1453:, now often characterized by the presence of the outline of a circle upon which a cross, stylized in a pre-Medieval Celtic fashion, appears superimposed. The Celtic cross bears strong resemblance to the Christian cross; however, the Celtic cross motif predates Christianity by at least 3,000 years. It appears in the form of heavily sculpted, vertically oriented, ancient monoliths which survive in the present day, in various locations on the island of Ireland. A few of the ancient monuments were evidently relocated to stand in some of Ireland's earliest churchyards, probably between 400 CE and 600 CE, as Christianity was popularized throughout much of the island. The heavily-worn stone sculptures likely owe their continued survival to their sheer size and solid rock construction, which coordinate in scale, and in composition, with Ireland's ancient megalith arrangements.
2209:. Early Christianity adopted this symbolism, and thus many early Christian paintings and mosaics show the peacock. The peacock is still used in the Easter season – especially in the east. The "eyes" in the peacock's tail feathers symbolise the all-seeing God and – in some interpretations – the Church. A peacock drinking from a vase is used as a symbol of a Christian believer drinking from the waters of eternal life. The peacock can also symbolise the cosmos if one interprets its tail with its many "eyes" as the vault of heaven dotted by the sun, moon, and stars. By adoption of old Persian and Babylonian symbolism, in which the peacock was associated with Paradise and the Tree of Life, the bird is again associated with immortality. In Christian iconography, the peacock is often depicted next to the Tree of Life.
3201:"Crosses, moreover, we neither worship nor wish for.1815 You, indeed, who consecrate gods of wood, adore wooden crosses perhaps as parts of your gods. For your very standards, as well as your banners; and flags of your camp, what else are they but crosses glided and adorned? Your victorious trophies not only imitate the appearance of a simple cross, but also that of a man affixed to it. We assuredly see the sign of a cross,1816 naturally, in the ship when it is carried along with swelling sails, when it glides forward with expanded oars; and when the military yoke is lifted up, it is the sign of a cross; and when a man adores God with a pure mind, with hands outstretched. Thus the sign of the cross either is sustained by a natural reason, or your own religion is formed with respect to it."
3248:"stake" interchangeably for rhetoric effect: "Then, if any of you think we render superstitious adoration to the cross, in that adoration he is sharer with us. If you offer homage to a piece of wood at all, it matters little what it is like when the substance is the same: it is of no consequence the form, if you have the very body of the god. And yet how far does the Athenian Pallas differ from the stock of the cross, or the Pharian Ceres as she is put up uncarved to sale, a mere rough stake and piece of shapeless wood? Every stake fixed in an upright position is a portion of the cross; we render our adoration, if you will have it so, to a god entire and complete. We have shown before that your deities are derived from shapes modelled from the cross."
3184:"The cross as a Christian symbol or 'seal' came into use at least as early as the second century (see "Apost. Const." iii. 17; Epistle of Barnabas, xi.-xii.; Justin, "Apologia," i. 55–60; "Dial. cum Tryph." 85–97); and the marking of a cross upon the forehead and the chest was regarded as a talisman against the powers of demons (Tertullian, "De Corona," iii.; Cyprian, "Testimonies," xi. 21–22; Lactantius, "Divinæ Institutiones," iv. 27, and elsewhere). The Christian Fathers had to defend themselves, as early as the second century, against the charge of being worshipers of the cross, as may be learned from Tertullian, "Apologia," xii., xvii., and Minucius Felix, "Octavius," xxix. Christians used to swear by the power of the cross.
1805:
2082:
2310:
1461:, following the Christianization of Ireland. The Celtic cross is accurately described as an ancient symbol of cultural significance in pre-Christian, Druidic Ireland. It also is used as a symbolic icon of the interpretation of Christianity, unique to Irish culture in that pre-Christian Celtic tradition and Irish Druidic iconography are hybridized with Christian traditions and iconography (much like the Shamrock; a low-growing, daintily foliaged, dense ground cover plant, which is held as a timeless symbol of Ireland itself; and, which is also symbolic on Ireland, of the Christian Holy Trinity, due to the Shamrock's typical trifoliar leaf structure).
2402:
2190:
2414:
2927:. The octagon, which is transitional between the circle and the square, came to represent Jesus' resurrection in early Christianity and was used in the ground plans of martyriums and baptisteries for that reason. The domes themselves were sometimes octagonal, rather than circular. Nicholas Temple proposes the imperial reception hall as an additional source of influence on baptisteries, conveying the idea of reception or redemptive passage to salvation. Iconography of assembled figures and the throne of Christ would also relate to this.
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father of King David. This idea received pictorial form in 'The Tree of Jesse' Jesse is depicted lying on the ground, and from his chest grows a branching tree or vine. On the branches are shown the descendents of Jesse, kings and prophets, up to Jesus. The tree of Jesse seems to have originated in the middle of the eleventh century in France. Sometimes, on the apex of this tree is a lily and hanging on the flowers is Christ crucified.
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51:
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2816:. The use of icons, however, was never without opposition. It was recorded that, "there is no century between the fourth and the eighth in which there is not some evidence of opposition to images even within the Church. Nonetheless, popular favor for icons guaranteed their continued existence, while no systematic apologia for or against icons, or doctrinal authorization or condemnation of icons yet existed.
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683:
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deep, sometimes labyrinthine, catacombs for ritual burials are a product of the poverty of early
Christian communities: the unusual, multileveled, burial chambers were, at surface-level, small plots of land used as entrances to the tiered catacombs below, by early Christians unable to afford large areas of land, nor the corresponding taxes sometimes levied on real estate, by regional authorities.
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Irish
Morrigan mythology, Christianity is a monotheistic religion. The common triple-leaflet, compound-leaved shamrock – which exhibits only one compound-triplet leaf per stem – could easily be used to illustrate the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, described as being a single God; comparable to each of the three leaflets, which, together, form one shamrock.
3204:
crucis faciem, verum et affixi hominis imitantur. Signum sane crucis naturaliter visimus in navi, quum velis tumentibus vehitur, quum expansis palmulis labitur; et quum erigitur iugum, crucis signum est, et quum homo, porrectis manibus, Deum pura mente veneratur. Ita signo crucis aut ratio naturalis innititur, aut vestra religio formatur.
2336:
A common myth is that St. Patrick used the shamrock – a small plant with compound leaves, typically composed of three heart-shaped leaflets; and, a very familiar sight to the Irish – to illustrate the tripartite form of the
Christian deity. Unlike many other tripartite mythologies, such as the native
1456:
Unlike the
Christian cross iconography associated with the shape of a crucifix (commonly used for torture and execution of criminals and captured enemy prisoners-of-war, by the pre-Christian Roman Empire), the Celtic cross' design origins are not clear. The Celtic cross has nevertheless been repeated
3250:
Sed et qui crucis nos religiosos putat, consecraneus noster erit. Cum lignum aliquod propitiatur, viderit habitus, dum materiae qualitas eadem sit; viderit forma, dum id ipsum dei corpus sit. Et tamen quanto distinguitur a crucis stipite Pallas Attica, et Ceres Pharia, quae sine effigie rudi palo et
3203:
Cruces etiam nec colimus, nec optamus. Vos plane qui ligneos deos consecratis, cruces ligneas, ut deorum vestrorum partes, forsitan adoratis. (0332B) Nam et signa ipsa et cantabra et vexilla castrorum, quid aliud quam inauratae cruces sunt et ornatae? Tropaea vestra victricia, non tantum simplicis
2955:
churches were decorated in a systematic manner and can be seen as having three zones of decoration, with the holiest at the top. This uppermost zone contained the dome, drum and apse. The dome was reserved for the
Pantokrator (meaning "ruler of all"), the drum usually contained images of angels or
2300:
contains the anchor; it dates from the end of the 1st century. During the 2nd and 3rd centuries the anchor occurs frequently in the epitaphs of the catacombs. The most common form of anchor found in early
Christian images was that in which one extremity terminates in a ring adjoining the cross-bar
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During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, there developed in Europe a most unusual, haunting and beautiful depiction of the
Crucifixion: Christ is shown crucified, not on a Cross, but on a lily. The origin of this idea lies in the biblical conviction that Jesus was descended from Jesse, the
2542:
with paintings of Christ, of the saints, of scenes from the Bible and allegorical groups. The catacombs are the cradle of all
Christian art. Early Christians accepted the art of their time and used it, as well as a poor and persecuted community could, to express their religious ideas. The use of
2714:
2037:
2569:(symbolizing the necessary connectedness of the Christian with Christ) and many others. These all derive from the writings found in the New Testament. Other decorations that were common included garlands, ribands, stars landscapes, which had symbolic meanings, as well.
