2903:... In the course of the century, under the influence of the Oxford Movement's concern for the better observance of Christian festivals, Christmas became more and more prominent. By the later part of the century cathedrals provided special services and musical events, and might have revived ancient special charities for the poorâthough we must not forget the problems for large: parish-church cathedrals like Manchester, which on one Christmas Day had no less than eighty couples coming to be married (the signing of the registers lasted until four in the afternoon). The popularity of Dickens's A Christmas Carol played a significant part in the changing consciousness of Christmas and the way in which it was celebrated. The popularity of his public readings of the story is an indication of how much it resonated with the contemporary mood, and contributed to the increasing place of the Christmas celebration both in secular and in religious ways that were firmly established by the end of the nineteenth century.
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equinoxes and solsticesâstill fell on different dates. By the time of the first century, the calendar date of the winter solstice in Egypt and
Palestine was eleven to twelve days later than the date in Rome. As a result the Incarnation came to be celebrated on different days in different parts of the Empire. The Western Church, in its desire to be universal, eventually took them bothâone became Christmas, one Epiphanyâwith a resulting twelve days in between. Over time this hiatus became invested with specific Christian meaning. The Church gradually filled these days with saints, some connected to the birth narratives in Gospels (Holy Innocents' Day, December 28, in honor of the infants slaughtered by Herod; St. John the Evangelist, "the Beloved", December 27; St. Stephen, the first Christian martyr, December 26; the Holy Family, December 31; the Virgin Mary, January 1). In 567, the Council of Tours declared the twelve days between Christmas and Epiphany to become one unified festal cycle.
1101:
2270:... What is important to the understanding of a life-changing moment is that it happened, not necessarily where or when it happened. The message is clear: Christmas is not about marking the actual birth date of Jesus. It is about the Incarnation of the One who became like us in all things but sin (Heb. 4:15) and who humbled Himself "to the point of deathâeven death on a cross" (Phil. 2:8). Christmas is a pinnacle feast, yes, but it is not the beginning of the liturgical year. It is a memorial, a remembrance, of the birth of Jesus, not really a celebration of the day itself. We remember that because the Jesus of history was born, the Resurrection of the Christ of faith could happen.
33:
1635:
Notre Dame was "de-baptized" for the occasion. The
Commune spared no expense: "The first festival of reason, which took place in Notre Dame, featured a fabricated mountain, with a temple of philosophy at its summit and a script borrowed from an opera libretto. At the sound of Marie-Joseph Chénier's Hymne à la Liberté, two rows of young women, dressed in white, descended the mountain, crossing each other before the 'altar of reason' before ascending once more to greet the goddess of Liberty." As you can probably gather from the above description, 1793 was not a great time to celebrate Christmas in the capital.
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various cultures developed a wide range of additional special festivities. The variation extends even to the issue of how to count the days. If
Christmas Day is the first of the twelve days, then Twelfth Night would be on January 5, the eve of Epiphany. If December 26, the day after Christmas, is the first day, then Twelfth Night falls on January 6, the evening of Epiphany itself. After Christmas and Epiphany were in place, on December 25 and January 6, with the twelve days of Christmas in between, Christians gradually added a period called Advent, as a time of spiritual preparation leading up to Christmas.
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Christmas dinner-carriers are blessed; the cornucopia of
Christmas food and feasting reflects both the goodness of creation and the joy of heaven. It is a significant sign of a shift in theological emphasis in the nineteenth century from a stress on the Atonement to a stress on the Incarnation, a stress which found outward and visible form in the sacramentalism of the Oxford Movement, the development of richer and more symbolic forms of worship, the building of neo-Gothic churches, and the revival and increasing centrality of the keeping of Christmas itself as a Christian festival.
1120:", and accuse council officials of trying to take the Christ out of Christmas. The council responded to the criticism by stating that Christmas-related words and symbols were prominent in its publicity material: "there was a banner saying Merry Christmas across the front of the council house, Christmas lights, Christmas trees in the main civil squares, regular carol-singing sessions by school choirs, and the Lord Mayor sent a Christmas card with a traditional Christmas scene wishing everyone a Merry Christmas"
3143:, League of Militant Atheists propaganda and films. School courses were given on conducting the struggle against religion (how to profane a church, break windows, objects of piety). The young, always eager to be with the latest trend, often responded to such propaganda. In Moscow in 1929 children were brought to spit on the crucifixes at Christmas. Priests in Tiraspol diocese were sometimes betrayed by their own young parishioners, leading to their imprisonment and even death, and tearing their families apart.
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765:, lights, and decorating are still prominently showcased, but are associated with unspecified "holidays" rather than with Christmas. The controversy also includes objections to policies that prohibit government or schools from forcing unwilling participants to take part in Christmas ceremonies. In other cases, the Christmas tree, as well as Nativity scenes, have not been permitted to be displayed in public settings altogether. Also, several U.S. chain retailers, such as
536:"It is not lawful, O Stranger, for us to change the date of Crissmas, but would that Zeus would put it into the minds of the Niatirbians to keep Exmas at some other time or not to keep it at all. For Exmas and the Rush distract the minds even of the few from sacred things. And we indeed are glad that men should make merry at Crissmas; but in Exmas there is no merriment left." And when I asked him why they endured the Rush, he replied, "It is, O Stranger, a racket
472:, a revival in the traditional rituals and religious observances associated with Christmastime occurred. This ushered in "the development of richer and more symbolic forms of worship, the building of neo-Gothic churches, and the revival and increasing centrality of the keeping of Christmas itself as a Christian festival" as well as "special charities for the poor" in addition to "special services and musical events". Historian
1190:. There have been several local controversies over the issue. The political parties have mostly been in favor of this being decided by the schools themselves, but the government has underlined that schools who participate in Christmas services must offer an alternative for pupils who do not want to attend and that services must not take place on the day that marks the closing of schools before the Christmas holiday. The
615:, who in December 1966 claimed that Xmas was a "blasphemous omission of the name of Christ" and that "'X' is referred to as being symbolical of the unknown quantity." Smith further argued that Jews introduced Santa Claus to suppress the New Testament accounts of Jesus, and that the United Nations, at the behest of "world Jewry", had "outlawed the name of Christ". There is, however, a well-documented history of use of
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1733:... The state prohibited people from selling Christmas trees. There were even festivals, organized by the League of Militant Atheists, specifically to denigrate religious holidays. Their carnivals were inspired by similar events staged by activists after the French Revolution. From 1923 to 1924 and then again from 1929 to 1930 the "Komsomol Christmases" and Easters were basically holiday celebrations of atheism.
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well as several other prominent retailers that practiced similar obscurations of the holiday. In 2006, in response to the public outcry, Walmart announced that they were amending their policy and would be using "Christmas" rather than "holiday". Among the changes, they noted that the former "Holiday Shop" would become the "Christmas Shop", and that there would be a "countin' down the days to
Christmas" feature.
1344:). During the 2013 holiday season, a Muslim youth group launched an anti-Santa Claus campaign, protesting against the celebration of Christmas in the country. In December 2015, political and religious activists organized protests against the growing influence of Christmas and Santa Claus in Turkish society. In Indonesia, some radicalists have suggested proposing December 25 as "World Moslem Convert Day" (
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711:, addressed the position of commentators such as O'Reilly, stating that "There is no war on Christmas; the idea is absurd at every level. Those who object to being forced to celebrate another's religion are drowning in Christmas in a sea of Christianity dominating all aspects of social life. An 80 percent majority can claim victimhood only with an extraordinary flight from reality."
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finally
December 25 was agreed upon as the most appropriate date. The choice of that day was, of course, wholly arbitrary, for neither the exact date not the period of the year at which the birth of Christ occurred is known. For purposes of commemoration, however, it is unimportant whether the celebration shall fall or not at the precise anniversary of the joyous event.
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games to intimidate and purge the youth of religious belief. It suggested that pupils campaign against customs associated with
Christmas (including Christmas trees) and Easter. Some schools, the League approvingly reported, staged an anti-religious day on the 31st of each month. Not teachers but the League's local set the programme for this special occasion.
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488:
288:, it may have been incorporated into the Christian celebration of Christmas there, with the pagan significance no longer remaining. However, as there are no existing references to a Christmas log prior to the 16th century, the burning of the Christmas block may have been an early modern invention by Christians unrelated to the pagan practice.
720:, addressed the "politically correct" question in America over use of the term "holidays", writing, "people who are clearly celebrating Christmas in their homes tend to be conflicted about what to say in the workplace or at school. No one wants to offend anyone or make assumptions about people's religious beliefs, especially at work."
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legislature declared last month that
Christmas, long ignored under atheist Communist ideology, should be written back into the public calendar. 'The Bolsheviks replaced crosses with hammers and sickles,' said Vyacheslav S. Polosin, head of the Russian legislature's committee on religion. 'Now they are being changed back.'
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484:, who "linked worship and feasting, within a context of social reconciliation". Dickens was not the first author to celebrate Christmastide in literature, but it was he who superimposed his humanitarian vision of the holiday upon the public, an idea that has been termed as Dickens's "Carol Philosophy".
