48:
1106:
Grattan, C.; Hebert, J.; Hide, M.; Kaplan, A.; Kapp, A.; Katelaris, C. H.; Kocatürk, E.; Kulthanan, K.; Larenas-Linnemann, D.; Leslie, T. A.; Magerl, M.; Mathelier-Fusade, P.; Meshkova, R. Y.; Metz, M.; Nast, A.; Nettis, E.; Oude-Elberink, H.; Rosumeck, S.; Saini, S. S.; Sánchez-Borges, M.; Schmid-Grendelmeier, P.; Staubach, P.; Sussman, G.; Toubi, E.; Vena, G. A.; Vestergaard, C.; Wedi, B.; Werner, R. N.; Zhao, Z.; Maurer, M. (June 25, 2018).
521:
2540:
Sánchez-Borges, M.; Schmid-Grendelmeier, P.; Simons, F. E. R.; Staubach, P.; Sussman, G.; Toubi, E.; Vena, G. A.; Wedi, B.; Zhu, X. J.; Maurer, M. (April 30, 2014). "The <scp>EAACI</scp>/<scp>GA</scp><scp>LEN</scp>/<scp>EDF</scp>/<scp>WAO</scp> Guideline for the definition, classification, diagnosis, and management of urticaria: the 2013 revision and update".
2859:
Schoepke, Nicole; Asero, Riccardo; Ellrich, André; Ferrer, Marta; Gimenez-Arnau, Ana; E. H. Grattan, Clive; Jakob, Thilo; Konstantinou, George N.; Raap, Ulrike; Skov, Per Stahl; Staubach, Petra; Kromminga, Arno; Zhang, Ke; Bindslev-Jensen, Carsten; Daschner, Alvaro; Kinaciyan, Tamar; Knol, Edward F.;
2430:
Metz, Martin; Altrichter, Sabine; Buttgereit, Thomas; Fluhr, Joachim W.; Fok, Jie Shen; Hawro, Tomasz; Jiao, Qingqing; Kolkhir, Pavel; Krause, Karoline; Magerl, Markus; Pyatilova, Polina; Siebenhaar, Frank; Su, Huichun; Terhorst-Molawi, Dorothea; Weller, Karsten; Xiang, Yi-Kui; Maurer, Marcus (2021).
691:
In various areas of the world, the standard workup is different. A very comprehensive history is something that is universally agreed upon. The main goal is to identify any urticaria-inducing factors, as the most straightforward course of treatment is to eliminate them, including physical provocation
836:
According to recent data, there are three subgroups of CSU: autoimmunity type I (CSUaiTI, also known as "autoallergic CSU"), autoimmunity type IIb (CSUaiTIIb), and CSU with an unidentified cause (CSUuc). Type I and type IIb autoimmunity may coexist in some cases. The underlying pathomechanism in the
327:
The standard workup for CSU differs in different parts of the world. However, most doctors agree on the importance of having a detailed history. The main goal is to identify any urticaria-inducing factors because eliminating them is the most straightforward course of treatment. Basic laboratory
2146:
Bossi, F.; Frossi, B.; Radillo, O.; Cugno, M.; Tedeschi, A.; Riboldi, P.; Asero, R.; Tedesco, F.; Pucillo, C. (2011). "Mast cells are critically involved in serum-mediated vascular leakage in chronic urticaria beyond high-affinity IgE receptor stimulation: Mast cells and vascular leakage in chronic
1105:
Zuberbier, T.; Aberer, W.; Asero, R.; Abdul Latiff, A. H.; Baker, D.; Ballmer-Weber, B.; Bernstein, J. A.; Bindslev-Jensen, C.; Brzoza, Z.; Buense
Bedrikow, R.; Canonica, G. W.; Church, M. K.; Craig, T.; Danilycheva, I. V.; Dressler, C.; Ensina, L. F.; Giménez-Arnau, A.; Godse, K.; Gonçalo, M.;
2539:
Zuberbier, T.; Aberer, W.; Asero, R.; Bindslev-Jensen, C.; Brzoza, Z.; Canonica, G. W.; Church, M. K.; Ensina, L. F.; Giménez-Arnau, A.; Godse, K.; Gonçalo, M.; Grattan, C.; Hebert, J.; Hide, M.; Kaplan, A.; Kapp, A.; Abdul Latiff, A. H.; Mathelier-Fusade, P.; Metz, M.; Nast, A.; Saini, S. S.;
853:
in CSUaiTIIb. Other mechanisms that are currently unknown have significance for the degranulation of skin mast cells in CSUuc. Furthermore, modulating factors like medications, stress, or infections can change how sensitive skin mast cells are to degranulators, which can lead to increased
747:
should be part of the diagnostic process if UV as well as an autoinflammatory disease is suspected. This is so that neutrophilic infiltrates or vascular destruction can be checked for. It could be challenging to differentiate UV from CSU because there are currently no established standardized
920:
of any kind. Similar figures were discovered in a recent
Spanish study. Nonetheless, studies conducted in Europe suggest a lower lifetime prevalence, or the prevalence observed throughout one's lifetime up until the investigation, of approximately 8–10%. There is less information on nonacute
807:, must be taken into consideration in patients presenting with frequent angioedema without wheals. Here, the doctor should closely examine the patient's history, age at symptom onset, duration of attacks, presence of abdominal angioedema episodes, use of concurrent medications (particularly
497:
The majority of patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria frequently linked multiple triggers to flare-ups. However, the suspected trigger does not always result in symptoms, so patients frequently subject themselves to needless limitations and lifestyle modifications.
708:-controlled food provocation, pressure, heat, cold, and others should be used if an eliciting factor is suspected in order to confirm if it is an eliciting factor. Because chronic as well as recurrent infections are known to cause urticaria, only differential blood counts and
672:. These factors were not present in the skin that is not affected. The pathophysiology of chronic urticaria is the subject of several theories, none of which has been proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Research has looked at the validity of serologic testing to establish an
1671:
Maurer, M.; Weller, K.; Bindslev-Jensen, C.; Giménez-Arnau, A.; Bousquet, P. J.; Bousquet, J.; Canonica, G. W.; Church, M. K.; Godse, K. V.; Grattan, C. E. H.; Greaves, M. W.; Hide, M.; Kalogeromitros, D.; Kaplan, A. P.; Saini, S. S.; Zhu, X. J.; Zuberbier, T. (2011).
