2042:
4013:
most despicable had he wished to live to the point of crucifixion ... Is it worth so much to weigh down upon one's own wound, and hang stretched out from a patibulum? ... Is anyone found who, after being fastened to that accursed wood, already weakened, already deformed, swelling with ugly weals on shoulders and chest, with many reasons for dying even before getting to the cross, would wish to prolong a life-breath that is about to experience so many torments?" ("Contemptissimum putarem, si vivere vellet usque ad crucem ... Est tanti vulnus suum premere et patibulo pendere districtum ... Invenitur, qui velit adactus ad illud infelix lignum, iam debilis, iam pravus et in foedum scapularum ac pectoris tuber elisus, cui multae moriendi causae etiam citra crucem fuerant, trahere animam tot tormenta tracturam?" –
1925:
775:
1937:
1503:
1906:
1852:
667:, posit other causes of death. Zugibe suspended test subjects with their arms at 60° to 70° from the vertical. The test subjects had no difficulty breathing during experiments, but did suffer rapidly increasing pain, which is consistent with the Roman use of crucifixion to achieve a prolonged, agonizing death. However, Zugibe's positioning of the test subjects necessarily did not precisely replicate the conditions of historical crucifixion. In 2023, an analysis of medical literature concluded that asphyxiation is discredited as the primary cause of death from crucifixion.
34:
1890:
1234:
fibula, spear stab wounds into the heart, sharp blows to the front of the chest, or a smoking fire built at the foot of the cross to asphyxiate the victim." The Romans sometimes broke the prisoner's legs to hasten death and usually forbade burial. On the other hand, the person was often deliberately kept alive as long as possible to prolong their suffering and humiliation, so as to provide the maximum deterrent effect. Corpses of the crucified were typically left on the crosses to decompose and be eaten by animals.
1418:
1018:, for example, described crucifixion as "a most cruel and disgusting punishment", and suggested that "the very mention of the cross should be far removed not only from a Roman citizen's body, but from his mind, his eyes, his ears". Elsewhere he says, "It is a crime to bind a Roman citizen; to scourge him is a wickedness; to put him to death is almost parricide. What shall I say of crucifying him? So guilty an action cannot by any possibility be adequately expressed by any name bad enough for it."
610:, who was crucified in the 1st century CE. The remains included a heel bone with a nail driven through it from the side. The tip of the nail was bent, perhaps because of striking a knot in the upright beam, which prevented it being extracted from the foot. A first inaccurate account of the length of the nail led some to believe that it had been driven through both heels, suggesting that the man had been placed in a sort of sidesaddle position, but the true length of the nail, 11.5 centimetres (
333:
1965:
308:
1759:, were retweeted by a Twitter account owned by a known member of ISIL causing major media outlets to incorrectly attribute the origin of the post to the militant group. In most of these cases of crucifixion the victims are shot first then their bodies are displayed but there have also been reports of crucifixion preceding shootings or decapitations as well as a case where a man was said to have been "crucified alive for eight hours" with no indication of whether he died.
1872:
1610:
the dead body to conserve costs. According to Haas, this could help to explain why only one nail has been found, as the tip of the nail in question was bent in such a way that it could not be removed. Haas had also identified a scratch on the inner surface of the right radius bone of the forearm, close to the wrist. He deduced from the form of the scratch, as well as from the intact wrist bones, that a nail had been driven into the forearm at that position.
1401:(i.e, being paraded about town on horseback); then the unfortunate was tied to a cross made from one vertical and two horizontal poles. The cross was raised, the convict speared several times from two sides, and eventually killed with a final thrust through the throat. The corpse was left on the cross for three days. If one condemned to crucifixion died in prison, his body was pickled and the punishment executed on the dead body. Under
2367:" (Alkimila), a female name. It is not clear, however, whether the inscription was written by the same person who drew the picture, or added by another person later. It is also not known whether the graffito is intended to depict an actual event, as distinguished from, perhaps, the writer's desire for someone to be crucified, or as a jest. As such, the graffito does not itself provide conclusive evidence of female crucifixion.
587:
1638:
1341:
1602:
relative to the bone suggests the feet had been nailed to the cross from their side, not from their front; various opinions have been proposed as to whether they were both nailed together to the front of the cross or one on the left side, one on the right side. The point of the nail had olive wood fragments on it indicating that he was crucified on a cross made of olive wood or on an olive tree.
2112:
342:
1070:
1210:
down to the ground; some impale their private parts; others stretch out their arms on the gibbet." One source claims that for Jews (apparently not for others), a man would be crucified with his back to the cross as is traditionally depicted, while a woman would be nailed facing her cross, probably with her back to onlookers, or at least with the
1061:
2564:
In partic., a cross, Ter. And. 3, 5, 15; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 3, § 7; 2, 1, 4, § 9; id. Pis. 18, 42; id. Fin. 5, 30, 92; Quint. 4, 2, 17; Tac. A. 15, 44; Hor. S. 1, 3, 82; 2, 7, 47; id. Ep. 1, 16, 48 et saep.: "dignus fuit qui malo cruce periret, Gracch. ap. Fest. l. l.: pendula", the pole of a carriage, Stat. S. 4, 3, 28.
1702:. If a crucified person were to survive three days of crucifixion, that person would be allowed to live. Execution by hanging is described as follows: "In execution by hanging, the prisoner will be hung on a hanging truss which should look like a cross, while his (her) back is toward the cross, and (s)he faces the direction of
1176:– a sign board proclaiming the prisoner's name and crime. Upon arrival at the place of execution, selected to be especially public, the convict would be stripped of any remaining clothing, then nailed to the cross naked. If the crucifixion took place in an established place of execution, the vertical beam (
1082:, a satirical representation of the Christian worship, depicting a man worshiping a crucified donkey (Rome, c AD 85 to 3rd century). It is inscribed ΑΛΕΞΑΜΕΝΟΣ (ΑΛΕΞΑΜΕΝΟϹ) ΣΕΒΕΤΕ (ϹΕΒΕΤΕ) ΘΕΟΝ, which translates as "Alexamenos worships his god". Visible at the museum on the Palatine Hill, Rome, Italy (
1676:
in the 2000s, although on occasion they were first beheaded and then crucified. In March 2013, a robber was set to be executed by being crucified for three days. However, the method was changed to death by firing squad. The Saudi Press Agency reported that the body of another individual was crucified
721:
I saw many captives crucified, and remembered three of them as my former acquaintances. I was very sorry at this in my mind, and went with tears in my eyes to Titus, and told him of them; so he immediately commanded them to be taken down, and to have the greatest care taken of them, in order to their
1829:
issued a statement that a court had sentenced two murderers to be crucified, to be followed by their executions the next day. A Ministry of
Justice official later stated that the crucifixion sentence should be considered cancelled. The crucifixions were not carried out, and the convicts were instead
1280:
has called "Islam's equivalent of the hanging, drawing and quartering that medieval
Europeans inflicted on traitors") is subject to "complex and contested rules" in classical jurisprudence. Most scholars required crucifixion for highway robbery combined with murder, while others allowed execution by
2563:
crux, ŭcis, f. (m., Enn. ap. Non. p. 195, 13; Gracch. ap. Fest. s. v. masculino, p. 150, 24, and 151, 12 Müll.) . I. Lit. A. In gen., a tree, frame, or other wooden instruments of execution, on which criminals were impaled or hanged, Sen. Prov. 3, 10; Cic. Rab. Perd. 3, 10 sqq. – B.
1609:
wood was located between the bones and the head of the nail, presumably to keep the condemned from freeing his foot by sliding it over the nail. His legs were found broken, possibly to hasten his death. It is thought that because in earlier Roman times iron was valuable, the nails were removed from
813:
or traditional hanging. However, Rabbinic law limited capital punishment to just 4 methods of execution: stoning, burning, strangulation, and decapitation, while the passage in
Deuteronomy was interpreted as an obligation to hang the corpse on a tree as a form of deterrence. The fragmentary Aramaic
4012:
that speaks of preferring life to death even when life is burdened with all the disadvantages of old age or even with acute torture ("vel acuta si sedeam cruce"), Seneca disagrees with the sentiment, saying death would be better for a crucified person hanging from the patibulum: "I should deem him
2921:
That lamb which was commanded to be wholly roasted was a symbol of the suffering of the cross which Christ would undergo. For the lamb, which is roasted, is roasted and dressed up in the form of the cross. For one spit is transfixed right through from the lower parts up to the head, and one across
1613:
Many of Haas' findings have, however, been challenged. For instance, it was subsequently determined that the scratches in the wrist area were non-traumatic – and, therefore, not evidence of crucifixion – while reexamination of the heel bone revealed that the two heels were not nailed together, but
1233:
In Roman-style crucifixion, the condemned could take up to a few days to die, but death was sometimes hastened by human action. "The attending Roman guards could leave the site only after the victim had died, and were known to precipitate death by means of deliberate fracturing of the tibia and/or
1209:
There may have been considerable variation in the position in which prisoners were nailed to their crosses and how their bodies were supported while they died. Seneca the
Younger recounts: "I see crosses there, not just of one kind but made in many different ways: some have their victims with head
1013:
While a crucifixion was an execution, it was also a humiliation, by making the condemned as vulnerable as possible. Although artists have traditionally depicted the figure on a cross with a loin cloth or a covering of the genitals, the person being crucified was usually stripped naked. Writings by
1492:
Four persons were crucified, viz. not nailed but tied with their hands and feet stretched out at full length, in an erect posture. In this posture they were to remain till death; every thing they wished to eat was ordered them with a view to prolong their lives and misery. In cases like this, the
1131:
was murdered by a slave, some in the Senate tried to prevent the mass crucifixion of four hundred of his slaves because there were so many women and children, but in the end tradition prevailed and they were all executed. Although not conclusive evidence for female crucifixion by itself, the most
1601:
with the crucified man's name on it, "Jehohanan, the son of
Hagakol." Nicu Haas, from the Hebrew University Medical School, examined the ossuary and discovered that it contained a heel bone with a nail driven through its side, indicating that the man had been crucified. The position of the nail
1488:
Six people were crucified in the following manner: their hands and feet nailed to a scaffold; then their eyes were extracted with a blunt hook; and in this condition they were left to expire; two died in the course of four days; the rest were liberated, but died of mortification on the sixth or
1331:
Most classical jurists limit the period of crucifixion to three days. Crucifixion involves affixing or impaling the body to a beam or a tree trunk. Various minority opinions also prescribed crucifixion as punishment for a number of other crimes. Cases of crucifixion under most of the legally
1253:
The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His
Apostle, and strive with might and main for mischief through the land is: execution, or crucifixion, or the cutting off of hands and feet from opposite sides, or exile from the land: that is their disgrace in this world, and a heavy
1248:
Islam spread in a region where many societies, including the
Persian and Roman empires, had used crucifixion to punish traitors, rebels, robbers and criminal slaves. The Qur'an refers to crucifixion in six passages, of which the most significant for later legal developments is verse 5:33:
913:
Crucifixion was generally performed within
Ancient Rome as a means to dissuade others from perpetrating similar crimes, with victims sometimes left on display after death as a warning. Crucifixion was intended to provide a death that was particularly slow, painful (hence the term
4030:
Mason
Hammond, Arthur M. Mack – 1997 p. 109, "The patibulum (in the next line) was a crossbar which the convicted criminal carried on his shoulders, with his arms fastened to it, to the place for ... Hoisted up on an upright post, the patibulum became the crossbar of the
1493:
legs and feet of the criminals begin to swell and mortify at the expiration of three or four days; some are said to live in this state for a fortnight, and expire at last from fatigue and mortification. Those which I saw, were liberated at the end of three or four days.
770:
by How and Wells remarks: "They crucified him with hands and feet stretched out and nailed to cross-pieces; cf. vii.33. This act, supposedly unusual on the part of Greeks, may be explained by the enormity of the outrage or by
Athenian deference to local feeling."
94:. His death is the most prominent example of crucifixion in history, which in turn has led many cultures in the modern world to associate the execution method closely with Jesus and with Christian spirituality. Other figures in Christianity (such as the apostle
985:
In some cases, the condemned was forced to carry the crossbeam to the place of execution. A whole cross would weigh well over 135 kg (300 lb), but the crossbeam would not be as burdensome, weighing around 45 kg (100 lb). The Roman historian
1798:, claimed to have been kidnapped by unknown persons "speaking in Russian accents" and tortured for a week. His captors kept him in the dark, beat him, cut off a piece of his ear, and nailed him to a cross. His captors ultimately left him in a forest outside
2503:
LSJ anastauro ἀνασταυρ-όω, = foreg., Hdt.3.125, 6.30, al.; identical with ἀνασκολοπίζω, 9.78: – Pass., Th. 1.110, Pl.Grg.473c. II. in Rom. times, affix to a cross, crucify, Plb. 1.11.5, al., Plu.Fab.6, al. 2. crucify afresh,
4673:
2444:
1001:
The person executed may have been attached to the cross by rope, though nails and other sharp materials are mentioned in a passage by Josephus, where he states that at the Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE), "the soldiers out of rage and hatred,
910:). Seneca the Younger wrote: "I see crosses there, not just of one kind but made in many different ways: some have their victims with head down to the ground; some impale their private parts; others stretch out their arms on the gibbet".
