248:
1185:
240:
591:
446:
activating salts in their roots. As a consequence, the cells of the roots develop lower water potential which brings in water by osmosis. The excess salt can be stored in cells or excreted out from salt glands on leaves. The salt thus secreted by some species help them to trap water vapours from the air, which is absorbed in liquid by leaf cells. Therefore, this is another way of obtaining additional water from air, e.g.,
36:
271:
are osmoconformers, although their ionic composition may be different from that of seawater. In a strictly osmoregulating animal, the amounts of internal salt and water are held relatively constant in the face of environmental changes. It requires that intake and outflow of water and salts be equal
445:
are plants living in soils with high salt concentrations, such as salt marshes or alkaline soils in desert basins. They have to absorb water from such a soil which has higher salt concentration and therefore lower water potential(higher osmotic pressure). Halophytes cope with this situation by
307:, which means they are restricted to either salt or fresh water and cannot survive in water with a different salt concentration than they are adapted to. However, some fish show an ability to effectively osmoregulate across a broad range of salinities; fish with this ability are known as
635:
respond to osmotic stress by rapidly accumulating electrolytes or small organic solutes via transporters whose activities are stimulated by increases in osmolarity. The bacteria may also turn on genes encoding transporters of osmolytes and enzymes that synthesize osmoprotectants. The
460:
are plants living in lands of temperate zone, which grow in well-watered soil. They can easily compensate the water lost by transpiration through absorbing water from the soil. To prevent excessive transpiration they have developed a waterproof external covering called cuticle.
562:(advanced ray-finned) fishes, the gills, kidney and digestive tract are involved in maintenance of body fluid balance, as the main osmoregulatory organs. Gills in particular are considered the primary organ by which ionic concentration is controlled in marine teleosts.
318:
Some marine fish, like sharks, have adopted a different, efficient mechanism to conserve water, i.e., osmoregulation. They retain urea in their blood in relatively higher concentration. Urea damages living tissues so, to cope with this problem, some fish retain
430:
are plants that grow in aquatic habitats; they may be floating, submerged, or emergent, and may grow in seasonal (rather than permanent) wetlands. In these plants the water absorption may occur through the whole surface of the plant, e.g., the
283:, maintaining constant internal conditions. They are more common in the animal kingdom. Osmoregulators actively control salt concentrations despite the salt concentrations in the environment. An example is freshwater fish. The gills
202:
Although there may be hourly and daily variations in osmotic balance, an animal is generally in an osmotic steady state over the long term. Organisms in aquatic and terrestrial environments must maintain the right concentration of
549:
among terrestrial mammals, but this specific adaptation does not confer any greater concentrating ability. Unlike most other aquatic mammals, manatees frequently drink fresh water and sea otters frequently drink saltwater.
323:, which helps to counteract urea's destabilizing effects on cells. Sharks, having slightly higher solute concentration (i.e., above 1000 mOsm which is sea solute concentration), do not drink water like fresh water fish.
573:
have an extra-branchial salt-secreting dendritic organ. The dendritic organ is likely a product of convergent evolution with other vertebrate salt-secreting organs. The role of this organ was discovered by its high
541:. Water balance is maintained in marine mammals by metabolic and dietary water, while accidental ingestion and dietary salt may help maintain homeostasis of electrolytes. The kidneys of pinnipeds and cetaceans are
315:. Flounder have been observed to inhabit two disparate environments—marine and fresh water—and it is inherent to adapt to both by bringing in behavioral and physiological modifications.
582:
activity in response to increasing salinity. However, the
Plotosidae dendritic organ may be of limited use under extreme salinity conditions, compared to more typical gill-based ionoregulation.
179:
which in this case is represented by body fluid) to keep the body fluids from becoming too diluted or concentrated. Osmotic pressure is a measure of the tendency of water to move into one
1216:
382:
Plants share with animals the problems of obtaining water but, unlike in animals, the loss of water in plants is crucial to create a driving force to move
392:
are plants that can survive in dry habitats, such as deserts, and are able to withstand prolonged periods of water shortage. Succulent plants such as the
624:. As osmotic action pushes water from the environment into the cytoplasm, the vacuole moves to the surface and pumps the contents into the environment.