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would be among the retailers that would not be using "Christmas" at all in their advertising that year. Dawn Bryant, a Best Buy spokeswoman, stated: "We are going to continue to use the term holiday because there are several holidays throughout that time period, and we certainly need to be respectful
495:
Historian
Stephen Nissenbaum contends that the modern celebration in the United States was developed in New York State from defunct and imagined Dutch and English traditions in order to refocus the holiday from one where groups of young men went from house to house demanding alcohol and food into one
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Throughout the
Christian world the 25th of December is celebrated as the birthday of Jesus Christ. There was a time when the churches were not united regarding the date of the joyous event. Many Christians kept their Christmas in April, others in May, and still others at the close of September, till
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over what they claimed was the "company's censorship of the word 'Christmas.'" In an advertising campaign launched by Gap on 12 November, the term "Christmas" was both spoken and printed on their website at least once, and a television ad entitled "Go Ho Ho" featured lyrics such as "Go Christmas, Go
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of various prominent secular organizations, particularly retail giants, demanding that they use the term "Christmas", rather than solely "holiday", in their print, TV, online, and in-store marketing and advertising. This was also seen by some as containing a hidden anti-Jewish message. All the major
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in 1984, have permitted religious themes in government-funded Christmas displays that had "legitimate secular purposes". Since these rulings have been splintered and have left governments uncertain of their limits, many such displays have included secular elements such as reindeer, snowmen and elves
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disapproved of Christmas. The Plymouth Pilgrims put their loathing for the day into practice in 1620 when they spent their first Christmas Day in the New World building their first structure in the New Worldâthus demonstrating their complete contempt for the day. Non-Puritans in New England deplored
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An Elkhart high school Christmas concert will have to scrap part of its performance following a court ruling. US district court judge Jon Deguilio granted the Freedom From Religion Foundation a preliminary injunction. That means Concord High School is not allowed to portray a live Nativity scene in
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How did people celebrate the Christmas during the French Revolution? In white-knuckled terror behind closed doors. Anti-clericalism reached its apex on 10 November 1793, when a FĂȘte de la Raison was held in honor of the Cult of Reason. Churches across France were renamed "Temples of Reason" and the
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In 2007, a controversy arose when a public school in Ottawa, Ontario, planned to have the children in its primary choir sing a version of the song "Silver Bells" with the word "Christmas" replaced by "festive"; the concert also included the songs "Candles of Christmas" and "It's Christmas" with the
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supported Feuerstein's claim by suggesting a boycott of Starbucks, saying that "If I become president, we're all going to be saying 'Merry Christmas' again." Many social media users, including other Christians, perceived the criticism to be an overreaction. In contrast to the controversy, the color
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for avoiding the word "Christmas" in any of their marketing efforts. The company had downplayed the term "Christmas" in much of its advertising for several years. This caused some backlash among the public, prompting some groups to pass around petitions and threaten boycotts against the company, as
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Rep. Doug Lamborn of Colorado took a small but important step in Congress this week when he introduced a resolution, H. Res. 564, along with 35 cosponsors, to reassert the place of Christmas in the public square. The resolution "recognizes the importance of the symbols and traditions of Christmas;
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obliged with so many articles that it devoted an entire section of its annual index for 1928 to anti-religious training in the schools. More such material followed in 1929, and a flood of it the next year. It recommended what Lenin and others earlier had explicitly condemnedâcarnivals, farces, and
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in which the rich were expected to give to the poor on demand, and which with the addition of alcohol sometimes turned into violent intrusions. Protests followed as pro-Christmas rioting broke out in several cities and for weeks Canterbury was controlled by the rioters, who decorated doorways with
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For the first time in more than seven decades, Christmasâcelebrated today by Russian Orthodox Christiansâis a full state holiday across Russia's vast and snowy expanse. As part of Russian Federation President Boris N. Yeltsin's ambitious plan to revive the traditions of Old Russia, the republic's
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Carols were altered by substituting names of prominent political leaders for royal characters in the lyrics, such as the Three Kings. Church bells were melted down for their bronze to increase the national treasury, and religious services were banned on Christmas Day. The cake of kings, too, came
1322:
The Michigan Senate had a debate in 2005 over whether the decorated tree in front of the Michigan Capitol would continue to be called a holiday tree (as it had been since the early 1990s) or named a Christmas tree. The question was revisited in 2006, when the bipartisan Michigan Capitol Committee
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This arrangement became an administrative problem for the Roman Empire as it tried to coordinate the solar Julian calendar with the lunar calendars of its provinces in the east. While the Romans could roughly match the months in the two systems, the four cardinal points of the solar yearâthe two
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referred to the tree as a Christmas tree in his remarks and in the press release his office issued after the ceremony. Schwarzenegger had previously ended the secular practice of calling it a "holiday tree" in 2004 during the 73rd annual lighting. The name change was in honor of the late Senator
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Christmas trees will not be allowed at the Salem VA Medical Center this holiday season in public areas. 'Displays must not promote any religion. Please note that trees (regardless of the types of ornaments used) have been deemed to promote the Christian religion and will not be permitted in any
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As observed by Nicholas Brianchaninov, writing in 1929â1930, after the NEP and just as the worst of collectivization was beginning, the Soviets deemed it necessary to drive into the heads of the people the axiom that religion was the synthesis of everything most harmful to humanity. It must be
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In 567 the Council of Tours proclaimed that the entire period between Christmas and Epiphany should be considered part of the celebration, creating what became known as the twelve days of Christmas, or what the English called Christmastide. On the last of the twelve days, called Twelfth Night,
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advocate in his story was "the spirit of Christmas". Sociologist James Barnett has described it as Dickens's "Carol Philosophy", which "combined religious and secular attitudes toward to celebration into a humanitarian pattern. It excoriated individual selfishness and extolled the virtues of
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There is no doubt that A Christmas Carol is first and foremost a story concerned with the Christian gospel of liberation by the grace of God, and with incarnational religion which refuses to drive a wedge between the world of spirit and the world of matter. Both the Christmas dinners and the
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and prior to the start of the Christmas season in 2018, the Chinese government shut down many Christian churches and arrested their pastors to prevent them from celebrating the holiday. According to NetEase, on the Christmas Day of 2014, a "Boycotting Christmas" campaign launched in downtown
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Efforts have also been made to rename official public holiday trees as "Christmas trees". In 2002, a bill was introduced in the California Senate to rename the State Holiday Tree the California State Christmas Tree; while this measure did not pass, at the official lighting of the tree on
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established in 2004, held countrywide consultative public hearings in June and July 2012 to assess the need for a review of public holidays following the receipt of complaints from minority groups about unfair discrimination. The CRL Rights Commission stated that they would submit their
1229:, demanding that school visits to churches should still be allowed to include religious rituals. The minister clarified that church visits before Christmas might include the singing of Christmas hymns and a priest talking about the Christmas gospel, but common prayers and reading a
1123:
In November 2009, the city council of Dundee was accused of banning Christmas because it promoted its celebrations as the Winter Night Light festival, initially with no specific references to Christianity. Local church leaders were invited to participate in the event, and they did.
695:, avoided, or discouraged by a number of advertisers, retailers, government sectors (prominently schools), and other public and secular organizations. As the egalitarian term "holidays" gained popularity, some Americans and Canadians denounced that usage as a capitulation to
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contained the lines: "Now thanks to God for Charles return, / Whose absence made old Christmas mourn. / For then we scarcely did it know, / Whether it Christmas were or no." Many clergymen still disapproved of Christmas celebration. In Scotland, the presbyterian
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122:
Modern-day controversy occurs mainly in China, the United States and to a much lesser extent the United Kingdom. In the US, the generic term "holidays" and avoidance of using the term "Christmas" have been denounced by some figures as being concessions to
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as protest against this holiday; the League established an antireligious holiday to be the 31st of each month as a replacement. Additionally the League of Militant Atheists organised festivals "specifically to denigrate religious holidays" in the USSR.
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Christmas is not really about the celebration of a birth date at all. It is about the celebration of a birth. The fact of the date and the fact of the birth are two different things. The calendrical verification of the feast itself is not really that
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was criticized by the AFA for using terms such as "holiday" and "Hanukkah" on their website, but avoiding the term "Christmas". The retailer responded by saying they will be adjusting their website to make references to Christmas more prominent.
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In 2005, when the city of Boston labeled their official decorated tree as a holiday tree, the Nova Scotian tree farmer who donated the tree responded that he would rather have put the tree in a wood chipper than have it named a "holiday" tree.
970:, in which he accused Starbucks of "hating Jesus" by removing Christmas-oriented imagery from the cup, followed by him "tricking" a barista into writing "Merry Christmas" on the cup, and encouraging others to do the same. The video became a
914:, and declined to call off the boycott. On 24 November, the AFA ended the boycott, after learning from Gap's corporate vice president of communications that the company planned to launch a new commercial with a "very strong Christmas theme".
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that occurs around October, as "the worshipers were praying outside of the Temple and not within" for "only the priest could enter the Temple at this time to conduct the proper rituals"; because Jesus was six months younger than his cousin
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community, whose religious festivals (Christmas, Easter etc.) do not necessarily coincide precisely with those of the main western Christian churches (Catholic or Protestant), because of continued connection of the church calendar to the
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On the mainland, seventeenth-century Puritan New England had laws forbidding the observance of Christmas. The Christian groups who broke with the Catholic Church and the Church of England deemphasized Christmas in the early colonial
528:(484â425 BC). One of the holidays, "Exmas", is observed by a flurry of compulsory commercial activity and expensive indulgence in alcoholic beverages. The other, "Crissmas", is observed in Niatirb's temples. Lewis's narrator asks a
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William "Pete" Knight. Schwarzenegger said at Knight's funeral that he would change the name back to Christmas tree. Knight had lobbied unsuccessfully to change the name after Governor Davis decided to call it a holiday tree.
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original lyrics. In 2011, in Embrun, Ontario, near Ottawa, some parents were displeased when a school replaced the Christmas concert it had held in previous years with a craft sale and winter concert scheduled for February.