3261:"At every forward step and movement, at every going in and out, when we put on our clothes and shoes, when we bathe, when we sit at table, when we light the lamps, on couch, on seat, in all the ordinary actions of daily life, we trace upon the forehead the sign" (
2791:
The rite of baptism is symbolic of the cleansing of the sinner by God, and, especially where baptism is by immersion, of the spiritual death and resurrection of the baptized person. Opinion differs as to the symbolic nature of the sacraments, with some
2429:, or holding such a plant. The symbolism may derive from the medieval belief that the Annunciation of Christ and his crucifixion occurred on the same day of the year, March 25. (The lily, in the context of the Annunciation, emphasises the purity of
2830:
Though significant in the history of religious doctrine, the
Byzantine controversy over images is not seen as of primary importance in Byzantine history. "Few historians still hold it to have been the greatest issue of the period..."
2112:
descended like a dove and came to rest on Jesus. For this reason the dove became a symbol of the Holy Spirit, and in general it occurs frequently in connection with early representations of baptism. It signifies also the
Christian
2922:
In Italy in the 4th century, baptisteries began to be built like domed mausoleums and martyriums, which spread in the 5th century. This reinforced the theological emphasis on baptism as a re-experience of the death and
2587:
are used in Christian churches to symbolise the liturgical seasons. They are often of clerical vestments, frontals and altar hangings. There is some variation between denominations, but below is a general description:
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in statuary, as a dominant feature of the anthropogenic Irish landscape, for at least 5,000 years. The Celtic cross and the Christian cross are similar enough in shape, that the former was easily adopted by Irish
569:
4201:
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was thought to be particularly attentive to her young, to the point of providing her own blood by wounding her own breast when no other food was available. As a result, the pelican became a symbol of the
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began to replace gold crosses at the centers of church domes beginning in the late eighth century, which Charles Stewart suggests may have been an over-correction in favor of images after the periods of
1785:
value in Greek of 100 as the letter rho has. In such a way the symbol expresses the idea that the Cross saves. The two letters tau and rho can also be found separately as symbols on early Christian
765:
2964:
The influence of Judaism upon Christian symbolism as early as the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE, is apparent both in painting and in sculpture, the most frequent motives being those that occur in the
3251:
informi ligno prostat? Pars crucis est omne robur, quod erecta statione defigitur; nos, si forte, integrum et totum deum colimus. Diximus originem deorum vestrorum a plastis de cruce induci.
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while the other ends in two curved branches or an arrowhead; There are, however, many deviations from this form. In general the anchor can symbolize hope, steadfastness, calm and composure.
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also transformed the domed central-type martyriums into the domed churches of mainstream Christianity. The use of centralized buildings for the burials of heroes was common by the time the
4608:
1207:
was characterized by being understood by initiates only, while after the legalization of Christianity in the Roman Empire during the 4th century more recognizable symbols entered in use.
2274:
as a symbol of hope in future existence because the anchor was regarded in ancient times as a symbol of safety. For Christians, Christ is the unfailing hope of all who believe in him:
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they buried their dead and celebrated their rites in these underground chambers. The Christian tombs were ornamented with indifferent or symbolic designs p alms, peacocks, with the
1559:
Among the symbols employed by the early Christians, that of the fish seems to have ranked first in importance. Its popularity among Christians was due principally to the famous
4643:
2069:. By about the 5th century the figure more often took on the appearance of the conventional depiction of Christ, as that convention had developed by this time, and was given a
774:
773:
761:
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was a foreshadowing (a "type") of the cross (T, an upright with crossbar, standing for 300) and of Jesus (ΙΗ, the first two letters of his name ΙΗΣΟΥΣ, standing for 18).
757:
753:
559:
3886:
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at an early date, was adopted in the Christian ritual as the litany "Libera domine". This litany was figuratively used in a certain sequence as a symbol, for the
2117:, not the human soul as such, but as indwelt by the Holy Spirit; especially, therefore, as freed from the toils of the flesh and entered into rest and glory. The
713:
2812:. An icon is an image, picture, or representation; it is likeness that has symbolic meaning for an object by signifying or representing it, or by analogy, as in
5111:
4234:
3730:
2858:. The council anathematized all who held to iconoclasm, i.e. those who held that veneration of images constitutes idolatry. Then the ban was enforced again by
2769:
The rite is seen as a symbol of the spiritual change or event that takes place. In the Eucharist, the bread and wine are symbolic of the body and shed blood of
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words forming the word for fish (Ichthus or Ιχθυς), which words briefly but clearly described the character of Christ and the claim to worship of believers: "
1061:
1172:
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2017:
calculate 888 ((10*8)*10)+((10*8)+8) which was a number already known to represent Jesus, being the sum of the value of the letters of the name "Jesus" (
768:
4618:
2516:
1804:
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1378:(i.e. "adorers of the gibbet"), and returns the accusation by likening the worship of pagan idols to the worship of poles or stakes. In his book
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771:
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2800:, Orthodox, Lutherans, and some Reformed Christians believing that the outward rites truly do, by the power of God, act as media of grace.
1114:
869:
591:
5242:
3404:(2006). "The Staurogram in Early Christian Manuscripts: the earliest visual reference to the crucified Jesus?". In Kraus, Thomas (ed.).
1654:), derives from the statement said by Jesus (or God) himself "I am Alpha and Omega, the First and the Last, the Beginning and the End" (
554:
1222:
sects, as well as some modern denominations such as Baptists that prefer to some extent not to use figures in their symbols due to the
756:
3600:- "Though ye have lien among the pots, yet shall ye be as the wings of a dove covered with silver, and her feathers with yellow gold."
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706:
769:
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4227:
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2999:, who was regarded by Christian symbolism as an analogue to Elijah, although this ascension was also taken as a type of the general
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2406:
1071:
4178:
5372:
2555:
2506:
2048:
1534:
Marie-Madeleine Davy (1977) described in great detail Romanesque Symbolism as it developed in the Middle Ages in Western Europe.
626:
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4537:
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2437:
1165:
361:
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5331:
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prophets, and the apse semi-dome usually depicted the Virgin Mary, typically holding the Christ child and flanked by angels.
1124:
763:
564:
509:
4195:
4167:
2401:
1382:, written in 204, Tertullian tells how it was already a tradition for Christians to trace repeatedly on their foreheads the
755:
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2823:
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762:
699:
270:
224:
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2854:, under whom another council was held reversing the decisions of the previous iconoclast council and taking its title as
1655:
766:
759:
5447:
5143:
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3087:
2912:
2189:
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955:
4114:(paperback ed.), Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, p. 23,
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from the dead. Job sitting among the ashes was the symbol of patience and of the power of resistance of the flesh; and
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4995:
4857:
2759:
1076:
758:
499:
202:
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The rare depictions of a lily crucifix in England include most notably a painting on a wall above the side altar at
5442:
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5324:
5286:
4773:
2991:
Abraham was represented as the symbol of the power of faith and Isaac as the sacrificed redeemer. The ascension of
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as formulas for prayer on fast-days. The prayer beginning with the words "Mi she-'anah", which was included in the
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2855:
2109:
1158:
730:
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2354:
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1211:
has borrowed from the common stock of significant symbols known to most periods and to all regions of the world.
