308:. At dawn Dorgon's main army reaches the gates of Shanhaiguan, where Dorgon receives Wu Sangui's formal surrender. The armies deploy for battle: placed in the vanguard, Wu's troops are ordered to charge the Shun army, but they are unable to break the rebels' line and suffer heavy casualties. By the late afternoon, they are on the verge of defeat when a sandstorm starts blowing on the battlefield. Dorgon chooses this moment to intervene: galloping around Wu's right flank, Qing bannermen destroys Li's left wing. The Shun army is defeated and retreats chaotically toward Yongping; thousands are massacred.
3124:
3138:
292:: By that date, Li Zicheng's army was already camping in the outskirts of Shanhai Pass, near the Sha River a few kilometers west of the Shanhai Pass garrison; Wu Sangui sends his troops to confront him there. Dorgon receives a letter confirming that Wu Sangui has accepted to work for the Qing: he takes his army on a forced march toward Shanhai Pass.
846:: the Shunzhi Emperor issues an edict declaring his intention to root out corruption among officials. The anticorruption campaign that followed first targeted officials who had been close to Dorgon, but it soon led to a revival of factional politics among literati officials, a problem that plagued the young emperor until his death in 1661.
263:: words reach the Qing capital of Shengjing that Li Zicheng has been brutalizing former Ming officials and the population of Beijing. Grand Secretary Fan Wencheng uses these news to argue for a Qing intervention in China. Dorgon agrees to mount a military expedition to punish the rebels and occupy the Central Plains of China.
285:
carrying a message from their master asking the
Manchus to help Wu defeat Li Zicheng's bandits and restore the Ming dynasty in return for "great profits" (大利). Dorgon sends a letter back to Wu Sangui offering. Later that day the Manchus hear for the first time that the Chongzhen emperor was dead.
952:
compilers, who had been mostly appointed by Chen
Mingxia, a southerner. Even though Shunzhi was trying to counteract the influence of southern Chinese officials who advocated a return to Ming government practices, by recalling a pro-Manchu collaborator like Feng Quan, he actually intensified the
1090:: The Qing forbids sea trade in the southeastern provinces. Private merchant ships are forbidden from trading and other ships from accosting. The purpose of this policy was to eliminate those among sea merchants who supported the Southern Ming power of
286:
Still on that day, but as a result of earlier plans, small groups of Qing troops start to cross the Great Wall to distribute written proclamations announcing that the Qing army will not harm the population and will only kill Li
Zicheng's bandits.
390:: the Jesuit Johann Adam Schall von Bell is made Director of the Bureau of Astronomy (欽天監) after a test of the Jesuits' prediction for an eclipse on September 1 proved to be more accurate than those of the court's official astronomer.
348:: Dorgon issues special proclamations to officials around the capital, assuring them that if the local population accepts to cut their hair and to surrender, the officials will be allowed to stay at their post. (See June 25.)
963:, Shunzhi establishes the Thirteen Offices (内十三衙门), which are controlled by eunuchs. These bureaus allowed eunuch power to grow; they were eliminated by Oboi and the other regents at the beginning of the Kangxi reign.
336:: after 42 days in Beijing, Li Zicheng sets the imperial palaces on fire and abandons the capital to flee toward the west. The Beijing population massacres rebels who had not fled; nearly two thousand are killed.
354:: because peasant rebellions quickly erupted around the capital in reaction to the haircutting order of June 7, Dorgon issues an edict saying that people will be allowed to arrange their hair the way they want.
891:, the Shunzhi Emperor orders that all memorials concerning state matters should now be sent to him rather than to Jirgalang's office. This marks the time when the monarch takes full charge of the government.
1246:, who had been close to the emperor in 1656 and 1657 and who attended the concubine's expensive funerals, later claimed that "Through her death she made fall into a madness more repulsive than the one of
479:: all people who submit to the Qing dynasty are ordered to shave their forehead and tie their hair into a queue. This "haircutting command" provokes widespread resistance among the Chinese population.
761:(耿仲明; 1604–1649) commits suicide in Jiangxi after being accused of protecting subordinates who had helped three hundred runaway slaves to hide from their masters. His armies, now led by his son
220:) and marches toward Beijing in response to the emperor's distress call. When he hears that the capital has fallen, Wu returns to fortify Shanhai Pass. Wu's departure from the fortified city of
298:: having covered more than 150 kilometers in 24 hours, Dorgon's troops settle eight kilometers away from the Pass to rest for a few hours. They are awoken at midnight to continue marching.
1301:: in a lavish procession, the emperor's body is transported to Jingshan—north of the Forbidden City—where it stayed for about two years until the emperor was finally buried. On
257:: Tang Tong's defeated army returns toward Shanhai Pass with reinforcements, but is again defeated by Wu Sangui. Wu takes the city of Yongping (永平) on the road to Beijing.
576:: the Qing forbids officials to memorialize about five controversial issues: haircutting (剃髮), costume (衣冠), the seizure of lands (圈地), (投充), and runaway slaves (逃人).
342:: led by Dorgon, Qing troops are welcomed into the capital; the Beijing population is shocked because it was expecting Wu Sangui to bring back the Ming heir apparent.