2494:ἀποτυμπα^ν-ίζω (later ἀποτύμπα^ν-τυπ- UPZ119 (2nd century BC), POxy.1798.1.7), A. crucify on a plank, D.8.61,9.61: – Pass., Lys.13.56, D.19.137, Arist. Rh. 1383a5, Beros. ap. J.Ap.1.20. 2. generally, destroy, Plu.2.1049d.
568:) attached to the cross, perhaps for the purpose of taking the person's weight off the wrists, is sometimes included in representations of the crucifixion of Jesus but is not discussed in ancient sources. Some scholars interpret the
393:) states: "I see crosses there, not just of one kind but made in many different ways: some have their victims with head down to the ground; some impale their private parts; others stretch out their arms on the gibbet." According to
537:
the wounds are described as being "in his hands"), Jesus is shown with nails in his hands. But in Greek the word "χείρ", usually translated as "hand", could refer to the entire portion of the arm below the elbow, and to denote the
1851:
1484:
Four or five persons, after being nailed through their hands and feet to a scaffold, had first their tongues cut out, then their mouths slit open from ear to ear, then their ears cut off, and finally their bellies ripped open.
5997:
CORRECTION: This story misidentified the origin of a tweet and attributed it to an ISIS member when it actually came from Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi, a student at Oxford University who has no affiliation with ISIS. We regret the
1905:
663:, or have his feet supported by tying or by a wood block. When no longer able to lift himself, the condemned would die within a few minutes. This theory has been supported by multiple scholars. Other scholars, including
3731:
See Mishnah, Sanhedrin 7:1, translated in Jacob Neusner, The Mishnah: A New Translation 591 (1988), supra note 8, at 595–596 (indicating that court ordered execution by stoning, burning, decapitation, or strangulation
2720:
scratched into a wall that was part of the imperial palace complex. It includes a caption – not by a Christian, but by someone taunting and deriding Christians and the crucifixions they underwent. It shows crude
1230:, or "horn," leading some scholars to believe it may have had a pointed shape designed to torment the crucified person. This would be consistent with Seneca's observation of victims with their private parts impaled.
1014:
Seneca the Younger state some victims suffered a stick forced upwards through their groin. Despite its frequent use by the Romans, the horrors of crucifixion did not escape criticism by some eminent Roman orators.
3217:
3704:
Translation by Aubrey de Selincourt. The original, "σανίδα προσπασσαλεύσαντες, ἀνεκρέμασαν ... Τούτου δὲ τοῦ Ἀρταύκτεω τοῦ ἀνακρεμασθέντος ...", is translated by Henry Cary (Bohn's Classical Library:
1669:) imposed in Islamic law is variously interpreted as exposure of the body after execution, crucifixion followed by stabbing in the chest, or crucifixion for three days, survivors of which are allowed to live.
2069:
to imitate the sufferings of Christ. Pre-sterilised nails are driven through the palm of the hand between the bones, while there is a footrest to which the feet are nailed. Rolando del Campo, a carpenter in
1136:
way to die that the subject was somewhat of a taboo in Roman culture, and few crucifixions were specifically documented. One of the only specific female crucifixions that are documented is that of Ida, a
4296:
5682:
1889:
659:. He wrote that the condemned would have severe difficulty inhaling, due to hyper-expansion of the chest muscles and lungs. The condemned would therefore have to draw himself up by the arms, leading to
1629:
in the United Kingdom. Further studies suggested that the remains may be those of a slave, because at that time crucifixion was banned in Roman law for citizens, although not necessarily for slaves.
2729:
and is upon a cross with arms spread wide and with hands nailed to the crossbeam. Here we have a Roman sketch of a Roman crucifixion, and it is in the traditional cross shape." Clayton F. Bower Jr.
5498:
Gualdi-Russo, E., Thun Hohenstein, U., Onisto, N. et al. A multidisciplinary study of calcaneal trauma in Roman Italy: a possible case of crucifixion?. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 11, 1783–1791 (2019).
1924:
998:
by crucifixion. Upright posts would presumably be fixed permanently in that place, and the crossbeam, with the condemned person perhaps already nailed to it, would then be attached to the post.
640:) in November 2017 of the remains of the heel bone of a (probably enslaved) man with an iron nail through it, is believed by the archeologists to confirm the use of this method in ancient Rome.
6427:
1936:
1720:, includes execution followed by crucifixion as a penalty. When, in 2002, 88 people were sentenced to death for crimes relating to murder, armed robbery, and participating in ethnic clashes,
1192:. Next the feet or ankles would be nailed to the upright stake. The 'nails' were tapered iron spikes approximately 13 to 18 cm (5 to 7 in) long, with a square shaft 10 millimetres (
918:, literally "out of crucifying"), gruesome, humiliating, and public, using whatever means were most expedient for that goal. Crucifixion methods varied considerably with location and period.
7047:
2177:. The rebellion was eventually crushed and, while Spartacus himself most likely died in the final battle of the revolt, approximately 6,000 of his followers were crucified along the 200-km
2941:
XX, 478–480, a spear-point is said to have pierced the χεῖρ "where the sinews of the elbow join" (ἵνα τε ξενέχουσι τένοντες / ἀγκῶνος, τῇ τόν γε φίλης διὰ χειρὸς ἔπειρεν / αἰχμῇ χακλκείῃ).
483:
came across the number 300 in the Old Testament they took it to be a mystical prefiguring of the cross of Christ". The earliest example, written around the late first century CE, is the
416:. This was the simplest available construction for torturing and killing the condemned. Frequently, however, there was a cross-piece attached either at the top to give the shape of a T (
1593:
by the Romans, there are few actual archaeological remains. A prominent example is the crucified body found in a Jewish tomb dating back to the first century CE which was discovered at
898:
The Greek and Latin words corresponding to "crucifixion" applied to many different forms of painful execution, including being impaled on a stake, or affixed to a tree, upright pole (a
457:, another writer of the same period, says that a cross is made of posts (plural) and nails and that the arms of the crucified are outstretched. Speaking of the generic execution cross,
271:, which classically referred to a tree or any construction of wood used to hang criminals as a form of execution. The term later came to refer specifically to a cross. The related term
3984:
2057:
frowns upon self-crucifixion as a form of devotion: "Penitential practices leading to self-crucifixion with nails are not to be encouraged." Despite this, the practice persists in the
1356:. A 25-year-old servant, Sokichi, was executed by crucifixion for murdering his employer's son during the course of a robbery. He was affixed by tying to a stake with two cross-pieces.
2831:
4458:
3096:
1121:
According to Roman law, if a slave killed his or her owner, all of the owner's slaves would be crucified as punishment. Both men and women were crucified. Tacitus writes in his
978:
ordered the crucifixion of 6,000 of Spartacus' followers who had been hunted down and captured after the slave defeat in battle. Josephus says that in the siege that led to the
2829:"The very form of the cross, too, has five extremities, two in length, two in breadth, and one in the middle, on which the person rests who is fixed by the nails" ( Irenaeus,
2041:
98:) are traditionally believed to have undergone crucifixion as well. Today, limited numbers of Christians voluntarily undergo non-lethal crucifixions as a devotional practice.
6152:
1006:
those they caught, one after one way, and another after another, to the crosses, by way of jest". Objects used in the crucifixion of criminals, such as nails, were sought as
2437:
1104:, and enemies of the state. It was originally reserved for slaves (hence still called "supplicium servile" by Seneca), and later extended to citizens of the lower classes (
982:
in AD 70, the Roman soldiers crucified Jewish captives before the walls of Jerusalem and out of anger and hatred amused themselves by nailing them in different positions.
939:, punishment in accordance with the custom of our ancestors) consisted of suspending someone from a tree, not dedicated to any particular gods, and flogging him to death.
3210:
1413:) awaited mostly Christians: a cross was raised at low tide; when the high tide came, the convict was submerged under water up to the head, prolonging death for many days
1332:
prescribed categories have been recorded in the history of Islam, and prolonged exposure of crucified bodies was especially common for political and religious opponents.
5979:
5852:
4059:
6633:
Eulalia... was stripped, beaten, tormented with iron hooks, had her bosom mutilated, was burnt with torches, and was portrayed as hanging on a rack or X-shaped cross
5612:
471:
New Testament writings about the crucifixion of Jesus do not specify the shape of that cross, but subsequent early writings liken it to the letter T. According to
6980:
6577:
1544:
1153:
and his soldiers. First, the condemned would be stripped naked and scourged. This would cause the person to lose a large amount of blood, and approach a state of
6184:
935:("inauspicious tree") dedicated to the gods of the nether world. This hypothesis is rejected by William A. Oldfather, who shows that this form of execution (the
4293:
2491:
710:
Since death does not follow immediately on crucifixion, survival after a short period of crucifixion is possible, as in the case of those who choose each year
6704:
4548:
2513:
Plutarch Fabius Maximus 6.3 "Hannibal now perceived the mistake in his position, and its peril, and crucified the native guides who were responsible for it."
5784:
4792:
4095:
2985:
1218:
if viewed from the front. Such concessions were "unique" and not made outside a Jewish context. Several sources mention some sort of seat fastened to the
59:
in which the condemned is tied or nailed to a large wooden cross, beam or stake and left to hang until eventual death. It was used as a punishment by the
2293:
was venerated as a saint and represented as a crucified woman, however her legend comes from a misinterpretation of a full-clothed crucifix known as the
1822:
5884:
5652:
5523:
3709:. London, G. Bell and Sons 1917, pp. 591–592) as: "They nailed him to a plank and hoisted him aloft ... this Artayctes who was hoisted aloft".
1740:(ISIL) had committed "several cases of mass executions of boys, as well as reports of beheadings, crucifixions of children and burying children alive".
1206:
would also be fastened to the cross to notify onlookers of the person's name and crime as they hung on the cross, further maximizing the public impact.
1276:(scripturally prescribed) punishment. The preference for crucifixion over the other punishments mentioned in the verse or for their combination (which
628:
was the only confirmed example of ancient crucifixion in the archaeological record. A second set of skeletal remains with holes transverse through the
6435:
1871:
1502:
822:... revealed sins. Investigate and seek and know how Jonah wept. Thus, you shall not destroy the weak by wasting away or by ... (partially legible)-
1506:
Poster showing a German soldier nailing a man to a tree, as American soldiers come to his rescue. Published in Manila by Bureau of Printing (1917).
7052:
5742:
3569:
762:
describes the execution of a Persian general at the hands of Athenians in about 479 BC: "They nailed him to a plank and hung him up ... this
5725:
3963:
624:
inches), suggests instead that in this case of crucifixion the heels were nailed to opposite sides of the upright. As of 2011, the skeleton from
2213:, for instance, five times in his First Letter to the Corinthians, written in 57 CE (1:13, 1:18, 1:23, 2:2, 2:8). Pilate, the Roman governor of
5350:
4313:
2596:
1964:
1368:(1467–1573), after a 350-year period with no capital punishment. It is believed to have been suggested to the Japanese by the introduction of
441:
Second-century writers who speak of the execution cross describe the crucified person's arms as outstretched, not attached to a single stake:
7027:
6781:
6721:
6626:
6411:
6058:
5546:
5468:
5378:
5310:
5240:
5205:
5175:
5148:
5030:
4910:
4716:
4653:
4626:
4596:
4282:
4249:
4213:
3908:
3860:
3804:
3771:
3425:
3393:
3025:
2867:
2814:
2697:
2324:
1480:, crucifixion was a central element in several execution rituals. Felix Carey, a missionary in Burma from 1806 to 1812, wrote the following:
1270:(applied to two slaves who murdered their mistress). Classical Islamic jurisprudence applies the verse 5:33 chiefly to highway robbers, as a
5695:
7057:
1737:
1733:
717:
There is an ancient record of one person who survived a crucifixion that was intended to be lethal, but was interrupted. Josephus recounts:
2786:"It was his body that tyrants took for a model, his shape that they imitated, when they set up the erections on which men are crucified" (
5522:
Ingham D., Duhig C. Crucifixion in the Fens: life & death in Roman Fenstanton. British Archaeology, January–February 2022, pp. 18–29
648:
The length of time required to reach death could range from hours to days depending on method, the victim's health, and the environment.
365:
5511:
3103:
2853:
1684:
468:), a Christian writer, describes it as composed of an upright and a transverse beam, sometimes with a small projection in the upright.
3820:
2091:
2083:
1468:, an Australian prisoner of war, was crucified for killing cattle, along with two others. He survived 63 hours before being let down.