508:
The majority of guidelines discourage food as the cause of chronic urticaria; nonetheless, patients frequently believe that certain foods aggravate their condition or are the cause of it. Between 13 and 80% of people self-report that food triggers their CSU episodes.
907:
According to one study examining the course of urticaria in the general population, 50% of patients with chronic urticaria had no symptoms after three months, and 80% had no symptoms after twelve months. Still, 11% experienced urticaria after five years.
866:
is the second, and its goal is to relieve symptoms. Although removing the cause is the ideal course of action, this may not be feasible in many situations. According to current guidelines, a therapeutic approach should be implemented in three steps: (1) taking a
827:
concentration, and function in every patient with frequent angioedema in whom hereditary angioedema as well as an acquired C1 inhibitor deficiency cannot be ruled out in order to rule out or confirm hereditary angioedema due to C1 inhibitor deficiency.
763:(CBC) with differential, are crucial to detect signs of systemic inflammation and rule out autoinflammatory conditions as well as UV with systemic involvement. However, these results can also be influenced by other comorbidities and can be seen in CSU.
3053:
Kulthanan, Kanokvalai; Chaweekulrat, Pichanee; Komoltri, Chulaluk; Hunnangkul, Saowalak; Tuchinda, Papapit; Chularojanamontri, Leena; Maurer, Marcus (2018). "Cyclosporine for
Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review".
2001:
Kay, A. B.; Ying, S.; Ardelean, E.; Mlynek, A.; Kita, H.; Clark, P.; Maurer, M. (2014). "Calcitonin gene-related peptide and vascular endothelial growth factor are expressed in lesional but not uninvolved skin in chronic spontaneous urticaria".
3513:
3498:
3483:
731:, in addition to itchy wheals or angioedema, in order to rule out both conditions. Extended periods of time exceeding twenty-four hours and a gradual resolution of individual wheals indicate UV exposure; further indications of systemic
921:
urticaria. A study conducted forty years ago in Sweden found a point prevalence of about 0.1% in the population overall, and a different study conducted in Spain more recently reported a point prevalence of 0.6% in the population.
324:. The hives and angioedema seen in CSU is thought to be linked to the degranulation of skin mast cells. Mast cells release proteases, histamine, cytokines, and arachidonic acid metabolites, causing swelling, redness, and itching.
410:, these lesions may appear flattened and take on a range of sizes. It can affect any part of the body, including parts where clothing might press against the skin. Lesions typically do not last more than 24 hours. The degree of
1528:
Trevisonno, Jordan; Balram, Bhairavi; Netchiporouk, Elena; Ben-Shoshan, Moshe (May 10, 2015). "Physical urticaria: Review on classification, triggers and management with special focus on prevalence including a meta-analysis".
894:
is not advised because the side effects increase with dosage and duration and eventually result in greater disability than CSU. However, until other treatments take effect, acute symptoms can be managed with a brief course of
1583:
Sánchez, Jorge; Amaya, Emerson; Acevedo, Ana; Celis, Ana; Caraballo, Domingo; Cardona, Ricardo (2017). "Prevalence of
Inducible Urticaria in Patients with Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: Associated Risk Factors".
355:
For the treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria, a two-pronged strategy has been proposed. The underlying cause(s) and/or eliciting trigger(s) must first be identified and eliminated. The second approach is
1400:
Kozel, Martina M.A.; Bossuyt, Patrick M.M.; Mekkes, Jan R.; Bos, Jan D. (2003). "Laboratory tests and identified diagnoses in patients with physical and chronic urticaria and angioedema: A systematic review".
2664:
Bonnekoh, H.; Scheffel, J.; Maurer, M.; Krause, K. (November 28, 2017). "Use of skin biomarker profiles to distinguish
Schnitzler syndrome from chronic spontaneous urticaria: results of a pilot study".
395:, or both can be signs of chronic spontaneous urticaria. Between 40 and 50 percent of CSU patients experience angioedema. However, angioedema is the main symptom reported by about 10% of patients.
1485:
Confino-Cohen, Ronit; Chodick, Gabriel; Shalev, Varda; Leshno, Moshe; Kimhi, Oded; Goldberg, Arnon (2012). "Chronic urticaria and autoimmunity: Associations found in a large population study".
1165:
Maurer, Marcus; Costa, Celia; Gimenez Arnau, AnaMaria; Guillet, Gerard; Labrador-Horrillo, Moises; Lapeere, Hilde; Meshkova, Raisa; Savic, Sinisa; Chapman-Rothe, Nadine (September 3, 2020).
512:
A contributing factor to the exacerbation of chronic spontaneous urticaria in certain patients may be stress. On the other hand, urticaria is most likely one of the main sources of stress.
862:
A two-pronged strategy has been proposed for the treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria. First, the underlying cause(s) and/or eliciting trigger(s) must be established and eliminated.
778:
lesions to long-lasting plaque-like lesions, even though they may also present with urticarial lesions. Patients with coexisting wheals and plaques and who are pregnant are said to have
3102:
Gaig, P; Olona, M; Muñoz
Lejarazu, D; Caballero, M T; DomĂnguez, F J; Echechipia, S; GarcĂa Abujeta, J L; Gonzalo, M A; Lleonart, R; MartĂnez CĂłcera, C; RodrĂguez, A; Ferrer, M (2004).
1897:"TH1/TH2 cytokines and inflammatory cells in skin biopsy specimens from patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria: Comparison with the allergen-induced late-phase cutaneous reaction"
441:. Often affected body parts are the lips, eyes, cheeks, and limbs. Urticaria and angioedema typically coexist, but in a small percentage of cases, angioedema may be the only symptom.