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Probably the most popular tradition today is the lighting of candles on an Advent Wreath in both churches and homes. This custom originated among Lutherans in Germany in the 16th century and quickly became popular in other
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1323:
voted unanimously to use the term Christmas tree. And in 2007, Wisconsin lawmakers considered whether to rename the tree in the Wisconsin Capitol rotunda, a holiday tree since 1985, the Wisconsin State Christmas Tree.
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by October 2012. The CRL Rights Commission published its recommendations on 17 April 2013, including the scrapping of some existing public holidays to free up days for some non-Christian religious public holidays.
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in the Belgian capital sparked controversy in December 2012, as it was part of renaming the Christmas Market as "Winter Pleasures". Local opposition saw it as appeasement of the Muslim minority in the city.
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in Soviet cinema could, in fact be the shortest in this collection: suffice it to say that there were, at least officially, no Christmas celebrations in the atheist socialist state after its foundation in
211:
An early mention of Christmas observance is from 129 AD when a Roman bishop decreed: "In the Holy Night of the Nativity of our Lord and Saviour, all shall solemnly sing the Angels Hymn." In 274 AD,
2973:...Dickens preached that at Christmas men should forget self and think of others, especially the poor and the unfortunate." The message was one that both religious and secular people could endorse.
1682:"A Russian ChristmasâBetter Late Than Never: Soviet Union: Orthodox Church Celebration Is the First Under Communists. But, as with Most of Yeltsin's Pronouncements, the Holiday Stirs a Controversy"
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colored in solid red and containing no ornamentation besides the Starbucks logo, contrasting previous designs which featured winter-related imagery, and non-religious Christmas symbols such as
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1211:
A 2011 school law stating that public schools should be non-confessional led to debate over what this meant for the tradition that schools gather in churches in December to celebrate Advent,
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of humanity, rather than the exact birth date, is considered to be the primary purpose in celebrating Christmas; the exact date of the birth of Jesus of Nazareth is considered a non-issue.
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375:(London, 1652) argued against the Puritans, and makes note of Old English Christmas traditions, dinner, roast apples on the fire, card playing, dances with "plow-boys" and "maidservants",
100:
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Hanukkah, Go Kwanzaa, Go Solstice" and "whatever holiday you wanna-kah". On 17 November, AFA responded to this campaign by condemning the ads for references to the "pagan holiday" of
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centered on the happiness of children. He notes that there was a deliberate effort to prevent children from becoming greedy in response. Christmas was not proclaimed a holiday by the
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For Christians, the precise date of the birth of Jesus is actually something of a non-issue. What really matters is that he was born as a human being, and entered into human history.
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later stated that the AFA's characterization of Home Depot's advertising was false, as the retailer's advertising had initially included several instances of the word "Christmas".
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During the French Revolution in 1793 the Gothic Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris was rededicated to the Cult of Reason, an atheistic doctrine intended to replace Christianity.
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of all of them." The AFA launched a campaign against Best Buy's policy. In reaction to the same policy, the Catholic League placed Best Buy on its 2006 Christmas Watch List.
3030:... 'One is a religious festival. This is important and obligatory for Christians; but as it can be of no interest to anyone else, I shall naturally say no more of it here.
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1298:, handed out fliers condemning Christmas and called for a boycott of "restaurants and hotels that sell or put up Christmas trees and other 'foolish' Christian symbols".
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strongly disapproves of attempts to ban references to Christmas; and expresses support for the use of these symbols and traditions by those who celebrate Christmas."
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The celebration of Christmas has occasionally been criticized by Muslims in Turkey. Turkey has adopted a secular version of Christmas and a Santa Claus figure named
750:, a Christian advocacy organization, believes that Christmas displays are consistent with the First Amendment, as well as court rulings that have repeatedly upheld
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festival with no biblical justification", and a time of wasteful and immoral behaviour. Puritans disliked traditions that inverted social hierarchies, such as
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Since the 1980s, there have been instances in the United States and Canada when officials used the term "holiday tree" to refer to what is commonly called a "
879:
When it was revealed in November 2006 that Walmart would be using the term "Christmas" in their advertising campaign, an article about the issue initiated by
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was criticized by the American Family Association for their decision not to use the term "Christmas" in any of their in-store, online, or print advertising.
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C.S. Lewis wrote of his revulsion for the commercialization of "Xmas" in several personal letters. Once, when asked about his view on the holiday, he wrote
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623:) as an abbreviation for "Christ" (ΧÏÎčÏÏÏÏ) and possibly also a symbol of the cross. The abbreviation appears on many Orthodox Christian religious icons.
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The Advent calendar was first used by Lutherans in the early 19th century. Early printed Advent calendars had Bible verses behind little cardboard doors.
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They disapproved of the observation of sundry of the church-festivals or holidays, as having no foundation in Scripture, or primitive antiquity.
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encouraged school pupils to campaign against Christmas traditions such as the Christmas tree and the country rehashed the Christmas tree as the
354:. Puritans sought to remove elements they viewed as unbiblical, from their practice of Christianity, including those feasts established by the
280:
During the winter, the burning of logs was a common practice among many cultures across Northern Europe. In Scandinavia, this was known as the
46:, depicting an Orthodox Christian priest being forbidden to take home a tree for the celebration of Christmastide, which was banned under the
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noted what he saw as a distinct split between the religious and commercialized observance of Christmas, the latter of which he deplored. In
358:. In 1647, the Puritan-led English Parliament banned the celebration of Christmas, replacing it with a day of fasting and considering it "a
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1203:, 68% of Norwegians support having school-arranged Christmas services, while 14% are opposed. 17% do not hold any opinion on the issue.
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says in its government declaration that it looks positively upon schools taking part in services in churches before religious holidays.
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for a whole season of events (first from 20 November to 31 December 1997 and then from Halloween to the Chinese New Year in January) by
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The expression "the War on Christmas" has been used in the media to denote Christmas-related controversies. The term was popularized by
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in the late 1990s remains a controversial example of "Christmas controversy". Critics attack the use of the word "Winterval" as being "
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6 a festival season. Up until that time, the only other joyful church season was the fifty days between Easter Sunday and Pentecost.
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In 1925, Christmas was effectively banned under the officially atheist Soviets, and was not to return to Russian lands until 1992.
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Brimelow, O'Reilly and others claimed that any specific mention of the term "Christmas" or its religious aspects was increasingly
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Which title is considered the oldest Christmas song, first sung in 129? Dec. 20, 2017. The New Daily. Retrieved Sept. 10, 2019.
429:; however, it was not until the mid-19th century that celebrating Christmas became fashionable in the Boston region. Before the
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68:, is held annually on 25 December. For centuries, it has been the subject of several reformations, both religious and secular.
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encouraged school pupils to campaign against Christmas traditions, such as the Christmas tree, and encouraged them to spit on
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January, a solution that would "coordinate the solar Julian calendar with the lunar calendars of its provinces in the east".
175:. With the term of a pregnancy being nine months, Sextus Julius Africanus held that Jesus was born on 25 December, which the
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and Thomas Talley maintain that the Christian feast of Christmas was already being celebrated and that Aurelian established
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4787:"Letter to the Committee on Governmental Organization RE: SB 1577 Redesignation of State Holiday Tree as a Christmas Tree"
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argues that government-funded displays of Christmas imagery and traditions violate the U.S. Constitutionâspecifically the
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also discouraged observance of Christmas. James VI commanded its celebration in 1618, but attendance at church was scant.
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3034:... But the third thing called Christmas is, unfortunately, everyone's business. I mean of course the commercial racket'.
47:
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along with the religious elements. Other recent court cases have brought up additional issues such as the inclusion of
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of the observance of two simultaneous holidays in "Niatirb" ("Britain" spelled backward) from the supposed view of the
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reported that about one in six schools had changed the way they mark Christmas traditions as a result of the new law.
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A controversy regarding these issues arose in 2002, when the New York City public school system banned the display of
553:
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Many other Advent and Christmastide customs developed within the context of Christianity, such as the lighting of the
43:
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between Christmas and Epiphany to be one unified festal cycle", thus giving significance both to 25 December and to 6
4421:"CRL Rights Commission Continues with the Consultative Community Hearings on the Possible Review of Public Holidays"
2462:
A candle-related custom called Christingle appeared sometime in the nineteenth century in British Moravian services.
1859:
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closed the campus completely on Christmas Eve, and all the requests for leave were rejected by the school officials.
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The common practice of schoolchildren visiting local churches for Christmas services in December is opposed by the
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223:. While some writers believe this may have influenced the Christian feast of Christmas, other historians such as
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Christmas in the Crosshairs: Two Thousand Years of Denouncing and Defending the World's Most Celebrated Holiday
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131:. This often involves objections to government or corporate efforts to acknowledge Christmas in a way that is
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Christmas was abolished by the Puritans when in power, because it had largely become an orgy of dissipation.
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under attack as a symbol of royalty. It survived, however, for a while with a new nameâthe cake of equality.
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167:, a historian of the second century, maintained that Jesus of Nazareth was conceived on 25 March, which the
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Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities
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but allowed the display of what the policy deemed less overtly religious symbols such as Christmas trees,
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the loss of the holidays enjoyed by the laboring classes in England. Christmas observance was outlawed in
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was removed by the organizers after complaints, but restored three days later after the mayor intervened.
127:, specifically in order to allegedly avoid offending minorities that do not celebrate Christmas, such as
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1998 'Christmas in Birmingham' poster, with the Winterval logo in smaller type than the word 'Christmas'
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Modern celebrations of Christmas include more commercial activity in comparison with those of the past.
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1010:'s stance of defence against the supposed "War on Christmas" resonated in popular culture for years.
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4316:"Parents' Anger as Ontario School Replaces Christmas Concert with Non-Denominational February Fest"
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From 1659 to 1681, anyone caught celebrating Christmas in the colony would be fined five shillings.