980:
752:
596:
549:
539:
394:
234:
197:
2357:
has specific symbolic significance for Christians. Outside of baptism, water may represent cleansing or purity.
1519:
in goldsmith work were. The first depictions of crucifixion displaying suffering are believed to have arisen in
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in Greek, was a well known and very early way to represent Christ. This symbol was already explained in the
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1103:
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255:
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50:
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Christ who brings salvation through the cross. This biblical scene led to interpreting the dove also as a
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The "wings of a dove", with associaions of wealth and good fortune, contrast with misfortune and shame.
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The image of the Good Shepherd, often with a sheep on his shoulders, is the most common of the symbolic
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1861:
1813:
1346:
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300:
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209:
98:
63:
34:
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1389:
While early Christians used the T-shape to represent the cross in writing and gesture, the use of the
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2014:
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93:
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2558:, or seated between figures of saints, and sometimes with elaborate scenes from the New Testament.
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However the more ancient explanation of the dove as a Christian symbol refers to it as a symbol of
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in the fiery furnace typified steadfastness in persecution and faith in the aid of God. Christian
2386:
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thought to be 2nd or 3rd century have survived, but the subject does not appear in the art of the
1439:, a Greek cross with clover leaf edges, popular in southern India, date to about the 6th century.
1335:, rejecting the claim by detractors that Christians worship the cross. The cross (crucifix, Greek
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as a Christian symbol is of very frequent occurrence in ancient ecclesiastical art. According to
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area, the growing popularity of which spread the form. The spread and popularity of the cult of
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3281:, George Menachery, SARAS, 2005; and "Thomas Christian Architecture", in George Menachery, ed.
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The coat of arms of the Anglican diocese of Trinidad contains several Christian visual symbols.
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Jesus depicted with the alpha and omega letters in the catacombs of Rome from the 4th century
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83:
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3457:. Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Collectio Minor, n.2. Jerusalem: Franciscan Print. Press.
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The traditional mortuary symbolism of the dome led it to be used in Christian central-type
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3739:. Routledge Studies in Theology, Imagination and the Arts. London: Routledge. p. 77.
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2565:(symbolic of the Holy Spirit), the sacrificial lamb (symbolic of Christ's sacrifice), the
2155:
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1685:
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1523:, where the S-shaped slumped body type was developed. Early Western examples include the
1436:
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2988:, since the early religions, and the act of sacrifice emblemized the death on the cross.
2193:
Two peacocks, symbolizing paradise and immortality, on a fragment from an eighth century
1989:
means "Jesus Christ". Another more complicated explanation of this monogram was given by
1763:
in the 4th century explained these two united letters stating that the tau refers to the
4155:
4068:
4052:"Conversion and Political Expedience: Imperial Themes in the Early Christian Baptistery"
3969:
3953:"Conversion and Political Expedience: Imperial Themes in the Early Christian Baptistery"
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Basic Christian symbols A to T, types of crosses, number symbolism and color symbolism.
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1998:
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1406:
1402:
1360:
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520:
479:
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330:
295:
147:
68:
1734:). The Staurogram was first used to abbreviate the Greek word for cross in very early
1446:, a Latin cross with an additional horizontal bar, first appears in the 10th century.
5426:
5187:
5118:
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3609:"Birds, symbolic." Peter and Linda Murray, Oxford Dictionary of Christian Art (2004).
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132:
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389:
162:
42:
3455:
The Church from the Circumcision: History and Archaeology of the Judaeo-Christians
1200:. It invests objects or actions with an inner meaning expressing Christian ideas.
4109:
4083:
3984:
3926:
3734:
1963:, was formed by superimposing the first (capital) letters of the Greek words for
1626:
The use since the earliest Christianity of the first and the last letters of the
17:
5302:
5052:
5015:
4864:
4721:
4691:
4588:
3846:
3117:
2981:
2915:
was built in Jerusalem, but the use of centralized domed buildings to symbolize
2625:
2502:
2459:
2362:
2275:
2236:
2206:
2118:
1945:
1935:
1923:
1885:
1612:
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1394:
1390:
1274:
1266:
504:
464:
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335:
275:
219:
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2145:
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1746:
1742:
1738:
1689:
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1524:
1493:
1481:
1371:
1193:
444:
27:
Use of symbols, including archetypes, acts, artwork or events, by Christianity
3801:
3638:
5396:
5307:
5155:
4990:
4980:
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4926:
4726:
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4051:
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3349:
3230:
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3050:
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in the eighth and ninth centuries. One of the first was on the nave dome of
2813:
2735:
2642:
2621:
2600:
2539:
2374:
2293:
for the first time connects the idea of hope with the symbol of the anchor.
2253:
2222:
1994:
1956:
1786:
1597:
1505:
606:
469:
439:
2670:. In many churches Lent is marked by unbleached linen to suggest penitence.
2850:
near Constantinople in 754. Image veneration was later reinstated by the
1504:, small metal flasks for holy oil, that were pilgrim's souvenirs from the
1325:
by the 2nd century. At the end of the 2nd century, it is mentioned in the
1218:, or the avoidance or prohibition of types of images. These include early
4696:
4565:
4149:
3505:
The earliest Christian artifacts : manuscripts and Christian origins
3072:
3012:
2441:
2422:
2318:
2141:
1990:
1986:
1865:
1854:
1560:
1500:
that the image developed, and many of the earliest depictions are on the
1465:
1310:
1306:
1254:
1227:
454:
325:
1796:
symbol, and it spread over Western Europe in the 5th and 6th centuries.
5005:
4985:
4842:
4736:
3152:
3008:
2969:
2965:
2755:
2739:
2734:, the number of which vary between denominations. Always included are
2551:
2520:
2497:
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2240:
2230:
2202:
1869:
1824:
1793:
1553:
1543:
1489:
1337:
489:
214:
187:
4183:
2001:
of iota is 10 and the chi is the initial of the word "Christ" (Greek:
745:
3421:
3028:
2992:
2931:
2808:
The tomb paintings of the early Christians led to the development of
2694:
2663:
2659:
2604:
2493:
2271:
2170:
as a sign that the water had receded, and this scene recalled to the
2137:
1968:
1850:
1511:
In the early medieval period, the plain cross became depicted as the
1355:("the Lord's sign") and he repeats the idea, current as early as the
1189:
641:
142:
4198:
Symbol outlines that can be used to create Christian themed projects
2313:
St. Patrick with shamrock, from St. Benin's Church, Wicklow, Ireland
2148:
value of the sum in Greek of the letters of the word "dove" (Greek:
1857:. Widespread in ancient Christianity, it was the symbol used by the
2101:
2065:. Initially it was also understood as a symbol like others used in
4938:
4398:
4337:
4294:
4143:
3032:
3024:
2985:
2977:
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2412:
2400:
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2188:
2080:
2035:
1964:
1955:
An early form of the monogram of Christ, found in early Christian
1939:
1881:
1803:
1792:
The Monogrammatic Cross was later seen also as a variation of the
1676:
A staurogram used as τρ-ligature part of the spelling of the word
1671:
1611:
1547:
1426:
1292:
1248:
157:
119:
4202:
Christian Symbols and Variations of Crosses – Images and Meanings
3989:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 53–56, 79,
2943:, and this eventually developed into the bust image known as the
2766:
or, as in Catholic theology, "outward signs and media of grace."
2611:; also for the feasts of St Mary and saints who were not martyrs.
1464:
Although the cross was used as a symbol by early Christians, the
1309:(r. 695–698); on the obverse, a stepped cross in the shape of an
3567:
3107:
3020:
2809:
2676:
2667:
2566:
2562:
2426:
2361:, especially in the form of a candle flame, represents both the
2163:
2114:
2097:
2090:
1817:
889:
4216:
4212:
3375:
2862:
in 815. And finally icon veneration was decisively restored by
2617:
1773:
3931:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 53–56,
2632:, the Precious Blood, and feasts of saints who were martyred.