931:
6561:
6359:
6119:
5440:
4416:
2151:
1527:
4314:"M. Tullius Cicero, Against Verres, actio 2, The Fifth Book of the Second Pleading in the Prosecution against Verres., section 170"
3300:
2187:: Jewish man who was crucified around the same time as Jesus; it is widely accepted that his ankles were nailed to the side of the
1029:, which was also frequently applied without crucifixion to slaves. This act hastened the death of the person but was also meant to
774:
6210:
5913:
4335:
1132:
ancient image of a Roman crucifixion may depict a crucified woman, whether real or imaginary. Crucifixion was such a gruesome and
6697:
2392:
Granger Cook, John (2018). "Cross/Crucifixion". In Hunter, David G.; van Geest, Paul J. J.; Lietaert Peerbolte, Bert Jan (eds.).
1996:
1617:
In 2007, a possible case of a crucified body, with a round hole in a heel bone, possibly caused by a nail, was discovered in the
2733:
7032:
6652:
5956:
4429:
2264:
1970:
6657:
5935:
4974:
3144:
1096:
Crucifixion was intended to be a gruesome spectacle: the most painful and humiliating death imaginable. It was used to punish
6647:
6375:
5458:
4812:
4694:
2556:
2133:
2062:
1990:
546:
some other word could be added, as "ἄκρην οὔτασε χεῖρα" (he wounded the end of the χείρ, i.e., "he wounded him in the hand".
3928:
2074:, vowed to be crucified every Good Friday for 15 years if God would carry his wife through a difficult childbirth, while in
3688:
449:
as crucified "above the ravine with his hands outstretched". He also says that the shape of the letter Τ (the Greek letter
6975:
2169:: Between 73 and 71 BCE, a band of slaves, eventually numbering about 120,000, under the (at least partial) leadership of
874:, crucifixion was an established mode of execution, which could even be imposed on generals for suffering a major defeat.
4589:
Crucifixion in Antiquity: An Inquiry into the Background and Significance of the New Testament Terminology of Crucifixion
3017:
The beauty of the cross: the passion of Christ in theology and the arts, from the catacombs to the eve of the Renaissance
2283:
was venerated as a saint. According to her hagiography, she was stripped naked, tortured, and ultimately crucified on an
7108:
6036:
4225:
2849:
2712:"The ... oldest depiction of a crucifixion ... was uncovered by archaeologists more than a century ago on the
2129:
1180:) might be permanently embedded in the ground. In this case, the condemned person's wrists would first be nailed to the
943:
mentions a 1st-century AD case in which trees were used for crucifixion, but Seneca the Younger earlier used the phrase
579:), the earliest surviving depiction of the crucifixion, as including such a foot-rest. Ancient sources also mention the
472:
27:
2967:
2804:
7083:
6902:
6690:
6242:
5678:
5563:
2950:
2859:
33:
6677:
5524:
https://www.archaeologyuk.org/resource/free-access-to-crucifixion-in-the-fens-life-and-death-in-roman-fenstanton.html
3278:
Treatise on the Physical Cause of the Death of Christ and Its Relation to the Principles and Practice of Christianity
1262:
provides contradictory statements about the first use of crucifixion under Islamic rule, attributing it variously to
5627:
5334:
Overton, Iain (2001-04-17). "Revealed, the soldier who was crucified by Germans". International Express. p. 16.
7103:
7088:
7042:
6527:
4041:
2962:
2676:, 6.20.3, trans. John W. Basore, The Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1946) 2:69
2011:
1680:
1285:
Exposure of the culprit's body after execution by another method, ascribed to "most scholars" and in particular to
402:
5773:
4552:
2882:
2122:
1304:
Crucifying the culprit alive, then executing him with a lance thrust or another method, ascribed to Malikis, most
583:, a small seat attached to the front of the cross, about halfway down, which could have served a similar purpose.
6739:
6449:
2993:
2019:
652:
7098:
1625:, in northern Italy. In 2017 part of a crucified body, with a nail in the heel, was additionally discovered at
1526:. Two investigations, one a post-war official investigation, and the other an independent investigation by the
1222:
to help support the person's body, thereby prolonging the person's suffering and humiliation by preventing the
1128:
979:
139:" but which in antiquity was used for any kind of wooden pole, pointed or blunt, bare or with attachments) and
5134:
4951:
Vogel, F.E. (2012). "Ṣalb". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).
3742:
6296:
5888:
6845:
4336:"Wine Mixed with Myrrh (Mark 15.23) and Crurifragium (John 19.31–32): Two Details of the Passion Narratives"
2226:
1843:
1590:
1393:. Several related crucifixion techniques were used. Petra Schmidt, in "Capital Punishment in Japan", writes:
1097:
995:
806:
549:
A possibility that does not require tying is that the nails were inserted just above the wrist, through the
5510:
First example of Roman crucifixion in UK discovered in Cambridgeshire village, Arkeonews, 9 December 2021,
3169:
6751:
6090:
2214:
2046:
1942:
1321:
863:, his official historian and biographer, for objecting to Alexander's adoption of the Persian ceremony of
844:
655:
held that, when the whole body weight was supported by the stretched arms, the typical cause of death was
229:
6014:
1586:
6872:
6860:
6734:
5834:
5346:
3546:
2235:: Christian apostle, who according to tradition was crucified upside-down at his own request (hence the
1721:
1665:
Crucifixion is still used as a rare method of execution in Saudi Arabia. The punishment of crucifixion (
1523:
1515:
1422:
1417:
490:
6667:
5749:
5053:
Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century
5816:
5714:
7078:
7000:
6840:
4782:
4777:
4528:
4516:
4085:
4080:
2319:
2294:
2280:
2236:
2198:
1826:
1327:
Crucifying the culprit alive and sparing his life if he survives for three days, ascribed to Shiites.
990:
records that the city of Rome had a specific place for carrying out executions, situated outside the
248:
75:
5591:
5512:
https://arkeonews.net/first-example-of-roman-crucifixion-in-uk-discovered-in-cambridgeshire-village/
5423:
11 (February, 1985): 44–53; Zias, Joseph. "The Crucified Man from Giv'at Ha-Mivtar: A Reappraisal",
430:
cross. It is a graffito found in a taberna (hostel for wayfarers) in Puteoli, dating to the time of
332:
6877:
6865:
6794:
2600:
2329:
2301:
2260:
1430:
1154:
1110:). The victims of crucifixion were stripped naked and put on public display while they were slowly
1079:
840:
748:
625:
599:
569:
485:
307:
91:
6065:
4524:
4520:
3883:
3586:
Davis, CT (1962). "The Crucifixion of Jesus. The Passion of Christ From a Medical Point of View".
2361:(late 1st century to early 2nd century AD). An inscription over the person's left shoulder reads "
534:
7037:
6949:
6805:
6713:
6571:
5606:
5416:
5390:
4884:
4355:
3655:
2769:
2003:, Italy. The attempt was unsuccessful, and he was sent to an asylum, where he died a year later.
1402:
1390:
1115:
830:
691:
383:
56:
6672:
5282:
4798:
Macall believes that the person would be given back his or her clothing following the scourging.
3796:
3069:
1976:
1530:, concluded that there was no evidence to support the story. However, British documentary maker
586:
6590:
3605:
Wijffels, F (2000). "Death on the cross: did the Turin Shroud once envelop a crucified body?".
2574:
632:
heel bones, found in 2007, could be a second archaeological record of crucifixion. The find in
6622:
6557:
6407:
6355:
6218:
6160:
6127:
5846:
5542:
5464:
5436:
5374:
5316:
5306:
5236:
5211:
5201:
5171:
5144:
5026:
4906:
4712:
4649:
4643:
4622:
4592:
4412:
4278:
4255:
4245:
4209:
4202:
4119:
3949:
3904:
3856:
3800:
3767:
3647:
3524:
3475:
3421:
3389:
3363:
3257:
3191:"A multidisciplinary study of calcaneal trauma in Roman Italy:a possible case of crucifixion?"
3031:
3021:
2863:
2810:
2693:
2417:
2166:
1815:
1776:
1756:
963:
955:
are the two main sources for accounts of criminals carrying their own patibula to the upright
740:
679:
660:
60:
17:
6616:
6602:
6401:
5536:
4616:
3941:
3898:
3850:
3761:
2687:
2353:
It is a graffito found in a taberna (hostel for wayfarers) in Puteoli, dating to the time of
726:
Josephus gives no details of the method or duration of the crucifixion of his three friends.
71:, among others. Crucifixion has been used in some countries as recently as the 21st century.
7093:
6830:
6825:
6815:
6746:
6322:
6270:
5256:
4956:
4347:
4158:
3828:
3637:
3561:
3514:
3506:
3465:
3457:
3381:
3353:
3345:
2761:
2458:
2409:
2405:
2218:
1896:
1862:
1454:
1123:
971:
791:
779:
694:. Death could result from any combination of those factors, or from other causes, including
675:
664:
64:
4137:
2034:("Brothers of Light"), have annually conducted reenactments of Christ's crucifixion during
1522:
or combat knives. The event was initially reported in 1915 by Private George Barrie of the
7012:
6929:
6661:
6247:
5984:
5909:
5866:
5411:
Haas, Nicu. "Anthropological observations on the skeletal remains from Giv'at ha-Mivtar",
4300:
4014:
3692:
2972:
2737:
2455:
2075:
2054:
1534:
in 2001 published an article claiming that the story was true, identifying the soldier as
1442:
1373:
1184:, and then he or she would be hoisted off the ground with ropes to hang from the elevated
311:
83:
46:
2523:
26:
This article is about crucifixion as a method of capital punishment. For other uses, see
3877:
3519:
3494:
3308:
2912:
2413:
6954:
6850:
6820:
6756:
5484:
Zias J.; Sekeles, E. (1985). "The Crucified Man from Giv'at ha-Mivtar: A Reappraisal".
5274:
4363:
4237:
3789:
3470:
3445:
3414:
3358:
3333:
2314:
2270:
2210:
2202:
2174:
1881:
1791:
1594:
1465:
1446:
1365:
1313:
1149:
Crucifixion was typically carried out by specialized teams, consisting of a commanding
991:
799:
795:
671:
637:
633:
533:
In popular depictions of the crucifixion of Jesus (possibly because in translations of
480:
351:
341:
6351:
The Man Who Crucified Himself: Readings of a Medical Case in Nineteenth-Century Europe
1637:
722:
recovery; yet two of them died under the physician's hands, while the third recovered.
7072:
7005:
6855:
6668:"Dishonour, Degradation and Display: Crucifixion in the Roman World" by Philip Hughes
5428:
4960:
4820:
4787:
4492:
4359:
4090:
3642:
3625:
3190:
2958:
2934:
2730:
2713:
2217:
at the time, is explicitly linked with the condemnation of Jesus by the Gospels, and
1803:
1290:
1277:
1036:
1022:
852:
744:
554:
522:
503:
418:
177:
112:
6648:"Forensic and Clinical Knowledge of the Practice of Crucifixion" by Frederick Zugibe
5023:
Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ..
4433:
3672:
3659:
2894:
2836:
2787:
1372:
into the region, although similar types of punishment had been used as early as the
1340:
885:, was put to death in 522 BCE by the Persians, and his dead body was then crucified.
6766:
6095:
5957:"Death and desecration in Syria: Jihadist group 'crucifies' bodies to send message"
5700:
5568:
5140:
5111:
Crucifixion and Death as Spectacle: Umayyad Crucifixion in Its Late Antique Context
4982:
4764:
A Doctor at Calvary: The Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ as Described by a Surgeon
3248:
Retief FP, Cilliers L (December 2003). "The history and pathology of crucifixion".
3148:
2722:
2647:
2274:
2242:
2087:
2007:
1948:
1911:
1831:
1772:
1673:
1556:
1531:
1461:
1369:
1345:
1106:
1044:
1040:
922:
899:
860:
814:
Testament of Levi (DSS 4Q541) interprets in column 6: "God ... (partially legible)-
699:
656:
375:
79:
68:
38:
6379:
5804:
Judicial Law on Retaliation, Stoning, Execution, Crucifixion, Hanging and Whipping
5302:
Prisoners of the Japanese: literary imagination and the prisoner-of-war experience
3349:
2476:
Prisoners of the Japanese: Literary imagination and the prisoner-of-war experience
2010:, as in the ceremonial re-enactment that has been performed yearly in the town of
1677:
after his execution in April 2019 as part of a crackdown on charges of terrorism.
1021:
Frequently, the legs of the person executed were broken or shattered with an iron
670:
There is scholarly support for several possible non-asphyxiation causes of death:
6349:
5980:"Islamic Extremists Now Crucifying People in Syria—and Tweeting Out the Pictures"
5679:
Saudi Arabia must immediately halt execution of children – UN rights experts urge
5444:
5300:
5230:
5195:
5165:
4408:
4180:
3493:
McGovern, Thomas W.; Kaminskas, David A.; Fernandes, Eustace S. (February 2023).