1942:
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1230:
1212:
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instead; this tradition remains as of the present day. However, most Russian Christians are of the
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219:("The Unconquered Sun"), originally a Syrian deity who was later adopted as the chief deity of the
3919:
656:"War on Christmas" redirects here. For the brief cessation of hostilities during World War I, see
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Burton-Hill, Clemency (2014). When Christmas carols were banned. BBC. Retrieved Sept. 10, 2019.
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During the decades of official state atheism in the Soviet era, Christmas had been a nonholiday.
986:
red has been associated with Christmas since at least the 19th century, and is often present in
17:
5212:
1748:
Perry, Joseph (24 December 2015). "How the Nazis co-opted Christmas: A history of propaganda".
838:
Since at least 2005, religious conservative groups and media in the United States, such as the
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In the year 567 the church council of Tours called the 13 days between December 25 and January
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2007:
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819:
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327:, Christmas was primarily a religious holiday observed by Christians of the Roman Catholic,
205:
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96:
6699:
103:. Later, in the 20th century, Christmas celebrations were prohibited under the doctrine of
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regimes, banned Christmas observances in accordance with the MarxistâLeninist doctrine of
911:
843:
727:
702:
657:
582:
564:
Most customs traditionally associated with Christmas, such as decorated trees (renamed as
548:
regimes, banned Christmas observances in accordance with the MarxistâLeninist doctrine of
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465:
346:
The Puritans, on the other hand, objected to the Christian feast of Christmas, during the
308:
300:
80:
76:
5734:
5630:
4703:
3970:
3944:
1341:
5268:"Merry Christmas, Oregon! Happy Holidays, Maine! America divides over holiday greetings"
4450:
3491:
Ostling, Richard (1 December 2005). "Have Yourself a Merry Little Lawsuit This Season".
3235:
2537:
1083:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1038:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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2522:
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2219:
Holidays and Holy Nights: Celebrating Twelve Seasonal Festivals of the Christian Year
1790:
1649:
Christmas at the Movies: Images of Christmas in American, British and European Cinema
1273:
1265:
1133:
1007:
723:
636:
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477:
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believes the current state of observance of Christmas is largely the result of a mid-
473:
426:
324:
312:
292:
247:
128:
104:
51:
4184:
3182:"Subject Guide to Conservative and Libertarian Materials, in Manuscript Collections"
1486:
Moscow Madness: Crime, Corruption, and One Man's Pursuit of Profit in the New Russia
1256:
published a catalog that accidentally referred to Christmas trees as "family trees".
7007:
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6049:
5923:
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1964:
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220:
216:
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6714:
6709:
5192:"A Very Ecumenical Christmas: Why conservatives despise the phrase happy holidays"
5009:
4056:
4004:
1889:"The Brits Have It Right: Forget Happy Holidays, Just Wish People Merry Christmas"
1484:
611:
in an article titled "X=The Unknown Quantity". The claims were picked up later by
4903:
2113:
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7022:
6943:
6923:
6918:
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6156:
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5863:
5823:
5818:
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5689:
4925:
4854:
4028:"The Gap's 'Happy Whatever-you-Wannukah' Ad Reignites 'War on Christmas' Debate"
3046:
1452:
1447:
1137:
995:
971:
509:
425:. The ban by the Puritans was revoked in 1681 by an English appointed governor,
413:
355:
332:
304:
262:
5089:
3257:
3090:
The League sallied forth to save the day from this putative religious revival.
758:, courthouses, and other government buildings has been heated in recent years.
592:, Christmas celebrations were propagandized so as to serve the ideology of the
6785:
6750:
6599:
6086:
6027:
5993:
5786:
5766:
5719:
5714:
5610:
5575:
5565:
5342:
5111:
4710:
1415:
692:
593:
363:
200:
116:
3131:
presented as the enemy of man and society, of life and learning, of progress.
2057:
https://thenewdaily.com.au/religion/2017/12/20/12-days-of-christmas-day-nine/
7027:
6815:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6770:
6096:
5729:
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5655:
5595:
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1819:
1419:
1348:), even though some people dismiss this idea as both asinine and dangerous.
1261:
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906:
881:
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545:
525:
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180:
75:
had laws forbidding the ecclesiastical celebration of Christmas, unlike the
57:
6850:
6022:
4750:"Brussels' Modern-Art Christmas 'Tree' Triggers Outcry, Tensions, Petition"
4340:
2069:
http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20141219-when-christmas-carols-were-banned
1433:
1253:
1248:
770:
3815:
3769:
2556:
1360:
reject the observance of Christmas for theological reasons; these include
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7032:
6986:
6830:
6704:
6604:
6101:
6055:
5796:
5650:
5635:
5570:
5555:
5544:
5057:
4725:"Rabbis Versus Christmas: Religious Rivalry in Jerusalem Benefits No One"
3774:
2801:
2476:
Celebrating Life Customs around the World: From Baby Showers to Funerals
1795:
959:
947:
905:
On 11 November 2009, the AFA called for a "limited two-month boycott" of
886:
641:
557:
368:
328:
296:
281:
212:
72:
4283:"Concert Goes Ahead Despite Controversy over Change to Christmas Lyrics"
532:
why they kept Crissmas on the same day as Exmas. He receives the reply:
335:
denominations. Its importance was often considered secondary to that of
148:
6976:
6971:
6876:
6840:
6765:
6734:
5781:
5620:
5560:
5426:
4809:"Governor and First Lady Celebrate 76th Annual Christmas Tree Lighting"
4109:
3547:
3512:
990:
and Christian services, such as the red ribbon that is tied around the
861:
847:
766:
487:
192:
3742:"Boycotts Bloom as Religious Conservatives Wage Battle Over Christmas"
3437:
2704:
Creating the Commonwealth: The Economic Culture of Puritan New England
1938:"If We Can't Say 'Merry Christmas' in Canada, Multiculturalism Failed"
156:(Christ the Sun) in Mausoleum M in the third-century necropolis under
6981:
6938:
6928:
6564:
6442:
5938:
5908:
5694:
5640:
5421:
4896:"Bah Humbug Bill to Rechristen Holiday Tree Fizzles on Way to Senate"
4812:
4811:(Press release). Office of the Governor of California. Archived from
4264:
Belcher, Gene (21 October 2018). "Nightmare on Ocean Avenue Street".
4158:"Donald Trump Suggests a Boycott of Starbucks and Its Plain Red Cups"
1919:
1772:
1768:"Chinese Christians Face Intensifying Persecution Ahead Of Christmas"
899:
754:. The debate over whether religious displays should be placed within
572:(Father Frost), were later reinstated in Soviet society, but tied to
529:
517:
418:
359:
340:
246:
as the season of preparation for Christmas, as well as the season of
243:
112:
4136:"Brouhaha over Starbucks Red Cups More of a Joke than a Controversy"
4105:
5160:"'Christ' in Christmas?: Churches of Christ and the Holiday Season"
1618:"Why Was Christmas Renamed 'Dog Day' During the French Revolution?"
1587:
The Importance of Religion: Meaning and Action in our Strange World
1215:
or Christmas. Eighty thousand Swedes signed a 2012 protest letter (
607:, a conservative organization founded in 1937, attacked the use of
6780:
5466:
4631:"Upprop för skolavslutningar överlÀmnat till utbildningsministern"
1247:
1099:
774:
662:
486:
147:
4835:"Governor Plugs Christmas Back into State Tree-Lighting Ceremony"
4503:"Recommendations: Public Holidays vs Religious/Cultural Holydays"
4395:"Differences Set Aside for Winter Night Light Festival in Dundee"
303:(first used by Lutherans in the 19th century), the lighting of a
7002:
6666:
5384:
3544:"Federal Judge Rules Against Concord High School Nativity Scene"
3509:"VA Bans Christmas Trees as Holiday Decorations in Public Areas"
608:
433:
in 1776, it was not widely celebrated in the American Colonies.
5295:
4079:"'Very Strong' Christmas Ad Prompts AFA to Suspend Gap Boycott"
4055:. American Family Association. 17 November 2009. Archived from
1959:"The war on Christmas past and how the holiday tree came to be"
1453:
Santa Claus § Opposition from some Christian denominations
111:, Christmas celebrations were propagandized so as to serve the
3565:
its Christmas Spectacular, which opens in less than two weeks.
3310:
1063:
1018:
274:
187:(221 AD), this thesis is corroborated by an interpretation of
83:, from the latter of which they separated. With the atheistic
4926:"Anti-Santa campaigns heat up in Turkey as Christmas arrives"
1915:"Is Saying 'Merry Christmas' Politically Correct? Who Cares?"
1294:, the Lobby for Jewish Values, with support of the Jerusalem
1108:
In the United Kingdom, the temporary promotion of the phrase
5291:
4871:. FirstAmendmentCenter.org. 30 November 2006. Archived from
4270:
It's a war on Halloween! Newt Gingrich warned us about this!
2917:
Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain
3688:"Nativity Scene Is too Religious for New York City Schools"
235:
in order to compete with the Christian feast of Christmas.
5243:"Gear Up, Kids! It's Time for the Annual War on Christmas"
5072:"Jesus Name Apostolic Holiness ChurchâOneness Pentecostal"
3997:"Boycott Gap, Old Navy and Banana Republic this Christmas"
3945:"Home Depot: Hanukkah, Yes! Holidays, Yes! Christmas, No!"
3530:
public areas this year,' reads an email sent to employees.
2601:. Vol. 35, no. 12. pp. 7â14. Archived from
208:, Jesus was conceived in March and born in late December.