2149:
2018:
2008:
2002:
1909:
1776:
1768:
1701:
1568:
1350:
4164:
An in depth study on symbolic color occurrence in The Bible.
2764:
an outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace
2144:
in the 2nd century explains that the number 801 is both the
3544:
2125:
was often used in the past, and sometimes still appears in
1833:
is formed by superimposing the first two (capital) letters
2995:(english : Elia or Elias) was believed to typify the
1214:
Only a minority of Christian denominations have practiced
3829:(1976 ed.). Drive Publications Limited. p. 679.
1342:
4088:(illustrated ed.), ProQuest LLC, pp. 174–175,
2848:
a council forbidding image veneration was held at Hieria
2697:– Regarded as the colour of jealousy and treason; hence
2205:
did not decay after death, and so it became a symbol of
1757:, and may visually have represented Jesus on the cross.
1409:, used to identify Christ in paintings, is found in the
4011:"The Dome in Christian and Islamic Sacred Architecture"
3713:(1999). Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, hardcover:
3019:
contained artistic representations of the fall of man,
2546:
From the second half of the 1st century to the time of
1431:
20th–21st century Celtic cross with inscribed symbolism
3662:
Customs, Habits and Symbols of the Protestant Religion
2796:
denominations considering them entirely symbolic, and
2519:
includes a lily crucifix in the carving of the centre
2425:
churches in England. It depicts Christ crucified on a
4146:
Very comprehensive site, complete with search engine.
1317:
The shape of the cross, as represented by the letter
2641:– Used for 'ordinary' Sundays, in the periods after
2492:
A possible lily crucifix in a bench end at St Mary,
5340:
5295:
5213:
5097:
5088:
5043:
4828:
4792:
4752:
4652:
4633:
4579:
4536:
4481:
4387:
4366:
4325:
4293:
3478:
The Christian Celts: treasures of late Celtic Wales
2742:. The others which may or may not be included are
2040:A 3rd-century painting of the Good Shepherd in the
1515:, covered with jewels, as many real early medieval
1508:, as well as 5th century ivory reliefs from Italy.
1397:, i.e. crosses with intersecting beams, appears in
2377:, and from Jesus' description of his followers as
1922:. For other christograms such as IHS, see Article
1904:), sometime superimposed one on the other, or the
4056:Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas
3957:Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas
3480:. Cardiff: National Museum of Wales. p. 61.
2538:Christians from the very beginning adorned their
1496:led to a change of attitude. It was probably in
4152:(keyword searchable, includes symbols of saints)
1374:also rejects the accusation that Christians are
3873:The Cult of Images in the Age before Iconoclasm
3283:The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India
2158:, which refer to Christ. In the Bible story of
1767:, and the rho refers to the Greek word "help" (
1592:" (Iēsous Christos Theou Huios Sōtēr), meaning
1341:) in this period was represented by the letter
749:
560:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
4174:Old Christian Symbols from book by Rudolf Koch
4085:Domes of Heaven: The Domed Basilicas of Cyprus
3277:see: "Granite Objects in Kerala Churches", in
5112:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches
4811:
4228:
3827:Treasures of Britain and Treasures of Ireland
1166:
707:
8:
2842:sometime between 726 and 730. Under his son
2554:monogram, with bas-reliefs of Christ as the
2325:to illustrate the Christian doctrine of the
2296:A fragment of inscription discovered in the
1596:. This explanation is given among others by
4170:Forty symbols at Kansas Wesleyan University
3632:
3630:
2762:. They are together commonly described as
2154:) and the sum of the values of the letters
1472:, were rare prior to the 5th century; some
1321:, came to be used as a "seal" or symbol of
5094:
4649:
4384:
4235:
4221:
4213:
4209:Ways Christian Symbols are used in worship
3895:The Spirit of Eastern Christendom 600–1700
3885:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3795:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3396:
3394:
2201:Ancient Greeks believed that the flesh of
1563:consisting of the initial letters of five
1173:
1159:
725:
714:
700:
369:
49:
29:
4138:Symbols in Christian Art and Architecture
4067:
3986:The Dome: A Study in the History of Ideas
3968:
3928:The Dome: A Study in the History of Ideas
2838:began when images were banned by Emperor
2517:Church of St John the Baptist, Wellington
2365:and light. These symbols derive from the
1531:, both from the end of the 10th century.
3509:. William B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. pp.
2869:Today icons are used particularly among
4184:Tree of Jesse Directory by Malcolm Low.
4179:Christian Symbols, Origins and Meanings
3774:. Wellington and District Team Ministry
3177:
2773:, and in Catholic theology, become the
737:
519:
372:
41:
3878:
3705:
3703:
3314:, Vol. II, 1972, 89–90, figs. 322–326.
2895:Symbolism of domes § Christianity
2726:Some of the oldest symbols within the
2523:of the east window of the Lady chapel.
3840:
3838:
3836:
3023:and the ark, scenes from the life of
1880:The first two letters of the name of
7:
4156:ReligionFacts.com: Christian Symbols
3649:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
3578:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
3555:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
3360:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
3338:. Nouv. éd. Paris: Flammarion, 1977.
2561:Other Christian symbols include the
2421:A lily crucifix is a rare symbol of
2162:, after the flood a dove returns to
4069:10.22201/iie.18703062e.2002.80.2105
3970:10.22201/iie.18703062e.2002.80.2105
3623:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 37.
2373:that symbolized the Holy Spirit at
1470:depictions of the crucifixion scene
555:Members Church of God International
2452:An alabaster example on a tomb in
1349:in the early 3rd century calls it
25:
4082:Stewart, Charles Anthony (2008),
3772:"St John the Baptist, Wellington"
3336:Initiation à la Symbolique Romane
3301:, Vol. II, 1972, 89–90, fig. 321.
2826:, 6th-century Coptic icon, Louvre
2474:Holy Trinity Church, Long Melford
2407:Holy Trinity Church, Long Melford
1944:A IX monogram from a 4th century
1480:. The purported discovery of the
1411:Miracles of the Loaves and Fishes
1072:List of Christian Nobel laureates
5407:
5406:
5395:
4523:State church of the Roman Empire
3909:Karlin-Hayter, Patricia (2002),
3643:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
3572:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
3549:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
3354:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
3049:
2980:was regarded as a symbol of the
1594:Jesus Christ, God's Son, Saviour
681:
4506:First seven ecumenical councils
1853:, in such a way to produce the
1552:A written Ichthys from ancient
5373:Relations with other religions
4779:Church of the East (Nestorian)
4774:Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)
4168:Christian Symbol Wood Carvings
4150:Christian Symbols and Glossary
4140:Comprehensive general listing.
4108:Ousterhout, Robert G. (2008),
3640:"The Anchor (as Symbol)"
3324:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
2717:Baptism in early Christian art
1277:, in contrast with some other
1196:, acts, artwork or events, by
565:The New Church (Swedenborgian)
510:Nondenominational Christianity
1:
4050:Temple, Nicholas (May 2002),
3951:Temple, Nicholas (May 2002),
3897:, University of Chicago Press
3351:"Symbolism of the Fish"
3279:Glimpses of Nazraney Heritage
3220:Stromata, book VI, chapter XI
2709:Symbols of Christian Churches
2472:Five examples in glass as at
2321:is said to have been used by
2256:from about the 12th century.
2085:A dove with an olive branch,
2013:) which has 8 letters, these
1418:
1289:, which use only a bare cross
1137:Christian influences in Islam
4162:Color Symbolism in The Bible
4111:Master Builders of Byzantium
3983:Smith, Earl Baldwin (1950),
3925:Smith, Earl Baldwin (1950),
3312:Iconography of Christian Art
3299:Iconography of Christian Art
3103:Holy Spirit in Christian art
3088:Coat of arms of the Holy See
2960:Symbols adopted from Judaism
2941:Hagia Sophia in Thessaloniki
2925:resurrection of Jesus Christ
2919:was a Christian innovation.