1946:"Elevations in T-helper-2-initiating cytokines (interleukin-33, interleukin-25 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin) in lesional skin from chronic spontaneous ('idiopathic') urticaria"
2231:
JACQUES, P; LAVOIE, A; BEDARD, P; BRUNET, C; HEBERT, J (1992). "Chronic idiopathic urticaria: Profiles of skin mast cell histamine release during active disease and remission".
779:
2716:
Peroni, Anna; Colato, Chiara; Schena, Donatella; Girolomoni, Giampiero (2010). "Urticarial lesions: If not urticaria, what else? The differential diagnosis of urticaria".
2621:
Peroni, Anna; Colato, Chiara; Zanoni, Giovanna; Girolomoni, Giampiero (2010). "Urticarial lesions: If not urticaria, what else? The differential diagnosis of urticaria".
3600:
997:
3237:
Zuberbier, T.; Balke, M.; Worm, M.; Edenharter, G.; Maurer, M. (April 26, 2010). "Epidemiology of urticaria: a representative cross-sectional population survey".
1846:
Sabroe, Ruth A.; Poon, Eric; Orchard, Guy E.; Lane, David; Francis, David M.; Barr, Robert M.; Black, Martin M.; Black, Anne Kobza; Greaves, Malcolm W. (1999).
727:. Doctors should ask about the duration as well as resolution of each wheal as well as the presence of any other signs and symptoms, such as fever episodes or
489:
had higher rates of these conditions than those with chronic urticaria in a study involving a database of 13,000 patients compared to 10,000 control subjects.
3010:
Kaplan, Allen P.; Joseph, Kusumam; Saini, Sarbjit S. (2015). "How omalizumab came to be studied as a therapy for chronic spontaneous/idiopathic urticaria".
449:
While the cause of chronic spontaneous urticaria is unknown many infividuals with chronic urticaria have been found to have a higher prevalence of various
3891:
465:
There is evidence that individuals with chronic urticaria are more likely to have a variety of autoimmune diseases. Researchers found that patients with
2759:
Wu, Maddalena
Alessandra; Perego, Francesca; Zanichelli, Andrea; Cicardi, Marco (2016). "Angioedema Phenotypes: Disease Expression and Classification".
313:, or both for more than six weeks. The most common symptoms of chronic spontaneous urticaria are angioedema and hives that are acompanied by itchiness.
1848:"Cutaneous inflammatory cell infiltrate in chronic idiopathic urticaria: Comparison of patients with and without anti-FcϵRI or anti-IgE autoantibodies"
3765:
2963:"IgM and IgA in addition to IgG autoantibodies against FcɛRIα are frequent and associated with disease markers of chronic spontaneous urticaria"
360:, which aims to alleviate symptoms. A therapeutic approach should be implemented in three steps, according to current guidelines: (1) taking a
224:
3143:
Sheldon, John M.; Mathews, Kenneth P.; Lovell, Robert G. (1954). "The vexing urticaria problem: Present concepts of etiology and management".
1025:
3593:
871:
once daily; (2) increasing the daily dose of the second-generation antihistamine up to four times; and (3) pursuing off-label therapy with
2860:
Makris, Michael; Marrouche, Nadine; Schmid-Grendelmeier, Peter; Sussman, Gordon; Toubi, Elias; Church, Martin K.; Maurer, Marcus (2019).
3795:
454:
321:
669:
453:. Many patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria report that certain triggers, like stress, infections, certain foods, or
3998:
2274:
Nettis, E.; Dambra, P.; Loria, M. P.; Cenci, L.; Vena, G. A.; Ferrannini, A.; Tursi, A. (2001). "Mast-cell phenotype in urticaria".
916:
It has been discovered by
American authors that approximately one in five individuals will at some point in their lives suffer from
886:
Omalizumab works well even in the most difficult, resistant situations. Despite having nearly as good of an efficacy as omalizumab,
216:
1436:
Kolkhir, Pavel; Muñoz, Melba; Asero, Riccardo; Ferrer, Marta; Kocatürk, Emek; Metz, Martin; Xiang, Yi-Kui; Maurer, Marcus (2022).
3702:
3679:
365:
3586:
2053:
Schmetzer, Oliver; Lakin, Elisa; Topal, Fatih A.; Preusse, Patricia; Freier, Denise; Church, Martin K.; Maurer, Marcus (2018).
1674:"Unmet clinical needs in chronic spontaneous urticaria. A GA2LEN task force report1: Unmet clinical needs in chronic urticaria"
868:
665:
361:
2812:"Correlations between disease activity, autoimmunity and biological parameters in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria"
3674:
756:
713:
505:. The second most common physical trigger that was reported was pressure. The third most commonly reported trigger was cold.
333:
179:
3460:
1799:"Studies of the cellular infiltrate of chronic idiopathic urticaria: Prominence of T-lymphocytes, monocytes, and mast cells"
766:
Patients with recurrent wheals need to have a number of other conditions taken into consideration. Certain conditions, like
680:
theory of illness. Other theories include additional serologic factors, abnormalities of tissue mast cells, and basophils.
3948:
3909:
2184:"Detection of Low-Molecular-Weight Mast Cell–Activating Factors in Serum From Patients With Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria"
935:
793:
212:
3869:
1340:
Zingale, L. C.; Beltrami, L.; Zanichelli, A.; Maggioni, L.; Pappalardo, E.; Cicardi, B.; Cicardi, M. (October 24, 2006).
3640:
657:
466:
1629:"Dietary Habits in Patients with Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: Evaluation of Food as Trigger of Symptoms Exacerbation"
3953:
3929:
3408:(6). The Korean Academy of Asthma, Allergy and Clinical Immunology and The Korean Academy of Pediatric Al: 326–331.
2961:
Altrichter, Sabine; Zampeli, Vasiliki; Ellrich, André; Zhang, Ke; Church, Martin K; Maurer, Marcus (June 18, 2020).
3874:
3735:
767:
561:
220:
3343:
Kaplan, Allen; Lebwohl, Mark; Giménez-Arnau, Ana M.; Hide, Michihiro; Armstrong, April W.; Maurer, Marcus (2023).