5134:"All About Iglesia ni Cristo: Frequently Asked Questions"
5008:
Dinal Maula, Haris Fatwa; Armando, Ade (6 January 2022).
4053:"Gap Responds: Should the Boycott End or Not? You Decide"
3897:"Call it Christ's Mass and Let Best Buy Keep the Holiday"
3258:"Why Is There a Controversy Surrounding the Word 'Xmas'?"
3156:"Christmas According to Marx and Lenin, by Ronald Reagan"
315:(first enacted by Catholic monks in 11th century Italy).
5071:
3112:
Catholics of the Soviet Empire from Lenin Through Stalin
2827:
Merry Christmas!: Celebrating America's Greatest Holiday
2595:"Lords of Misrule: The Puritan War on Christmas 1642â60"
826:. The school system successfully defended its policy in
777:, have experimented with greeting their customers with "
4683:"Var sjÀtte skola har bytt jultraditioner efter ny lag"
2582:
How the Puritans once banned Christmas in Massachusetts
974:, spurring discussions and commentary: businessman and
924:
In November 2010, the word "Christmas" on two signs at
807:
performances, but none of these cases have reached the
27:
Christmas ideological, political and religious disputes
4869:"Mich. Capitol Conifer Re-Christened 'Christmas Tree'"
3212:
The Hoaxers: Plain Liars, Fancy Liars and Damned Liars
436:
When the state sponsored atheistic belief system, the
4768:"Abstract Christmas Tree Sparks Protests in Brussels"
4704:
Wisconsin Lawmaker Seeks to Ax State's 'Holiday' Tree
4185:"Here's Why People Are Mad About Starbucks' Red Cups"
1791:"China's pre-Christmas Church crackdown raises alarm"
761:
In some cases, popular aspects of Christmas, such as
508:
In the early 20th century, Christian writers such as
5281:"How the 'War on Christmas' Controversy Was Created"
4567:
Sylte, Turid & Omvik, Eirik (12 December 2013).
3387:"Mandatory 'Merry Christmas' Line May Lose Its Lilt"
3307:"Heated Debate Again over 'War on Christmas' Claims"
3050:"Exmas and Christmas: A Lost Chapter from Herodotus"
6995:
6964:
6911:
6885:
6864:
6743:
6688:
6675:
6473:
6368:
6279:
6110:
5832:
5753:
5664:
5541:
5395:
4106:"'Christmas' Returns to Philly's Christmas Village"
2969:
brotherhood, kindness, and generosity at Christmas.
2677:
The American Christmas: A Study in National Culture
284:and originally had a pagan significance; after the
4212:"How Red And Green Became The Colors Of Christmas"
2618:Christmastide: Its History, Festivities and Carols
2386:Catholic Customs & Traditions: A Popular Guide
2361:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1483:
3662:"Lawsuit Attacks Schools' Ban on Nativity Scenes"
2856:. 1996. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 113.
2078:
2076:
1283:". Reaction to such nomenclature has been mixed.
596:, including denial of the Jewish origin of jesus
544:The Soviet Union (until 1936), and certain other
514:Xmas and Christmas: A Lost Chapter from Herodotus
319:Puritan opposition during the English Interregnum
4902:. Madison, WI. Association Press. Archived from
4571:[7 out of 10 will have school worship].
2337:Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas
1400:churches of various persuasions, including some
2854:Stations of the Sun: The Ritual Year in England
2773:"Top 10 Things You Didn't Know About Christmas"
2620:. London: John Russell Smith. pp. 119â120.
534:
452:was forcibly renamed the "equality cake" under
311:in 19th century Britain), and the viewing of a
99:was forcibly renamed the "equality cake" under
1815:"Trimming 'Christmas' from Trees Stirs Debate"
7118:Religious controversies in the United Kingdom
5307:
4685:(in Swedish). Sveriges Radio. 7 December 2012
3105:
3103:
2499:Hoogs, Frank L.; Langton, William M. (1923).
1761:
1759:
1356:Some churches, sects, and communities of the
893:In late October 2008, U.S. hardware retailer
8:
7113:Religious controversies in the United States
5136:. iglesianicristowebsite.com. Archived from
4979:"Hari Mualaf Sedunia Adalah Wujud Kedunguan"
4952:"Turks Protest Against 'Creeping Christmas'"
3442:United States Office of Personnel Management
3065:
3063:
1997:
1995:
1477:
1475:
1473:
299:in 16th century Germany), the marking of an
4423:. info.gov.za. 26 June 2012. Archived from
2876:"Dickens and the Construction of Christmas"
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1808:
1806:
1743:
1741:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1611:
1609:
1580:
1578:
1458:Persecution of Christians in the modern era
1386:Christian Congregation in the United States
6685:
5314:
5300:
5292:
3497:. Vol. 77, no. 96. pp. 1â4.
3236:"Christian Symbols and Their Descriptions"
3158:. lc.org. 22 December 2011. Archived from
2669:
2667:
1785:
1783:
3816:"Wal-Mart Opts for 'Christmas' Marketing"
3770:"Wal-Mart Opts for 'Christmas' Marketing"
3361:"O'Reilly's War on Christmas Goes Retail"
3333:"A Brief History of the War on Christmas"
3260:. tlc.howstuffworks.com. 21 November 2007
2732:Schnepper, Rachel N. (14 December 2012).
2185:. Liturgy Training Publications. p.
1932:
1930:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1721:"What a Real War on Christmas Looks Like"
1545:
1543:
5230:"'Merry Christmas' or 'Happy Holidays'?"
2830:. Harvard University Press. p. 44.
2364:Handbook of Christian Feasts and Customs
1276:, devoid of its Christian associations.
1197:According to a 2013 poll by Norstat for
938:In November 2015, the coffee shop chain
714:Heather Long, an American columnist for
183:. Recorded in Sextus Julius Africanus's
31:
5266:Richardson, Rachel (22 December 2016).
4723:Berthelsen, Morten (17 December 2009).
4508:. CRL Rights Commission. Archived from
4449:. CRL Rights Commission. Archived from
3605:"Wal-Mart Wishes You a Merry Christmas"
2767:
2765:
2763:
2542:. William Baynes and Son. p. 193.
2085:The Oxford History of Christian Worship
1469:
1165:, various Portfolio Committees and the
480:revival of the holiday, spearheaded by
261:In Christian belief, the teaching that
5203:Keillor, Garrison (19 December 2007).
4562:
4560:
4541:(Video). 29 April 2013. Archived from
4393:Mitchinson, April (29 November 2009).
3895:Saltzman, Russell (22 December 2011).
3740:Popper, Nathaniel (16 December 2005).
3184:. University of Oregon. Archived from
2944:Forbes, Bruce David (1 October 2008).
2389:. Twenty-Third Publications. pp.
2146:Forbes, Bruce David (1 October 2008).
350:, when England was ruled by a Puritan
36:A 1931 edition of the Soviet magazine
6644:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
5190:Greenberg, David (15 December 2006).
4473:"Hands off Christmas, Protesters Say"
4104:Bloomquist, Sarah (2 December 2010).
3869:"War on Christmas Comes to Minnesota"
3110:Zugger, Christopher Lawrence (2001).
2557:"Why Did Cromwell Abolish Christmas?"
2311:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 15.
792:Supreme Court rulings, starting with
730:by the United States government. The
7:
5241:Peabody, Michael (5 December 2007).
4366:Burkeman, Oliver (7 December 2006).
4314:Pearson, Matthew (1 December 2011).
3920:"The Right's Bogus War on Christmas"
3822:. Associated Press. 15 November 2006
3603:O'Donnell, Jayne (8 November 2006).
3411:Schweitzer, Jeff (3 December 2014).
3072:Religious Policy in the Soviet Union
2118:. Liturgical Press. pp. 88â91.
1989:, Liturgical Press, 2004, pp. 67â69.
1850:"Stores Revert to 'Merry Christmas'"
1260:The Soviet Union, and certain other
851:retailers named denied the charges.
5228:Lipka, Michael (12 December 2013).
5112:"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)"
4569:"7 av 10 vil ha skolegudstjenester"
4239:Gingrich, Newt (17 December 2015).
4116:from the original on 9 October 2012
4026:Miller, Leslie (23 November 2009).
3686:Richey, Warren (22 February 2007).
3413:"A War on Reason, Not on Christmas"
3385:Grossman, Lynn (18 December 2008).
3214:. Branden Press. pp. 137â138.
2915:Hutton, Ronald (15 February 2001).
2631:Miall, Anthony & Peter (1978).
2450:. Old Salem Museums & Gardens.
1957:Vyhnak, Carola (14 December 2017).
1848:Bishop, Tricia (24 November 2006).
1314:December 2007, California Governor
1252:In 2007, U.S. hardware store chain
962:by evangelist and self-proclaimed "
7093:Christianity-related controversies
4479:. 10 November 2012. Archived from
4003:. 11 November 2009. Archived from
3716:"Commercialize Christmas, or Else"
3660:Wakin, Daniel (11 December 2002).
3359:Linkins, Jason (7 December 2008).
2874:Rowell, Geoffrey (December 1993).
2781:. 24 December 2008. Archived from
2115:The Origins of the Liturgical Year
1719:Luzer, Daniel (26 November 2013).
1680:Goldberg, Carey (7 January 1991).
25:
4894:Bauer, Scott (12 December 2007).
4657:"Ja till skolavslutning i kyrkan"
4601:"Skolegudstjenester og kirkeasyl"
4341:"Winterval Gets Frosty Reception"
3867:Birkey, Andy (19 November 2009).
3331:Altman, Alex (24 December 2008).
3305:Keck, Kristi (18 December 2009).
2797:"When Americans Banned Christmas"
2422:. Thomas Nelson Inc. p. 54.
