosphate - in the diet by means of

421: 1007:, however, the kidney can only be visualized to a limited extent on the X-ray image due to the resulting reduction in contrast. Excretory 378:. The result is a loss of water via the urine and thus drying out of the body, which is exacerbated by the loss of fluid during vomiting. 1642:

had no discernible effect in clinical studies; there is only one small manufacturer's study on the activated charcoal-based absorber for

254:. This makes it difficult to achieve a similar phosphorus reduction in cat food as is aimed at in human medicine for human kidney diets. 2654: 1565: 1250:

content. If the cause of the kidney disease lies in the renal corpuscles, albumin deficiency (hypalbuminemia) and excess cholesterol (

345:). Among other things, the parathyroid hormone causes calcium and phosphate to be released from the bones, which ultimately leads to 1305:

without a change in the blood pigment load and the cell sizes of the red blood cells and without signs of new blood cell formation (

1043:

only rarely be assigned to defined diseases. Pulsed Wave Doppler" can also be used to detect circulatory disorders. Calcification (

2643: 1614:

associates its own physical discomfort with the new food -. The loss of protein via the urine also results in a negative

238:

metabolic state). Fleisch und Innereien enthalten darüber hinaus für die Katze lebensnotwendige Nährstoffe wie beispielsweise

1286:. Although creatinine is eliminated more slowly than iohexol, it can be determined immediately in many veterinary practices 995:

examination can be used to detect changes in the size, density and position of the kidneys as well as some urinary stones (

1238:

23 (FGF-23) is involved here, which is more sensitive than the phosphate level in the event of an incipient disorder. The

584: 1626:

can be used in an attempt to reduce the formation of uraemic substances in the gastrointestinal tract. Cyproheptadine or

2768:

Retrospective study of the survival of cats with acquired chronic renal insufficiency offered different commercial diets

530: 2522:

Risk factors and implications associated with ultrasound-diagnosed nephrocalcinosis in cats with chronic kidney disease

1234:). The increased phosphate concentration is the result of the reduced glomerular filtration rate. Among other things, 1119: 1863:

may be indicated from a hematocrit < 20%. However, the treatment is expensive and around a third of all cats form

1378:

Low azotemia, clinical symptoms are weak or not pronounced at all in this area, residual kidney function approx. 33%

2313:

In: North American Veterinary Conference Orlando, NAVC Proceedings, Vol. 20, Small Animal Edition, 2006, p. 701–703.

1275: 1063: 977: 303: 276: 1544:

failure the blood pressure and red blood cell count are unchanged and the kidneys are often enlarged and painful.

1003:

stones are "radiopaque") and soft tissue calcifications. In severely emaciated cats or fluid accumulations in the

1745: 777: 127: 1917:

or feline immunodeficiency syndrome. Urinary tract infections should also not have occurred in the recent past.

1963: 1553: 1235: 1058:—for example, young Abyssinian cats with symptoms of kidney disease for the detection of amyloidosis. Although 39:

in the older literature - is an incurable, progressive disease characterized by a gradual decrease in the

1102:

can also show effusions from the renal tubules (cylinder), and in chronic bacterial renal pelvic inflammation

450:). However, the disease can occur as early as 9 months of age. Disposition predisposition has been proven for 1773:, which is why potassium levels must be checked regularly and a low-potassium diet may also need to be used. 2013: 2970: 2624:

Relationship between serum symmetric dimethylarginine concentration and glomerular filtration rate in cats.

1392:

Moderate azotemia, clinical manifestations are pronounced at this stage, residual renal function about 25%

1271:

already detect a 40% loss of kidney function, i.e. before there is an increase in creatinine in the blood.

275:- the functional structural unit of the kidney - the filtering capacity of the renal corpuscles ( 2895:

Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of benazepril in the treatment of chronic renal insufficiency in cats.

1589: 1557: 1263: 957: 404:, which normally ensures that the blood flow and thus the filtering capacity up to a threshold of 60 363: 52: 3001: 1004: 893: 841: 707: 2695: 1664:

elevated despite the renal diet, absorption in the intestine can be reduced by using calcium salts and

1564:

or severe physical exertion. Possible postrenal causes include obstruction of the urinary tract due to

2509:

Duplex doppler estimation of intrarenal pourcelot resistive index in dogs and cats with renal disease.

2963:

Clinicopathological variables predicting progression of azotemia in cats with chronic kidney disease.

1251: 1039: 945: 603: 371: 346: 287:

is preserved. However, if a section of the nephron is irreversibly damaged, the entire nephron dies.

1082:

Urinalysis is essential in chronic kidney disease in cats. Damage to as little as two thirds of the

1856: 1677: 1549: 1406:

Severe azotemia, usually accompanied by severe clinical symptoms, residual renal function < 10%

1059: 897: 773: 753: 342: 334: 198: 2743:

Survival of cats with naturally occurring renal failure: effect of conventional dietary management

2503:

Duplex Doppler estimation of Pourcelot resistive index in arcuate arteries of sedated normal cats.

1754: 1673: 1669: 1619: 1115: 761: 691: 512: 502: 394: 390: 2750: 2556: 2490: 2395: 2357: 2270: 2087: 23:

Cat with chronic kidney disease and typical symptoms: fatigue, emaciation and dull, shaggy coat.

2936: 1680:. Calcium carbonate can compensate for calcium deficiency in the early stages, but can lead to 987:

Urography: Diffuse accumulation of contrast medium in the kidneys of a cat with high-grade CNE.