2862:"Biomarkers and clinical characteristics of autoimmune chronic spontaneous urticaria: Results of the PURIST Study"
1713:
KAPLAN, A; HORAKOVA, Z; KATZ, S (1978). "Assessment of tissue fluid histamine levels in patients with urticaria".
3973:
3864:
3859:
736:
688:
Chronic spontaneous urticaria is defined by the presence of wheals, angioedema, or both for more than six weeks.
345:
3720:
3528:
1167:"Antihistamine-resistant chronic spontaneous urticaria remains undertreated: 2-year data from the AWARE study"
1108:"The EAACI/GA²LEN/EDF/WAO guideline for the definition, classification, diagnosis and management of urticaria"
1053:
Termeer, Christian; Staubach, Petra; Kurzen, Hjalmar; Strömer, Klaus; Ostendorf, Rolf; Maurer, Marcus (2015).
3924:
3667:
2097:
Kolkhir, Pavel; Church, Martin K.; Weller, Karsten; Metz, Martin; Schmetzer, Oliver; Maurer, Marcus (2017).
804:
849:
autoantibodies directed against mast cell receptors that are activated cause mast cell activation and
820:
191:
3823:
3740:
3684:
800:
720:
573:
349:
196:
153:
101:
1055:"Chronic spontaneous urticaria – a management pathway for patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria"
998:"Chronic spontaneous urticaria: Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and natural history"
3968:
3818:
3775:
3770:
3725:
930:
760:
749:
740:
728:
470:
337:
171:
616:. This infiltrate bears resemblance to the infiltrate observed in the allergen late-phase reaction.
316:
Chronic spontaneous urticaria, despite its cause being unknown, is linked to a higher prevalence of
3914:
3846:
3790:
3745:
3517:
3186:
Bakke, P.; Gulsvik, A.; Eide, G. E. (1990). "Hay fever, eczema and urticaria in southwest Norway".
782:(also called polymorphic eruption in pregnancy). A skin biopsy is necessary to confirm premonitory
501:
In one study, the most common type of idiopathic urticaria among CSU patients was symptomatic
482:
208:
2810:
de
Montjoye, L.; Darrigade, A.S.; Gimenez Arnau, A.; Herman, A.; Dumoutier, L.; Baeck, M. (2021).
2055:"IL-24 is a common and specific autoantigen of IgE in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria"
890:
is regarded as third line because it carries a much higher risk of side effects. Long-term use of
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329:
317:
175:
72:
47:
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2784:
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2521:
2503:
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2405:
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2128:
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2019:
1975:
1967:
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1828:
1820:
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1695:
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1609:
1601:
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1510:
1502:
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1418:
1379:
1361:
1312:
1268:
1250:
1206:
1198:
1147:
1139:
1084:
1076:
723:(UV) are uncommon but should be taken into consideration in patients who experience recurrent
533:
165:
60:
3492:
3455:
3919:
3885:
3427:
3409:
3366:
3356:
3297:
3246:
3195:
3152:
3063:
3019:
2974:
2941:
2923:
2912:"Co-occurrence of IgE and IgG autoantibodies in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria"
2876:
2823:
2768:
2725:
2674:
2630:
2584:
2549:
2511:
2495:
2440:
2387:
2346:
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2110:
2066:
2011:
1957:
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1119:
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846:
842:
838:
697:
565:
204:
17:
520:
3963:
3707:
3620:
2910:
Asero, R; Marzano, A V; Ferrucci, S; Lorini, M; Carbonelli, V; Cugno, M (March 17, 2020).
2575:
Brodell, Lindsey A.; Beck, Lisa A. (2008). "Differential diagnosis of chronic urticaria".
863:
486:
478:
474:
357:
157:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
3103:
2484:"Chronic spontaneous urticaria: latest developments in aetiology, diagnosis and therapy"
1325:
1292:
774:, are uncommon. The primary skin lesions in these patients vary, ranging from permanent
3697:
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3397:
3301:
3199:
2946:
2911:
2516:
2483:
2351:
2318:
1374:
1341:
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1230:
891:
872:
816:
771:
653:
369:
253:
97:
3522:
3345:"Chronic spontaneous urticaria: Focus on pathophysiology to unlock treatment advances"
3156:
2588:
2182:
Cugno, M; Tedeschi, A; Frossi, B; Bossi, F; Marzano, AV; Asero, R (October 19, 2016).
1864:
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1987:
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808:
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407:
265:
236:
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3223:
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2702:
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3958:
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2168:
887:
824:
732:
693:
673:
577:
341:
257:
109:
1542:
1286:
1284:
1282:
2099:"Autoimmune chronic spontaneous urticaria: What we know and what we do not know"
876:
744:
529:
426:
373:
183:
144:
65:
3067:
3023:
2729:
2634:
2444:
2431:"The Diagnostic Workup in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria—What to Test and Why".
2115:
2098:
2071:
2054:
1597:
1498:
1454:
1437:
1246:
320:, and is often worsened by triggers like stress, infections, certain foods, or
3810:
3507:
3414:
3288:
HELLGREN, LARS (1972). "The
Prevalence of Urticaria in the Total Population".
2772:
2334:
1308:
880:
789:
677:
661:
641:
605:
601:
593:
568:. These mediators cause swelling, redness, and itching by stimulating sensory
388:
377:
310:
261:
249:
244:
93:
81:
3423:
3380:
3309:
3258:
3207:
3164:
3075:
3031:
2988:
2937:
2888:
2837:
2780:
2737:
2686:
2642:
2596:
2561:
2507:
2499:
2452:
2401:
2342:
2295:
2252:
2209:
2124:
2080:
2023:
1971:
1922:
1873:
1824:
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1734:
1654:
1605:
1550:
1506:
1463:
1422:
1365:
1316:
1254:
1202:
1143:
1080:
3615:
3539:
3475:
1913:
1896:
1895:
Ying, Sun; Kikuchi, Yoko; Meng, Qiu; Kay, A.Barry; Kaplan, Allen P. (2002).