3126:
3015:
2536:
6995:
6810:
6800:
6761:
5097:(in Arabic). Vol. 17. وزارة الأوقاف والشئون الإسلامية في دولة الكويت. 1988.
5076:(in Arabic). Vol. 12. وزارة الأوقاف والشئون الإسلامية في دولة الكويت. 1988.
4385:
3931:("Having killed him in some way not fit to be told, Oroetes then crucified him")
3684:
2290:
2246:
2232:
2111:
2079:
2066:
2058:
2023:
2015:
1784:
1691:. In May 2014, Ali al-Nimr was sentenced to be publicly beheaded and crucified.
1688:
1642:
1511:
1133:
864:
856:
803:
687:
550:
454:
232:
95:
3461:
855:, as well as the doctor who unsuccessfully treated Alexander's lifelong friend
6959:
6923:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6897:
3510:
2209:, is referred to repeatedly as something well known in the earlier letters of
2178:
2027:
1811:
1795:
1717:
1713:
1626:
1535:
1450:
1438:
1317:
1298:
1286:
1138:
1030:
940:
878:
787:
754:
The Greeks were generally opposed to performing crucifixions. However, in his
518:
446:
422:) or just below the top, as in the form most familiar in Christian symbolism (
6222:
6164:
6131:
5910:"Sudan: Imminent Execution/Torture/Unfair trial | Amnesty International"
4351:
4259:
3565:
2765:
2622:
2526:. Polybius. Theodorus Büttner-Wobst after L. Dindorf. Leipzig. Teubner. 1893.
2421:
1172:
after the scourging, would be led through the most crowded streets bearing a
7017:
6990:
6892:
5628:"Saudi Arabia executes 37 people, crucifying one, for terror-related crimes"
5499:
5356:
5320:
5215:
4781:
4084:
3035:
2184:
2170:
2035:
1618:
1572:
1551:
It has been reported that crucifixion was used in several cases against the
1539:
1150:
967:
848:
834:
809:. This reference is to being hanged from a tree, and may be associated with
763:
759:
629:
607:
603:
591:
426:). The most ancient image of a Roman crucifixion depicts an individual on a
358:(1629 edition, p. 19); on right, crucifixion of Jesus (1593 edition, p. 47).
251:
3651:
3528:
3479:
3367:
3261:
1641:
Prisoner kneeling on chains, thumbs supporting arms, photographic print on
6498:
6472:
5433:
Crucifixion in the ancient world and the folly of the message of the cross
4123:
1069:
778:
A nineteenth-century depiction of the crucifixion of rebel leaders by the
318:
depicts a crucified young woman and a young man laying flowers at her feet
7022:
6934:
4669:
4009:
3127:
David W. Chapman, Ancient Jewish and Christian perceptions of crucifixion
2752:
Cook, John Granger (2012). "Crucifixion as Spectacle in Roman Campania".
2717:
2440:
2334:
2071:
1768:
1743:
On 30 April 2014, a total of seven public executions were carried out in
1646:
1578:
1434:
1349:
1263:
1223:
1043:, abolished crucifixion in the Roman Empire in 337 out of veneration for
952:
871:
810:
683:
458:
394:
369:
87:
6323:"UAE: Further information on fear of imminent crucifixion and execution"
4459:"Crucifixion in the Roman World: The Use of Nails at the Time of Christ"
3276:
3145:"Joe Zias, Crucifixion in Antiquity — The Anthropological Evidence"
2773:
2205:(c. 30 or 33 CE), recounted in the four 1st-century canonical
1405:, one of the great 16th-century unifiers, crucifixion upside down (i.e,
877:
The oldest crucifixion may be a post-mortem one mentioned by Herodotus.
6944:
6939:
6887:
6882:
6771:
6729:
6428:"Directory on popular piety and the liturgy. Principles and guidelines"
6185:"Ukraine activist Dmytro Bulatov 'kidnapped, tortured and left to die'"
6153:"Ukraine protest leader 'crucified and mutilated' after being abducted"
5090:
5069:
4796:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 506.
4099:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 506.
2358:
2277:, he was depicted by followers as having died by crucifixion in 274 CE.
2254:
2222:
2136: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2095:
1807:
1752:
1598:
1552:
1519:
1309:
1294:
1266:
himself (for murder and robbery of a shepherd) or to the second caliph
1243:
1215:
1111:
1007:
987:
975:
948:
435:
130:
4903:
How Jesus became God: The exaltation of a Jewish preacher from Galilee
3332:
Habermas, Gary; Kopel, Jonathan; Shaw, Benjamin C.F. (July 30, 2021).
2239:), because he did not feel worthy enough to die the same way as Jesus.
1281:
other methods for this scenario. The main methods of crucifixion are:
925:
custom of crucifixion may have developed out of a primitive custom of
6682:
6658:"Crucifixion in antiquity – The Anthropological evidence" by Joe Zias
2726:
2401:
2397:
2354:
2206:
2000:
1818:. Bulatov said he believed Russian secret services were responsible.
1767:
The human rights group Karen Women Organization documented a case of
1622:
1606:
1582:
1305:
1259:
1101:
1015:
947:(unfortunate wood) for the transom ("patibulum") or the whole cross.
833:, king of Judea from 103 to 76 BCE, crucified 800 rebels, said to be
695:
442:
431:
406:
379:
236:
217:
205:
193:
181:
168:
164:
152:
140:
128:
116:
6618:
The Female Crucifix: Images of St. Wilgefortis Since the Middle Ages
4110:
Ball, DA (1989). "The crucifixion and death of a man called Jesus".
2090:, while the government has noted that it cannot deter devotees. The
1724:
wrote that they could be executed by either hanging or crucifixion.
1683:
was arrested in 2012 when he was 17 years old for taking part in an
1060:
698:
following infection due to the wounds caused by the nails or by the
5936:"ISIS is killing, torturing and raping children in Iraq, U.N. says"
5109:
4618:
The Letter to Philemon: A New Translation with Notes and Commentary
2249:'s brother, who is traditionally said to have been crucified on an
1614:
rather separately to either side of the upright post of the cross.
247:), "to fix or fasten to, impale, crucify" occurs only once, at the
6985:
4409:
Dictionary of Images and Symbols in Counselling By William Stewart
2938:
2194:
2040:
1780:
1748:
1744:
1709:
1703:
1501:
1477:
1416:
1361:
1353:
1339:
1226:
caused by hanging without support. Justin Martyr calls the seat a
1165:) to the place of execution, but not necessarily the whole cross.
1162:
882:
773:
585:
398:
306:
262:
136:
107:
42:
32:
5696:
When Beheading Won’t Do the Job, the Saudis Resort to Crucifixion
5564:"Saudi seven face crucifixion and firing squad for armed robbery"
2181:
between Capua and Rome as a warning to any other would-be rebels.
1460:
Crucifixion was used as a punishment for prisoners of war during
859:. Some historians have also conjectured that Alexander crucified
739:
Crucifixion (or impalement), in one form or another, was used by
702:
that often preceded crucifixion, or from stabbing by the guards.
412:
At times the gibbet was only one vertical stake, called in Latin
5197:
The Japanese mind: essentials of Japanese philosophy and culture
3386:
The cross and the shroud: a medical inquiry into the crucifixion
1799:
1706:, and his (her) legs are vertical and distant from the ground."
1699:
1695:
1560:
1272:
1267:
1169:
558:
382:(instrument of execution) for crucifixions took on many shapes.
6686:
5683:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
3211:"Crucifixion in the Fens: life & death in Roman Fenstanton"
1895:
Car-float at the feast of the Virgin of San Juan de los Lagos,
1597:, Jerusalem in 1968. The remains were found accidentally in an
23:
Inflicting death by nailing or tying a victim to a wooden cross
6473:"Filipino penitent cancels 'crucifixion' anew due to Covid-19"
4887:, "Crucifixion – The Archaeological Evidence,"
2304:: Japanese martyrs who were crucified and impaled with spears.
2105:
450:
4905:(First ed.). New York: HarperCollins. pp. 133–165.
2951:
2478:(St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 2006), Chapter 2 "
2362:
1157:. The convict then usually had to carry the horizontal beam (
1033:
those who observed the crucifixion from committing offenses.
242:
223:
216:), "to crucify with" or "alongside" occurs five times, while
211:
199:
187:
158:
146:
122:
5801:
3495:"Did Jesus Die by Suffocation? An Appraisal of the Evidence"
2433:
2431:
1538:. Overton's article was the basis for a 2002 episode of the
4242:
The Resurrection of Jesus: A New Historiographical Approach
3334:"Medical views on the death by crucifixion of Jesus Christ"
2086:
has repeatedly voiced disapproval of crucifixions and self-
1453:. The executions marked the beginning of a long history of
16:"Christ-like pose" redirects here. Not to be confused with
7048:
Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations
3301:"Columbia University page of Pierre Barbet on Crucifixion"
6499:"DOH to penitents: Make sure nails, whips are sterilized"
6064:. Karen Women Organization. February 2010. Archived from
2038:, in which a penitent is tied—but not nailed—to a cross.
453:) was that of the wooden instrument used for crucifying.
6605:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. Retrieved 2023-05-07.
6120:"Ukrainian protester says he was kidnapped and tortured"
5170:. Knopf : distributed by Random House. p. 32.
5114:. American Oriental Series 96. American Oriental Society
4549:"Crucifixion in Antiquity: The Anthropological Evidence"
4334:
Koskenniemi, Erkki; Kirsi Nisula; Jorma Toppari (2005).
2022:. Also, since at least the mid-19th century, a group of
994:, and had a specific area reserved for the execution of
6015:"Group: ISIS 'crucifies' men in public in Syrian towns"
4205:
Ancient Jewish and Christian Perceptions of Crucifixion
3446:"Medical theories on the cause of death in crucifixion"
1457:, which continued until its decriminalization in 1871.
1141:(former slave) who was crucified by order of Tiberius.
192:), usually translated "cross". The most common term is
6653:
Jesus's death on the cross, from a medical perspective
6376:"Religion-Mexico: The Passion According to Iztapalapa"
5445:
Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome, by Donald G. Kyle
2725:
of a boy reverencing his 'God', who has the head of a
2094:
recommends that participants in the rites should have
1389:, crucifixion was used in Japan before and during the
517:) sees the cross of Christ represented in the crossed
5653:"Saudi Arabia executes dozens on 'terrorism' charges"
5393:(1970). "Jewish Tombs at and near Giv'at ha-Mivtar".
5200:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 145.
5003:
2922:
the back, to which are attached the legs of the lamb.
2482:
and the prisoner of war as Christ-figure", pp. 30–65.
1794:, a Ukrainian anti-government activist and member of
1672:
Several people have been subjected to crucifixion in
1168:
During the death march, the prisoner, probably still
6037:"ISIS terror in and around Rojava, March–April 2014"
5419:. "Crucifixion – The Archaeological Evidence",
4112:
Journal of the Mississippi State Medical Association
2098:
shots and that the nails used should be sterilized.
1585:
refer to the crucifixion of thousands in during the
1514:, there were persistent rumors that German soldiers
6968:
6780:
6720:
6008:
6006:
5305:. University of Queensland Press. p. 184 n.8.
5194:Moore, Charles Alexander; Aldyth V. Morris (1968).
2006:In some cases, a crucifixion is simulated within a
1930:
Protester tied to a cross in Washington D.C. (1970)
5626:Qiblawi, Tamara; Alhenawi, Ruba (April 23, 2019).
4766:. New York: Doubleday Image Books. pp. 46–51.
3788:
3413:
843:is reputed to have crucified 2,000 survivors from
299:, meaning "to crucify" or "to fasten to a cross".
6271:"UAE: Fear of imminent crucifixion and execution"
5833:Tribune, Tom Masland, Chicago (14 October 1988).
4275:Behold the Man: Jesus and Greco-Roman Masculinity
4042:"Appian • The Civil Wars – Book I"
2623:"Webster New World College Dictionary, "crucify""
1397:Execution by crucifixion included, first of all,
802:, have interpreted an allusion to crucifixion in
6403:The Penitentes of New Mexico: Hermanos de la Luz
5189:
5187:
3547:"On the physical cause of death of Jesus Christ"
3444:Maslen, Matthew; Piers D Mitchell (April 2006).
3275:William Stroud; Sir James Young Simpson (1871).
2986:"Why the BBC thinks Christ did not die this way"
2672:Seneca, Dialogue "To Marcia on Consolation", in
1716:, based upon the government's interpretation of
902:), or to a combination of an upright (in Latin,
5704:. 24 September 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
5685:. 22 September 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
2394:Brill Encyclopedia of Early Christianity Online
1806:spy and accepting money from the US Embassy in
1694:Theoretically, crucifixion is still one of the
1482:
1395:
1251:
6211:"A Kiev Question: What Became of the Missing?"