93:
will be his co-regents. This deal is a compromise between those who wanted to keep the throne in Hung Taiji's descent (the main candidate was Hong Taiji's eldest son
1230:: to counter factional politics, the Shunzhi emperor issues an edict banning clubs or societies whose purpose was to influence government affairs or public opinion.
453:: the court orders that land without owners be reclaimed and given to Bannermen (圈地). In fact even land that has owners and occupants is confiscated. (Say more.)
1023:
2981:清史稿 . Edited by Zhao Erxun 趙爾巽 et al. Completed in 1927. Citing from 1976 to 1977 edition by Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, in 48 volumes with continuous pagination.
1038:, is executed by strangling after a ten-day trial for corruption that started when he proposed to restore the hairstyle and court costume of the Ming dynasty.
275:: After the defeat of two of his armies a few days earlier, Li Zicheng decides to take Shanhai Pass himself: he leaves Beijing with an army of 60,000 troops.
178:: Seeing the progress of rebel armies in north China, the Chongzhen Emperor issues a call for the immediate help of any military commandant in the empire.
2886:
238:: the victorious Li Zicheng holds an audience with several thousand Ming officials outside the Donghua Gate of the Forbidden City. Assisted by his main
314:: Li Zicheng retreats from Yongping toward Beijing. Wu Sangui is named Prince Pingxi; his remaining troops shave their heads and join the Qing forces.
469:: the Prince of Fu, who had been reigning as the "Hongguang Emperor" since June of the previous year, is captured near Nanjing by Qing forces led by
3080:(1975), "Localism and Loyalism During the Ch'ing Conquest of Kiangnan: The Tragedy of Chiang-yin", in Frederic Wakeman Jr.; Carolyn Grant (eds.),
2881:
3015:
2906:
2836:
1140:: death of the emperor's fourth son a little more than 100 days after his birth. He was posthumously granted the title of Prince Rong (榮親王).
3273:
818:: Dorgon dies at the age of 38 during a hunting expedition. His death created an immediate backlash against his political allies at court.
858:: the monumental "Gate of Receiving Heaven" (Chengtian men 承天門) facing south from the imperial city is renamed "Gate of Heavenly Peace" (
1111:, the emperor's favorite consort, gives birth to the emperor's fourth son, who died before he was given a name (see February 25, 1658).
396:: a formal ritual of imperial enthronement is held for Fulin, during which the merits of Dorgon as regent are compared to those of the
245:(牛金星), Li selected 92 officials to serve in the Shun government. The remaining literati are given over to Shun generals for punishment.
162:: Dorgon sends an amicable letter to Li Zicheng proposing that they "devise a plan in common to unite their forces" against the Ming.
3233:
3194:
3089:
3067:
2996:
2954:
2859:
30:(r. 1626–1643) in September 1643, to the emperor's own death on 5 February 1661, seven days into the eighteenth year of the Shunzhi
1218:: birth of the emperor's sixth son Qishou 奇授 (Manchu: Kišeo) to Consort Tang 唐. He died at an unspecified date at the age of seven
46:
after the emperor's death. The posthumous events related to the
Shunzhi Emperor's burial and posthumous cult are also included.
71:
became a major power in northeast Asia. His death threatens to split the
Manchus just as they are preparing to attack the Ming.
3254:
2935:
429:; Dorgon's brother Ajige is named Prince Ying; Jirgalang is demoted from "Prince Regent" to "Assistant Uncle Prince Regent" (
2380:
960:
42:
following the emperor's accession—and ended on 17 February 1662 (the last day of the 18th year of
Shunzhi), more than one
1267:: birth of the emperor's eighth son, Yonggan, to Consort Muktu 穆克圖. He died at an unspecified date at the age of eight
840:
is imprisoned for allegedly plotting a coup after the death of Dorgon. He was forced to commit suicide later that year.
375:
326:: as a "final gesture of defiance" after his decisive defeat at Shanhai Pass, Li Zicheng officially declares himself
651:(SZ4.9): the court receives an embassy sent by the Ryukyu king to congratulate the Shunzhi Emperor on his accession.
738:
551:
1345:
1320:
459:: it is declared that all official documents will heretofore refer to Dorgon as "Imperial Uncle Prince Regent" (
3243:
Rossabi, Morris (1979), "Muslim and
Central Asian Revolts", in Spence, Jonathan D.; Wills, John E. Jr. (eds.),
983:: The court forbids actors (優人) from not shaving their hair on the pretext that they have to play female roles.
664:: Haoge (Prince Su) returns to the capital after his victorious but costly Sichuan campaign (see Feb. 1, 1647).
1077:: Jirgalang asks the Emperor to establish an Imperial Diarist 起居注官 to keep a diary of the emperor's movements.
1242:: death of the emperor's favorite concubine, "Imperial Consort of the Second Rank" Donggo. Jesuit missionary
537:
after a siege of 83 days. The entire population (about 100,000 victims) is massacred over the next two days.
378:
petitions the Qing throne, claiming that the Jesuit calendar is more accurate than the other ones available.