295:
has an internal osmotic concentration lower than that of the surrounding seawater, so it tends to lose water and gain salt. It actively excretes
1089:
737:; in other vertebrates, the urine mixes with other wastes in the cloaca before leaving the body (frogs also have a urinary bladder).
521:
in the kidneys. Therefore, a large proportion of water is reabsorbed from fluid in the kidneys to prevent too much water from being
119:
1209:
723:
reabsorption – most of the viscous glomerular filtrate is returned to blood vessels that surround the convoluted tubules.
53:
100:
57:
72:
247:
1254:
287:
salt from the environment by the use of mitochondria-rich cells. Water will diffuse into the fish, so it excretes a very
1184:
279:
different from the medium in which they are immersed have been termed osmoregulators. They tightly regulate their body
187:. The higher the osmotic pressure of a solution, the more water tends to move into it. Pressure must be exerted on the
716:
or glomerular capsule (in the kidney's cortex) and flows down the proximal convoluted tubule to a "u-turn" called the
79:
1318:
1202:
1261:
46:
1328:
86:
1082:
435:, or solely through the roots, as in sedges. These plants do not face major osmoregulatory challenges from
68:
1292:
1323:
765:
579:
514:
239:
640:
609:
486:
320:
180:
176:
762: – Any marine organism that maintains an internal osmotic balance with its external environment
1075:
713:
709:
676:
metabolism and is generally converted to less toxic substances after it is produced then excreted;
590:
478:
421:
192:
1169:
807:
477:
play a very large role in human osmoregulation by regulating the amount of water reabsorbed from
340:
439:, but aside from species adapted for seasonal wetlands, have few defenses against desiccation.
1239:
1041:
1000:
992:
953:
935:
894:
886:
840:
542:
1297:
1031:
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943:
925:
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783:
733:
excretion – the urine (in mammals) is stored in the urinary bladder and exits via the
621:
522:
518:
284:
172:
136:
93:
644:
575:
570:
510:
498:
383:
212:
27:
An organism's active control of the osmotic pressure of its fluids to maintain homeostasis
17:
988:
1249:
948:
913:
648:
494:
436:
914:"Osmoregulation in the Plotosidae Catfish: Role of the Salt Secreting Dendritic Organ"
1312:
1266:
1174:
1149:
1139:
1099:
759:
753:
717:
502:
386:
from the soil to tissues. Certain plants have evolved methods of water conservation.
372:
368:
268:
264:
164:
160:
1067:
375:
in helping plants to conserve water—it causes stomata to close and stimulates
267:
match their body osmolarity to their environment actively or passively. Most marine
1276:
506:
432:
148:
912:
Malakpour
Kolbadinezhad, Salman; Coimbra, JoĂŁo; Wilson, Jonathan M. (2018-07-03).
864:
780: – Term describing organisms that cannot tolerate a wide range of salinities
1225:
1159:
1134:
777:
490:
427:
364:
304:
168:
152:
35:
832:
1271:
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747:
596:
451:
442:
401:
344:
308:
280:
276:
144:
996:
939:
930:
890:
750: – Term describing organisms able to adapt to a wide range of salinities
1143:
1124:
973:"Bacterial Osmoregulation: A Paradigm for the Study of Cellular Homeostasis"
881:
730:, which travels down collecting ducts to the medullary region of the kidney.
637:
617:
457:
447:
389:
352:
208:
196:
1045:
1036:
1019:
1004:
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898:
844:
1119:
632:
534:
482:
408:
modifications to reduce water loss, such as needle-shaped leaves, sunken
360:
312:
288:
188:
140:
786: – the supply and retention of adequate water in biological tissues
734:
705:
685:
673:
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652:
613:
566:
559:
538:
474:
413:
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348:
336:
228:
216:
204:
184:
704:
filtration – fluid portion of blood (plasma) is filtered from a
1103:
689:
677:
605:
332:
1194:
972:
727:
589:
546:
393:
246:
238:
220:
156:
831:
Chen, Jiatong (Steven); Sabir, Sarah; Al
Khalili, Yasir (2022),
681:
417:
405:
376:
356:
300:
296:
292:
224:
1198:
1071:
1020:"EnvZ-OmpR interaction and osmoregulation in Escherichia coli"
708:(functional unit of vertebrate kidney) structure known as the
29:
351:
is crucial in regulating the concentration of solutes in the
331:
While there are no specific osmoregulatory organs in higher
720:(loop of the nephron) in the medulla portion of the kidney.