2688:– For funerals and requiems.
2599:– Used at festivals such as
2454:St Mary's Church, Nottingham
2333:Ireland in the 5th century.
1115:Christianity in Civilization
1062:List of Christian scientists
956:American Catholic literature
570:Unitarians and Universalists
5080:Views on poverty and wealth
3911:Oxford History of Byzantium
2282:, and several of the early
2061:, and it is related to the
1077:Catholic Church and science
5464:
5325:World Evangelical Alliance
5287:Traditionalist Catholicism
4018:The Forum on Public Policy
3893:Jaroslav, Pelikan (1974),
3800:Fortescue, Adrian (1912).
3664:. GRIN Verlag. p. 5.
3588:Irenaeus, Adv Haer, 1.14.6
3533:Irenaeus, Adv Haer, 1.15.2
3412:. Leiden: Brill. pp.
3208:Octavius of Minucius Felix
2892:
2856:Seventh Ecumenical Council
2576:
2478:An image on the base of a
2448:. Other examples include:
2263:
2228:
2150:
2046:
2019:
2009:
2003:
1933:
1910:
1822:
1777:
1769:
1702:
1665:
1619:
1569:
1541:
1405:. An early example of the
1359:, that the number 318 (in
1351:
1242:
5390:
5320:World Council of Churches
4812:
4807:Latter Day Saint movement
4250:
4009:Grupico, Theresa (2011).
3913:, Oxford University Press
3871:Kitzinger, Ernst (1954),
3853:. Robert Appleton Company
3808:. Robert Appleton Company
3711:The Symbols of the Church
3598:Commentary on Psalm 68:13
3566:Herbert Thurston (1913).
3408:New Testament Manuscripts
2997:ascension of Jesus Christ
2883:Eastern Catholic Churches
2701:is shown in yellow robes.
2298:catacomb of St. Domitilla
2286:speak in this sense. The
2063:Parable of the Lost Sheep
2055:representations of Christ
2023:) (10+8+200+70+400+200).
1814:Catacombs of San Callisto
1718:symbol, is composed by a
1488:, and the development of
1484:by Constantine's mother,
1287:Armenian Apostolic Church
981:Christian science fiction
5348:Anti-Christian sentiment
4528:Christian biblical canon
4024:(3): 8–9. Archived from
3660:Klöpping, Laura (2012).
3637:Maurice Hassett (1913).
3383:. XVIII, 23 – via
3348:Maurice Hassett (1913).
2679:– The colour of St Mary.
2528:Llanbeblig Book of Hours
1279:Protestant denominations
1130:Eastern Orthodox history
5402:Christianity portal
4561:Investiture Controversy
3619:Jenner, Henry (2004) .
3501:Hurtado, Larry (2006).
3113:Jesus, King of the Jews
2864:Empress Regent Theodora
2507:St Bartholomew's Church
2458:A wall painting in the
2383:God is a consuming fire
2369:; for example from the
2270:Christians adopted the
2027:Other Christian symbols
1527:and the reverse of the
1370:Clement's contemporary
1271:Eastern Orthodox Church
1261:, a symbol used in the
1234:Early Christian symbols
986:Spiritual autobiography
5353:Christian universalism
4744:Western Rite Orthodoxy
4589:Protestant Reformation
3802:"Veneration of Images"
3543:Arthur Barnes (1913).
3476:Redknap, Mark (1991).
2827:
2824:Christ and Saint Menas
2718:
2418:
2410:
2379:the light of the world
2314:
2288:Epistle to the Hebrews
2226:
2198:
2197:from a church in Italy
2093:
2087:Catacombs of Domitilla
2044:
1952:
1820:
1693:
1658:, also 1:8 and 21:6).
1617:
1556:
1432:
1314:
1290:
777:
5438:Christian iconography
5011:Anointing of the Sick
4144:Christian Symbols Net
3851:Catholic Encyclopedia
3845:Kennedy, D.J (1912).
3806:Catholic Encyclopedia
3646:Catholic Encyclopedia
3575:Catholic Encyclopedia
3552:Catholic Encyclopedia
3357:Catholic Encyclopedia
3148:Shield of the Trinity
3027:in three variations,
2822:
2716:
2548:Constantine the Great
2468:Abingdon, Oxfordshire
2416:
2404:
2312:
2220:
2192:
2084:
2042:Catacomb of Callixtus
2039:
1943:
1920:Clement of Alexandria
1845:) of the Greek word "
1807:
1690:Papyrus Bodmer XIV-XV
1675:
1615:
1551:
1430:
1415:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
1347:Clement of Alexandria
1296:
1252:
1203:The symbolism of the
776:
5332:Nondenominationalism
5205:Role in civilization
4672:Independent Catholic
4614:Relations with Islam
4594:Catholic Reformation
4207:PreachingSymbols.com
4031:on November 29, 2014
3190:Jewish Encyclopaedia
3098:Flag of Vatican City
3078:Christian demonology
2852:Empress Regent Irene
2840:Leo III the Isaurian
2836:Byzantine Iconoclasm
2127:Eastern Christianity
1726:) superimposed on a
1517:processional crosses
810:Western Christianity
805:Eastern Christianity
407:Independent Catholic
5448:Early Christian art
5378:Unlimited atonement
5363:Cultural Christians
4802:Jehovah's Witnesses
4424:Sermon on the Mount
4353:Christian tradition
4280:Lists of Christians
3709:Dilasser, Maurice.
3621:Christian Symbolism
3451:Bagatti, Bellarmino
3310:Schiller, Gertrud,
3133:Religious symbolism
3057:Christianity portal
2526:A miniature in the
2317:Traditionally, the
2067:Early Christian art
2007:; proper spelling:
1916:Epistle of Barnabas
1808:The Chi-Rho symbol
1775:; proper spelling:
1712:Monogrammatic Cross
1401:towards the end of
1357:Epistle of Barnabas
1352:τὸ κυριακὸν σημεῖον
1186:Christian symbolism
1149:Christianity portal
885:Church architecture
865:Christian symbolism
800:Christian tradition
688:Christianity portal
545:Jehovah's Witnesses
225:History of theology
5223:Crusading movement
4491:Ante-Nicene period
4196:Chrismon Templates
4189:2008-10-12 at the
3736:The Passion in Art
2828:
2786:Transubstantiation
2719:
2579:Liturgical colours
2438:All Saints' Church
2419:
2411:
2315:
2227:
2199:
2160:Noah and the Flood
2094:
2045:
1953:
1821:
1700:⳨ (from the Greek
1694:
1618:
1557:
1433:
1323:Early Christianity
1315:
1291:
1283:Church of the East
1239:Cross and crucifix
1087:Quakers in science
837:Cultural Christian
822:Protestant culture
778:
427:Church of the East
291:Early Christianity
5443:Religious symbols
5433:Christian symbols
5420:
5419:
5386:
5385:
5314:Charta Oecumenica
4824:
4823:
4814:Iglesia ni Cristo
4629:
4628:
4609:French Revolution
4599:Thirty Years' War
4471:Apostolic fathers
4439:Great Commandment
4121:978-1-934536-03-2
4095:978-0-549-75556-2
3996:978-0-691-03875-9
3938:978-0-691-03875-9
3733:(23 July 2019) .