3025:
Struve, Lynn A. (1982), "The Hsü Brothers and
Semiofficial Patronage of Scholars in the K'ang-hsi Period",
34:. These dates do not correspond perfectly with the Shunzhi era itself, which started on 8 February 1644—on
2723:
pp. 72 (in the words of Schall, "a very great
Funeral" with many "wasteful ceremonies") and 74 (citation).
305:
384:: the six-year-old Emperor arrives in Beijing through the Zhengyang Gate, where he is welcomed by Dorgon.
2123:
888:
2126:"), ch. 214 ("Biographies of consorts" 后妃傳), p. 8901, where the exact date of death is recorded as the
364:(present-day Shenyang), which had been the Qing capital since 1634, is retained as a secondary capital.
269:: Dorgon leads the Qing "Grand Army" out of Shengjing and starts marching south toward the Great Wall.
2876:
78:
1236:: Consort Niu gives birth to the emperor's seventh son, Longxi 隆禧 (Manchu: Lunghi). He died in 1679.
517:, a former Ming general who was now serving the Qing; he orders a massacre of the entire population.
909:
from the Qing; the Qing commander-in-chief Kong Youde commits suicide. Within a month, most of the
730:
251:: Wu Sangui routs an army led by Tang Tong, which Li Zicheng had despatched to attack Shanhai Pass.
1155:
534:
514:
470:
3042:
1124:
940:馮銓 to serve in the government again. That very evening he was summoned to meet with the emperor,
242:
225:
39:
1329:
Titian longyun dingtong jianji yingrui qinwen xianwu dade honggong zhiren chunxiao zhang huangdi
3250:
3229:
3204:
3190:
3180:
3157:
3105:
The Great
Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China
3085:
3063:
3055:
3011:
2992:
2950:
2931:
2902:
2855:
2832:
1251:
1108:
791:
195:
2847:
3099:
3077:
3034:
1179:: Qing forces led by prince Dodo's second son Doni enter the capital of Yunnan, sending the
927:
685:
625:, the son of Hong Taiji who had failed to succeed his father on the imperial throne in 1643.
510:
500:
463:皇叔父攝政王). Court ceremonies are also reformed to elevate Dorgon's ritual position even higher.
327:
114:
35:
31:
3084:, Berkeley: Center of Chinese Studies, University of California, Berkeley, pp. 43–85,
2871:
1154:, both based on old Ming institutions. Though these institutions were abrogated during the
790:
and massacre its population. Firmly entrenched in the south, Shang later became one of the
3219:
3170:
1324:
1091:
1053:
1035:
974:
902:
720:
712:
632:
618:
560:: a Qing contingent catches up with the fleeing Longwu Emperor and executes him summarily.
239:
19:
3143:
3008:
The Interweaving of Rituals: Funerals in the Cultural Exchange Between China and Europe
1550:, p. 297 (date of arrival at the Manchus' camp) and 300–1 (content of the letter).
1306:
1198:
1180:
1159:
1151:
1061:
1045:
949:
941:
758:
622:
503:
less than a month after arriving in Fuzhou. He will reign under the title of Longwu 隆武.
199:
94:
930:
arrives in Beijing to meet with the Shunzhi Emperor. He leaves about two months later.
3267:
1146:: the emperor changes the old Manchu Inner Three Courts into a "Palace Secretariat" (
766:
689:
597:
360:: Dorgon declares Beijing (which he calls "Yanjing" 燕京) the new capital of the Qing.
3228:, Cambridge, Mass.; London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,
3129:
2964:
1031:
945:
674:
from Prince Zheng to Prince of the second rank (郡王). He was given back his rank on
397:
213:
185:
139:
23:
3246:
From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century China
1268:
1219:
1127:, is born to Consort Chen 陳. He became Prince Gong (恭親王) in 1671 and died in 1703.
104:
3244:
3223:
3208:
3184:
3103:
2986:
2968:
2826:
881:: death of the emperor's first son Niuniu less than three months after his birth.
320:: Li Zicheng reenters Beijing with his troops, which started to loot the capital.
1349:
1316:
1243:
583:
81:
of princes and high officials is convened and decides that five-year-old Fulin,
3119:
1184:
1013:
1005:
997:
898:
801:
783:
762:
734:
496:
486:
282:
217:
135:
82:
64:
43:
27:
554:
leaves Yanping in western Fujian and tries to flee toward Ganzhou in Jiangxi.
2313:, pp. 972 (Kong commits suicide) and 973, note 194 (taking of Guilin by Li).
1194:
1027:
1001:
937:
859:
787:
671:
426:
221:
209:
149:
90:
2576:, ch. 6, p. 180, Kangxi 10.1.癸酉 (21st), i.e., 1 March 1671. Date of death:
1012:
and to take care of the Green Standard Armies that had been established by
1305:
a large number of precious goods are burned as offerings, after which the
400:. Dorgon's title is raised from "Prince Regent" to "Uncle Prince Regent" (
85:'s ninth son, will succeed his father, but that Hong Taiji's half-brother
2870:
1392:(p. 51) all place Hong Taiji's death on September 21 (Chongde 崇德 8.8.9).
1280:
868:: Consort Ba 巴 gives birth to Niuniu 牛鈕, the Shunzhi emperor's first son.
716:
604:
court, surrenders to the Qing in Fuzhou. He is taken north as a prisoner.