2771: 2746: 2552: 2486: 2391: 2353: 2266: 2259:

Blood pressure in small animals – Part 2: Hypertension – Target organ damage, heart and kidney

2083: 1844: 1832: 1749: 1665: 1593: 1231: 809: 351: 338: 318: 284: 226: 131: 94: 85:, which are further subdivided according to the protein-creatinine quotient in the urine and 2811: 2594: 2112: 1926: 1872: 1816: 1702: 1615: 1274:

The most sensitive method of kidney function diagnostics is the direct determination of the

1111: 1044: 627: 552: 410: 246:

or arachidonic acid. Compared to a normal human diet, cats consume around six times as much

159: 2967:

Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.

2912:

Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.

2848:

Effect of dietary phosphate restriction on secondary renal hyperparathyreoidism in the cat.

2628:

Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.

1110:

can also be detected. The detection of small amounts of albumin (< 300 mg/l, "

279:) decreases and with it the excretory capacity for urinary substances. Acute damage to the 3006: 1914: 1569: 1279: 1267: 1055: 1012: 1000: 885: 833: 821: 789: 611: 375: 218: 183: 155: 123: 1871:, the risk of antibody formation is apparently significantly lower, it also has a longer 1090:

falls below 1030 N-m. Protein loss via the kidney is detected by an increase in the

1074: 1938: 1893: 1889: 1860: 1852: 1776: 1758: 1631: 1099: 968: 963: 953: 817: 623: 607: 542: 455: 451: 417: 359: 341:. Chronic kidney disease leads to hyperparathyroidism in 84% of cases (secondary renal 194: 190: 175: 86: 2995: 2051:: In ICU: Parts I and II, Proceedings 29th World Congress oft the WSAVA, Rhodes 2004. 1897: 1681: 1047:) is also common in chronic kidney disease and can also be detected sonographically. 983: 797: 740:

The yellow-red daylily - a popular ornamental plant with high kidney toxicity in cats

599: 558: 299: 1867:

against this substance, which results in anemia that can no longer be treated. With

1770: 1597: 1330: 949: 781: 652: 463: 414: 330: 298:) lead to nausea and vomiting for various reasons. Firstly, they directly irritate 271:

maintain the excretion of urine-requiring substances. With the loss of functioning

82: 59: 48: 2035:. In: Proceedings of the 33rd WSAVA/FECAVA Congress, Dublin 2008, p. 281–284. 1884:

Secondary consequences of uremia on the gastrointestinal tract in cats are mainly

2228:

Saunders, 5. Edition, Philadelphia 2000, Band 2, p. 1634–1662. ISBN 0-7216-7256-6

1443:

Protein loss via urine questionable, should be confirmed by renewed measurements

1317:

Chronic kidney disease in cats is currently divided into four main stages by the

1934: 1868: 1791: 1762: 1728: 1627: 1455: 1298: 1294: 1243: 1211: 825: 748:

Unresponsive cat with poor general condition - typical of chronic kidney disease

681:, pseudocysts and other space-occupying processes in the vicinity of the kidney 638: 566: 467: 459: 366:

in the kidney. However, this is the driving force for water reabsorption in the

222: 143: 90: 2915: 2631: 2529: 960:

is treated and the glomerular filtration rate is suddenly reduced as a result.

2804:

Chronische Nierenerkrankung der Katze – eine tägliche Herausforderung (Teil 2)

2105:

Chronische Nierenerkrankung der Katze – eine tägliche Herausforderung (Teil 1)

1972: 1946: 1901: 1864: 1840: 1836: 1804: 1639: 1635: 1623: 1326: 1302: 1287: 1259: 1255: 1219: 1095: 1091: 1035: 929: 920:) are also more frequent accompanying symptoms. In the case of severe uremia, 909: 889: 877: 861: 829: 658: 442: 441:

sensitive diagnostic tests are not available for routine use. The data on the

322: 311: 235: 210: 202: 179: 78: 2984:

Survival in cats with naturally occurring chronic kidney disease (2000–2002).

2815: 1913:

concomitant diseases and negative tests for chronic viral infections such as

2684:

Fortschritte in der Behandlung chronischer Nierenerkrankungen bei der Katze.

2324:

Die chronische Niereninsuffizienz – Wie sieht ein effektives Management aus?

2069:. In: ESFM Feline Congress 2008 Edinburgh, Scientific Proceedings, p. 59–65. 1958: 1808: 1239: 1169: 1016: 1008: 921: 765: 757: 577: 536:

Inflammation of the renal tubules and the interstitial tissue of the kidney

247: 68: 2116: 2850:

In: Journal of Small Animal Practice, 40 (1999), p. 62–70, PMID 10088085.

1930: 1885: 1848: 1812: 1732: 1477: 1227: 1141: 1103: 1026: 996: 941: 933: 925: 913: 876:

and weight loss. In addition, diarrhea, inflammation of the oral mucosa (

873: 865: 857: 813: 793: 678: 447: 397:). Metabolic acidosis occurs in 80% of cats with chronic kidney disease. 386: 382: 262: 251: 151: 19: 2311:

Chronic Progressive Renal Disease in the Cat: Recognition and Management

2180:

Chronische Nierenerkrankung – Früherkennung und Bedeutung der Phosphate.

2598: 1942: 1796: 1698: 1602: 1577: 1473: 1283: 1199: 1179: 1083: 1020: 905: 853: 801: 517:"Hardening" of the renal corpuscles due to connective tissue formation 307: 272: 239: 214: 189:). As a result, the organ plays an important role in the regulation of 167: 147: 139: 126:

with a variety of tasks. It plays an important role in maintaining the

110: 74: 40: 2906:

S. M. McLeland, K. F. Lunn, C. G. Duncan, K. R. Refsal, J. M. Quimby:

2710:

In: Clin. Tech. Small Anim. Pract. 15 (2000), p. 40–45, PMID 10911684.