3671:978-3-656-13453-4
3569:"Symbolism"
3520:978-0-8028-2895-8
3487:978-0-7200-0354-3
3431:978-90-04-14945-8
3295:Schiller, Gertrud
3123:Nordic Cross flag
2913:Anastasis Rotunda
2875:Oriental Orthodox
2405:Lily Crucifix at
2349:made wide use of
2341:Elemental symbols
2131:Church tabernacle
2059:Catacombs of Rome
2032:The Good Shepherd
1761:Ephrem the Syrian
1478:Catacombs of Rome
1444:Patriarchal cross
1435:Instances of the
1417:, Ravenna (dated
1384:sign of the cross
1183:
1182:
1120:Christian history
1082:Parson-naturalist
817:Byzantine culture
789:Christian culture
739:Christian culture
724:
723:
577:
576:
550:Latter Day Saints
535:Iglesia ni Cristo
500:United Protestant
485:Plymouth Brethren
420:Oriental Orthodox
18:Christian symbols
16:(Redirected from
5455:
5410:
5409:
5400:
5399:
5243:Environmentalism
5193:Church buildings
5095:
4910:Eastern Orthodox
4905:Eastern Catholic
4817:
4816:
4784:Eastern Catholic
4762:Eastern Orthodox
4650:
4571:Age of Discovery
4556:East–West Schism
4454:Great Commission
4385:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4214:
4125:
4124:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4030:
4015:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3922:
3916:
3914:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3890:
3884:
3876:
3875:, Dumbarton Oaks
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3842:
3831:
3830:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3797:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3755:
3753:
3731:Harries, Richard
3727:
3721:
3707:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3642:
3634:
3625:
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3388:
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3368:
3362:
3361:
3353:
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3339:
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3326:
3321:
3315:
3308:
3302:
3292:
3286:
3275:
3269:
3259:
3253:
3236:Tertullian uses
3228:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3199:
3193:
3182:
3059:
3054:
3053:
2953:Middle Byzantine
2871:Eastern Orthodox
2728:Christian Church
2693:
2684:
2675:
2658:
2637:
2616:
2595:
2511:Tong, Shropshire
2391:Jewish symbolism
2153:
2152:
2123:Eucharistic dove
2106:Baptism of Jesus
2073:and rich robes.
2022:
2021:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2005:
1913:
1912:
1849:ΙΣΤΟΣ", meaning
1781:) which has the
1780:
1779:
1772:
1771:
1753:, almost like a
1705:
1704:
1683:
1656:Revelation 22:13
1591:
1590:
1529:Cross of Lothair
1459:Catholic culture
1423:
1420:
1376:crucis religiosi
1354:
1353:
1220:Jewish Christian
1175:
1168:
1161:
1125:Catholic history
1034:Liturgical music
971:Christian poetry
748:
726:
716:
709:
702:
685:
530:Christadelphians
460:Free Evangelical
413:Eastern Orthodox
370:
321:East–West Schism
53:
30:
21:
5463:
5462:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5394:
5382:
5336:
5291:
5209:
5090:
5084:
5039:
4964:One true church
4820:
4788:
4748:
4637:
4625:
4575:
4532:
4477:
4404:in Christianity
4390:
4376:
4370:
4362:
4321:
4297:
4289:
4246:
4241:
4191:Wayback Machine
4134:
4129:
4128:
4122:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4096:
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4076:
4049:
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4013:
4008:
4007:
4003:
3997:
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3892:
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3628:
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3596:
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3542:
3541:
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3521:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3449:
3448:
3439:
3432:
3400:
3399:
3392:
3378:The City of God
3370:
3369:
3365:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3318:
3309:
3305:
3293:
3289:
3276:
3272:
3260:
3256:
3234:., chapter xvi.
3229:
3225:
3218:
3214:
3200:
3196:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3138:Saint symbolism
3093:Cross and Crown
3055:
3048:
3045:
2962:
2897:
2891:
2806:
2782:Blood of Christ
2724:
2711:
2704:
2691:
2682:
2673:
2656:
2635:
2614:
2593:
2581:
2575:
2536:
2482:at All Saints,
2431:the Virgin Mary
2399:
2371:tongues of fire
2343:
2307:
2268:
2262:
2233:
2215:
2187:
2176:symbol of peace
2156:Alpha and Omega
2079:
2051:
2034:
2029:
1985:, so that this
1938:
1932:
1878:
1827:
1811:
1802:
1681:
1670:
1664:
1624:
1622:Alpha and Omega
1610:
1608:Alpha and Omega
1546:
1540:
1437:St Thomas cross
1421:
1299:globus cruciger
1297:Early use of a
1263:Catholic Church
1257:, a cross with
1247:
1245:Christian cross
1241:
1236:
1226:prohibition of
1179:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1109:
1108:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1056:
1055:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1019:Christmas music
1008:
1007:
992:
991:
990:
976:Christian novel
966:Christian drama
950:
949:
934:
933:
932:
912:
911:
896:
895:
894:
859:
858:
843:
842:
841:
794:
793:
775:
746:
720:
657:
656:
627:Other religions
587:
579:
578:
367:
366:
346:
345:
266:
265:
245:
244:
178:
168:
167:
128:
127:
109:
108:
74:
73:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5461:
5459:
5451:
5450:
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5435:
5425:
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5415:
5414:
5404:
5391:
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5387:
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5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5305:
5299:
5297:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5260:
5255:
5253:Fundamentalism
5250:
5248:Existentialism
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5219:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5139:God the Father
5136:
5131:
5126:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5103:
5101:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5060:
5055:
5049:
5047:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5036:
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5025:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4959:Body of Christ
4956:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4924:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4834:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4809:
4804:
4798:
4796:
4794:Restorationist
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4758:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4658:
4656:
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4631:
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4627:
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4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
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4583:
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4576:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4542:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4503:
4498:
4496:Late antiquity
4493:
4487:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4466:Church fathers
4463:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4395:
4393:
4382:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4303:
4301:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4204:
4199:
4193:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4165:
4159:
4153:
4147:
4141:
4133:
4132:External links
4130:
4127:
4126:
4120:
4100:
4094:
4074:
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4001:
3995:
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3943:
3937:
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3590:
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3468:
3437:
3430:
3402:Hurtado, Larry
3390:
3363:
3340:
3327:
3316:
3303:
3287:
3285:, Vol. 2, 1973
3270:
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3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
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3095:
3090:
3085:
3083:Christian flag
3080:
3075:
3070:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3044:
3041:
2961:
2958:
2893:Main article:
2890:
2887:
2805:
2802:
2778:Body of Christ
2723:
2720:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2699:Judas Iscariot
2689:
2680:
2671:
2654:
2633:
2630:Holy Cross Day
2612:
2609:Corpus Christi
2590:
2577:Main article:
2574:
2571:
2535:
2534:Tomb paintings
2532:
2531:
2530:
2524:
2513:
2500:
2490:
2476:
2470:
2456:
2398:
2395:
2342:
2339:
2331:Christianising
2306:
2303:
2284:Church Fathers
2266:Anchored cross
2261:
2258:
2229:Main article:
2214:
2211:
2186:
2183:
2172:Church Fathers
2078:
2075:
2047:Main article:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
1997:: because the
1950:Constantinople
1934:Main article:
1931:
1928:
1877:
1874:
1823:Main article:
1809:
1801:
1798:
1692:, 2nd century)
1666:Main article:
1663:
1660:
1628:Greek alphabet
1620:Main article:
1609:
1606:
1542:Main article:
1539:
1536:
1502:Monza ampullae
1492:as a site for
1407:cruciform halo
1403:Late Antiquity
1361:Greek numerals
1333:Minucius Felix
1243:Main article:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1188:is the use of
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
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845:
844:
840:
839:
834:
832:Mormon culture
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588:
586:Related topics
585:
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575:
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573:
572:
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562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
524:
523:
521:Restorationist
517:
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515:
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507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
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296:Church Fathers
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5218:
5216:
5212:
5206:
5203:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5188:Popular piety
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5157:
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5017:
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5012:
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5002:
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4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4969:People of God
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
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4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
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4708:
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4680:
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4648:
4645:
4641:
4636:
4635:Denominations
4632:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4604:Enlightenment
4602:
4600:
4597:
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4380:
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4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4317:New Testament
4315:
4313:
4312:Old Testament
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