1395:
1393:
917:
585:
553:
525:
418:
273:
77:
3441:
3388:
3266:
3172:
3122:
3083:
3039:
2996:
2845:
2788:
2745:
2694:
2650:
2604:
2525:
2460:
2409:
2360:
2217:
2132:
2031:
1979:
1930:
1881:
1699:
1645:
1628:
1613:
1558:
1514:
1471:
1383:
1272:
1210:
1193:
1151:
1088:
955:
3317:
3215:
2260:
1832:
1026:"Chronic spontaneous urticaria: Standard management and patient education"
139:, heat, tight clothing or straps, stress, variations in diet, and alcohol.
3940:
3837:
3578:
1742:
1414:
633:
609:
597:
557:
549:
430:
411:
403:
105:
85:
2392:
2375:
2200:
2183:
1357:
3371:
2092:
2090:
1134:
896:
748:
histopathologic criteria for UV. Basic laboratory tests, which include
705:
149:
89:
3566:
3361:
3344:
2979:
2962:
2928:
2880:
2678:
2553:
2374:
Borriello, Francesco; Granata, Francescopaolo; Marone, Gianni (2014).
2015:
1962:
1945:
1183:
1166:
1124:
1107:
1071:
1054:
340:(CBC) with differential, are critical for detecting signs of systemic
3502:
3487:
724:
617:
613:
545:
368:
daily dose up to four times; and (3) pursuing off-label therapy with
306:
136:
1578:
1576:
1100:
1098:
1627:
Sánchez, Jorge; Sánchez, Andres; Cardona, Ricardo (June 19, 2018).
3544:
649:
629:
581:
519:
438:
422:
399:
392:
200:
588:
degranulation, and a perivascular infiltrate of cells, including
3111:
Journal of Investigational Allergology & Clinical Immunology
1758:"Mast cell number and phenotype in chronic idiopathic urticaria"
434:
3582:
2616:
2614:
2188:
Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology
645:
637:
632:
is evident in the lesion cytokine profile, indicating a mixed
589:
1944:
Kay, A.B.; Clark, P.; Maurer, M.; Ying, S. (April 12, 2015).
819:, and prodromal symptoms. Laboratory evaluation must involve
786:
in the elderly when there is no sign of vesicles or bullae.
3056:
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice
3012:
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice
2433:
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice
1586:
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice
1235:
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice
1059:
JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft
406:
plaques with a defined perimeter. If a patient is taking
837:
majority of CSU patients is thought to be CSUaiTI, with
716:
are advised if no symptom-inducing factor can be found.
1666:
1664:
1342:"Angioedema without urticaria: a large clinical survey"
1224:
1222:
1220:
612:, are the hallmarks of a lesion site, also known as a
417:
Angioedema is characterized by sporadic, asymmetrical
55:
Typical presentation of chronic spontaneous urticaria.
854:
disease activity and/or exacerbation of the disease.
3465:
1048:
1046:
780:
pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy
544:
of skin mast cells in CSU appears to be involved in
3938:
3900:
3845:
3836:
3809:
3758:
3649:
3633:
3614:
3554:
3469:
282:
272:
243:
231:
190:
164:
143:
132:
124:
116:
71:
59:
37:
32:
2816:European Annals of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
414:can interfere with everyday activities and sleep.
286:1% of the general population in the United States.
1756:SMITH, C; KEPLEY, C; SCHWARTZ, L; LEE, T (1995).
1231:"Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: The Devil's Itch"
883:, which is an approved treatment option for CSU.
380:, which is an approved treatment option for CSU.
2482:Vestergaard, Christian; Deleuran, Mette (2015).
1956:(5). Oxford University Press (OUP): 1294–1302.
1297:Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America
1020:
1018:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
2718:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
2623:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
1403:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
3594:
3245:(8). Oxford University Press (OUP): 869–873.
2922:(3). Oxford University Press (OUP): 242–249.
2673:(2). Oxford University Press (OUP): 561–562.
640:response. The dermis of lesion skin contains
8:
3398:"Treatment of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria"
2761:Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
1229:Saini, Sarbjit S.; Kaplan, Allen P. (2018).
457:consumption, cause their disease to worsen.
3097:
3095:
3093:
2317:Vonakis, Becky M; Saini, Sarbjit S (2008).
41:Chronic idiopathic urticaria, CIU, and CSU.
3892:Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis
3842:
3655:
3630:
3601:
3587:
3579:
3466:
2577:Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology
2233:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
2103:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
2059:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
1901:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
1852:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
1803:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
1762:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
1715:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
1487:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
1442:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
1438:"Autoimmune chronic spontaneous urticaria"
46:
29:
3766:Acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency
3431:
3413:
3402:Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research
3370:
3360:
2978:
2945:
2927:
2827:
2515:
2391:
2350:
2199:
2114:
2070:
1961:
1912:
1863:
1814:
1773:
1689:
1644:
1453:
1373:
1324:
1262:
1192:
1182:
1133:
1123:
1070:
719:Urticarial autoinflammatory diseases and
278:Spontaneous remission in 30-50% of cases.
803:, as well as angioedema due to acquired
2488:Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease
947:
235:Avoidance of exacerbating factors, and
225:Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes
3819:Episodic angioedema with eosinophilia
3239:Clinical and Experimental Dermatology
1797:ELIAS, J; BOSS, E; KAPLAN, A (1986).
7:
3104:"Epidemiology of urticaria in Spain"
2916:Clinical and Experimental Immunology
2380:Journal of Investigative Dermatology
2194:(5). Esmon Publicidad, SA: 310–313.
1346:Canadian Medical Association Journal
956:"Chronic idiopathic urticaria (HPO)"
644:-derived cytokines that support the
548:and angioedema. These cells release
322:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
3796:Urticaria-like follicular mucinosis
2319:"New concepts in chronic urticaria"
2004:Clinical & Experimental Allergy
1171:Clinical & Experimental Allergy
455:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
3302:10.1111/j.1398-9995.1972.tb01420.x
3200:10.1111/j.1398-9995.1990.tb00527.x
1537:(6). Informa UK Limited: 565–570.