587:
530:
131:
590:(Guangdong); it is decided that he will reign under the title Yongli 永曆.
232:
in 1626, leaves all territory outside the Great Wall under Qing control.
142:
with the official dynastic name "Great Shun" and proclaims himself King.
3046:
1247:
910:
809:
489:, the Prince of Tang, is named Regent (or "Protector of the State" 監國).
229:
169:
2930:, Canberra: Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University,
2852:
Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800
2644:, ch. 5, p. 156, Shunzhi 16.11.戊寅 (21st). The mother is identified in
913:
military commanders who had served the Qing reverted to the Ming side.
2991:, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press,
2970:
Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669
2799:, chapter 6, p. 167. Date: Shunzhi 18.11.己亥 (24th day of that month).
2735:, ch. 5, p. 161, Shunzhi 17.12.甲辰 (23rd). The mother is mentioned in
1049:
1009:
970:
906:
805:
748:
601:
371:
361:
153:
86:
3038:
3108:, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press
3058:, in Frederic W. Mote; Denis Twitchett; John King Fairbank (eds.),
2828:
The Sichuan Frontier and Tibet: Imperial Strategy in the Early Qing
1162:
reinstated them in 1670 (the former as the "Grand Secretariat," or
737:'s former empress, dies. As a result, the Shunzhi emperor's mother
1202:
837:
642:
586:, the Ming Prince of Gui, is named protector of the state (監國) in
152:
willingly yields control of all official matters to his co-regent
110:
18:
This is a chronicle of important events that took place under the
3060:
Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644
2988:
The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions
1344:: the ancestral tablets of the Shunzhi emperor are placed at the
723:
Ajige is placed in charge of managing the affairs of the capital.
698:(SZ5.3): Milayin and Ding Guodong rise against the Qing in Gansu.
419:
in Manchu) represents a rank higher than that of imperial prince.
3249:, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, pp. 167–99,
2656:
2654:
2559:, ch. 5, p. 150, Shunzhi 14.11.壬寅 (4th). The mother is named in
852:: the emperor marries a niece of his mother the Empress Dowager.
281:: two of Wu Sangui's lieutenants arrive at Dorgon's camp at the
68:
2270:, ch. 5, p. 127, Shunzhi 8.11.乙亥 (1st). The mother is named in
1254:, shaving his head, and living and dressing himself like them."
550:: hearing that Qing troops were approaching, the court of the
430:
401:
67:
dies after a successful seventeen-year reign during which the
3152:
Elliott, Mark C. (2001), Stanford: Stanford University Press
2949:, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press,
751:(Shanxi) from the hands of rebellious commander Jiang Xiang.
3062:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 641–725,
2699:, ch. 6, p. 200, Kangxi 18.7.丁未 (15th), or August 20, 1679.
2472:, ch. 8, p. 263, Kangxi 42.6.壬寅 (28th), or August 10, 1703.
2854:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 73–119,
2787:, ch. 5, p. 163: Shunzhi 18.3.癸酉 (24th day of that month).
2580:, ch. 8, p. 263, Kangxi 42.6.辛巳 (7th), i.e., 20 July 1703.
2381:"The End of the Queue: Hair as Symbol in Chinese History"
3225:
China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia
2928:
Two Rulers in One Reign: Dorgon and Shun-chih, 1644–1660
2341:, p. 258 (the former cites the entry from the Qing
1201:, the last monarch of the southern Ming, to flee toward
953:
tensions between northern and southern Chinese literati.
26:(1644–1912). It spans from the death of his predecessor
1250:, because he openly displayed himself as a disciple of
641:: The Qing court forbids Portuguese merchants based in
2831:, Seattle and London: University of Washington Press,
1365:(KX2.6): the emperor's body is buried at the Xiaoling.
1166:內閣) and they lasted until the end of the Qing in 1911.
435:
406:
2901:(in Chinese), Beijing: Zijincheng chubanshe 紫禁城出版社 ,
2920:, 清朝通史: 順治分卷 , Beijing: Zijincheng chubanshe 紫禁城出版社
2162:
2160:
1193:: the core of the Southern Ming army is defeated at
3181:"Yangzhou: A Central Place in the Qing Empire]"
2130:乙巳 day of the 4th month of the 6th year of Shunzhi.
1817:
1815:
1117:: the Shuntian examination cheating scandal erupts.
1880:
1878:
1319:(Shizu 世祖)—by which he would be worshipped at the
212:, a powerful Ming general, moves his army through
2973:, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press
2345:indicating the date of the Dalai Lama's arrival).
2179:
2177:
2175:
1737:, p. 289 (gives the date as Shunzhi 1.6.11).
2528:
2526:
2103:
2101:
2064:
2062:
2025:
2023:
1986:
1984:
715:(Dorgon's brother from the same mother) dies of
184:: Li Zicheng enters Beijing, the capital of the
2432:, p. 931. The exact date can be found in
1650:
1648:
1599:
1597:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
741:becomes the most powerful woman in the palace.
1955:
1953:
1488:
1486:
1183:into flight to Burma under the protection of
1024:Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers
8:
3213:, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press
2687:, ch. 5, pp. 158–59, Shunzhi 17.4.丙午 (22nd).