2420:The Twelve Blessings of Christmas
2029:The Christmas Encyclopedia, 3d ed
1766:Enos, Olivia (20 December 2018).
1616:Mason, Julia (21 December 2015).
454:antireligious government policies
7065:
7064:
6520:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
6415:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
5279:Stack, Liam (19 December 2016).
5035:"Jehovah's Witness on Christmas"
5010:"Hari Mualaf Sedunia, Perlukah?"
4977:Armando, Ade (11 January 2022).
3631:"Is There a 'War on Christmas'?"
2593:Durston, Chris (December 1985).
2563:. The Cromwell Association. 2001
2006:. Liturgical Press. p. 76.
1913:Jankowski, Paul (16 June 2015).
1813:Bazar, Emily (1 December 2005).
1663:A chapter on representations of
1432:
1418:
1382:Christian Congregation in Brazil
1068:
1023:
958:November, a video was posted on
926:Philadelphia's Christmas Village
101:anticlerical government policies
18:Christmas in Puritan New England
4985:(in Indonesian). Archived from
4447:"Fight over Religious Holidays"
3714:Cohen, Adam (7 December 2005).
2674:Barnett, James Harwood (1984).
2448:Moravian Christmas in the South
1006:to assert Christmas in public.
1002:received 36 sponsors including
286:Christianization of Scandinavia
87:in power during the era of the
6500:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
6429:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
5812:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
5591:Legend of the Christmas Spider
4663:(in Swedish). 27 November 2012
4607:(in Norwegian). Archived from
4577:(in Norwegian). Archived from
3135:... In caricatures, articles,
2950:University of California Press
2680:. Ayer Publishing. p. 3.
2519:"The Puritan Ban on Christmas"
2152:University of California Press
1327:Rejection among certain groups
1180:Norwegian Humanist Association
1118:political correctness gone mad
732:American Civil Liberties Union
688:beginning in the early 2000s.
191:that places the appearance of
1:
6451:Christmas television specials
6350:The New Oxford Book of Carols
5437:Annunciation to the shepherds
4535:"Public Holidays Scrutinised"
4368:"The Phoney War on Christmas"
3693:The Christian Science Monitor
3629:Boston, Rob (December 2007).
3070:Ramet, Sabrina Petra (2005).
2309:Christianity: An Introduction
2283:The School Journal, Volume 49
2083:Wainwright, Geoffrey (2006).
1620:. HistoryBuff. Archived from
1219:) initiated by the newspaper
726:is recognized as an official
421:in 1659, with a fine of five
6505:Christmas and holiday season
4845:. 3 December 2004. p. 5
4756:. Toronto. 26 December 2012.
2985:Nissenbaum, Stephen (1997).
2633:The Victorian Christmas Book
2446:Thomas, Nancy Smith (2007).
2360:Weiser, Franz Xaver (1958).
373:The Vindication of Christmas
5274:. University of Cincinnati.
5058:"The Truth about Christmas"
4785:Kong, Dave (18 June 2002).
4001:American Family Association
2989:. New York: Vintage Books.
2946:Christmas: A Candid History
2824:Marling, Karal Ann (2000).
2658:Domestic Annals of Scotland
2539:The History of the Puritans
2503:. F. L. Hoogs. p. 92.
2474:Williams, Victoria (2016).
2418:Mills, T.J. (10 May 2010).
2221:. Quest Books. p. 91.
2148:Christmas: A Candid History
1651:. I.B.Tauris. p. 186.
1374:Church of God (Seventh-Day)
1270:League of Militant Atheists
1152:(CRL Rights Commission), a
1146:calendar of public holidays
1142:post-apartheid South Africa
840:American Family Association
554:League of Militant Atheists
464:With the appearance of the
440:in power during the era of
431:Declaration of Independence
265:came into the world in the
44:League of Militant Atheists
7136:
5417:Adoration of the Shepherds
5205:"All I need for Christmas"
3076:Cambridge University Press
2339:. Zondervan. p. 191.
2217:Hill, Christopher (2003).
2179:Hynes, Mary Ellen (1993).
2112:Talley, Thomas J. (1991).
2027:Crump, William D. (2013).
1225:to Minister for Education
1159:Department of Home Affairs
1132:The Christian holidays of
828:Skoros v. City of New York
748:Alliance Defending Freedom
655:
633:People's Republic of China
233:Dies Natalis Solis Invicti
66:Western Christian churches
60:is the celebration of the
7060:
6661:WWE Tribute to the Troops
6422:A Visit from St. Nicholas
6343:The Oxford Book of Carols
5919:Feast of the Seven Fishes
5482:Massacre of the Innocents
5331:
5088:. tjc.org. Archived from
4789:. sfatheists.blogspot.com
4713:âAssociated Press article
3874:The Minnesota Independent
3116:Syracuse University Press
3010:LeDonne, Anthony (2016).
2709:W.W. Norton & Company
2656:Chambers, Robert (1885).
2478:. ABC-CLIO. p. 245.
2182:Companion to the Calendar
2002:Kelly, Joseph F. (2014).
1589:. John Wiley & Sons.
1522:. John Wiley & Sons.
1268:. In the 1920s USSR, the
1077:This section needs to be
1032:This section needs to be
552:. In the 1920s USSR, the
173:Feast of the Annunciation
171:came to celebrate as the
133:multiculturally sensitive
71:In the 17th century, the
48:MarxistâLeninist doctrine
6463:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
5114:. churchofgod-7thday.org
5086:"Is Christmas Biblical?"
3842:"Best Buy Christmas Ban"
3798:"Merry Christmas Target"
3747:The Jewish Daily Forward
2987:The Battle for Christmas
2616:Sandys, William (1852).
2004:The Origins of Christmas
1987:The Origins of Christmas
1482:Harper, Timothy (1999).
1167:Office of the Presidency
1154:chapter nine institution
979:2016 president-candidate
964:social media personality
746:; on the other hand the
605:Church League of America
177:Western Christian Church
107:in the Soviet Union. In
7108:Religious controversies
7103:Political controversies
6625:Small Business Saturday
6495:Black Friday (shopping)
6490:Black Friday (partying)
5984:Nine Lessons and Carols
5914:Events and celebrations
5165:The Christian Chronicle
3468:Oxford University Press
3438:"2007 Federal Holidays"
3286:. CFP. 25 December 2014
2921:Oxford University Press
2701:Innes, Stephen (1995).
2501:Paradise of the Pacific
2089:Oxford University Press
2033:McFarland & Company
1897:. London. 16 June 2015.
1647:Connelly, Mark (2000).
1555:World Book Encyclopedia
1518:Lowe, Scott C. (2011).
1490:. McGraw-Hill. p.
1352:Restorationist Movement
1303:Brussels Christmas tree
1233:would violate the law.
1157:recommendations to the
1114:Birmingham City Council
387:in 1660 ended the ban.
379:and carol singing. The
240:Council of Tours of 567
165:Sextus Julius Africanus
6269:Post-War United States
4241:"The war on Christmas"
3971:"Home Depot Christmas"
3462:Bowler, Gerry (2016).
1257:
1105:
864:was criticized by the
738:, which prohibits the
673:
542:
498:United States Congress
492:
444:, Christian Christmas
161:
91:, Christian Christmas
54:
6318:Hit singles in the US
6313:Hit singles in the UK
5874:Carols by Candlelight
5802:Santa Claus' daughter
5410:Adoration of the Magi
4399:The Press and Journal
4217:National Public Radio
3280:"éżæČç°ć€§ćŠççæ±æ䞟æ èŻ"æ”ć¶ćŁèŻè""
3238:. Ancient-symbols.com
2536:Neal, Daniel (1822).
2335:Collins, Ace (2010).
1585:Flood, Gavin (2012).
1392:, as well as certain
1316:Arnold Schwarzenegger
1251:
1103:
988:Christmas decorations
944:Christmas-themed cups
697:political correctness
680:commentators such as
666:
490:
389:Poor Robin's Almanack
229:Hieronymus Engberding
199:on the observance of
151:
144:Date of Christmas Day
125:political correctness
62:birth of Jesus Christ
35:
6610:Santa's Candy Castle
5934:Google Santa Tracker
4246:The Washington Times
3578:"An Unmerried Woman"
2785:on 26 December 2008.
2734:"Yuletide's Outlaws"
2525:on 21 November 2006.
2307:(13 February 2006).
1557:. 1996. p. 35.
1406:Oneness Pentecostals
1402:Independent Baptists
1358:Restoration Movement
1346:Hari Muallaf Sedunia
1184:Children's Ombudsman
1163:Department of Labour
1140:remained in secular
933:Northwest University
887:Best Buy Corporation
785:" rather than with "
705:, a commentator for
448:were banned and the
442:Revolutionary France
377:old Father Christmas
215:made a festival for
95:were banned and the
6615:Santa Claus Village
6530:Christmas Mountains
6436:Journey of the Magi
5442:Baptism of the Lord
5234:Pew Research Center
4581:on 12 December 2013
4483:on 13 November 2012
4163:The Washington Post
3641:on 9 September 2015
3511:. Spartanburg, SC:
3494:Buffalo Law Journal
3417:The Huffington Post
3365:The Huffington Post
2635:. Dent. p. 7.
2383:Dues, Greg (1992).
2253:. 3 November 2009.
2247:The Liturgical Year
1943:The Huffington Post
1799:. 18 December 2018.