1967: 1643: 1573: 1306: 1247: 1223: 1189: 1087: 1051: 917: 901: 869: 401: 367: 326: 295: 280: 243: 230: 119: 98: 63: 44: 1966:

23, as it indicates an early derailment of mineral metabolism. The

1713: 736: 583:

Nodular inflammation of the kidneys, in cats mainly as a result of

479: 134:, in the excretion of toxic metabolic degradation products such as 1775: 1766: 1712: 1660: 1561: 1073: 1025: 992: 982: 962: 881: 769: 743: 735: 593: 426: 358:

The loss of nephrons and the associated decrease in the number of

261: 171: 163: 109: 2828:

The role of phosphate in chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression

1748:

should ideally be between 17 and 22 mEq/L. Sodium bicarbonate or

66:

and the renal interstitial tissue without an identifiable cause (

2344:

Evaluation of predictors of the development of azotemia in cats.

1828: 1215: 1159: 937: 805: 785: 744: 547:

Renal pelvic inflammation with involvement of the kidney tissue

405: 291: 206: 135: 2986:

In: J. Vet. Intern. Med. 22 (2008), p. 1111–1117, PMID 18691369

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In: J. Vet. Intern. Med. 20 (2006), p. 1074–1079, PMID 17063698

2721:

Veterinary hemodialysis: advances in management and technology.

2745:. In: Journal of Small Animal Practice 41 (2000), p. 235–242. 2622:

J. Braff, E. Obare, M. Yerramilli, J. Elliott, M. Yerramilli:

1831:

addition to the feed in the form of organic iron compounds or

1107: 956:) and is damaged ("large kidney-small kidney syndrome") or if 427: 413:

in the area of the renal corpuscles, the reduced formation of

2952:

In: J. Vet. Intern. Med. 21 (2007), p. 906–916, PMID 17939542

2587:

Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 in Feline Chronic Kidney Disease.

2384:

Klinische Epidemiologie von Nierenerkrankungen bei der Katze.

2305:

Early detection of renal damage and disease in dogs and cats.

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R.F. Geddes, N.C. Finch, Jonathan Elliott, Harriet M. Syme:

2511:

In: J. Vet. Intern. Med. 11 (1997), p. 250–260. PMID 9298481

1855:

are slow-acting in cats and their benefit is questionable.

1246:), but can also be increased - the reverse is true for the 892:

may occur as a result of uremia. Increased blood pressure (

695:, rare and only in southern Europe, Asia and North America 381:

One consequence of the kidneys' reduced ability to excrete

317:

As a result of the accumulation of phosphate in the blood (

2505:

In: J. Vet. Intern. Med. 10 (1996), p. 28–33. PMID 8965265

2467:. Enke-Verlag, 4. ed. 2005, p. 789–803. ISBN 3-8304-1049-2 1992:. Enke, 5. Aufl. 2014, ISBN 978-3-8304-1243-4, S. 751–755. 1650:), but this did not include any cats with kidney disease. 1290:

even without the involvement of a specialized laboratory.

1086:

results in a reduced ability to concentrate urine and the

1078:

Bacteria in urinary sediment in a cat with pyelonephritis.

213:, cats are particularly dependent on the intake of animal 1262:

for cats, this protein can also be elevated in cats with

314:), which leads to further damage to the digestive tract. 43:

and thus to a decreasing function (insufficiency) of the

1701:

produced by bacterial degradation processes through the

856:

of chronic kidney disease in cats are lack of appetite (

720:

High blood pressure in the area of the renal corpuscles

47:. It is one of the most common causes of death in older 2950:

Prognostic factors in cats with chronic kidney disease.

1463: 1411: 1337: 1054:

is not routinely used, but may be indicated in certain

784:

of the renal corpuscles and thus to their damage. Many

2447:

In: Vet. Pathol. 45 (2008), p. 393–400, PMID 18487501.

2067:

The role of phosphorus in feline chronic renal disease

2003:. Mosby, 3. 2003, ISBN 0-323-01724-X, p. 615–623. 572:

Kidney damage due to a lack of potassium in the blood

2162:. Mosby, 3. Edition 2003, ISBN 0-323-01724-X, p. 617. 1323:

European Society of Veterinary Nephrology and Urology

58:

Chronic kidney disease occurs in cats as a result of

2630:

Band 28, Nummer 6, 2014 Nov-Dec, p. 1699–1701,

2414:. Enke, 5. Ed. 2014, ISBN 978-3-8304-1243-4, p. 751. 1364:

No azotemia, but other pathological kidney findings

812:) have a strong toxic effect on the kidneys (renal 138:and in the recovery of valuable substances such as 2914:Band 28, Nummer 3, 2014 May-Jun, p. 827–837, 2611:Nierenerkrankungen – Diagnostik aus Blut und Urin. 2445:Amyloidosis in black-footed cats (Felis nigripes). 2142:. Enke, 4. Aufl. 2005, ISBN 3-8304-1049-2, p. 406. 622:Pathological protein deposition, more frequent in 481:Possible causes of chronic kidney failure in cats 2933:Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997). 971:in a cat. The arrows point to the dilated ureter. 944:). Typically, the symptoms - in contrast to 2935:Band 197, No 3, September 2013,p. 651–655, 2307:In: Vet Clin Small Animal 35 (2005), p. 581–596. 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 1214:, the content of nitrogenous substances such as 598:mainly malignant lymphoma, other tumors such as 2574:Leitsymptome und Leitbefunde bei Hund und Katze 2549:Labordiagnostik bei felinen Nierenerkrankungen. 2428:Die Bedeutung von Nierenerkrankungen bei Katzen 2224:In: S. J. Ettinger und E. C. Feldmann (Hrsg.): 1516:Medium risk for the occurrence of organ damage 2969:Band 26, No 2, 2012 Mar-Apr, p. 275–281, 2576:. Schauttauer, 2. ed. 2005, ISBN 3-7945-2384-9 2080:Labordiagnostik bei felinen Nierenerkrankungen 1839:administration of iron is more potent. If the 1307:normochromic, normocytic, aregenerative anemia 329:, there is a drop in the calcium blood level ( 2483:Bild gebende Diagnostik der Niere bei Katzen. 393:is the metabolic acidification of the blood ( 8: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2236: 2234: 2158:. In: R. W. Nelson und C. G. Couto (Hrsg.): 2082:. In: Veterinary Focus 18 (2008), p. 16–22. 1999:. In: R. W. Nelson und C. G. Couto (Hrsg.): 1900:, so that the gastric acid blockers such as 1494:Blood pressure without risk of organ damage 669:"Water-sac kidney" due to urinary retention 2422: 2420: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2190: 2188: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 940:, abnormal movements and muscle disorders ( 154:initially filtered out of the blood during 2737: 2735: 2733: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2182:In:veterinary mirror 3 (2010), p. 107–112. 1717:Subcutaneous fluid administration in a cat 916:and accumulation of water in the tissues ( 2863:. In: Marian C. Horzinek et al. (Hrsg.): 2842: 2840: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2463:. In: Marian C. Horzinek et al. (Hrsg.): 2338: 2336: 2290:. In: Marian C. Horzinek et al. (Hrsg.): 2244:. In: Marian C. Horzinek et al. (Hrsg.): 2226:Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2198:. In: Marian C. Horzinek et al. (Hrsg.): 2138:. In: Marian C. Horzinek et al. (Hrsg.): 2961:S. Chakrabarti, H. M. Syme, J. Elliott: 2591:Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2150: 2148: 1124: 730:Blood clotting within the blood vessels 699: 644: 521: 493: 266:Basic transport processes in the nephron 18: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2725:Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 2455: 2453: 2382:Thierry Francey, Ariane Schweighauser: 2043: 2041: 2033:Nutritional management of Renal Disease 2024: 816:) in cats. But also many drugs such as 726:Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy 701:Damage as a result of vascular diseases 674:perirenal circumferential augmentation 2593:2013, Band 27, No 2, p. 234–241 2481:Deniz Seyrek-Intas und Martin Kramer: 2178:Thierry Francey und Elisabeth Müller: 2061: 2059: 2057: 1709:Treatment of the accompanying symptoms 1030:PW-Doppler: Increased resistance index 306:in the brain. Secondly, they increase 2774:13 (2005), p. 185–187, PMID 16100367. 2727:34 (2004), S. 935–967, PMID 15223210. 2644:SDMA: Diagnose kidney disease earlier 2099: 2097: 2095: 1418:Protein-creatinine quotient in urine 900:, hypertensive retinopathy), anemia ( 838:non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 507:Inflammation of the renal corpuscles 355:effect on the blood phosphate level. 7: 2971:doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00874.x 2551:In: Vet. Focus 18 (2008), p. 16–22. 2485:In: Vet. Focus 18 (2008), p. 23–30. 1386:249–442 μmol/L (2,9–5,0 mg/dL) 1372:140–249 μmol/L (1,6–2,8 mg/dL) 1319:International Renal Interest Society 1164:5–11 mmol/L (30–65 mg/dL) 1146:< 170 μmol/L (< 2 mg/dL) 422:renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system 16:Incurable progressive feline disease 2686:In: Vet. Focus 19.3 (2009),p. 6–14. 1780:Blood pressure measurement in a cat 1646:in the large intestine (trade name 1254:) also occur. The determination of 614:do not usually occur on both sides 400:With increasing kidney damage, the 2867:. Enke, 4. Aufl. 2005, p. 405–407. 1921:Interactions with other treatments 1297:shows a decrease in the number of 772:. Virtually any infection or even 756:of renal dysfunction, for example 402:autoregulation of renal blood flow 14: 2834:13 (2008), p. 23–28 and p. 37–46. 2810:Band 69, No 4, 2024, p. 192–210. 2696:Aktualisierte Einteilung der IRIS 2682:Katharine Arnell und Sheri Ross: 2406:Sarah Steinbach und Reto Neiger: 2111:Band 69, No 3, 2024, p. 120–139. 