2620:, p. 1034 gives the date as January 23.
977:, the emperor's second son. He died in 1703.
3189:, Albany, NY: SUNY Press, pp. 117–50,
3082:Conflict and Control in Late Imperial China
3010:, Seattle: University of Washington Press,
2748:
2613:
2231:
2219:
2207:
2195:
2183:
2151:
2107:
1405:
1393:
621:is killed in battle by Qing troops led by
570:: the Qing army captures Fuzhou unopposed.
3186:Cities of Jiangnan in Late Imperial China
2772:
2760:
2720:
2708:
2294:
2292:
1978:(p. 171) has October 27 (Shunzhi 3.9.19).
782:: After a long siege, Qing armies led by
765:(耿繼茂), nonetheless continue to fight the
370:: at the request of his superior, German
330:of the Great Shun at the Wuying dian 武英殿.
2947:Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400–1900
2887:United States Government Printing Office
2460:, ch. 5, p. 135, Shunzhi 10.7.庚戌 (17th).
1348:, where he will be worshipped under the
2629:
2617:
2601:
2505:
2429:
2417:
2405:
2366:
2322:
2310:
2286:, ch. 5, p. 128, Shunzhi 9.1.壬寅 (30th).
2255:
2243:
2166:
1944:
1932:
1920:
1845:
1821:
1806:
1794:
1782:
1770:
1758:
1725:, p. 84 gives the date as June 28.
1718:
1706:
1694:
1682:
1666:
1654:
1639:
1627:
1615:
1603:
1588:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1504:
1492:
1477:
1465:
1441:
1429:
1385:
1374:
905:, retakes the key southwestern city of
901:, an ancient lieutenant of bandit king
425:: Hooge is reinstated to the status of
3166:
3155:
2672:
2139:
1971:
1959:
1884:
1857:
1746:
1734:
1453:
1396:(p. 74) gives the date as September 9.
1381:
1048:gives birth to the emperor third son
948:陳名夏 to discuss the qualifications of
645:from entering the provinces to trade.
198:commits suicide on a hill behind the
7:
2882:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
2544:
2532:
2517:
2493:
2481:
2445:
2433:
2387:. The Australian National University
2338:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2053:
2041:
2029:
2002:
1990:
1975:
1908:
1896:
1869:
1833:
1722:
1670:
1417:
1389:
499:, the Prince of Tang, is proclaimed
2298:
2014:
1669:, p. 313 (citation and date);
1034:(陳名夏), who had been an influential
2589:
2354:
2334:
1809:, pp. 860–61, and p. 861, note 31.
1060:Hiowan Yei), who later became the
14:
3183:, in Cooke Johnson, Linda (ed.),
2918:Qingchao tongshi: Shunzhi fenjuan
2850:, in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.),
959:: to counteract the power of the
688:sends a tributary embassy to the
631:: Dorgon's brother Dodo is named
97:) and those who supported Dorgon.
3136:
3122:
747:: Qing banner troops take back
523:: Li Chengdong takes Songjiang.
1315:: the dead emperor is given a
1279:: the Shunzhi emperor dies of
1:
2916:Li, Zhiting 李治亭, ed. (2003),
2894:Gong, Baoli 宫宝利, ed. (2010),
2572:Date of his becoming prince:
1309:takes off his mourning dress.
1150:殿閣) and reinstitutes the old
1109:Imperial Noble Consort Donggo
961:Imperial Household Department
823:Transition and personal rule
533:falls to Qing armies led by
431:
402:
3274:China history-related lists
3006:Standaert, Nicolas (2008),
1974:(p. 676) gives October 17;
1673:, p. 74 (Wuying dian).
1327:(體天隆運定統建極英睿欽文顯武大德弘功至仁純孝章皇帝
1123:: the emperor's fifth son,
1022:: on recommendation by the
969:: Consort Ningyi 寧懿 of the
731:Empress Dowager Xiaoduanwen
719:in Beijing. Dorgon's other
376:Johann Adam Schall von Bell
216:(at the eastern end of the
3290:
2985:Rawski, Evelyn S. (1998),
2846:Dennerline, Jerry (2002),
739:Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang
436:
407:
3179:Finnane, Antonia (1993),
1346:Imperial Ancestral Temple
1321:Imperial Ancestral Temple
1000:is appointed to govern 鎮
897:: Southern Ming loyalist
804:孔有德 (1602–1652) captures
649:September 28 / October 27
461:Huang shufu shezheng wang
168:: the Shun army occupies
3210:Imperial China, 900–1800
3027:Journal of Asian Studies
2869:Fang, Chao-ying (1943).
2385:China Heritage Quarterly
2325:, p. 973, note 194.
1642:, p. 312, note 262.
1538:, p. 296, note 212.
226:Ming armies had defeated
1761:, p. 857, note 24.
1008:is ordered to garrison
600:, who had defended the
3207:, Frederick W (1999),
2945:Naquin, Susan (2000),
2825:Dai, Yingcong (2009),
1785:, pp. 857–58, note 24.