670:vascular endothelial growth factor
425:. It is more common to experience
25:
1633:Dermatology Research and Practice
841:autoantibodies to autoallergens.
676:basis for disease as well as the
391:, excruciatingly itchy recurrent
366:second-generation antihistamine's
217:polymorphic eruption of pregnancy
3703:Localized heat contact urticaria
3680:Secondary cold contact urticaria
3251:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2010.03840.x
2829:10.23822/eurannaci.1764-1489.132
2288:10.1034/j.1398-9995.2001.00296.x
2161:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02704.x
2109:(6). Elsevier BV: 1772–1781.e1.
1691:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02496.x
1352:(9). CMA Joule Inc.: 1065–1070.
1293:"Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria"
869:second-generation antihistamine
666:calcitonin gene-related peptide
398:Usually, urticarial lesions or
364:once daily; (2) increasing the
362:second-generation antihistamine
120:Third to fifth decades of life.
3675:Primary cold contact urticaria
2667:British Journal of Dermatology
2376:"Basophils and Skin Disorders"
1950:British Journal of Dermatology
757:erythrocyte sedimentation rate
334:erythrocyte sedimentation rate
305:is defined by the presence of
1:
3949:Necrolytic migratory erythema
3910:Erythema annulare centrifugum
3801:Chronic spontaneous urticaria
3157:10.1016/s0021-8707(54)90034-9
2589:10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60438-3
2439:(6). Elsevier BV: 2274–2283.
2386:(5). Elsevier BV: 1202–1210.
2323:Current Opinion in Immunology
2239:(6). Elsevier BV: 1139–1143.
1865:10.1016/s0091-6749(99)70475-6
1775:10.1016/s0091-6749(95)70055-2
1543:10.1080/00325481.2015.1045817
1493:(5). Elsevier BV: 1307–1313.
1448:(6). Elsevier BV: 1819–1831.
1241:(4). Elsevier BV: 1097–1106.
936:Mast cell activation syndrome
811:intake), lack of response to
794:angiotensin-converting enzyme
792:-mediated disorders, such as
532:at 1000x magnification after
293:Chronic spontaneous urticaria
33:Chronic spontaneous urticaria
3641:Urticarial allergic eruption
2245:10.1016/0091-6749(92)90297-f
1816:10.1016/0091-6749(86)90240-x
1727:10.1016/0091-6749(78)90113-6
658:thymic stromal lymphopoietin
467:systemic lupus erythematosus
300:Chronic idiopathic urticaria
100:, gastrointestinal symptoms
18:Chronic idiopathic urticaria
3930:Annular erythema of infancy
3151:(6). Elsevier BV: 525–560.
3062:(2). Elsevier BV: 586–599.
2724:(4). Elsevier BV: 541–555.
2629:(4). Elsevier BV: 557–570.
2583:(3). Elsevier BV: 181–188.
2329:(6). Elsevier BV: 709–716.
2065:(3). Elsevier BV: 876–882.
1907:(4). Elsevier BV: 694–700.
1858:(3). Elsevier BV: 484–493.
1809:(5). Elsevier BV: 914–918.
1768:(3). Elsevier BV: 360–364.
1721:(6). Elsevier BV: 350–354.
1592:(2). Elsevier BV: 464–470.
1409:(3). Elsevier BV: 409–416.
768:hypereosinophilic syndromes
562:platelet-activating factors
352:with systemic involvement.
346:autoinflammatory conditions
4015:
3875:Toxic epidermal necrolysis
3736:Delayed pressure urticaria
3068:10.1016/j.jaip.2017.07.017
3024:10.1016/j.jaip.2015.04.008
2730:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.11.686
2635:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.11.687
2445:10.1016/j.jaip.2021.03.049
2116:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.08.050
2072:10.1016/j.jaci.2017.10.035
1598:10.1016/j.jaip.2016.09.029
1499:10.1016/j.jaci.2012.01.043
1455:10.1016/j.jaci.2022.04.010
1291:Saini, Sarbjit S. (2014).
1247:10.1016/j.jaip.2018.04.013
221:hypereosinophilic syndrome
3974:Necrolytic acral erythema
3865:Erythema multiforme major
3860:Erythema multiforme minor
3716:
3693:
3658:
3415:10.4168/aair.2012.4.6.326
3396:Kaplan, Allen P. (2012).
2773:10.1007/s12016-016-8541-z
2335:10.1016/j.coi.2008.09.005
1309:10.1016/j.iac.2013.09.012
1303:(1). Elsevier BV: 33–52.
564:and other metabolites of
54:
45:
3999:Urticaria and angioedema
3870:Stevens–Johnson syndrome
3721:Dermatographic urticaria
2973:(12). Wiley: 3208–3215.
2500:10.1177/2040622315603951
1639:. Hindawi Limited: 1–6.
1177:(10). Wiley: 1166–1175.
737:autoinflammatory disease
3925:Erythema gyratum repens
3018:(4). Elsevier BV: 648.
1914:10.1067/mai.2002.123236
1118:(7). Wiley: 1393–1414.
879:or add-on therapy with
805:C1 inhibitor deficiency
376:or add-on therapy with
3609:Urticaria and erythema
537:
429:, such as tingling or
336:(ESR), and possibly a
192:Differential diagnosis
3824:Hereditary angioedema
3741:Cholinergic urticaria
3685:Reflex cold urticaria
3296:(3). Wiley: 236–240.
3194:(7). Wiley: 515–522.
2548:(7). Wiley: 868–887.
1531:Postgraduate Medicine
801:hereditary angioedema
799:-induced angioedema,
721:urticarial vasculitis
574:vascular permeability
523:
350:urticarial vasculitis
197:Urticarial vasculitis
154:autoimmune conditions
3969:Generalized erythema
3776:Autoimmune urticaria
3771:Adrenergic urticaria
3726:Vibratory angioedema
1646:10.1155/2018/6703052
1415:10.1067/mjd.2003.142
931:Autoimmune urticaria
761:complete blood count
750:inflammatory markers
741:autoimmune disorders
729:musculoskeletal pain
471:rheumatoid arthritis
338:complete blood count
172:complete blood count
3915:Erythema marginatum
3847:Erythema multiforme
3791:Schnitzler syndrome
3746:Aquagenic urticaria
2822:(2). Edra SpA: 55.