1984:Sarah Steinbach and Reto Neiger: 1847:are indicated. Anabolic steroids 1592:are severely limited in cats, as 1400:> 442 μmol/L (5,0 mg/dL) 1358:< 140 μmol/L (1,6 mg/dL) 431:Cystic kidney in ultrasound image 29:chronic kidney disease of the cat 2410:: In: Hans Lutz et al. (Hrsg.): 1740:Metabolic acidosis and potassium 1344:Plasma creatinine concentration 1293:In advanced kidney disease, the 880:) with the formation of ulcers ( 2248:. Enke, 4. Edition 2005, p. 410 1454:Loss of protein via the urine ( 321:) and the reduced formation of 53:chronic renal failure in humans 2937:doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.05.048 2708:Renal transplantation in cats. 2202:. Enke, 4. Aufl. 2005, p. 411. 2160:Small animal internal medicine 2001:Small animal internal medicine 1988:: In: Hans Lutz et al. (Ed.): 1432:No protein loss via the urine 1070:Laboratory diagnostic findings 776:can lead to the deposition of 495:Damage to the renal corpuscles 411:hardening of the blood vessels 370:and - in the presence of 1: 2861:Chronische Niereninsuffizienz 2832:Small Animal Medicine UK Vet. 2288:Chronische Niereninsuffizienz 2242:Chronische Niereninsuffizienz 2196:Chronische Niereninsuffizienz 2136:Chronische Niereninsuffizienz 637:Hereditary cystsformation in 585:feline infectious peritonitis 2294:. Enke, 4. Ed. 2005, p. 409. 1769:deficiency can also lead to 1242:content is usually reduced ( 1126:Reference values of selected 1122:for chronic kidney disease. 712:General high blood pressure 531:tubulointerstitial nephritis 409:in blood pressure is due to 283:can regenerate again if the 250:in their diet with standard 97:, increased blood pressure, 71:tubulointerstitial nephritis 2613:In: Laboklin aktuell 2/2009 2408:Chronische Nierenerkrankung 1986:Chronische Nierenerkrankung 864:), increased urine output ( 844:) can cause kidney damage. 752:Other diseases can also be 646:Damage to the urinary tract 604:transitional cell carcinoma 523:Damage to the renal tubules 362:leads to a decrease in the 33:chronic renal insufficiency 3023: 2927:J. M. Quimby, K. F. Lunn: 2655:IRIS Guidelines für Katzen 2263:Eur. J. Comp. Anim. Pract. 2049:The cat is not a small dog 1843:(Hct) nevertheless falls, 1590:Kidney replacement therapy 1527:High risk of organ damage 1321:(IRIS) and adapted by the 1276:glomerular filtration rate 1096:24-hour collection samples 1064:magnetic resonance imaging 978:blood pressure measurement 910:soft tissue calcifications 896:) with damage to the eye ( 778:antigen-antibody complexes 677:only if bilateral: cysts, 634:Polycystic kidney disease 389:and the excessive loss of 304:chemoreceptor trigger zone 277:glomerular filtration rate 1505:Low risk of organ damage 1493: 1490: 1487: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1128:serum parameters in cats 884:), increased salivation ( 258:Pathophysiological basics 168:hormone-active substances 31:(CNE) - also called 2816:10.2377/0023-2076-69-192 2766:E. A. Plantinga et al.: 1964:fibroblast growth factor 1568:or tumors, tears of the 1554:congestive heart failure 1236:fibroblast growth factor 1092:protein/creatinine ratio 1011:, in which a radiopaque 717:Glomerular hypertension 686:Kidney worm infestation 225:is their most important 2459:Johanna Fink-Gremmels: 2434:2013, Heft 2, p. 59–64. 2352:23 (2009), p. 806–813. 2014:List of feline diseases 1803:ACE inhibitors such as 1094:in the urine (UPC), as 924:manifestations such as 860:), increased drinking ( 800:and some heavy metals ( 2916:doi:10.1111/jvim.12342 2884:61 (2016), p. 245–257. 2632:doi:10.1111/jvim.12446 2530:doi:10.1111/jvim.17034 2257:A. P. Carr, B. Egner: 2222:Chronic renal failure. 2117:10.2376/0032-681X-2252 1880:Gastrointestinal tract 1827:To combat anaemia, an 1781: 1718: 1539:Differential diagnosis 1470:Blood pressure in mmHg 1079: 1036:ultrasound examination 1031: 988: 972: 922:neurological neurology 749: 741: 432: 420:and activation of the 364:concentration gradient 267: 115: 24: 2865:Krankheiten der Katze 2846:P. J. Barber et al.: 2719:J.R. Fischer et al.: 2706:L. Bernsteen et al.: 2572:Christian F. Schrey: 2520:Pak-Kan Tang et al.: 2465:Krankheiten der Katze 2412:Krankheiten der Katze 2342:R. E. Jepson et al.: 2322:A. Parotat, B. Kohn: 2292:Krankheiten der Katze 2265:19 (2009), p. 13–17. 2246:Krankheiten der Katze 2220:D. J. Polzin et al.: 2200:Krankheiten der Katze 2156:Chronic renal failure 2140:Krankheiten der Katze 1997:Chronic renal failure 1990:Krankheiten der Katze 1908:Nierentransplantation 1779: 1716: 1077: 1029: 1005:retroperitoneal space 986: 966: 894:arterial hypertension 842:analgesic nephropathy 747: 739: 708:Arterial hypertension 661:in the urinary tract 557:Kidney damage due to 436:Occurrence and causes 430: 337:is released from the 294:levels in the blood ( 265: 205:balance and thus the 113: 81:concentration in the 37:chronic renal failure 22: 2893:H. Mizutani et al.: 2876:Ulrike Sent et al.: 2526:J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2507:B.J. Rivers et al.: 2501:B.J. Rivers et al.: 2443:K. A. Terio et al.: 2349:J. Vet. Intern. Med. 1252:hypercholesterolemia 1204:145–158 mmol/L 1194:3,0–4,8 mmol/L 1184:2,3–3,0 mmol/L 1174:0,8–1,9 mmol/L 967:Ultrasound image of 385:ions, phosphate and 374: - also in the 347:renal bone disorders 106:Physiological basics 2982:L. M. Boyd et al.: 2741:J. Elliott et al.: 2390:28 (2008), p. 2–7. 