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3764:
3760:
3748:
3746:9781351884426
3742:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3719:0-8146-2538-X
3716:
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3227:
3224:
3221:
3216:
3213:
3210:, chapter 29)
3209:
3205:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3164:Wordless Book
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3128:Peace symbols
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
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3099:
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3018:
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3006:
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2998:
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2975:
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2959:
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2933:
2930:Portraits of
2928:
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2896:
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2886:
2884:
2880:
2876:
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2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2844:Constantine V
2841:
2837:
2832:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2803:
2801:
2799:
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2598:
2592:
2591:
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2580:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2556:Good Shepherd
2553:
2549:
2544:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2504:
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2499:
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2489:
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2484:Great Glemham
2481:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:Isle of Wight
2443:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2415:
2408:
2403:
2397:Lily crucifix
2396:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2323:Saint Patrick
2320:
2311:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2259:
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2255:
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2238:
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2219:
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2210:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2146:numerological
2143:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2104:, during the
2103:
2099:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2057:found in the
2056:
2050:
2049:Good Shepherd
2043:
2038:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2016:
2015:early fathers
2000:
1999:numeric value
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1906:numeric value
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1862:Constantine I
1860:
1859:Roman emperor
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1819:
1815:
1806:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1783:numerological
1774:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1736:New Testament
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1661:
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1649:
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1607:
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1566:
1562:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1521:Byzantine art
1518:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1474:engraved gems
1471:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1429:
1425:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:Christian art
1396:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1365:Genesis 14:14
1362:
1358:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1308:
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1300:
1295:
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1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
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1246:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1067:Merton thesis
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
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1022:
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1017:
1015:
1012:
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1004:
1001:
1000:
996:
995:
987:
984:
982:
979:
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974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
961:Bible fiction
959:
957:
954:
953:
946:
943:
942:
938:
937:
929:
926:
924:
923:Radio formats
921:
919:
918:Film industry
916:
915:
908:
905:
904:
900:
899:
891:
888:
886:
883:
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878:
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868:
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855:
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847:
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838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
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823:
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815:
811:
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798:
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790:
787:
786:
782:
781:
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736:
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728:
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712:
710:
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698:
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689:
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623:
620:
618:
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613:
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593:
590:
589:
583:
582:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
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553:
551:
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543:
541:
538:
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531:
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393:
391:
388:
387:
386:
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381:
380:
379:
378:
375:
371:
363:
360:
358:
357:Denominations
355:
354:
350:
349:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
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309:
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180:
177:
172:
171:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
138:New Testament
136:
134:
133:Old Testament
131:
130:
123:
121:
118:
117:
113:
112:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
70:
67:
65:
62:
61:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
5312:
5107:Architecture
5001:Confirmation
4949:Ecclesiology
4880:Original sin
4870:Nicene Creed
4667:Old Catholic
4551:Papal States
4483:Great Church
4449:Resurrection
4391:Christianity
4348:New Covenant
4299:(Scriptures)
4244:Christianity
4110:
4103:
4084:
4077:
4059:
4055:
4045:
4035:November 16,
4033:. Retrieved
4026:the original
4021:
4017:
4004:
3985:
3978:
3960:
3956:
3946:
3927:
3920:
3910:
3904:
3894:
3891:, quoted by
3872:
3866:
3855:. Retrieved
3850:
3847:"Sacraments"
3826:
3821:
3810:. Retrieved
3805:
3776:. Retrieved
3766:
3757:
3750:. Retrieved
3735:
3725:
3710:
3696:Matthew 5:14
3691:
3680:
3661:
3655:
3644:
3620:
3614:
3605:
3593:
3584:
3573:
3561:
3550:
3546:"Dove"
3538:
3529:
3504:
3496:
3477:
3471:
3454:
3407:
3377:
3366:
3355:
3343:
3335:
3334:M.-M. Davy,
3330:
3319:
3311:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3263:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3226:
3215:
3202:
3197:
3180:
3162:
3143:Sator Square
3067:Arma Christi
3065:
3001:resurrection
2990:
2963:
2951:writes that
2929:
2921:
2917:resurrection
2898:
2868:
2833:
2829:
2807:
2790:
2774:
2768:
2763:
2752:confirmation
2725:
2705:
2582:
2560:
2545:
2537:
2435:
2420:
2382:
2378:
2370:
2347:early Church
2344:
2335:
2327:Holy Trinity
2316:
2295:
2269:
2239:Europe, the
2234:
2200:
2180:
2168:olive branch
2166:bringing an
2135:
2122:
2102:Matthew 3:16
2095:
2052:
1982:
1975:
1954:
1901:
1893:
1879:
1846:
1842:
1830:
1828:
1791:
1759:
1755:nomen sacrum
1731:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1677:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1602:Civitate Dei
1593:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1558:
1533:
1513:crux gemmata
1510:
1463:
1455:
1451:Celtic cross
1448:
1441:
1434:
1410:
1388:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1336:
1326:
1316:
1258:
1213:
1209:Christianity
1205:early Church
1202:
1198:Christianity
1192:, including
1185:
1184:
1029:Gospel music
1024:Church music
880:Lutheran art
875:Catholic art
864:
646:
592:Civilization
432:
425:
418:
411:
402:Old Catholic
382:
240:Universalism
163:New Covenant
99:Resurrection
43:Christianity
5368:Persecution
5303:Christendom
5296:Cooperation
5233:Charismatic
5144:Holy Spirit
5053:Natural law
5016:Holy orders
4865:Christology
4858:Holy Spirit
4732:Pentecostal
4712:Evangelical
4707:Charismatic
4546:Monasticism
4538:Middle Ages
4501:Constantine
4444:Crucifixion
4326:Foundations
4062:(80): 7–9,
3778:1 September
3752:23 February
3266:, chapter 3
3244:"pole" and
3118:Lamb of God
2982:crucifixion
2945:Pantokrator
2626:Palm Sunday
2620:– Used for
2503:Choir stall
2460:Lady Chapel
2363:Holy Spirit
2276:Saint Peter
2252:and of the
2207:immortality
2119:Peristerium
2110:Holy Spirit
1946:Sarcophagus
1936:IX monogram
1930:IX monogram
1924:Christogram
1876:IH monogram
1739:manuscripts
1395:Latin cross
1391:Greek cross
1275:Anglicanism
1267:Lutheranism
1224:Decalogue's
928:Video games
480:Pentecostal
362:(full list)
336:Reformation
301:Constantine
220:Christology
210:Apologetics
203:Holy Spirit
124:Foundations
94:Crucifixion
5427:Categories
5282:Prosperity
5258:Liberation
5198:Cathedrals
5183:Pilgrimage
5168:Literature
5045:Philosophy
4981:Sacraments
4954:Four marks
4915:Protestant
4890:Born again
4687:Anabaptist
4677:Protestant
4619:Influences
4581:Modern era
4285:By country
3857:2007-11-26
3812:2007-11-26
3385:Wikisource
3172:References
3017:sarcophagi
2949:Otto Demus
2937:Iconoclasm
2901:martyriums
2794:Protestant
2744:ordination
2732:sacraments
2722:Sacraments
2662:– Used in
2649:and after
2583:Different
2389:. Compare
2387:Hebrews 12
2280:Saint Paul
2264:See also:
2221:A pelican
1961:Palaestina
1698:Staurogram
1686:Luke 14:27
1668:Staurogram
1662:Staurogram
1525:Gero Cross
1494:pilgrimage
1482:True Cross
1422: 504
1413:mosaic of
1372:Tertullian
1363:, ΤΙΗ) in
1305:minted by
1194:archetypes
945:Literature
540:Irvingians
505:Waldensian
445:Anabaptist
434:Protestant
5358:Criticism
5308:Ecumenism
5272:Mysticism
5238:Democracy
5228:Anarchism
5215:Movements
5178:Mythology
5156:Catechism
5151:Education
5068:Evolution
4991:Eucharist
4974:Canon law
4932:Theotokos
4927:Mariology
4885:Salvation
4875:Tradition
4727:Methodist
4682:Adventist
4516:Chalcedon
3963:(80): 7,
3422:1842/1204
3372:Augustine
3264:De Corona
3240:"cross",
3158:Triquetra
2974:sacrifice
2814:semiotics
2798:Catholics
2736:Eucharist
2643:Pentecost
2622:Pentecost
2601:Christmas
2540:catacombs
2505:No. 8 in
2409:, Suffolk
2385:found in
2375:Pentecost
2353:symbols.