5867:"Amnesty International, Document AFR 54/21/91"
5592:"The execution of the Saudi Seven – iPolitics"
5541:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–38.
5085:
5083:
5064:
5062:
3964:"Livy I.26 and the Supplicium de More Maiorum"
3722:(Clarendon Press, Oxford 1912), vol. 2, p. 336
2668:
2666:
2664:
2597:"Compact Oxford English Dictionary, "crucify""
1382:
479:and represented the number 300, "wherever the
228:), "to crucify again" occurs only once at the
6698:
6591:Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica, III, xxxii.
6118:Walker, Oksana Grytsenko Shaun (2014-01-31).
5055:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–38.
4386:"Encyclopædia Britannica Online: crucifixion"
3942:"Dialogue "To Marcia on Consolation", 6.20.3"
3685:Stavros, Scolops (σταῦρός, σκόλοψ). The cross
3626:"Did Jesus Christ die of pulmonary embolism?"
3439:
3437:
3407:
3405:
711:
350:Two illustrations from editions of a book by
8:
6091:"Regime's human rights abuses go unpunished"
5851:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3763:Paul's Message of the Cross As Body Language
3416:The Crucifixion Of Jesus: A Forensic Inquiry
3338:Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings
553:, between the two bones of the forearm (the
438:(late 1st century to early 2nd century CE).
6621:. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 32.
5743:"The Sanctions of the Islamic Criminal Law"
5611:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3823:History of Alexander the Great of Macedonia
3554:Journal of the American Medical Association
3327:
3325:
2692:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 78.
2387:
2385:
2383:
294:
288:
282:
276:
266:
6705:
6691:
6683:
6576:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5715:"Iran's Islamic Criminal Law, Article 195"
5371:Armageddon: the Battle for Germany 1944–45
5046:
5044:
5042:
4621:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 16.
4340:Journal for the Study of the New Testament
3540:
3538:
2809:. Mohr Siebeck. p. 289; cf. pp. 7–8.
1437:, Japan. Among those executed were Saints
1409:) was frequently used. Water crucifixion (
818:... right errors. ... (partially legible)-
180:uses four verbs, three of them based upon
6678:Crucifixion of Joachim of Nizhny-Novgorod
6450:"Man Crucifies Himself Every Good Friday"
5500:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-018-0631-9
4813:"Postscript – The Mel Gibson Controversy"
3641:
3545:Edwards, WD; Gabel WJ; Hosmer FE (1986).
3518:
3469:
3357:
2599:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
2152:Learn how and when to remove this message
1802:after forcing him to confess to being an
966:in 73–71 BCE (the slave rebellion led by
962:Notorious mass crucifixions followed the
475:, because tau is shaped exactly like the
5294:
5292:
5281:. London: Button&son. 1815. p.
4946:
4944:
4942:
4610:
4608:
4493:"Crucifixion in Antiquity: The Evidence"
4432:. Bible-archaeology.info. Archived from
4226:Wikisource:Of Consolation: To Marcia#XX.
3450:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
2648:"Online Etymology Dictionary, "crucify""
1636:
766:who suffered death by crucifixion." The
7053:Capital punishment for drug trafficking
5774:"Case Study in Iranian Criminal System"
5136:The body: photographs of the human form
5095:الموسوعة الفقهية (Encyclopedia of Fiqh)
5074:الموسوعة الفقهية (Encyclopedia of Fiqh)
4940:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4329:
4327:
4277:. Oxford University Press. p. 67.
3903:. Oxford University Press. p. 23.
3020:. Oxford University Press. p. 21.
2984:Wynne-Jones, Jonathan (16 March 2008).
2803:Cook, John Granger (10 December 2018).
2747:
2745:
2575:"Collins English Dictionary, "crucify""
2379:
2346:
1995:In July 1805, a man named Mattio Lovat
1847:
1732:On 5 February 2015, the United Nations
1114:to death so that they would serve as a
6569:
5844:
5604:
4806:
4804:
4615:Barth, Markus; Blanke, Helmut (2000).
2806:Crucifixion in the Mediterranean World
2537:"Online Etymology Dictionary, "cross""
1254:punishment is theirs in the Hereafter.
598:In 1968, archaeologists discovered at
151:) "crucify on a plank", together with
5916:from the original on December 3, 2007
4840:
4838:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4648:. Simon & Schuster. p. 193.
4582:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4452:
4450:
4075:
4073:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3091:
3089:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
2325:List of methods of capital punishment
2225:. The civil charge was a claim to be
1751:. The pictures, originally posted to
1312:Shi'is; the majority of the Malikis;
409:captives to crosses in various ways.
204:), "to crucify", occurring 46 times;
167:"). In earlier pre-Roman Greek texts
7:
7058:Capital punishment for homosexuality
4975:"Quran Surah Al-Maaida ( Verse 33 )"
4891:11.1 (Jan./Feb. 1985), 44–53 (p. 49)
3129:(Mohr Siebeck, 2008), pp. 86–89
2267:, crucified in either 106 or 107 CE.
2134:adding citations to reliable sources
1738:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
1734:Committee on the Rights of the Child
1455:persecution of Christianity in Japan
1324:; or Malikis, Hanafis, and Shafi'is.
1010:with perceived medicinal qualities.
405:, Roman soldiers nailed innumerable
6297:"Crucifixion sentence is cancelled"
5959:. CNN/Associated Press. May 2, 2014
5538:Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law
5355:. Season 9. Episode 5. 2002-07-04.
4244:. InterVarsity Press. p. 304.
3882:. Oxford University Press. p.
3170:"The Bioarchaeology of Crucifixion"
2414:10.1163/2589-7993_EECO_SIM_00000808
2063:voluntarily, non-lethally crucified
1563:forces at the end of World War II.
135:(which in modern Greek only means "
5590:Mar 18, Ali AlAhmed Published on.
3791:The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Bible
3420:. New York: M. Evans and Company.
3068:Kohler, Kaufmann; Hirsch, Emil G.
2557:Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short,
974:in the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE.
921:One hypothesis suggested that the
14:
6981:Most recent executions by country
6664: (archived February 12, 2012)
6601:Sundermann, Werner (2009-07-20).
6497:Leilani, Junio (March 29, 2018).
5235:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 14–15.
2082:has been crucified 34 times. The
1661:Legal execution in Islamic states
1528:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
1348:crucifixion (c. 1865–1868),
826:... Let not the nail touch him."
6673:Jewish Encyclopedia: Crucifixion
6039:. Kurdistan Times. 13 April 2014
5885:"Death Penalty Worldwide: Sudan"
5822:from the original on 2022-10-09.
5790:from the original on 2022-10-09.
5731:from the original on 2016-03-28.
5275:"The Baptist Magazine, Volume 7"
5257:"The Baptist Union: Latest News"
5143:. Chronicle Books. p. 250.
4961:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6530
3643:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01525.x
3575:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2716:in Rome. It is a second-century
2173:were in open revolt against the
2110:
2018:, since 1833, and in the famous
1963:
1935:
1923:
1904:
1888:
1870:
1850:
1516:had crucified a Canadian soldier
1360:Crucifixion was introduced into
1068:
1059:
500: – c. 215).
366:Instrument of Jesus' crucifixion
340:
331:
176:The Greek used in the Christian
88:depicted with Jesus nailed to it
7033:Religion and capital punishment
6243:"Crucifixion for UAE murderers"
5978:Siegel, Jacob (30 April 2014).
5912:. Web.amnesty.org. 2002-07-17.
4736:. Kregel Academic. p. 265.
4181:"Jewish War, Book V Chapter 11"
3281:. Hamilton, Adams & Company
3223:from the original on 2022-10-09
2121:needs additional citations for
1918:magazine, April 15, 1896, issue
1859:Crucifixion, homage to Mondrian
90:) is Christianity's preeminent
6452:. Religious Freaks. 2006-04-12
6406:. Sunstone Press. p. 58.
6059:"Walking amongst sharp knives"
6013:Almasy, Steve (29 June 2014).
5488:. No. 35. pp. 22–27.
5004:"Surah Al-Ma'idah [5]"
4457:Robison, John C. (June 2002).
3876:Liddell, Henry George (1855).
3707:Herodotus Literally Translated
2883:Epistle of Barnabas, chapter 9
1991:Crucifixion in the Philippines
1577:Although the Roman historians
837:, in the middle of Jerusalem.
714:to be non-lethally crucified.
1:
6976:Enforcement or use by country
6209:Chivers, C. J. (2014-03-09).
5167:Japan, photographs, 1854–1905
4783:"Cross and Crucifixion"
4291:pro Rabirio Perduellionis Reo
4086:"Cross and Crucifixion"
3412:Zugibe, Frederick T. (2005).
3350:10.1080/08998280.2021.1951096
3250:South African Medical Journal
3147:. Joezias.com. Archived from
1952:
1650:
1188:while it was fastened to the
906:) and a crossbeam (in Latin,
573:
507:
494:
489:, with another example being
462:
387:
287:, past participle passive of
6603:"MANI". Encyclopædia Iranica
6400:Aragon, Ray John De (2006).
6348:Böhmer, Maria (2018-11-08).
5835:"MOSLEM CODE LOOMS IN SUDAN"
4734:Josephus: Essential Writings
3849:Gabriel, Richard A. (2011).
3787:VanderKam, James C. (2012).
3766:. Mohr Siebeck. p. 46.
3673:The Life Of Flavius Josephus
2790:Trial in the Court of Vowels
1997:attempted to crucify himself
1914:American political cartoon,
1518:on a tree or barn door with
1214:providing some semblance of
747:, and among the Greeks, the
237:
218:
206:
194:
182:
169:
153:
141:
129:
117:
28:Crucifixion (disambiguation)
6903:Hanged, drawn and quartered
6471:Cal, Ben (April 13, 2022).
6151:Blair, David (2014-01-31).
5435:(Augsburg Fortress, 1977).
5421:Biblical Archaeology Review
5232:Capital Punishment in Japan
4889:Biblical Archaeology Review
4846:Dialogue with Trypho, a Jew
4591:. Mohr Siebeck. p. 7.
4587:Samuelsson, Gunnar (2013).
4547:Zias, Joseph (2016-01-10).
4273:Conway, Colleen M. (2008).
4201:Mishna, Shabbath 6.10: see
3388:. New York: Paragon House.
3097:"Some Notes on Crucifixion"
3014:Viladesau, Richard (2006).
2860:Westminster John Knox Press
2577:. Collins. 31 December 2011
2061:, where some Catholics are
1687:in Saudi Arabia during the
758:, ix.120–122, Greek writer
730:History and religious texts
115:has two verbs for crucify:
7125:
6378:. IPS News. Archived from
5486:Israel Exploration Journal
5425:Israel Exploration Journal
5413:Israel Exploration Journal
5395:Israel Exploration Journal
5133:Ewing, William A. (1994).
5025:. macmillan. p. 241.
4430:"Archaeology of the Bible"
3897:Waterfield, Robin (2010).
3462:10.1177/014107680609900416
2952:
2363:
2049:, Philippines, Easter 2006
2045:Devotional crucifixion in
1988:
1841:
1771:forces crucifying several
1681:Ali Mohammed Baqir al-Nimr
1570:
1433:were nailed to crosses at
1241:
1047:, its most famous victim.
403:Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)
363:
243:
224:
212:
200:
188:
159:
147:
123:
105:
25:
15:
6615:Friesen, Ilse E. (2006).
5473:– via Google Books.
5457:by Paul L. Maier (1997).
4384:Encyclopædia Britannica.
3745:Aramaic Testament of Levi
3720:A Commentary on Herodotus
3607:Br Soc Turin Shroud Newsl
3511:10.1177/00243639221116217
2731:"Cross or Torture Stake?"
2686:Barclay, William (1998).
2020:Oberammergau Passion Play
1880:(1914–1918), postcard by
1775:villagers in 2000 in the
1605:Additionally, a piece of
1383:
1086:). A modern-day tracing (
6722:Current judicial methods
6556:. New York. p. 29.
6552:Rest, Friedrich (1982).
6461:(dead link 6 April 2023)
5806:, section 5, article 24"
5535:Peters, Rudolph (2005).
5051:Peters, Rudolph (2006).
4901:Ehrman, Bart D. (2014).
4883:Barbet, 45; Zugibe, 57;
4711:. Simon & Schuster.
4352:10.1177/0142064X05055745
4008:After quoting a poem by
3821:"Quintus Curtius Rufus,
3566:10.1001/jama.255.11.1455
2992:. London. Archived from
2895:"Clement of Alexandria,
2766:10.1163/156853611X589651
2245:: Christian apostle and
2199:His death by crucifixion
2165:The rebel slaves of the
2084:Filipino Catholic Church
1985:As a devotional practice
1857:Sculpture construction:
1736:(CRC) reported that the
1559:when it was occupied by
1129:Lucius Pedanius Secundus
1116:spectacle and an example
980:destruction of Jerusalem
712:as a devotional practice
354:(1547–1606): on left, a
173:usually means "impale".