1750:The Washington Post
1551:Christmas in France
1426:Christianity portal
1362:Jehovah's Witnesses
1231:Confession of Faith
708:The Huffington Post
348:English Interregnum
158:St Peter's Basilica
152:Mosaic of Jesus as
42:, published by the
6725:Twelve-dish supper
6575:Jews and Christmas
6525:Christmas Lectures
6254:American Civil War
5989:NORAD Tracks Santa
5365:Saint Nicholas Day
5285:The New York Times
5253:on 7 December 2007
5215:on 6 December 2008
4958:. 23 December 2015
4932:. 25 December 2013
4839:Lodl News Sentinel
4774:. 1 December 2012.
4754:The Globe and Mail
4611:on 19 October 2013
4453:on 18 October 2014
4295:on 29 January 2013
4085:. 25 November 2009
4007:on 13 January 2013
3848:. 25 November 2009
3804:. 9 December 2005.
3778:. 15 November 2006
3720:The New York Times
3666:The New York Times
3546:. South Bend, IN:
3519:on 3 February 2018
2805:. 20 December 2011
2739:The New York Times
2287:Harvard University
1985:Kelly, Joseph F.,
1624:on 1 November 2016
1390:Churches of Christ
1258:
1188:Union of Education
1106:
874:Target Corporation
846:, have called for
783:Season's Greetings
674:
669:Season's Greetings
635:has a doctrine of
613:Gerald L. K. Smith
599:The December 1957
493:
394:Church of Scotland
371:slogans. The book
367:holly and shouted
162:
93:religious services
55:
7080:
7079:
7056:
7055:
6720:Thirteen desserts
6640:Virginia O'Hanlon
6485:Advent Conspiracy
6399:Films (Christmas,
6391:A Christmas Carol
6336:Carols for Choirs
5879:Cavalcade of Magi
5859:Boar's Head Feast
5528:Star of Bethlehem
5499:Nativity of Jesus
5487:flight into Egypt
5372:St. Stephen's Day
5140:on 10 August 2021
4956:Middleeasteye.net
4930:Trend News Agency
4900:The Capital Times
4347:. 9 November 1998
4268:. 5 minutes in.
3977:. 3 December 2008
3951:. 29 October 2008
3899:. FirstThings.com
3012:Near Christianity
2718:978-0-393-03584-1
2605:on 10 March 2007.
2260:978-1-4185-8073-5
2125:978-0-8146-6075-1
1687:Los Angeles Times
1596:978-1-4051-8971-2
1378:Iglesia ni Cristo
1370:True Jesus Church
1340:(from the French
1192:Solberg's Cabinet
1098:
1097:
1053:
1052:
968:Joshua Feuerstein
885:pointed out that
824:star and crescent
822:, and the Muslim
820:Hanukkah menorahs
795:Lynch v. Donnelly
744:national religion
742:by Congress of a
603:published by the
568:), presents, and
400:17th-18th century
250:, declaring "the
89:French Revolution
16:(Redirected from
7125:
7072:
7068:
7067:
6903:Redcurrant sauce
6692:
6686:
6681:
6655:Winter festivals
6405:Christmas horror
6372:
6283:
6114:
5969:Meals and feasts
5889:Christmas jumper
5836:
5807:Santa's reindeer
5759:
5705:Father Christmas
5669:
5626:Santa's workshop
5547:
5509:in later culture
5387:
5380:
5373:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5325:
5316:
5309:
5302:
5293:
5288:
5275:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5249:. Archived from
5237:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5211:. Archived from
5199:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5119:
5108:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4906:on 29 March 2015
4891:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4875:on 29 March 2014
4865:
4859:
4858:
4852:
4850:
4843:Associated Press
4831:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4815:on 19 March 2013
4805:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4720:
4714:
4709:25 July 2008 at
4701:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4564:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4545:on 22 April 2021
4531:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4514:
4507:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4427:on 10 March 2013
4417:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4291:. Archived from
4279:
4273:
4272:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4108:. Philadelphia:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4059:on 17 March 2013
4049:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4012:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3949:TheScroogeReport
3941:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3637:. Archived from
3635:Americans United
3626:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3584:. 29 August 2007
3574:
3568:
3567:
3561:
3559:
3550:. Archived from
3539:
3533:
3532:
3526:
3524:
3515:. Archived from
3505:
3499:
3498:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3208:Kominsky, Morris
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3162:on 15 April 2013
3152:
3146:
3145:
3134:
3107:
3098:
3097:
3067:
3058:
3057:
3052:. Archived from
3043:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2895:
2893:
2871:
2865:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2769:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2748:
2746:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2671:
2662:
2661:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2590:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2521:. Archived from
2514:
2508:
2507:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2367:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2176:
2170:
2169:
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2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2080:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2024:
2018:
2017:
1999:
1990:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1934:
1925:
1924:
1910:
1899:
1898:
1885:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1862:on 12 March 2007
1858:. Archived from
1845:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1745:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1725:Pacific Standard
1716:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1489:
1479:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1313:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1048:
1045:
1039:
1027:
1026:
1019:
998:. Also in 2015,
981:(later elected)
957:
801:Christmas carols
752:accommodationism
539:
516:, Lewis gives a
450:three kings cake
406:Colonial America
257:
213:Emperor Aurelian
206:John the Baptist
169:Christian Church
97:three kings cake
21:
7135:
7134:
7128:
7127:
7126:
7124:
7123:
7122:
7083:
7082:
7081:
7076:
7070:
7052:
7018:Pickled herring
6991:
6960:
6907:
6898:Cranberry sauce
6881:
6860:
6836:Red velvet cake
6821:Poppy seed roll
6739:
6690:
6679:
6677:
6671:
6650:White Christmas
6540:Christmas truce
6535:Christmas seals
6515:Christmas creep
6477:
6475:
6469:
6370:
6364:
6281:
6275:
6112:
6106:
5959:Lord of Misrule
5894:Christmas Peace
5844:Advent calendar
5834:
5828:
5777:Knecht Ruprecht
5757:
5755:
5749:
5671:
5667:
5660:
5549:
5545:
5537:
5462:Herod the Great
5397:
5391:
5385:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5336:
5327:
5323:
5320:
5278:
5265:
5256:
5254:
5240:
5227:
5218:
5216:
5202:
5189:
5186:
5184:Further reading
5181:
5180:
5170:
5168:
5158:
5157:
5153:
5143:
5141:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5117:
5115:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5095:
5093:
5092:on 22 July 2013
5084:
5083:
5079:
5070:
5069:
5065:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5040:
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5033:
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5028:
5018:
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5007:
5006:
5002:
4992:
4990:
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4959:
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4919:
4909:
4907:
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4792:
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4783:
4779:
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4733:
4731:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4702:
4698:
4688:
4686:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4666:
4664:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4640:
4638:
4635:Kyrkans Tidning
4629:
4628:
4624:
4614:
4612:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4584:
4582:
4566:
4565:
4558:
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4528:
4518:
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4505:
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4500:
4496:
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4471:
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4456:
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4445:
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4440:
4430:
4428:
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4414:
4404:
4402:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4377:
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4365:
4364:
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4350:
4348:
4339:
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4324:
4322:
4313:
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4308:
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4280:
4276:
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4262:
4258:
4238:
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4233:
4223:
4221:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4195:
4193:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4168:
4166:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4141:
4139:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4119:
4117:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4088:
4086:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4062:
4060:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4036:
4034:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4010:
4008:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3980:
3978:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3954:
3952:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3928:
3926:
3918:Monroe, Irene.
3917:
3916:
3912:
3902:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3879:
3877:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3851:
3849:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3823:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3779:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3753:
3751:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3724:
3722:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3670:
3668:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3613:
3611:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3587:
3585:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3557:
3555:
3554:on 7 March 2017
3541:
3540:
3536:
3522:
3520:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3470:. p. 214.
3461:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3444:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3421:
3419:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3369:
3367:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3313:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3289:
3287:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3263:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3241:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3189:
3188:on 23 June 2012
3180:
3179:
3175:
3165:
3163:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3141:Antireligioznik
3132:
3126:
3118:. p. 210.
3109:
3108:
3101:
3092:Antireligioznik
3086:
3078:. p. 138.
3069:
3068:
3061:
3056:on 25 May 2006.
3045:
3044:
3040:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2970:
2960:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2923:. p. 113.
2914:
2913:
2909:
2900:
2891:
2889:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2808:
2806:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2771:
2770:
2761:
2752:
2744:
2742:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2711:. p. 145.
2700:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2673:
2672:
2665:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2564:
2561:Oliver Cromwell
2555:
2554:
2550:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2517:Patiño, Marta.
2516:
2515:
2511:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2401:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2305:Alister McGrath
2303:
2302:
2298:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2267:
2261:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2229:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2202:
2197:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2162:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1946:. 16 June 2015.