2330:12 (2009), p. 6–10. 2154:Gregory F. Grauer: 1995:Gregory F. Grauer: 1959:treatment prospects 1953:Treatment prospects 1853:new blood formation 1785:High blood pressure 1746:bicarbonate content 1678:lanthanum carbonate 1654:Phosphate reduction 1524:> 180: > 120 1403:> 38 μg/dL 1154:< 14 μg/dL 1129: 1060:computed tomography 1056:preliminary reports 946:acute renal failure 898:fundus hypertonicus 774:lupus erythematosus 762:autoimmune diseases 482: 368:mid-piece|mid-piece 360:sodium ion channels 343:hyperparathyroidism 335:parathyroid hormone 195:new blood formation 114:Cats are carnivores 2948:J.N. King et al.: 2599:10.1111/jvim.12044 1845:blood transfusions 1782: 1765:deficiency due to 1755:potassium chloride 1719: 1674:aluminum carbonate 1670:aluminum hydroxide 1620:activated charcoal 1594:kidney transplants 1491:< 150: < 95 1361:<18 μg/dL 1125: 1080: 1032: 989: 973: 750: 742: 692:Dioctophyma renale 513:Glomerulosclerosis 503:glomerulonephritis 480: 433: 395:metabolic acidosis 268: 128:water, electrolyte 116: 25: 2772:Veterinary Record 2328:kleintier konkret 1750:potassium citrate 1729:volume deficiency 1692:Protein reduction 1666:phosphate binders 1531: 1530: 1513:160–179: 100–119 1462: 1461: 1410: 1409: 1389:26–38 μg/dL 1375:18–25 μg/dL 1329:concentration in 1232:hyperphosphatemia 1230:) and phosphate ( 1208: 1207: 734: 733: 628:black-footed cats 619:Nierenamyloidose 352:negative feedback 339:parathyroid gland 325:in the remaining 319:hyperphosphatemia 285:basement membrane 219:glucose formation 132:acid-base balance 95:acid-base balance 3014: 2987: 2980: 2974: 2973:, PMID 22269057. 2959: 2953: 2946: 2940: 2939:. PMID 23838205. 2925: 2919: 2918:. PMID 24628683. 2904: 2898: 2891: 2885: 2874: 2868: 2857: 2851: 2844: 2835: 2824: 2818: 2800: 2775: 2764: 2753: 2739: 2728: 2717: 2711: 2704: 2698: 2693: 2687: 2680: 2657: 2652: 2646: 2641: 2635: 2634:, PMID 25272985. 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2583: 2577: 2570: 2559: 2545: 2532: 2518: 2512: 2499: 2493: 2479: 2468: 2457: 2448: 2441: 2435: 2432:veterinärspiegel 2426:Rosanne Jepson: 2424: 2415: 2404: 2398: 2380: 2361: 2340: 2331: 2320: 2314: 2301: 2295: 2284: 2273: 2255: 2249: 2238: 2229: 2218: 2203: 2192: 2183: 2176: 2163: 2152: 2143: 2132: 2119: 2101: 2090: 2076: 2070: 2063: 2052: 2045: 2036: 2029: 1927:plasma half-life 1873:plasma half-life 1703:intestinal flora 1616:nitrogen balance 1609:Dietary measures 1588:The options for 1464: 1412: 1338: 1136:Reference range 1130: 1112:microalbuminuria 1045:nephrocalcinosis 908:, dehydration , 612:hemangiosarcomas 553:Nephrocalcinosis 483: 376:collecting ducts 333:) and increased 209:metabolism. As 182:(active form of 166:. Finally, some 160:renal corpuscles 3022: 3021: 3017: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3012: 3011: 2992: 2991: 2990: 2981: 2977: 2960: 2956: 2947: 2943: 2926: 2922: 2905: 2901: 2892: 2888: 2882:Kleintierpraxis 2875: 2871: 2858: 2854: 2845: 2838: 2825: 2821: 2808:Kleintierpraxis 2801: 2778: 2765: 2756: 2740: 2731: 2718: 2714: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2690: 2681: 2660: 2653: 2649: 2642: 2638: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2605: 2584: 2580: 2571: 2562: 2546: 2535: 2519: 2515: 2506: 2500: 2496: 2480: 2471: 2458: 2451: 2442: 2438: 2425: 2418: 2405: 2401: 2381: 2364: 2360:, PMID 19566846 2341: 2334: 2321: 2317: 2308: 2302: 2298: 2285: 2276: 2256: 2252: 2239: 2232: 2219: 2206: 2193: 2186: 2177: 2166: 2153: 2146: 2133: 2122: 2109:Kleintierpraxis 2102: 2093: 2077: 2073: 2064: 2055: 2046: 2039: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2010: 1981: 1979:Further reading 1955: 1923: 1915:feline leukemia 1910: 1882: 1825: 1817:contraindicated 1787: 1742: 1724: 1711: 1694: 1656: 1632:Chinese rhubarb 1611: 1586: 1570:urinary bladder 1558:hyperthyroidism 1541: 1532: 1502:150–159: 95–99 1471: 1315: 1299:red blood cells 1268:glucocorticoids 1264:hyperthyroidism 1127: 1118:, but not very 1088:specific weight 1072: 1013:contrast medium 1001:calcium oxalate 958:hyperthyroidism 886:hypersalivation 850: 834:aminoglycosides 822:cholecalciferol 790:ethylene glycol 689:Infection with 608:nephroblastomas 438: 260: 187: 156:ultrafiltration 108: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3020: 3018: 3010: 3009: 3004: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2988: 2975: 2954: 2941: 2920: 2899: 2886: 2869: 2852: 2836: 2819: 2776: 2754: 2729: 2712: 2699: 2688: 2658: 2647: 2636: 2615: 2603: 2578: 2560: 2533: 2513: 2494: 2469: 2449: 2436: 2416: 2399: 2362: 2332: 2315: 2303:G. F. Grauer: 2296: 2274: 2250: 2230: 2204: 2184: 2164: 2144: 2120: 2091: 2071: 2053: 2037: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2016: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2004: 1993: 1980: 1977: 1954: 1951: 1939:chlorothiazide 1922: 1919: 1909: 1906: 1898:gastric ulcers 1894:gastric mucosa 1890:mineralization 1881: 1878: 1861:erythropoietin 1824: 1821: 1786: 1783: 1759:ACE inhibitors 1741: 1738: 1723: 1720: 1710: 1707: 1693: 1690: 1655: 1652: 1610: 1607: 1585: 1582: 1566:bladder stones 1540: 1537: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1468: 1460: 1459: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1336: 1314: 1313:Classification 1311: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1100:urine sediment 1071: 1068: 980:is advisable. 