2393:10.1038/jid.2014.16
2201:10.18176/jiaci.0051
1358:10.1503/cmaj.060535
759:(ESR) and possibly
451:autoimmune diseases
318:autoimmune diseases
213:mast cell disorders
209:Schnitzler syndrome
174:with differential,
170:Clinical findings,
3786:Galvanic urticaria
3781:Exercise urticaria
3731:Pressure urticaria
3651:Physical urticaria
3634:Allergic urticaria
3555:External resources
3145:Journal of Allergy
960:Monarch Initiative
784:bullous pemphigoid
753:C-reactive protein
538:
384:Signs and symptoms
330:C-reactive protein
3986:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3902:Figurate erythema
3832:
3831:
3754:
3753:
3576:
3575:
3362:10.1111/all.15603
2980:10.1111/all.14412
2929:10.1111/cei.13428
2881:10.1111/all.13949
2875:(12): 2427–2436.
2679:10.1111/bjd.15705
2554:10.1111/all.12313
2282:(9). Wiley: 915.
2155:(12): 1538–1545.
2016:10.1111/cea.12348
1963:10.1111/bjd.13621
1184:10.1111/cea.13716
1125:10.1111/all.13397
1072:10.1111/ddg.12633
755:(CRP) as well as
739:as well as other
660:, as well as the
648:profile, such as
290:
289:
166:Diagnostic method
158:thyroid disorders
150:Allergic diseases
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4006:
3954:Erythema toxicum
3920:Erythema migrans
3886:Erythema nodosum
3843:
3656:
3631:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3580:
3467:
3445:
3435:
3417:
3392:
3374:
3364:
3330:
3329:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3108:
3099:
3088:
3087:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2982:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2931:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2866:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2831:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2618:
2609:
2608:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2427:
2414:
2413:
2395:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2203:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2118:
2094:
2085:
2084:
2074:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2010:(8): 1053–1060.
1998:
1992:
1991:
1965:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1916:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1867:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1818:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1777:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1648:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1580:
1571:
1570:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1457:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1377:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1288:
1277:
1276:
1266:
1226:
1215:
1214:
1196:
1186:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1137:
1127:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1074:
1050:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1022:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
994:
971:
970:
968:
966:
952:
566:arachidonic acid
483:Sjögren syndrome
437:associated with
421:or subcutaneous
205:cryoglobulinemia
50:
30:
21:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3978:
3964:Palmar erythema
3934:
3896:
3850:
3828:
3805:
3759:Other urticaria
3750:
3712:
3708:Solar urticaria
3689:
3645:
3618:
3610:
3607:
3577:
3572:
3571:
3550:
3549:
3478:
3452:
3395:
3342:
3339:
3337:Further reading
3334:
3333:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3127:
3125:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3091:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2620:
2619:
2612:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2429:
2428:
2417:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2096:
2095:
2088:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1582:
1581:
1574:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1290:
1289:
1280:
1228:
1227:
1218:
1194:1854/LU-8714221
1164:
1163:
1159:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1052:
1051:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1006:
1004:
996:
995:
974:
964:
962:
954:
953:
949:
944:
927:
914:
905:
892:corticosteroids
864:Pharmacotherapy
860:
834:
817:corticosteroids
797:(ACE) inhibitor
686:
576:, and inducing
534:Wright staining
518:
495:
487:type 1 diabetes
463:
447:
386:
358:pharmacotherapy
344:and ruling out
328:tests, such as
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4012:
4010:
4002:
4001:
3991:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3945:
3943:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3906:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3698:Heat urticaria
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3663:Cold urticaria
3659:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3637:
3635:
3628:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3583:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3536:
3525:
3510:
3495:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:Classification
3464:
3463:
3458:
3451:
3450:External links
3448:
3447:
3446:
3393:
3355:(2): 389–401.
3338:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3280:
3229:
3178:
3135:
3117:(3): 214–220.
3089:
3045:
3002:
2953:
2902:
2851:
2802:
2767:(2): 162–169.
2751:
2708:
2656:
2610:
2567:
2531:
2494:(6): 304–313.
2474:
2415:
2366:
2309:
2266:
2223:
2174:
2138:
2086:
2045:
1993:
1936:
1887:
1838:
1789:
1748:
1705:
1684:(3): 317–330.
1660:
1619:
1572:
1520:
1477:
1428:
1389:
1332:
1278:
1216:
1157:
1094:
1065:(5): 419–428.