1936:
1935:
1928:
1912:
1911:
1902:
1887:
1886:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1855:Chicago Tribune
1847:
1846:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1730:
1718:
1717:
1706:
1692:
1690:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1659:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1627:
1625:
1615:
1614:
1607:
1597:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1565:
1549:
1548:
1541:
1530:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1502:
1481:
1480:
1471:
1466:
1440:Holidays portal
1438:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1354:
1334:
1329:
1311:
1246:
1217:Adventsuppropet
1209:
1176:
1130:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1028:
1024:
1017:
955:
921:
866:Catholic League
857:
844:Liberty Counsel
836:
816:Nativity scenes
787:Merry Christmas
763:Christmas trees
736:First Amendment
728:federal holiday
703:Jeff Schweitzer
661:
658:Christmas truce
654:
629:
583:Julian calendar
537:
506:
482:Charles Dickens
470:Anglican Church
466:Oxford Movement
462:
446:church services
402:
385:King Charles II
356:Anglican Church
321:
301:Advent calendar
255:
179:established as
146:
141:
81:Anglican Church
77:Catholic Church
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7133:
7132:
7129:
7121:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7085:
7084:
7078:
7077:
7075:
7074:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7050:
7045:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
6999:
6997:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6968:
6966:
6962:
6961:
6959:
6958:
6953:
6952:
6951:
6949:Smoking Bishop
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6915:
6913:
6909:
6908:
6906:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6889:
6887:
6883:
6882:
6880:
6879:
6874:
6868:
6866:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6747:
6745:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6696:
6694:
6683:
6673:
6672:
6670:
6669:
6664:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6637:
6632:
6630:Super Saturday
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6560:Giving Tuesday
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6510:Christmas club
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6481:
6479:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6467:
6466:
6465:
6460:
6448:
6447:
6446:
6439:
6432:
6425:
6418:
6408:
6396:
6395:
6394:
6387:
6376:
6374:
6366:
6365:
6363:
6362:
6361:
6360:
6357:Piae Cantiones
6353:
6346:
6339:
6329:
6323:Music charts (
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6299:
6298:
6287:
6285:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6273:
6272:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6165:
6164:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6118:
6116:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6019:
6018:
6008:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5840:
5838:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5792:PĂšre Fouettard
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5763:
5761:
5758:Saint Nicholas
5751:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5710:Grandpa Indian
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5678:Saint Nicholas
5674:
5672:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5616:Old Man Winter
5613:
5608:
5603:
5601:Miner's figure
5598:
5593:
5588:
5586:Kallikantzaros
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5552:
5550:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5516:Nativity scene
5513:
5512:
5511:
5506:
5496:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5401:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5361:
5354:
5351:Children's Day
5347:
5340:
5337:Blue Christmas
5332:
5329:
5328:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5311:
5304:
5296:
5290:
5289:
5276:
5263:
5238:
5225:
5200:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5151:
5125:
5103:
5077:
5063:
5056:Wilson, Greg.
5048:
5026:
5000:
4969:
4943:
4917:
4886:
4860:
4826:
4800:
4777:
4759:
4741:
4715:
4696:
4674:
4661:Folkpartiet.se
4648:
4622:
4592:
4556:
4526:
4515:on 13 May 2013
4494:
4464:
4438:
4412:
4385:
4358:
4332:
4306:
4274:
4256:
4231:
4203:
4176:
4149:
4127:
4096:
4083:Christian Post
4070:
4044:
4018:
3988:
3962:
3936:
3924:LA Progressive
3910:
3887:
3859:
3833:
3807:
3789:
3761:
3732:
3706:
3678:
3652:
3621:
3595:
3569:
3542:Porter, Joel.
3534:
3500:
3483:
3476:
3454:
3429:
3403:
3377:
3351:
3323:
3297:
3271:
3249:
3227:
3220:
3199:
3173:
3147:
3124:
3099:
3084:
3059:
3038:
3020:
3002:
2995:
2977:
2958:
2952:. p. 62.
2936:
2929:
2907:
2866:
2843:
2836:
2816:
2788:
2759:
2724:
2717:
2693:
2686:
2663:
2660:. p. 211.
2648:
2641:
2623:
2608:
2585:
2574:
2548:
2528:
2509:
2491:
2484:
2466:
2456:
2438:
2428:
2410:
2399:
2375:
2352:
2345:
2327:
2317:
2296:
2274:
2259:
2238:
2227:
2209:
2195:
2171:
2160:
2154:. p. 27.
2138:
2124:
2104:
2097:
2091:. p. 65.
2072:
2060:
2048:
2041:
2035:. p. 95.
2019:
2012:
1991:
1978:
1949:
1926:
1900:
1873:
1833:
1802:
1779:
1755:
1737:
1704:
1672:
1657:
1639:
1605:
1595:
1574:
1563:
1539:
1529:978-1444341454
1528:
1510:
1500:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1429:
1413:
1410:
1398:fundamentalist
1353:
1350:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1292:West Jerusalem
1281:Christmas tree
1245:
1244:Christmas tree
1242:
1238:Sveriges Radio
1208:
1205:
1175:
1172:
1129:
1126:
1096:
1095:
1076:
1074:
1067:
1061:
1060:United Kingdom
1058:
1051:
1050:
1031:
1029:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1000:Resolution 564
936:
929:
920:
917:
916:
915:
903:
895:The Home Depot
891:
877:
870:
856:
853:
835:
832:
779:Happy Holidays
756:public schools
682:Peter Brimelow
653:
650:
646:Hunan Province
628:
625:
601:News and Views
574:New Year's Day
566:New Year Trees
505:
502:
461:
458:
438:Cult of Reason
401:
398:
320:
317:
238:The Christian
225:Louis Duchesne
189:Gospel of Luke
185:Chronographiai
145:
142:
140:
137:
85:Cult of Reason
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7131:
7130:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7090:
7088:
7073:
7063:
7062:
7059:
7049:
7046:
7043:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
7000:
6998:
6996:Meat and fish
6994:
6988:
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6983:
6980:
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6975:
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6969:
6967:
6963:
6957:
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6934:Hot chocolate
6932:
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6809:
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6658:
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6648:
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6638:
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6635:Ugly sweaters
6633:
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6608:
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6545:Controversies
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6409:
6406:
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6400:
6397:
6393:
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6388:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6381:
6380:In literature
6378:
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6249:United States
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5979:Moravian star
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5974:Midnight Mass
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5864:Candle arches
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5854:Advent wreath
5852:
5850:
5849:Advent candle
5847:
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5756:Companions of
5752:
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5668:Gift-bringers
5663:
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5533:Twelfth Night
5531:
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5507:
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5502:
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5494:Nativity Fast
5492:
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5480:
5478:
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5473:
5470:
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5452:Christmastide
5450:
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5427:Angel Gabriel
5425:
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5408:
5407:
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5405:Biblical Magi
5403:
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5400:
5394:
5388:
5383:
5381:
5376:
5374:
5369:
5367:
5362:
5360:
5358:Christmas Eve
5355:
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5015:
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4989:on 4 May 2022
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4320:National Post
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4288:National Post
4284:
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4266:Bob's Burgers
4260:
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3017:
3014:. Zondervan.
3013:
3006:
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2998:
2996:0-679-74038-4
2992:
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2964:What Dickens
2961:
2959:9780520258020
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2930:9780191578427
2926:
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2881:History Today
2877:
2870:
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2862:0-19-285448-8
2859:
2855:
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2851:Ronald Hutton
2847:
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2642:0-460-12039-5
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2599:History Today
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2015:
2013:9780814648858
2009:
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1266:state atheism
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587:
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6082:Twelve Days
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5690:Santa Claus
5272:UC Magazine
5219:22 November
4962:26 December
4936:14 November
4910:29 December
4879:29 December
4855:Google News
4849:26 December
4819:25 December
4793:25 December
4734:25 December
4689:12 December
4667:12 December
4641:12 December
4615:12 December
4585:12 December
4487:10 November
4405:29 November
4378:25 December
4351:23 December
4325:25 December
4224:4 September
4196:12 November
4169:12 November
4142:12 November
4120:31 December
4063:31 December
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3955:30 December
3929:30 December
3903:30 December
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3645:25 December
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3264:25 December
3166:31 December
2892:28 December
2809:18 December
2745:15 December
2567:28 December
2131:27 December
1693:14 December
1448:Culture war
1290:In 2009 in
1186:and by the
1138:Good Friday
972:viral video
942:introduced
510:C. S. Lewis
414:New England
381:Restoration
305:Christingle
267:form of man
252:twelve days
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6751:Candy cane
6700:JoulupöytÀ
6600:Pikkujoulu
6264:New Mexico
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6028:Poinsettia
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5767:Belsnickel
5720:Julemanden
5715:Joulupukki
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5566:Christkind
5521:Neapolitan
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5257:7 December
5171:22 January
4711:Archive-It
4457:2 November
4431:2 November
4401:. Aberdeen
4138:. CBC News
4089:2 December
4037:6 December
3981:8 December
3975:Snopes.com
3846:Snopes.com
3826:28 January
3802:Snopes.com
3782:5 December
3750:. New York
3699:8 December
3582:Snopes.com
3242:8 December
3137:Bezbozhnik
1866:5 December
1628:31 October
1464:References
1388:, and the
976:Republican
842:(AFA) and
594:Nazi party
558:crucifixes
524:historian
364:wassailing
352:Parliament
201:Yom Kippur
117:Nazi party
39:Bezbozhnik
7098:Christmas
7038:TourtiĂšre
7028:Romeritos
6965:Dumplings
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6590:NBA games
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882:USA Today
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860:In 2005,
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570:Ded Moroz
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5546:folklore
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3820:NBC News
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273:for the
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6766:Cozonac
6735:Wigilia
6620:Scrooge
6580:In July
6478:society
6410:Poetry
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6219:Romania
6184:Ireland
6174:Iceland
6169:Hungary
6157:Germany
6147:Finland
6137:England
6132:Denmark
6092:Windows
6023:Piñatas
6011:Parades
5964:Markets
5949:Letters
5939:Hampers
5782:Krampus
5621:Perchta
5561:Caganer
4729:Haaretz
4299:28 July
4190:Fortune
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3284:NetEase
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1971:9 March
1535:period.
1079:updated
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992:oranges
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193:Gabriel
160:in Rome
139:History
115:of the
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6239:Sweden
6234:Serbia
6224:Russia
6214:Poland
6204:Norway
6194:Mexico
6152:France
6067:Stamps
6062:Szopka
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5909:Didukh
5745:Others
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6667:Xmas
6296:list
6077:Tree
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5477:Mary
5386:Yule
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5221:2008
5173:2017
5146:2013
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