969:hydronephrosis 954:hydronephrosis 849: 846: 818:amphotericin B 782:basal membrane 732: 731: 728: 722: 721: 718: 714: 713: 710: 704: 703: 697: 696: 687: 683: 682: 675: 671: 670: 667: 666:Hydronephrose 663: 662: 655: 649: 648: 642: 641: 635: 631: 630: 624:Abyssinian cat 620: 616: 615: 596: 589: 588: 581: 578:granulomaatous 574: 573: 570: 563: 562: 559:excess calcium 555: 549: 548: 545: 543:pyelonephritis 538: 537: 534: 526: 525: 519: 518: 515: 509: 508: 505: 498: 497: 491: 490: 487: 437: 434: 418:prostaglandins 300:chemoreceptors 290:The increased 259: 256: 191:blood pressure 185: 176:erythropoietin 107: 104: 87:blood pressure 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3019: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2958: 2955: 2951: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2859:Reto Neiger: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2802:Karolin Hey: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2692: 2689: 2685: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2659: 2656: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2640: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2582: 2579: 2575: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2547:Redun Heine: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2319: 2316: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2286:Reto Neiger: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2240:Reto Neiger: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2194:Reto Neiger: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2134:Reto Neiger: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2103:Karolin Hey: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2031:K. Sturgess: 2028: 2025: 2019: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1962:parameter is 1960: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1833:iron sulphate 1830: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1798: 1793: 1784: 1778: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1747: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1730: 1721: 1715: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1683: 1682:hypercalcemia 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1545: 1538: 1536: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1486: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1413: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1353: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1301:and thus the 1300: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1076: 1069: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1041: 1040:morphological 1037: 1028: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 985: 981: 979: 970: 965: 961: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 847: 845: 843: 839: 836:and numerous 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 798:cyanuric acid 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 746: 738: 729: 727: 724: 723: 719: 716: 715: 711: 709: 706: 705: 702: 698: 694: 693: 688: 685: 684: 680: 676: 673: 672: 668: 665: 664: 660: 656: 654: 653:kidney stones 651: 650: 647: 643: 640: 636: 633: 632: 629: 625: 621: 618: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 600:kidney cancer 597: 595: 591: 590: 586: 582: 579: 576: 575: 571: 568: 565: 564: 561:in the blood 560: 556: 554: 551: 550: 546: 544: 540: 539: 535: 532: 528: 527: 524: 520: 516: 514: 511: 510: 506: 504: 500: 499: 496: 492: 488: 485: 484: 478: 474: 471: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 444: 435: 429: 425: 423: 419: 416: 412: 407: 403: 398: 396: 392: 388: 384: 379: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 356: 353: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 315: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 288: 286: 282: 278: 274: 264: 257: 255: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 232: 228: 227:energy source 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 112: 105: 103: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 70: 65: 64:renal tubules 61: 56: 54: 50: 49:domestic cats 46: 42: 38: 34: 30: 21: 3002:Cat diseases 2983: 2978: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2949: 2944: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2894: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2847: 2831: 2827: 2826:J. Elliott: 2822: 2807: 2803: 2767: 2742: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2707: 2702: 2691: 2683: 2650: 2639: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2610: 2606: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2573: 2548: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2508: 2502: 2497: 2482: 2464: 2461:Vergiftungen 2460: 