5463:. Kregel Publications.
5460:In the Fullness of Time
5415:20 (1–2), 1970: 38–59;
5229:Schmidt, Petra (2002).
5164:Clark Worswick (1979).
5021:Kadri, Sadakat (2012).
4955:(2nd ed.). Brill.
4793:Encyclopædia Britannica
4707:Barry, Strauss (2009).
4675:Antiquities of the Jews
4642:Barry, Strauss (2009).
4096:Encyclopædia Britannica
3966:. Penelope.uchicago.edu
3900:Polybius. The Histories
3718:W.W. How and J. Wells,
2968:A Greek–English Lexicon
1865:, United Kingdom (2007)
1844:Crucifixion in the arts
1814:against then-President
1685:anti-government protest
1567:Archaeological evidence
1376:. Known in Japanese as
937:supplicium more maiorum
768:Commentary on Herodotus
651:A theory attributed to
594:(heel bone) with a nail
275:derives from the Latin
6503:Philippine News Agency
6477:Philippine News Agency
5299:Bourke, Roger (2006).
5108:Anthony, Sean (2014).
4953:Encyclopaedia of Islam
4026:Titus Maccius Plautus
3695:encyclopedia Hellinica
3172:. PoweredbyOsteons.org
2899:, book VI, chapter 11"
2065:for a limited time on
2050:
2047:San Fernando, Pampanga
2014:, on the outskirts of
1999:at a public street in
1657:
1507:
1495:
1426:
1415:
1357:
1256:
1202: in) across. The
1039:, the first Christian
783:
724:
595:
319:
295:
289:
283:
277:
267:
230:Epistle to the Hebrews
49:
6554:Our Christian symbols
6327:Amnesty International
6275:Amnesty International
5722:nyccriminallawyer.com
5427:35 (1), 1985: 22–27;
5347:The Crucified Soldier
4778:Fallow, Thomas Macall
4491:Zias, Joseph (1998).
4318:www.perseus.tufts.edu
4161:. Thelatinlibrary.com
4140:. Thelatinlibrary.com
4081:Fallow, Thomas Macall
4064:, book 5, chapter 11"
4046:penelope.uchicago.edu
3946:googleusercontent.com
2959:Liddell, Henry George
2044:
1989:Further information:
1722:Amnesty International
1640:
1571:Further information:
1524:1st Canadian Division
1505:
1425:included crucifixions
1423:Great Genna Martyrdom
1420:
1343:
1242:Further information:
1037:Constantine the Great
777:
719:
589:
542:as distinct from the
491:Clement of Alexandria
310:
106:Further information:
36:
3795:. Eerdmans. p.
3760:Shi, Wenhua (2008).
2915:Dialogue with Trypho
2320:Crucifixion darkness
2295:Volto Santo of Lucca
2281:Eulalia of Barcelona
2255:Saint Andrew's Cross
2237:Cross of Saint Peter
2130:improve this article
2102:Notable crucifixions
2092:Department of Health
1899:, Mexico City (2011)
1827:United Arab Emirates
1790:On 22 January 2014,
1555:civil population of
1431:26 Christian Martyrs
249:Acts of the Apostles
76:crucifixion of Jesus
7109:Crosses by function
6866:Republican marriage
6795:Damnatio ad bestias
6157:The Daily Telegraph
5562:AP (5 March 2013).
5417:Tzaferis, Vassilios
4208:(Mohn Siebeck 2008
4179:Flavius, Josephus.
4062:The War of the Jews
3624:Brenner, B (2005).
3382:Zugibe, Frederick T
3074:Jewish Encyclopedia
2855:The Apostles' Creed
2689:The Apostles' Creed
2627:yourdictionary.com/
2330:Positional asphyxia
2302:26 Martyrs of Japan
2265:Bishop of Jerusalem
2261:Simeon of Jerusalem
1838:In culture and arts
1823:Ministry of Justice
1080:Alexamenos graffito
841:Alexander the Great
606:the remains of one
570:Alexamenos graffito
486:Epistle of Barnabas
7084:Capital punishment
7038:Wrongful execution
6950:Suffocation in ash
6806:Blowing from a gun
6714:Capital punishment
6303:. 8 September 1997
6215:The New York Times
5873:. 4 November 1991.
5839:chicagotribune.com
5093:[Hiraba].
5072:[Taslib].
4885:Vassilios Tzaferis
4762:Barbet, P (1953).
4299:2016-03-04 at the
4203:David W. Chapman,
3691:2011-06-28 at the
2736:2008-03-29 at the
2559:A Latin Dictionary
2051:
1878:Allegory of Poland
1658:
1508:
1427:
1403:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
1391:Tokugawa Shogunate
1358:
831:Alexander Jannaeus
784:
692:pulmonary embolism
596:
521:used to roast the
391: 4 BCE–65 CE
384:Seneca the Younger
320:
57:capital punishment
50:
45:crucified between
7104:Public executions
7089:Execution methods
7066:
7065:
7043:Botched execution
6628:978-0-88920-939-8
6438:on June 23, 2012.
6413:978-0-86534-504-1
6251:. 23 October 2011
5548:978-1-139-44534-4
5470:978-0-8254-3329-0
5379:978-0-330-49062-7
5312:978-0-7022-3564-1
5242:978-90-04-12421-9
5207:978-0-8248-0077-2
5177:978-0-394-50836-8
5150:978-0-8118-0762-3
5032:978-0-09-952327-7
5008:Surah Al-Ma'idah
4912:978-0-06-177818-6
4732:Josephus (1990).
4718:978-1-4391-5839-5
4709:The Spartacus War
4655:978-1-4391-5839-5
4645:The Spartacus War
4628:978-0-8028-3829-2
4598:978-3-16-152508-7
4284:978-0-19-532532-4
4251:978-0-8308-2719-0
4214:978-3-16-149579-3
4159:"Annales 15:60.1"
4015:Letter 101, 12–14
3950:The Latin Library
3910:978-0-19-953470-8
3879:A History of Rome
3862:978-1-59797-766-1
3855:. Potomac Books.
3806:978-0-8028-6679-0
3773:978-3-16-149706-3
3560:(11): 1455–1463.
3499:Linacre Quarterly
3427:978-1-59077-070-2
3395:978-0-913729-75-5
3027:978-0-19-518811-0
2869:978-0-664-25826-9
2832:Adversus Haereses
2816:978-3-16-156001-9
2754:Novum Testamentum
2699:978-0-664-25826-9
2522:Polybius 1.11.5
2480:A Town Like Alice
2273:: the founder of
2253:cross (hence the
2167:Third Servile War
2162:
2161:
2154:
1816:Viktor Yanukovych
1777:Dooplaya District
1757:Oxford University
1587:Roman-Jewish wars
1542:documentary show
964:Third Servile War
927:arbori suspendere
790:, beginning with
680:hypovolemic shock
397:, during Emperor
314:'s 1866 painting
261:derives from the
257:The English term
108:Cross § Name
18:Jesus Christ Pose
7116:
6752:Nitrogen hypoxia
6747:Lethal injection
6707:
6700:
6693:
6684:
6636:
6635:
6612:
6606:
6599:
6593:
6588:
6582:
6581:
6575:
6567:
6549:
6543:
6537:
6531:
6520:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6509:
6494:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6468:
6462:
6460:
6458:
6457:
6446:
6440:
6439:
6434:. Archived from
6424:
6418:
6417:
6397:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6372:
6366:
6365:
6345:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6329:. September 1997
6319:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6308:
6293:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6282:
6277:. September 1997
6267:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6256:
6239:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6206:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6181:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6171:
6148:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6115:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6087:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6076:
6071:on 21 April 2011
6070:
6063:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6044:
6033:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6010:
6001:
6000:
5994:
5992:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5953:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5942:
5931:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5921:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5887:. Archived from
5881:
5875:
5874:
5863:
5857:
5856:
5850:
5842:
5830:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5810:
5798:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5778:
5770:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5754:
5748:. Archived from
5747:
5739:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5719:
5711:
5705:
5692:
5686:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5659:. April 23, 2019
5649:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5623:
5617:
5616:
5610:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5587:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5576:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5532:
5526:
5520:
5514:
5508:
5502:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5454:
5448:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5387:
5381:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5296:
5287:
5286:
5279:Baptist Magazine
5271:
5265:
5264:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5191:
5182:
5181:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5139:. photograph by
5130:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5119:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5087:
5078:
5077:
5066:
5057:
5056:
5048:
5037:
5036:
5018:
5012:
5011:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4981:. Archived from
4971:
4965:
4964:
4948:
4917:
4916:
4898:
4892:
4881:
4875:
4868:
4862:
4859:Against Heresies
4855:
4849:
4842:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4823:on March 6, 2004
4819:. Archived from
4808:
4799:
4797:
4785:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4759:
4738:
4737:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4704:
4698:
4687:
4681:
4679:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4612:
4603:
4602:
4584:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4551:. Archived from
4544:
4531:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4488:
4471:
4470:
4454:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4426:
4420:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4362:. Archived from
4331:
4322:
4321:
4310:
4304:
4289:(citing Cicero,
4288:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4234:
4228:
4223:
4217:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4138:"Annales 2:32.2"
4134:
4128:
4127:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4088:
4077:
4068:
4067:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4038:
4032:
4024:
4018:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3938:
3932:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3827:. Archived from
3817:
3811:
3810:
3794:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3739:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3716:
3710:
3702:
3696:
3682:
3676:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3645:
3630:J Thromb Haemost
3621:
3615:
3614:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3588:Arizona Medicine
3583:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3551:
3542:
3533:
3532:
3522:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3473:
3441:
3432:
3431:
3419:
3409:
3400:
3399:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3361:
3329:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3307:. Archived from
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3245:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3222:
3215:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3141:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3108:
3102:. Archived from
3101:
3093:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3065:
3040:
3039:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:on 19 March 2008
2981:
2975:
2955:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2913:"Justin Martyr,
2909:
2903:
2902:
2891:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2850:Barclay, William
2846:
2840:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2800:
2794:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2760:(1): 60, 92–98.
2749:
2740:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2683:
2677:
2670:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2650:. Etymonline.com
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2571:
2565:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:. Etymonline.com
2533:
2527:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2492:LSJ apotumpanizo
2489:
2483:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2454:
2450:
2435:
2426:
2425:
2406:Brill Publishers
2389:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2351:
2286:
2252:
2227:King of the Jews
2157:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2114:
2106:
1972:Christ Crucified
1967:
1957:
1956: 1430–1440
1954:
1939:
1927:
1908:
1897:Colonia Doctores
1892:
1874:
1863:Barbara Hepworth
1854:
1755:by a student at
1655:
1652:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1072:
1063:
1025:, an act called
972:Roman civil wars
881:, the tyrant of
829:The Jewish king
735:Pre-Roman states
665:Frederick Zugibe
626:Giv'at ha-Mivtar
623:
622:
618:
615:
600:Giv'at ha-Mivtar
578:
575:
516:
512:
509:
499:
496:
467:
464:
429:
392:
389:
344:
335:
298:
292:
286:
280:
270:
246:
245:
240:
227:
226:
221:
215:
214:
209:
203:
202:
197:
191:
190:
185:
172:
162:
161:
156:
150:
149:
144:
134:
126:
125:
120:
92:religious symbol
7124:
7123:
7119:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7114:
7113:
7099:Human positions
7069:
7068:
7067:
7062:
7028:List of methods
7013:Final statement
6964:
6785:
6783:
6776:
6716:
6711:
6662:Wayback Machine
6644:
6639:
6629:
6614:
6613:
6609:
6600:
6596:
6589:
6585:
6568:
6564:
6551:
6550:
6546:
6538:
6534:
6521:
6517:
6507:
6505:
6496:
6495:
6491:
6481:
6479:
6470:
6469:
6465:
6455:
6453:
6448:
6447:
6443:
6426:
6425:
6421:
6414:
6399:
6398:
6394:
6385:
6383:
6374:
6373:
6369:
6362:
6347:
6346:
6342:
6332:
6330:
6321:
6320:
6316:
6306:
6304:
6301:The Irish Times
6295:
6294:
6290:
6280:
6278:
6269:
6268:
6264:
6254:
6252:
6248:The Independent
6241:
6240:
6236:
6227:
6225:
6208:
6207:
6203:
6194:
6192:
6189:The Independent
6183:
6182:
6178:
6169:
6167:
6150:
6149:
6145:
6136:
6134:
6117:
6116:
6112:
6102:
6100:
6099:. 28 March 2010
6089:
6088:
6084:
6074:
6072:
6068:
6061:
6057:
6056:
6052:
6042:
6040:
6035:
6034:
6030:
6020:
6018:
6012:
6011:
6004:
5990:
5988:
5985:The Daily Beast
5977:
5976:
5972:
5962:
5960:
5955:
5954:
5950:
5940:
5938:
5933:
5932:
5928:
5919:
5917:
5908:
5907:
5903:
5894:
5892:
5883:
5882:
5878:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5843:
5832:
5831:
5827:
5819:
5808:
5800:
5799:
5795:
5787:
5781:uni-muenchen.de
5776:
5772:
5771:
5767:
5758:
5756:
5752:
5745:
5741:
5740:
5736:
5728:
5717:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5693:
5689:
5676:
5672:
5662:
5660:
5651:
5650:
5646:
5636:
5634:
5625:
5624:
5620:
5603:
5596:
5594:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5574:
5572:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5549:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5521:
5517:
5509:
5505:
5497:
5493:
5483:
5482:
5478:
5471:
5456:
5455:
5451:
5447:p. 181, note 93
5410:
5406:
5389:
5388:
5384:
5368:
5364:
5344:
5343:
5339:
5333:
5332:
5328:
5313:
5298:
5297:
5290:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5255:
5254:
5250:
5243:
5228:
5227:
5223:
5208:
5193:
5192:
5185:
5178:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5151:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5117:
5115:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5089:
5088:
5081:
5068:
5067:
5060:
5050:
5049:
5040:
5033:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4988:
4986:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4950:
4949:
4920:
4913:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4882:
4878:
4869:
4865:
4856:
4852:
4843:
4836:
4826:
4824:
4810:
4809:
4802:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4761:
4760:
4741:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4719:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4688:
4684:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4656:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4629:
4614:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4586:
4585:
4568:
4558:
4556:
4546:
4545:
4534:
4515:
4511:
4501:
4499:
4497:www.mercaba.org
4490:
4489:
4474:
4456:
4455:
4448:
4439:
4437:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4407:
4403:
4394:
4392:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4369:
4367:
4333:
4332:
4325:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4301:Wayback Machine
4285:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4252:
4238:Licona, Michael
4236:
4235:
4231:
4224:
4220:
4200:
4196:
4186:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4164:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4143:
4141:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4079:
4078:
4071:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4028:Miles gloriosus
4025:
4021:
4007:
4003:
3994:
3992:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3969:
3967:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3922:
3918:
3911:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3863:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3834:
3832:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3747:4Q541 column 6"
3741:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3726:
3717:
3713:
3703:
3699:
3693:Wayback Machine
3683:
3679:
3671:
3667:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3572:
3549:
3544:
3543:
3536:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3443:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3411:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3331:
3330:
3323:
3314:
3312:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3256:(12): 938–941.