936:: the emperor recalls
306:Battle of Shanhai Pass
3054:Struve, Lynn (1988),
2877:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
2848:"The Shun-chih Reign"
2124:Draft History of Qing
887:: in an edict to the
2967:, Robert B. (1975),
2811:, chapter 6, p. 169.
973:clan gives birth to
117:of the Qing dynasty.
103:: at the age of six
79:Deliberative Council
3222:, Peter C. (2005),
3102:, Frederic (1985),
3056:"The Southern Ming"
2739:, ch. 219, p. 9052.
2663:, ch. 214, p. 8910.
2648:, ch. 219, p. 9052.
2563:, ch. 219, p. 9052.
2379:Godley, Michael R.
2274:, ch. 219, p. 9052.
1562:, pp. 306–307.
836:: Dorgon's brother
696:March 24 / April 22
548:September 29 and 30
403:Shufu shezheng wang
113:officially becomes
2926:Lui, Adam (1989),
2889:. pp. 255–59.
2592:, pp. 594–95.
2508:, pp. 985–86.
1836:, pp. 109–10.
1797:, pp. 858 and 860.
1697:, pp. 314–15.
1480:, pp. 277–79.
1323:—and an honorific
889:Inner Three Courts
3165:Missing or empty
3078:Wakeman, Frederic
3017:978-0-295-98810-8
2908:978-7-5134-0018-3
2838:978-0-295-98952-5
2775:, pp. 73–74.
2763:, pp. 74–75.
2343:Veritable Records
1685:, p. 313–14.
1618:, p. 311–12.
1363:July 5 / August 2
1158:(1661–1669), the
792:Three Feudatories
670:: Dorgon demotes
513:to the forces of
196:Chongzhen Emperor
3281:
3259:
3238:
3214:
3199:
3174:
3168:
3163:
3161:
3153:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3109:
3094:
3072:
3049:
3020:
3001:
2974:
2959:
2940:
2921:
2911:
2896:Shunzhi shidian
2890:
2874:
2864:
2841:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2649:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2570:
2564:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2170:
2164:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1979:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1592:
1586:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1379:
1059:
928:Fifth Dalai Lama
617:: Bandit leader
439:
438:
434:
432:Fu zheng shuwang
410:
409:
405:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3264:
3263:
3257:
3242:
3236:
3218:
3203:
3197:
3178:
3164:
3154:
3151:
3142:
3137:
3135:
3128:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:Further reading
3113:
3098:
3092:
3076:
3070:
3053:
3039:10.2307/2719125
3024:
3018:
3005:
2999:
2984:
2963:
2957:
2944:
2938:
2925:
2915:
2909:
2893:
2868:
2862:
2845:
2839:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2807:
2803:
2795:
2791:
2783:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2759:
2755:
2749:Dennerline 2002
2747:
2743:
2731:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2707:
2703:
2695:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2652:
2640:
2636:
2632:, p. 1034.
2628:
2624:
2616:, p. 117.
2614:Dennerline 2002
2612:
2608:
2604:, p. 1007.
2600:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2571:
2567:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2492:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2428:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2390:
2388:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2337:, p. 476;
2333:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2232:Dennerline 2002
2230:
2226:
2220:Dennerline 2002
2218:
2214:
2208:Dennerline 2002
2206:
2202:
2196:Dennerline 2002
2194:
2190:
2184:Dennerline 2002
2182:
2173:
2169:, p. 1017.
2165:
2158:
2152:Dennerline 2002
2150:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2118:
2114:
2108:Dennerline 2002
2106:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1982:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1721:, pp. 420–422.
1717:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1595:
1587:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1444:, pp. 304.
1440:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1406:Dennerline 2002
1404:
1400:
1394:Dennerline 2002
1380:
1376:
1372:
1359:
1338:
1325:posthumous name
1295:
1290:
1261:
1212:
1173:
1134:
1101:
1092:Zheng Chenggong
1084:
1071:
1057:
1046:Empress Xiaohui
1036:Grand Secretary
990:
920:
903:Zhang Xianzhong
875:
830:
825:
812:) for the Qing.
776:
721:uterine brother
705:
658:
619:Zhang Xianzhong
611:
544:
447:
240:Grand Secretary
124:
57:
52:
20:Shunzhi Emperor
12:
11:
5:
3287:
3285:
3277:
3276:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3255:
3240:
3234:
3216:
3201:
3195:
3176:
3148:
3147:
3144:history portal
3133:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3096:
3090:
3074:
3068:
3051:
3022:
3016:
3003:
2997:
2982:
2976:
2961:
2955:
2942:
2936:
2923:
2913:
2907:
2891:
2872:"Fu-lin"
2866:
2860:
2843:
2837:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2801:
2789:
2777:
2773:Standaert 2008
2765:
2761:Standaert 2008
2753:
2751:, p. 118.
2741:
2725:
2721:Standaert 2008
2713:
2709:Standaert 2008
2701:
2689:
2677:
2675:, p. 258.
2665:
2650:
2634:
2622:
2606:
2594:
2582:
2565:
2549:
2547:, p. 295.
2537:
2535:, p. 288.
2522:
2520:, p. 270.
2510:
2498:
2496:, p. 269.
2486:
2484:, p. 267.
2474:
2462:
2450:
2448:, p. 257.
2438:
2436:, p. 266.