2444: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2387: 2383: 2347: 2343: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2310: 2309:A. M. Wolf: 2304: 2299: 2291: 2287: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2245: 2241: 2225: 2221: 2199: 2195: 2179: 2159: 2155: 2139: 2135: 2108: 2104: 2079: 2074: 2066: 2065:D. J. Chew: 2048: 2032: 2027: 2000: 1996: 1989: 1985: 1956: 1924: 1911: 1883: 1851:to increase 1826: 1802: 1788: 1771:hyperkalemia 1743: 1725: 1695: 1686: 1657: 1647: 1612: 1598:Hemodialysis 1587: 1546: 1542: 1533: 1331:blood plasma 1322: 1318: 1316: 1292: 1273: 1209: 1081: 1049: 1033: 990: 974: 950:exacerbation 868:), fatigue ( 851: 751: 700: 690: 657:Deposits of 645: 639:Persian cats 569:Nephropathy 522: 494: 475: 472: 464:Russian Blue 439: 415:vasodilating 399: 380: 357: 331:hypocalcemia 316: 289: 269: 117: 83:blood plasma 73:). The main 67: 60:inflammation 57: 36: 32: 28: 26: 2528:März 2024, 1935:carbimazole 1869:darbepoetin 1857:recombinant 1792:telmisartan 1763:aldosterone 1722:Dehydration 1628:mirtazapine 1603:dietaryetic 1560:, but also 1456:proteinuria 1325:, with the 1295:blood count 1288:photometric 1244:hypokalemia 1212:blood serum 1114:") is very 826:doxorubicin 659:concrements 567:Hypokalemic 529:idiopathic 391:bicarbonate 223:amino acids 144:amino acids 122:is a vital 91:electrolyte 2996:Categories 2388:Vet. Focus 2078:R. Heine: 2047:R. Kirby: 2020:References 1973:euthanasia 1947:thiamazole 1902:omeprazole 1865:antibodies 1841:hematocrit 1837:parenteral 1805:benazepril 1640:probiotics 1636:prebiotics 1624:probiotics 1467:Sub-stage 1415:Sub-stage 1327:creatinine 1303:hematocrit 1256:cystatin C 1220:creatinine 1133:Parameter 890:bad breath 878:stomatitis 862:polydipsia 830:polymyxins 766:poisonings 758:infections 580:nephritis 456:Abyssinian 452:Maine Coon 327:main parts 323:calcitriol 312:vasculitis 211:carnivores 203:phosphorus 180:calcitriol 79:creatinine 69:idiopathic 2751:0022-4510 2557:0965-4593 2491:0965-4593 2396:0965-4593 2358:0891-6640 2271:1018-2357 2088:0965-4593 1896:, but no 1809:enalapril 1648:Porus one 1584:Treatment 1478:diastolic 1451:> 0,4 1429:< 0,2 1280:clearance 1260:evaluated 1240:potassium 1116:sensitive 1017:Iopamidol 1009:urography 942:myopathys 914:bleedings 852:The main 788:species, 443:frequency 248:phosphate 240:Vitamin A 236:catabolic 184:vitamin D 35:(CNI) or 2008:See also 1931:atenolol 1886:fibrosis 1849:Steroids 1813:ramipril 1797:systolic 1733:infusion 1668:such as 1634:or with 1483:Remarks 1474:systolic 1440:0,2–0,4 1421:Remarks 1350:Remarks 1278:via the 1266:or with 1228:azotemia 1170:Phosphat 1142:creatine 1120:specific 1104:bacteria 1084:nephrons 997:struvite 934:delirium 930:seizures 874:vomiting 866:polyuria 858:anorexia 854:symptoms 848:Symptoms 814:toxicity 794:melamine 754:triggers 679:bruising 541:Chronic 501:Chronic 489:Remarks 448:azotemia 387:sulphate 383:hydrogen 273:nephrons 252:cat food 217:because 215:proteins 197:and the 170:such as 152:minerals 148:peptides 75:symptoms 41:nephrons 1968:average 1943:digoxin 1892:of the 1699:ammonia 1578:urethra 1284:iohexol 1258:is not 1200:Natrium 1180:Calcium 1038:allows 1021:Iohexol 918:oedemas 906:itching 810:mercury 802:cadmium 780:in the 592:Kidney 468:Burmese 460:Siamese 308:gastrin 302:in the 281:tubules 231:enzymes 199:calcium 158:in the 140:glucose 62:of the 45:kidneys 3007:Kidney 2830:. In: 2806:. In: 2770:. In: 2749: 2555: 2524:. In: 2489: 2430:. In: 2394: 2356: 2269: 2261:. In: 2107:. In: 2086: 1859:human 1823:Anemia 1644:indole 1574:ureter 1341:Stage 1248:sodium 1224:uremia 1190:Kalium 1052:biopsy 1050:Renal 1015:(e.g. 926:apathy 902:anemia 888:) and 882:ulcera 870:apathy 770:tumors 594:tumors 587:(FIP) 533:(CNE) 486:Cause 296:uremia 244:Taurin 229:. The 120:kidney 99:anemia 1767:renin 1661:joule 1659:(Mega 1576:, or 1562:fever 1550:shock 1347:SDMA 1151:SDMA 993:X-ray 406:mm Hg 221:from 172:renin 164:liver 124:organ 2965:In: 2931:In: 2910:In: 2880:In: 2747:ISSN 2723:In: 2626:In: 2589:In: 2553:ISSN 2487:ISSN 2392:ISSN 2386:In: 2354:ISSN 2346:In: 2326:In: 2267:ISSN 2084:ISSN 1945:and 1888:and 1829:iron 1744:The 1638:and 1383:III 1218:and 1216:urea 1160:Urea 1062:and 1034:The 999:and 938:coma 806:lead 786:lily 626:and 610:and 466:and 292:urea 207:bone 201:and 178:and 150:and 136:urea 130:and 118:The 93:and 27:The 2812:doi 2595:doi 2113:doi 1811:or 1761:or 1676:or 1622:or 1596:or 1397:IV 1369:II 1309:). 1226:or 1210:In 1108:pus 1106:or 991:An 904:), 872:), 840:(→ 768:or 372:ADH 2998:: 2839:^ 2779:^ 2757:^ 2732:^ 2661:^ 2563:^ 2536:^ 2472:^ 2452:^ 2419:^ 2365:^ 2335:^ 2277:^ 2233:^ 2207:^ 2187:^ 2167:^ 2147:^ 2123:^ 2094:^ 2056:^ 2040:^ 1975:. 1949:. 1941:, 1937:, 1933:, 1807:, 1672:, 1580:. 1572:, 1556:, 1552:, 1521:4 1510:3 1499:2 1488:1 1480:) 1476:: 1458:) 1448:c 1437:b 1426:a 1355:I 1019:, 936:, 932:, 928:, 912:, 832:, 828:, 824:, 820:, 808:, 804:, 796:, 792:, 764:, 760:, 606:, 602:, 470:. 462:, 458:, 454:, 424:. 242:, 193:, 174:, 146:, 142:, 55:. 2814:: 2601:. 2597:: 2115:: 1472:( 1222:( 446:( 234:( 186:3

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Chronic kidney disease in cats

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