3247:
3246:
3235:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3175:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3154:
3152:
3143:
3142:
3133:
3125:
3121:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3087:
3078:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3043:
3028:
3013:
3012:
3008:
2999:
2997:
2990:Daily Telegraph
2983:
2982:
2978:
2973:Perseus Project
2949:
2945:
2932:
2928:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2785:
2781:
2751:
2750:
2743:
2738:Wayback Machine
2711:
2707:
2700:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2671:
2662:
2653:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2603:on May 21, 2013
2595:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2555:
2551:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2498:
2490:
2486:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2456:Perseus Project
2452:
2439:
2436:
2429:
2391:
2390:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2311:
2284:
2250:
2215:Judaea province
2158:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2127:
2115:
2104:
2076:San Pedro Cutud
2055:Catholic Church
2032:Hermanos de Luz
1993:
1987:
1980:
1977:Diego Velázquez
1968:
1959:
1955:
1940:
1931:
1928:
1919:
1909:
1900:
1893:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1855:
1846:
1840:
1765:
1763:Other incidents
1730:
1698:punishments in
1663:
1653:
1635:
1575:
1569:
1500:
1474:
1443:Philip of Jesus
1407:sakasaharitsuke
1380:
1374:Kamakura period
1338:
1246:
1240:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1147:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1053:
1051:Society and law
929:—hanging on an
896:
891:
865:royal adoration
786:Some Christian
737:
732:
708:
646:
620:
616:
613:
611:
576:
531:
514:
510:
497:
473:William Barclay
465:
427:
390:
372:
362:
361:
360:
359:
347:
346:
345:
337:
336:
325:
312:Gabriel von Max
305:
110:
104:
55:is a method of
47:the two thieves
31:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
7122:
7120:
7112:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7071:
7070:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7009:
7008:
7003:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6972:
6970:
6969:Related topics
6966:
6965:
6963:
6962:
6957:
6955:Upright jerker
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6869:
6868:
6858:
6853:
6851:Disembowelment
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6821:Breaking wheel
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6790:
6788:
6784:Post-classical
6778:
6777:
6775:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6743:
6742:
6732:
6726:
6724:
6718:
6717:
6712:
6710:
6709:
6702:
6695:
6687:
6681:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6655:
6650:
6643:
6642:External links
6640:
6638:
6637:
6627:
6607:
6594:
6583:
6562:
6544:
6532:
6515:
6489:
6463:
6441:
6432:www.vatican.va
6419:
6412:
6392:
6367:
6360:
6340:
6314:
6288:
6262:
6234:
6201:
6176:
6143:
6110:
6082:
6050:
6028:
6002:
5970:
5948:
5926:
5901:
5876:
5858:
5825:
5793:
5765:
5734:
5706:
5687:
5670:
5644:
5618:
5582:
5554:
5547:
5527:
5515:
5503:
5491:
5476:
5469:
5449:
5429:Hengel, Martin
5404:
5382:
5369:Max Hastings,
5362:
5352:Secret History
5337:
5326:
5311:
5288:
5266:
5261:baptist.org.uk
5248:
5241:
5221:
5206:
5183:
5176:
5156:
5149:
5125:
5100:
5079:
5058:
5038:
5031:
5013:
4995:
4966:
4918:
4911:
4893:
4876:
4872:To the Nations
4863:
4850:
4844:Justin Martyr
4834:
4811:Zias, Joseph.
4800:
4788:Chisholm, Hugh
4769:
4739:
4724:
4717:
4699:
4682:
4661:
4654:
4634:
4627:
4604:
4597:
4566:
4532:
4509:
4472:
4463:Studia Antiqua
4446:
4421:
4401:
4390:Britannica.com
4376:
4346:(4): 379–391.
4323:
4305:
4283:
4265:
4250:
4229:
4218:
4194:
4171:
4150:
4129:
4102:
4091:Chisholm, Hugh
4069:
4051:
4033:
4019:
4001:
3991:. Grtbooks.com
3976:
3955:
3933:
3916:
3909:
3889:
3868:
3861:
3841:
3812:
3805:
3779:
3772:
3752:
3734:
3724:
3711:
3697:
3677:
3665:
3616:
3597:
3578:
3534:
3485:
3456:(4): 185–188.
3433:
3426:
3401:
3394:
3373:
3321:
3292:
3267:
3233:
3202:
3182:
3161:
3131:
3119:
3085:
3041:
3026:
3006:
2976:
2943:
2926:
2904:
2886:
2875:
2868:
2862:. p. 79.
2841:
2822:
2815:
2795:
2779:
2741:
2705:
2698:
2678:
2660:
2639:
2614:
2588:
2566:
2549:
2528:
2515:
2506:
2496:
2484:
2474:Roger Bourke,
2467:
2446:The Jewish War
2427:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2315:Breaking wheel
2310:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2288:
2278:
2268:
2258:
2240:
2230:
2203:Pontius Pilate
2192:
2182:
2175:Roman republic
2160:
2159:
2118:
2116:
2109:
2103:
2100:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1969:
1962:
1960:
1941:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1922:
1920:
1910:
1903:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1882:Sergey Solomko
1876:
1869:
1867:
1856:
1849:
1842:Main article:
1839:
1836:
1792:Dmytro Bulatov
1764:
1761:
1729:
1726:
1662:
1659:
1634:
1631:
1595:Givat HaMivtar
1568:
1565:
1545:Secret History
1499:
1496:
1473:
1470:
1466:Ringer Edwards
1447:Pedro Bautista
1421:The 1622
1366:Sengoku period
1337:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1302:
1258:The corpus of
1239:
1236:
1146:
1143:
1077:
1076:
1067:
1066:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1049:
992:Esquiline Gate
945:infelix lignum
895:
892:
890:
887:
800:Galatians 3:13
736:
733:
731:
728:
707:
704:
645:
644:Cause of death
642:
638:United Kingdom
634:Cambridgeshire
530:
529:Nail placement
527:
466: 130–202
352:Justus Lipsius
349:
348:
339:
338:
330:
329:
328:
327:
326:
324:
321:
304:
301:
103:
100:
78:is central to
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7121:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7076:
7074:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7007:
7006:Scharfrichter
7004:
7002:
6999:
6998:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6973:
6971:
6967:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6925:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6867:
6864:
6863:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6856:Dismemberment
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6796:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6787:
6779:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6757:Electrocution
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6708:
6703:
6701:
6696:
6694:
6689:
6688:
6685:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6663:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6641:
6634:
6630:
6624:
6620:
6619:
6611:
6608:
6604:
6598:
6595:
6592:
6587:
6584:
6579:
6573:
6565:
6563:0-8298-0099-9
6559:
6555:
6548:
6545:
6541:
6536:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6519:
6516:
6504:
6500:
6493:
6490:
6478:
6474:
6467:
6464:
6451:
6445:
6442:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6423:
6420:
6415:
6409:
6405:
6404:
6396:
6393:
6382:on 2009-12-26
6381:
6377:
6371:
6368:
6363:
6361:9789004353602
6357:
6353:
6352:
6344:
6341:
6328:
6324:
6318:
6315:
6302:
6298:
6292:
6289:
6276:
6272:
6266:
6263:
6250:
6249:
6244:
6238:
6235:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6205:
6202:
6190:
6186:
6180:
6177:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6147:
6144:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6114:
6111:
6098:
6097:
6092:
6086:
6083:
6067:
6060:
6054:
6051:
6038:
6032:
6029:
6016:
6009:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5987:
5986:
5981:
5974:
5971:
5958:
5952:
5949:
5937:
5930:
5927:
5915:
5911:
5905:
5902:
5891:on 2018-10-03
5890:
5886:
5880:
5877:
5872:
5868:
5862:
5859:
5854:
5848:
5840:
5836:
5829:
5826:
5818:
5814:
5807:
5805:
5797:
5794:
5786:
5782:
5775:
5769:
5766:
5755:on 2011-08-26
5751:
5744:
5738:
5735:
5727:
5723:
5716:
5710:
5707:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5691:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5671:
5658:
5654:
5648:
5645:
5633:
5629:
5622:
5619:
5614:
5608:
5593:
5586:
5583:
5571:
5570:
5565:
5558:
5555:
5550:
5544:
5540:
5539:
5531:
5528:
5525:
5519:
5516:
5513:
5507:
5504:
5501:
5495:
5492:
5487:
5480:
5477:
5472:
5466:
5462:
5461:
5453:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5441:0-8006-1268-X
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5408:
5405:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5386:
5383:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5366:
5363:
5358:
5354:
5353:
5348:
5341:
5338:
5330:
5327:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5270:
5267:
5262:
5258:
5252:
5249:
5244:
5238:
5234:
5233:
5225:
5222:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5203:
5199:
5198:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5179:
5173:
5169:
5168:
5160:
5157:
5152:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5129:
5126:
5113:
5112:
5104:
5101:
5096:
5092:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5075:
5071:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5054:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5034:
5028:
5024:
5017:
5014:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4996:
4985:on 2018-01-29
4984:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4967:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4914:
4908:
4904:
4897:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4773:
4770:
4765:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4735:
4728:
4725:
4720:
4714:
4710:
4703:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4665:
4662:
4657:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4638:
4635:
4630:
4624:
4620:
4619:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4600:
4594:
4590:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4555:on 2018-03-10
4554:
4550:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4529:John 19:23–25
4526:
4522:
4518:
4517:Matthew 27:35
4513:
4510:
4498:
4494:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4436:on 2010-03-05
4435:
4431:
4425:
4422:
4418:
4417:1-85302-351-5
4414:
4410:
4405:
4402:
4391:
4387:
4380:
4377:
4366:on 2009-01-22
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4286:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4266:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4198:
4195:
4182:
4175:
4172:
4160:
4154:
4151:
4139:
4133:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4106:
4103:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4063:
4055:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4037:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4005:
4002:
3990:
3988:
3980:
3977:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3917:
3912:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3893:
3890:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3872:
3869:
3864:
3858:
3854:
3853:
3845:
3842:
3831:on 2016-04-08
3830:
3826:
3824:
3816:
3813:
3808:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3783:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3756:
3753:
3748:
3746:
3738:
3735:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3582:
3579:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3344:(6): 748–52.
3343:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3311:on 2009-12-11
3310:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3280:
3279:
3271:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3219:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3151:on 2004-03-11
3150:
3146:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3120:
3109:on 2011-07-18
3105:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3075:
3071:
3070:"Crucifixion"
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3010:
3007:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2963:Scott, Robert
2960:
2956:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2935:Homeric Greek
2930:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2916:
2908:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2826:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2783:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2723:stick-figures
2719:
2715:
2714:Palatine Hill
2709:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2553:
2550:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2460:
2457:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2191:of the cross.