688:
form uric acid to be excreted with other wastes via their
199:
of water by osmosis from the side containing pure water.
207:
and amount of water in their body fluids; this involves
291:(dilute) urine to expel all the excess water. A marine
424:
has rolled leaves with stomata on the inner surface.
788:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
219:
that would be toxic if allowed to accumulate in the
1285:
1232:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
768: – Molarity of osmotically active particles
839:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
339:are important in regulating water loss through
726:secretion – the remaining fluid becomes
1210:
1083:
367:all increase evapotranspiration from leaves.
243:Movement of water and ions in freshwater fish
8:
251:Movement of water and ions in saltwater fish
379:growth so that more water can be absorbed.
1217:
1203:
1195:
1090:
1076:
1068:
833:"Physiology, Osmoregulation and Excretion"
481:in kidney tubules, which is controlled by
1061:6th edition. Brooks/Cole Publishing. 2002
1035:
947:
929:
880:
665:Waste products of the nitrogen metabolism
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
509:, which stimulates ADH release from the
799:
774: – Organ for excreting excess salt
696:Achieving osmoregulation in vertebrates
255:Two major types of osmoregulation are
612:to collect excretory wastes, such as
7:
643:, which regulates the expression of
275:Organisms that maintain an internal
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1024:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
989:10.1146/annurev-micro-090110-102815
756: – Adaptation to high salinity
533:Drinking is not common behavior in
159:content; that is, it maintains the
1018:Cai, SJ; Inouye, M (5 July 2002).
865:"Osmoregulation in Marine Mammals"
616:, from the intracellular fluid by
545:in structure, unlike those of non-
25:
680:convert ammonia to urea, whereas
272:over an extended period of time.
135:is the active regulation of the
1183:
1057:E. Solomon, L. Berg, D. Martin,
191:side of a selectively permeable
34:
869:Journal of Experimental Biology
647:, is well characterized in the
45:needs additional citations for
1:
977:Annual Review of Microbiology
863:Ortiz, Rudy M. (2001-06-01).
812:hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
497:. For example, a decrease in
223:) through organs such as the
215:and other substances such as
660:Vertebrate excretory systems
404:tissues. Other plants have
1345:
601:with contractile vacuoles.
1181:
1110:
672:is a toxic by-product of
235:Regulators and conformers
213:metabolic nitrogen wastes
18:Water-electrolyte balance
1255:Renin–angiotensin system
931:10.3389/fphys.2018.00761
971:Wood, Janet M. (2011).
918:Frontiers in Physiology
882:10.1242/jeb.204.11.1831
808:"Diffusion and Osmosis"
1037:10.1074/jbc.m110715200
700:Four processes occur:
602:
569:in the eeltail family
422:sand-dune marram grass
252:
244:
766:Osmotic concentration
593:
250:
242:
641:two-component system
610:contractile vacuoles
517:of the walls of the
487:antidiuretic hormone
321:trimethylamine oxide
54:improve this article
479:glomerular filtrate
396:store water in the
1170:Supraorbital gland
603:
412:, and thick, waxy
341:evapotranspiration
253:
245:
155:of the organism's
151:, to maintain the
1319:Human homeostasis
1306:
1305:
1233:Blood composition
1226:Human homeostasis
1192:
1191:
875:(11): 1831–1844.
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
1336:
1329:Membrane biology
1298:Thermoregulation
1219:
1212:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1069:
1050:
1049:
1039:
1030:(27): 24155–61.