2422:
2420:, p. 958.
2410:
2408:, p. 956.
2398:
2371:
2369:, p. 954.
2359:
2357:, p. 476.
2347:
2327:
2315:
2303:
2288:
2276:
2260:
2258:, p. 928.
2248:
2246:, p. 929.
2236:
2234:, pp. 106–107.
2224:
2222:, p. 106.
2212:
2210:, p. 104.
2200:
2198:, pp. 101–102.
2188:
2186:, p. 101.
2171:
2156:
2154:, p. 100.
2144:
2142:, p. 135.
2132:
2112:
2097:
2095:, p. 200.
2085:
2083:, p. 202.
2073:
2071:, p. 199.
2058:
2056:, p. 198.
2046:
2044:, p. 194.
2034:
2032:, p. 192.
2019:
2007:
2005:, p. 176.
1995:
1993:, p. 173.
1980:
1964:
1962:, p. 676.
1949:
1937:
1935:, p. 672.
1925:
1913:
1911:, p. 140.
1901:
1899:, p. 131.
1889:
1887:, p. 665.
1874:
1872:, p. 128.
1862:
1860:, p. 666.
1850:
1848:, p. 862.
1838:
1826:
1824:, p. 861.
1811:
1799:
1787:
1775:
1773:, p. 857.
1763:
1751:
1739:
1727:
1711:
1709:, p. 416.
1699:
1687:
1675:
1659:
1657:, p. 313.
1644:
1632:
1630:, p. 312.
1620:
1608:
1606:, p. 311.
1593:
1591:, p. 310.
1576:
1574:, p. 309.
1564:
1552:
1540:
1528:
1526:, p. 305.
1509:
1507:, p. 304.
1497:
1495:, p. 296.
1482:
1470:
1468:, p. 290.
1458:
1456:, p. 641.
1446:
1434:
1432:, p. 299.
1422:
1420:, p. 255.
1410:
1398:
1388:(p. 297), and
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1310:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1199:Yongli Emperor
1197:, forcing the
1188:
1181:Yongli Emperor
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1160:Kangxi Emperor
1152:Hanlin Academy
1141:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1118:
1112:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1062:Kangxi Emperor
1039:
1017:
989:
986:
985:
984:
978:
964:
954:
950:Hanlin Academy
942:Hong Chengchou
931:
919:
916:
915:
914:
892:
882:
874:
871:
870:
869:
863:
853:
847:
841:
829:
826:
824:
821:
820:
819:
813:
795:
775:
772:
771:
770:
759:Geng Zhongming
752:
742:
724:
704:
701:
700:
699:
693:
679:
665:
657:
654:
653:
652:
646:
636:
626:
610:
607:
606:
605:
591:
577:
571:
561:
555:
552:Longwu Emperor
543:
540:
539:
538:
529:: the city of
524:
518:
504:
490:
480:
474:
464:
454:
446:
443:
442:
441:
420:
391:
385:
379:
365:
355:
349:
343:
337:
331:
321:
315:
309:
299:
293:
287:
276:
270:
264:
258:
252:
246:
233:
203:
200:Forbidden City
189:
179:
173:
163:
157:
143:
123:
120:
119:
118:
98:
72:
56:
53:
51:
50:Dorgon regency
48:
40:lunisolar year
36:New Year's Day
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3286:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3258:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3241:
3237:
3235:9780674016842
3231:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3196:9780791414231
3192:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3159:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3134:
3131:
3120:
3115:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3091:0-520-02597-0
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3069:0-521-24332-7
3065:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3033:(1): 231–66,
3032:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2998:9780520926790
2994:
2990:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2956:0-520-21991-0
2952:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2863:
2861:0-521-24334-3
2857:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2810:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2714:
2711:, p. 72.
2710:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2399:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2304:
2301:, p. 46.
2300:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2110:, p. 99.
2109:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1950:
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3130:China portal
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2017:, pp. 17–18.
2010:
1998:
1967:
1945:Wakeman 1975
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1933:Wakeman 1985
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535:Liu Liangzuo
526:
521:September 22
520:
515:Li Chengdong
506:
492:
482:
476:
471:Liu Liangzuo
466:
460:
456:
450:
422:
416:
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411:), in which
398:Duke of Zhou
393:
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367:
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317:
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214:Shanhai Pass
205:
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140:Shun dynasty
127:
105:
100:
75:September 26
74:
61:September 21
60:
32:reign period
24:Qing dynasty
17:
15:
2979:Qingshi gao
2809:Qingshi gao
2797:Qingshi gao
2785:Qingshi gao
2737:Qingshi gao
2733:Qingshi gao
2697:Qingshi gao
2685:Qingshi gao
2673:Struve 1982
2661:Qingshi gao
2646:Qingshi gao
2642:Qingshi gao
2578:Qingshi gao
2574:Qingshi gao
2557:Qingshi gao
2470:Qingshi gao
2458:Qingshi gao
2284:Qingshi gao
2272:Qingshi gao
2268:Qingshi gao
2140:Rawski 1998
2120:Qingshi gao
1972:Struve 1988
1960:Struve 1988
1885:Struve 1988
1858:Struve 1988
1747:Rawski 1998
1735:Naquin 2000
1454:Struve 1988
1350:temple name
1317:temple name
1307:new emperor
1288:After death
1244:Adam Schall
1138:February 25
1115:November 30
981:December 15
967:September 8
866:December 13
816:December 31
798:November 26
780:November 24
755:December 30
713:prince Dodo
662:February 25
639:September 7
594:December 21
584:Zhu Youlang
580:November 20
574:November 19
423:November 11
374:missionary
243:Niu Jinxing
186:Ming empire
146:February 17
138:founds the
3256:0300026722
3110:2 volumes.