2351:elemental
2254:Eucharist
2151:περιστερά
2140:himself:
1995:Pachomius
1957:ossuaries
1787:ossuaries
1598:Augustine
1506:Holy Land
1498:Palestine
1380:De Corona
1216:Aniconism
870:Early art
647:Symbolism
607:Ecumenism
597:Criticism
475:Moravian
470:Methodist
440:Adventist
311:Augustine
261:Tradition
235:Salvation
104:Ascension
5412:Category
5277:Pacifism
5091:features
5075:Politics
5028:Ablution
4996:Marriage
4900:Catholic
4830:Theology
4722:Lutheran
4717:Holiness
4702:Reformed
4692:Anglican
4662:Catholic
4566:Crusades
4511:Nicaea I
4461:Apostles
4434:Miracles
4429:Parables
4419:Ministry
4409:Nativity
4373:timeline
4270:Prophets
4265:Glossary
4187:Archived
3881:citation
3685:Acts 2:3
3463:17529706
3453:(1984).
3073:Bestiary
3043:See also
3005:Hananiah
2879:Assyrian
2784:through
2760:marriage
2730:are the
2651:Epiphany
2464:St Helen
2442:Godshill
2423:Anglican
2319:shamrock
2305:Shamrock
2237:medieval
2195:ciborium
2142:Irenaeus
2004:ΧΡΕΙΣΤΟΣ
1991:Irenaeus
1987:monogram
1866:vexillum
1855:monogram
1741:such as
1710:), also
1561:acrostic
1490:Golgotha
1468:, i.e.
1466:crucifix
1328:Octavius
1313:monogram
1311:Iota Eta
1307:Leontios
1255:Crucifix
1228:idolatry
827:Holidays
731:a series
729:Part of
665:Glossary
612:Glossary
495:Reformed
465:Lutheran
450:Anglican
384:Catholic
326:Crusades
316:Ignatius
306:Councils
271:Apostles
176:Theology
89:Ministry
79:Nativity
35:a series
33:Part of
5341:Related
5134:Trinity
5099:Culture
5063:Science
5033:Hygiene
5023:Mission
5006:Penance
4986:Baptism
4922:Worship
4895:Liturgy
4843:Trinity
4754:Eastern
4737:Quakers
4697:Baptist
4654:Western
4644:members
4414:Baptism
4368:History
4358:Worship
4260:Outline
3232:Apology
3153:Trefoil
3013:Azariah
3009:Mishael
2970:selihah
2966:Mishnah
2903:in the
2756:penance
2748:unction
2740:baptism
2647:Trinity
2585:colours
2573:Colours
2552:chi-rho
2521:mullion
2498:Norfolk
2488:Suffolk
2291:6:19–20
2246:Passion
2241:pelican
2231:Pelican
2223:vulning
2213:Pelican
2203:peafowl
2185:Peacock
2010:ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ
1971:, i.e.
1918:and by
1870:Labarum
1868:(named
1831:Chi Rho
1825:Chi Rho
1800:Chi Rho
1794:Chi Rho
1778:Βoήθεια
1716:Tau-Rho
1706:, i.e.
1703:σταυρός
1682:ϲ(τρ)ον
1678:σταυρον
1600:in his
1577:ριστὸς
1554:Ephesus
1544:Ichthys
1538:Ichthys
1338:stauros
1303:solidus
1190:symbols
1104:History
1051:Science
675:Outline
652:Worship
632:Outline
622:Liturgy
602:Culture
455:Baptist
395:Eastern
331:Aquinas
256:History
230:Mission
215:Baptism
188:Trinity
84:Baptism
5058:Ethics
4939:Saints
4848:Father
4767:Church
4379:spread
4343:Gospel
4333:Church
4275:People
4118:
4092:
3993:
3935:
3743:
3717:
3668:
3517:
3513:–115.
3484:
3461:
3428:
3380:
3246:stipes
3186:CROSS:
3037:Daniel
3035:, and
3029:Joshua
3011:, and
2993:Elijah
2932:Christ
2909:relics
2905:Syrian
2775:actual
2695:Yellow
2692:
2683:
2674:
2664:Advent
2660:Purple
2657:
2636:
2615:
2605:Easter
2594:
2494:Binham
2272:anchor
2260:Anchor
2225:itself
2138:Christ
2020:ΙΗΣΟΥΣ
1969:Christ
1908:18 of
1896:) and
1851:Christ
1770:Βoήθια
1642:) and
1573:ησοῦς
1486:Helena
1285:, and
1273:, and
1269:, the
1259:corpus
686:
642:Sermon
637:Prayer
490:Quaker
374:Nicene
341:Luther
193:Father
153:Church
143:Gospel
69:Christ
5267:Right
5173:Music
5124:Jesus
5089:Other
4944:Angel
4399:Jesus
4389:Early
4338:Creed
4307:Canon
4295:Bible
4255:Index
4029:(PDF)
4014:(PDF)
3416:–26.
3242:palus
3033:David
3025:Moses
2986:Jesus
2978:Isaac
2889:Domes
2860:Leo V
2810:icons
2804:Icons
2771:Jesus
2686:Black
2639:Green
2597:White
2381:; or
2367:Bible
2355:Water
2329:when
2250:Jesus
2129:, as
1965:Jesus
1948:from
1886:Greek
1882:Jesus
1765:cross
1708:cross
1684:) in
1644:omega
1632:alpha
1565:Greek
1301:on a
1003:Music
907:Media
890:Icons
670:Index
617:Index
390:Latin
276:Peter
158:Creed
148:Canon
120:Bible
64:Jesus
5263:Left
5163:Flag
5129:Mary
4640:list
4116:ISBN
4090:ISBN
4037:2014
4022:2011
3991:ISBN
3933:ISBN
3887:link
3780:2011
3754:2022
3741:ISBN
3715:ISBN
3666:ISBN
3515:ISBN
3482:ISBN
3459:OCLC
3426:ISBN
3238:crux
3108:Icon
3021:Noah
2881:and
2834:The
2780:and
2758:and
2738:and
2677:Blue
2668:Lent
2666:and
2567:vine
2563:dove
2515:The
2480:font
2466:'s,
2427:lily
2359:Fire
2345:The
2164:Noah
2115:soul
2108:the
2098:dove
2096:The
2091:Rome
2077:Dove
2071:halo
1993:and
1978:and
1973:iota
1967:and
1890:iota
1837:and
1829:The
1818:Rome
1749:and
1696:The
1680:(as
1589:ωτήρ
1585:ἱὸς
1581:εοῦ
1449:The
1442:The
1393:and
1253:The
286:Mary
281:Paul
5119:Art
4853:Son
4838:God
4064:doi
3965:doi
3511:114
3418:hdl
3414:207
3188:,
2984:of
2976:of
2645:or
2618:Red
2509:in
2462:of
2433:.)
2248:of
2235:In
2121:or
1980:chi
1959:in
1898:eta
1884:in
1872:).
1864:as
1839:rho
1835:chi
1751:P75
1747:P45
1743:P66
1728:rho
1720:tau
1714:or
1650:or
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1331:of
1014:CCM
854:Art
198:Son
183:God
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