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828:
822:
821:
819:
818:
804:
789:
784:Tissue hydration
714:Bowman's capsule
622:active transport
519:collecting ducts
513:to increase the
371:is an important
303:. Most fish are
211:(getting rid of
183:from another by
137:osmotic pressure
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
69:"Osmoregulation"
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38:
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565:Unusually, the
556:
531:
511:pituitary gland
501:is detected by
499:water potential
472:
467:
329:
311:species, e.g.,
285:actively uptake
237:
126:
115:
109:
106:
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1250:Blood pressure
1247:
1245:Osmoregulation
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1236:
1234:
1230:
1229:
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1222:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1199:
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1180:
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1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
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1137:
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1130:Osmoregulation
1127:
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1107:
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983:(1): 215–238.
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658:
649:model organism
629:
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555:
552:
530:
529:Marine mammals
527:
495:angiotensin II
471:
468:
466:
463:
437:water scarcity
328:
325:
265:Osmoconformers
261:osmoregulators
257:osmoconformers
236:
233:
147:, detected by
133:Osmoregulation
128:
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40:
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1267:Fluid balance
1265:
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1248:
1246:
1243:
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1175:Renal medulla
1173:
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1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1150:Osmoconformer
1148:
1145:
1141:
1140:Halotolerance
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1115:Hypertonicity
1113:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:water balance
1093:
1088:
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760:Osmoconformer
758:
755:
754:Halotolerance
752:
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718:Loop of Henle
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608:makes use of
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503:osmoreceptors
500:
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370:
369:Abscisic acid
366:
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350:
346:
343:, and on the
342:
338:
334:
326:
324:
322:
316:
314:
310:
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302:
299:out from the
298:
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269:invertebrates
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182:
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165:concentration
162:
161:fluid balance
158:
154:
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149:osmoreceptors
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113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
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71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1324:Cell biology
1277:Proteostasis
1244:
1129:
1125:Hypotonicity
1064:
1058:
1027:
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1013:
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848:, retrieved
836:
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815:. Retrieved
811:
802:
699:
668:
651:
631:
604:
595:
564:
557:
532:
515:permeability
507:hypothalamus
473:
456:
441:
426:
388:
381:
365:temperatures
330:
317:
274:
260:
256:
254:
201:
169:electrolytes
132:
131:
116:
110:October 2019
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1240:Blood sugar
1160:Stenohaline
1135:Homeostasis
1120:Isotonicity
778:Stenohaline
628:In bacteria
586:In protists
491:aldosterone
428:Hydrophytes
305:stenohaline
195:to prevent
153:homeostasis
145:body fluids
1313:Categories
1293:Predictive
1272:Hemostasis
1165:Salt gland
1155:Euryhaline
850:2022-11-30
837:StatPearls
817:2019-06-20
794:References
772:Salt gland
748:Euryhaline
710:glomerulus
597:Paramecium
571:Plotosidae
465:In animals
458:Mesophytes
452:cord-grass
443:Halophytes
433:water lily
416:as in the
402:parenchyma
390:Xerophytes
347:level the
309:euryhaline
281:osmolarity
277:osmolarity
189:hypertonic
80:newspapers
1262:Acid–base
1144:Halophile
1098:Salt and
997:0066-4227
940:1664-042X
891:0022-0949
638:EnvZ/OmpR
618:diffusion
567:catfishes
539:cetaceans
535:pinnipeds
448:glasswort
400:of large
384:nutrients
363:and high
355:. Strong
353:cytoplasm
327:In plants
289:hypotonic
209:excretion
197:diffusion
1046:11973328
1005:21663439
958:30018560
899:11441026
845:31082152
742:See also
686:reptiles
633:Bacteria
594:Protist
554:Teleosts
523:excreted
485:such as
483:hormones
414:cuticles
398:vacuoles
361:humidity
345:cellular
313:flounder
227:and the
217:hormones
193:membrane
181:solution
177:solution
163:and the
141:organism
1104:animals
1059:Biology
949:6037869
924:: 761.
735:urethra
706:nephron
690:cloacas
678:mammals
674:protein
670:Ammonia
653:E. coli
614:ammonia
599:aurelia
560:teleost
505:in the
489:(ADH),
475:Kidneys
410:stomata
373:hormone
349:vacuole
337:stomata
229:kidneys
205:solutes
185:osmosis
94:scholar
1044:
1003:
995:
956:
946:
938:
897:
889:
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645:porins
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173:salts
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101:JSTOR
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684:and
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377:root
297:salt
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