1042:
1014:
972:
946:
945:
943:
940:
939:
938:
933:
926:
923:
913:
910:
904:
901:
873:cyclosporine A
859:
856:
833:
832:Classification
830:
813:antihistamines
772:Wells syndrome
702:double-blinded
694:food allergies
685:
682:
620:expression of
578:vasodilatation
517:
514:
494:
491:
479:celiac disease
475:thyroid issues
462:
459:
446:
443:
408:antihistamines
402:are elevated,
385:
382:
370:cyclosporine A
298:also known as
288:
287:
284:
280:
279:
276:
270:
269:
254:Levocetirizine
247:
241:
240:
237:antihistamines
233:
229:
228:
194:
188:
187:
168:
162:
161:
147:
141:
140:
134:
130:
129:
126:
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118:
114:
113:
75:
69:
68:
63:
57:
56:
52:
51:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4011:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
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3876:
3873:
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3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3852:drug eruption
3848:
3844:
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3835:
3825:
3822:
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3817:
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3812:
3808:
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3013:
3006:
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2648:
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2305:
2301:
2297:
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2277:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
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1451:
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1443:
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1432:
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1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1394:
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1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1265:
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1248:
1244:
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1236:
1232:
1225:
1223:
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1200:
1195:
1190:
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1117:
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1082:
1078:
1073:
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1027:
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1019:
1015:
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991:
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987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
973:
961:
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948:
941:
937:
934:
932:
929:
928:
924:
922:
919:
911:
909:
902:
900:
898:
893:
889:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
865:
857:
855:
852:
851:degranulation
848:
844:
840:
831:
829:
826:
823:levels,
822:
821:complement C4
818:
814:
810:
809:ACE inhibitor
806:
802:
798:
795:
791:
787:
785:
781:
777:
776:maculopapular
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
751:
746:
742:
738:
735:may indicate
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
689:
683:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
572:, increasing
571:
570:nerve endings
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
542:degranulation
535:
531:
527:
522:
515:
513:
510:
506:
504:
503:dermographism
499:
492:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
460:
458:
456:
452:
444:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
383:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
325:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
301:
297:
294:
285:
281:
277:
275:
271:
267:
266:Desloratadine
263:
259:
255:
251:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
148:
146:
142:
138:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:
74:
70:
67:
64:
62:
58:
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
3959:Erythroderma
3881:panniculitis
3879:
3800:
3562:
3538:
3527:
3512:
3497:
3482:
3405:
3401:
3352:
3348:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3126:. Retrieved
3114:
3110:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3015:
3011:
3005:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2872:
2868:
2854:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2626:
2622:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2436:
2432:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2152:
2148:
2147:urticaria".
2141:
2106:
2102:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1681:
1677:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1589:
1585:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1445:
1441:
1431:
1406:
1402:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1300:
1296:
1238:
1234:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1115:
1111:
1062:
1058:
1035:December 20,
1033:. Retrieved
1029:
1007:December 20,
1005:. Retrieved
1001:
965:December 20,
963:. Retrieved
959:
950:
915:
912:Epidemiology
906:
888:cyclosporine
885:
861:
835:
825:C1 inhibitor
788:
765:
733:inflammation
718:
698:Provocations
690:
687:
539:
511:
507:
500:
496:
464:
461:Risk factors
448:
416:
404:erythematous
397:
387:
354:
342:inflammation
326:
315:
302:
299:
295:
292:
291:
258:Fexofenadine
145:Risk factors
110:palpitations
3372:10230/55824
3128:22 December
1135:10230/35554
877:montelukast
745:skin biopsy
606:eosinophils
602:neutrophils
594:lymphocytes
560:along with
530:bone marrow
433:, than the
427:paresthesia
374:montelukast
348:as well as
184:skin biopsy
117:Usual onset
66:Dermatology
38:Other names
3811:Angioedema
3567:Q102296062
3534:D000080223
942:References
881:omalizumab
790:Bradykinin
678:autoimmune
674:autoimmune
662:vasoactive
642:epithelial
526:mast cells
419:submucosal
389:Angioedema
378:omalizumab
311:angioedema
262:Loratadine
250:Cetirizine
245:Medication
94:joint pain
82:angioedema
3616:Urticaria
3545:302162004
3540:SNOMED CT
3424:2092-7355
3381:0105-4538
3310:0105-4538
3259:0307-6938
3208:0105-4538
3165:0021-8707
3076:2213-2198
3032:2213-2198
2989:0105-4538
2938:0009-9104
2897:195298843
2889:0105-4538
2838:1764-1489
2781:1080-0549
2738:0190-9622
2687:0007-0963
2643:0190-9622
2597:1081-1206
2562:0105-4538
2508:2040-6223
2469:233257578
2453:2213-2198
2402:0022-202X
2343:0952-7915
2296:0105-4538
2253:0091-6749
2210:1018-9068
2125:0091-6749
2081:0091-6749
2040:204981933
2024:0954-7894
1988:207072761
1972:0007-0963
1923:0091-6749
1874:0091-6749
1825:0091-6749
1784:0091-6749
1735:0091-6749
1655:1687-6105
1606:2213-2198
1567:205452082
1551:0032-5481
1507:0091-6749
1464:0091-6749
1423:0190-9622
1366:0820-3946
1317:0889-8561
1255:2213-2198
1203:0954-7894
1144:0105-4538
1081:1610-0379
918:urticaria
858:Treatment
692:factors,
684:Diagnosis
610:basophils
598:monocytes
586:mast cell
558:cytokines
554:histamine
550:proteases
516:Mechanism
439:urticaria
283:Frequency
274:Prognosis
232:Treatment
128:Episodic.
78:Urticaria
61:Specialty
3993:Category
3941:erythema
3838:Erythema
3668:Familial
3442:23115728
3389:36448493
3326:45351511
3275:41062673
3267:20456386
3224:37734944
3173:13211146
3123:15552715
3084:28916431
3040:26164583
2997:32446275
2846:31965967
2797:26721778
2789:27113957
2746:20227576
2703:46821999
2695:28580686
2651:20227577
2605:18426134
2526:26568807
2461:33857657
2410:24499736
2361:18832031
2304:13293117
2218:27763857
2133:27777182
2032:24902612
1980:25523947
1931:11941321
1882:10069884
1700:21083565
1614:27838325
1559:25959894
1515:22336078
1472:35667749
1384:17060655
1326:11218737
1273:30033911
1211:32735720
1152:29336054
1089:25918085
1030:UpToDate
1002:UpToDate
925:See also
897:steroids
700:such as
493:Triggers
435:pruritus
431:numbness
412:pruritus
125:Duration
106:wheezing
102:flushing
98:swelling
86:headache
73:Symptoms
3625:chronic
3563:Scholia
3456:DermNet
3433:3479225
3349:Allergy
3318:4678809
3290:Allergy
3216:2252162
3188:Allergy
2967:Allergy
2947:7231996
2869:Allergy
2542:Allergy
2517:4622315
2352:2610333
2276:Allergy
2261:1376735
2169:5181903
2149:Allergy
1833:3491100
1678:Allergy
1375:1609157
1264:6061968
1112:Allergy
903:Outlook
706:placebo
696:, etc.
664:agents
552:,
332:(CRP),
90:fatigue
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