2937:0731506545
2561:Qingshigao
1382:Oxnam 1975
1370:References
1342:January 13
1277:February 5
1265:January 23
1252:the Bonzes
1185:Li Dingguo
1177:January 25
1121:December 8
1105:November 5
1058:ᡥᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ ᠶᡝᡳ
1014:Kong Youde
1006:Geng Jimao
1004:, whereas
998:Shang Kexi
924:January 14
899:Li Dingguo
856:October 31
834:January 26
802:Kong Youde
784:Shang Kexi
763:Geng Jimao
735:Hong Taiji
615:February 1
564:October 17
509:: fall of
497:Zhu Yujian
487:Zhu Yujian
451:January 20
394:November 8
388:October 31
382:October 19
283:Liao River
218:Great Wall
172:in Shanxi.
136:Li Zicheng
128:February 8
83:Hong Taiji
65:Hong Taiji
44:solar year
28:Hong Taiji
2545:Gong 2010
2533:Gong 2010
2518:Gong 2010
2494:Gong 2010
2482:Gong 2010
2446:Fang 1943
2434:Gong 2010
2391:23 August
2339:Gong 2010
2093:Gong 2010
2081:Gong 2010
2069:Gong 2010
2054:Gong 2010
2042:Gong 2010
2030:Gong 2010
2003:Gong 2010
1991:Gong 2010
1976:Gong 2010
1909:Gong 2010
1897:Gong 2010
1870:Gong 2010
1834:Gong 2010
1723:Gong 2010
1671:Gong 2010
1418:Fang 1943
1390:Gong 2010
1384:(p. 38),
1216:January 3
1144:August 13
1125:Changning
1028:Jirgalang
1002:Guangdong
938:Feng Quan
860:Tiananmen
850:September
745:October 4
672:Jirgalang
633:Prince Yu
558:October 6
527:October 9
507:August 24
493:August 18
427:Prince Su
210:Wu Sangui
150:Jirgalang
101:October 8
91:Jirgalang
3268:Category
3158:citation
2299:Lui 1989
2015:Dai 2009
1313:April 22
1281:smallpox
1088:August 6
1075:March 14
1020:April 27
934:April 25
895:August 7
786:capture
717:smallpox
709:April 29
668:March 29
629:August 2
588:Zhaoqing
531:Jiangyin
236:April 29
224:, where
222:Ningyuan
206:April 26
192:April 25
182:April 24
166:March 17
3100:Wakeman
3047:2719125
2879:(ed.).
2590:Li 2003
2355:Li 2003
2335:Li 2003
1303:March 3
1299:March 2
1248:Salomon
1228:March 6
1191:March 7
1026:led by
994:March 8
957:July 23
911:Guangxi
879:March 9
844:April 7
810:Guangxi
682:April 5
511:Jiading
501:emperor
483:July 29
467:June 17
457:June 16
368:July 29
358:July 14
352:June 25
328:Emperor
230:Nurhaci
176:April 5
170:Taiyuan
160:March 5
115:Emperor
38:of the
22:of the
3253:
3232:
3220:Perdue
3193:
3088:
3066:
3045:
3014:
2995:
2953:
2934:
2905:
2858:
2835:
1352:Shizu.
1234:May 30
1148:diange
1054:Manchu
1050:Xuanye
1010:Guilin
975:Fuquan
971:Donggo
944:, and
926:: the
907:Guilin
885:Spring
806:Guilin
788:Canton
749:Datong
727:May 27
676:May 25
602:Longwu
477:July 8
372:Jesuit
362:Mukden
346:June 7
340:June 5
334:June 4
324:June 3
318:May 31
312:May 28
302:May 27
296:May 26
290:May 25
279:May 20
273:May 18
267:May 14
261:May 13
255:May 10
194:: the
154:Dorgon
87:Dorgon
3043:JSTOR
2965:Oxnam
2898:顺治事典
2875:. In
1203:Burma
1164:neige
1042:May 4
862:天安門).
838:Ajige
686:Annam
643:Macao
623:Hooge
417:ecike
413:shufu
408:叔父攝政王
249:May 5
132:Xi'an
130:: in
111:Fulin
95:Hooge
3251:ISBN
3230:ISBN
3205:Mote
3191:ISBN
3171:help
3086:ISBN
3064:ISBN
3012:ISBN
2993:ISBN
2951:ISBN
2932:ISBN
2903:ISBN
2856:ISBN
2833:ISBN
2393:2016
2128:yisi
1357:1663
1336:1662
1293:1661
1259:1661
1210:1660
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437:輔政叔王
122:1644
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3035:doi
1270:suì
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