2190:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2145:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2119:This section
2117:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1961:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1933:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1821:In 1997, the
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1660:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1504:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1489:seventh day.
1486:
1481:
1479:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1411:mizuharitsuke
1408:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1335:
1333:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:Sadakat Kadri
1275:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1062:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1005:
999:
997:
993:
989:
983:
981:
977:
973:
970:), and other
969:
965:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
933:
932:arbor infelix
928:
924:
923:Ancient Roman
919:
917:
911:
909:
905:
901:
893:
888:
886:
884:
880:
875:
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
820:He will judge
817:
812:
808:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
781:
780:Carthaginians
776:
772:
769:
765:
761:
757:
752:
750:
746:
745:Carthaginians
742:
734:
729:
727:
723:
718:
715:
713:
705:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
672:heart failure
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
653:Pierre Barbet
649:
643:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
609:
605:
602:in northeast
601:
593:
588:
584:
582:
571:
567:
564:A foot-rest (
562:
560:
556:
552:
547:
545:
541:
536:
528:
526:
524:
523:Passover lamb
520:
505:
504:Justin Martyr
501:
492:
488:
487:
482:
478:
477:crux commissa
474:
469:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
425:
421:
420:
419:crux commissa
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
385:
381:
377:
371:
367:
357:
353:
343:
334:
322:
317:
313:
309:
302:
300:
297:
291:
285:
279:
274:
269:
264:
260:
255:
253:
250:
239:
234:
231:
220:
208:
196:
184:
179:
178:New Testament
174:
171:
166:
155:
143:
138:
133:
132:
119:
114:
113:Ancient Greek
109:
101:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
72:
70:
66:
65:Carthaginians
62:
58:
54:
48:
44:
41:depiction of
40:
35:
29:
19:
6940:Slow slicing
6922:
6835:
6793:
6740:firing squad
6632:
6617:
6610:
6597:
6586:
6553:
6547:
6539:
6535:
6523:
6518:
6506:. Retrieved
6502:
6492:
6480:. Retrieved
6476:
6466:
6454:. Retrieved
6444:
6436:the original
6431:
6422:
6402:
6395:
6384:. Retrieved
6380:the original
6370:
6350:
6343:
6331:. Retrieved
6326:
6317:
6305:. Retrieved
6300:
6291:
6279:. Retrieved
6274:
6265:
6253:. Retrieved
6246:
6237:
6226:. Retrieved
6214:
6204:
6193:. Retrieved
6191:. 2014-01-31
6188:
6179:
6168:. Retrieved
6156:
6146:
6135:. Retrieved
6124:The Guardian
6123:
6113:
6101:. Retrieved
6096:Bangkok Post
6094:
6085:
6073:. Retrieved
6066:the original
6053:
6041:. Retrieved
6031:
6019:. Retrieved
5996:
5989:. Retrieved
5983:
5973:
5961:. Retrieved
5951:
5939:. Retrieved
5929:
5918:. Retrieved
5904:
5893:. Retrieved
5889:the original
5879:
5870:
5861:
5838:
5828:
5812:
5803:
5796:
5780:
5768:
5757:. Retrieved
5750:the original
5737:
5721:
5709:
5701:The Atlantic
5699:
5690:
5673:
5661:. Retrieved
5656:
5647:
5635:. Retrieved
5631:
5621:
5595:. Retrieved
5585:
5573:. Retrieved
5569:The Guardian
5567:
5557:
5537:
5530:
5518:
5506:
5494:
5485:
5479:
5459:
5452:
5432:
5424:
5420:
5412:
5407:
5398:
5394:
5385:
5370:
5365:
5351:
5340:
5329:
5301:
5278:
5269:
5260:
5251:
5231:
5224:
5196:
5166:
5159:
5141:Felice Beato
5135:
5128:
5116:. Retrieved
5110:
5103:
5094:
5073:
5052:
5022:
5016:
5007:
4998:
4987:. Retrieved
4983:the original
4978:
4969:
4952:
4902:
4896:
4888:
4879:
4871:
4866:
4858:
4853:
4845:
4825:. Retrieved
4821:the original
4816:
4791:
4772:
4763:
4733:
4727:
4708:
4702:
4690:
4685:
4674:
4664:
4644:
4637:
4617:
4588:
4557:. Retrieved
4553:the original
4512:
4500:. Retrieved
4496:
4466:
4462:
4438:. Retrieved
4434:the original
4424:
4404:
4393:. Retrieved
4389:
4379:
4368:. Retrieved
4364:the original
4343:
4339:
4317:
4308:
4290:
4274:
4268:
4241:
4232:
4221:
4204:
4197:
4185:. Retrieved
4174:
4163:. Retrieved
4153:
4142:. Retrieved
4132:
4118:(3): 77–83.
4115:
4111:
4105:
4094:
4061:
4054:
4045:
4036:
4027:
4022:
4004:
3993:. Retrieved
3986:
3979:
3968:. Retrieved
3958:
3948:(in Latin).
3945:
3936:
3924:
3919:
3899:
3892:
3878:
3871:
3851:
3844:
3833:. Retrieved
3829:the original
3822:
3815:
3790:
3782:
3762:
3755:
3744:
3737:
3727:
3719:
3714:
3706:
3700:
3680:
3668:
3633:
3629:
3619:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3557:
3553:
3505:(1): 64–79.
3502:
3498:
3488:
3453:
3449:
3415:
3385:
3376:
3341:
3337:
3313:. Retrieved
3309:the original
3305:columbia.edu
3304:
3295:
3283:. Retrieved
3277:
3270:
3253:
3249:
3225:. Retrieved
3205:
3194:. Retrieved
3185:
3174:. Retrieved
3164:
3153:. Retrieved
3149:the original
3122:
3111:. Retrieved
3104:the original
3077:. Retrieved
3073:
3016:
3009:
2998:. Retrieved
2994:the original
2989:
2979:
2966:
2946:
2929:
2920:
2914:
2907:
2897:The Stromata
2896:
2889:
2878:
2854:
2844:
2830:
2825:
2805:
2798:
2789:
2782:
2757:
2753:
2708:
2688:
2681:
2674:Moral Essays
2673:
2652:. Retrieved
2642:
2630:. Retrieved
2626:
2617:
2605:. Retrieved
2601:the original
2591:
2579:. Retrieved
2569:
2558:
2552:
2541:. Retrieved
2531:
2518:
2509:
2504:Ep.Hebr.6.6.
2499:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2445:
2393:
2349:
2275:Manicheanism
2243:Saint Andrew
2219:subsequently
2188:
2148:
2139:
2128:Please help
2123:verification
2120:
2088:flagellation
2052:
2031:
2008:passion play
2005:
1994:
1971:
1949:Jan Van Eyck
1943:
1915:
1877:
1858:
1832:firing squad
1830:executed by
1820:
1810:to organize
1789:
1766:
1742:
1731:
1708:
1693:
1679:
1674:Saudi Arabia
1671:
1666:
1664:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1576:
1557:East Prussia
1550:
1543:
1532:Iain Overton
1509:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1462:World War II
1459:
1449:, a Spanish
1428:
1410:
1406:
1398:
1396:
1377:
1370:Christianity
1359:
1346:Meiji period
1330:
1271:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1232:
1227:
1224:asphyxiation
1219:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1158:
1148:
1122:
1120:
1105:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1045:Jesus Christ
1035:
1027:crurifragium
1026:
1020:
1012:
1003:
1000:
984:
961:
956:
944:
936:
930:
926:
920:
916:excruciating
915:
912:
907:
903:
900:crux simplex
897:
889:Ancient Rome
876:
869:
861:Callisthenes
839:
828:
823:
819:
815:
785:
767:
755:
753:
738:
725:
720:
716:
709:
669:
657:asphyxiation
650:
647:
597:
590:1st century
580:
565:
563:
548:
543:
539:
532:
502:
484:
476:
470:
440:
424:crux immissa
423:
417:
414:crux simplex
413:
411:
376:Roman Empire
373:
356:crux simplex
355:
315:
296:cruci figere
272:
258:
256:
175:
160:ἀνασκολοπίζω
154:anaskolopizo
148:ἀποτυμπανίζω
142:apotumpanizo
111:
80:Christianity
73:
52:
51:
39:15th century
7079:Crucifixion
6996:Executioner
6836:Crucifixion
6811:Brazen bull
6801:Blood eagle
6782:Ancient and
6762:Gas chamber
5941:11 February
5871:amnesty.org
5443:. See also
5391:Tzaferis, V
5118:13 December
4870:Tertullian
4817:JoeZias.com
4693:, Book 14,
4060:"Josephus,
3923:Herodotus,
2632:12 December
2607:12 December
2581:12 December
2291:Wilgefortis
2247:Saint Peter
2233:Saint Peter
2080:Ruben Enaje
2067:Good Friday
2059:Philippines
2024:flagellants
2016:Mexico City
1944:Crucifixion
1916:Sound Money
1912:Antisemitic
1785:Kayin State
1747:, northern
1689:Arab Spring
1654: 1906
1643:stereo card
1512:World War I
1399:hikimawashi
1364:during the
1134:humiliating
857:Hephaestion
824:crucifixion
804:Deuteronomy
798:writing in
788:theologians
749:Macedonians
688:dehydration
566:suppedaneum
551:soft tissue
455:Artemidorus
323:Cross shape
290:crucifigere
284:cruci fixus
244:προσπήγνυμι
238:Prospegnumi
102:Terminology
96:Saint Peter
86:(sometimes
53:Crucifixion
7073:Categories
6960:Waist chop
6924:Mazzatello
6918:Ishikozume
6913:Impalement
6908:Immurement
6898:Guillotine
6846:Decimation
6524:Civil Wars
6456:2009-12-19
6386:2009-12-19
6333:3 November
6281:3 November
6228:2020-04-05
6195:2020-04-05
6170:2020-04-05
6137:2020-04-05
5934:CBS News.
5920:2009-12-19
5895:2013-09-16
5759:2010-12-09
5575:3 November
4989:2018-01-27
4525:Luke 23:34
4521:Mark 15:24
4440:2009-12-19
4395:2009-12-19
4370:2008-06-13
4183:. ccel.org
4165:2009-12-19
4144:2009-12-19
3995:2009-12-19
3970:2009-12-19
3835:2020-03-26
3636:(9): 1–2.
3315:2009-12-22
3227:2021-12-10
3196:2021-06-01
3176:2011-11-04
3155:2009-12-19
3113:2009-12-19
3079:2018-03-06
3000:2008-03-16
2654:2009-12-19
2543:2009-12-19
2375:References
2211:Saint Paul
2179:Appian Way
2142:March 2018
2028:New Mexico
2012:Iztapalapa
1796:AutoMaidan
1714:penal code
1633:Modern use
1627:Fenstanton
1536:Harry Band
1451:Franciscan
1439:Paulo Miki
1318:Abu Hanifa
1291:Al-Shafi'i
1287:Ibn Hanbal
1139:freedwoman
1127:that when
1107:humiliores
941:Tertullian
879:Polycrates
849:Phoenician
676:arrhythmia
661:exhaustion
577: 200
535:John 20:25
515: 165
513: – c.
511: 100
498: 150
447:Prometheus
445:speaks of
364:See also:
278:crucifixus
225:ἀνασταυρόω
219:anastauroo
124:ἀνασταυρόω
118:anastauroo
7018:Last meal
6991:Death row
6893:Gibbeting
6767:Beheading
6572:cite book
6354:. BRILL.
6223:0362-4331
6165:0307-1235
6132:0261-3077
5663:April 23,
5637:April 23,
5607:cite news
5357:Channel 4
4979:irebd.com
4857:Irenaeus
4827:March 10,
4689:Tacitus.
4678:. 18.3.4.
4502:March 10,
4360:170143075
4260:620836940
4216:), p. 182
3925:Histories
2524:Historiae
2449:. 5.11.1.
2422:2589-7993
2263:: second
2185:Jehohanan
2171:Spartacus
2036:Holy Week
2030:, called
1649:, China (
1619:Po Valley
1573:Jehohanan
1540:Channel 4
1429:In 1597,
1378:haritsuke
1322:al-Awza'i
1308:and most
1186:patibulum
1182:patibulum
1159:patibulum
1151:centurion
968:Spartacus
908:patibulum
845:his siege
835:Pharisees
782:in 238 BC
764:Artayctes
760:Herodotus
756:Histories
700:scourging
630:calcaneum
608:Jehohanan
604:Jerusalem
592:calcaneum
316:Martyress
213:συσταυρόω
207:sustauroo
170:anastauro
7023:Penology
6935:Scaphism
6873:Elephant
6861:Drowning
6841:Crushing
6735:Shooting
6542:, 15.44.
6522:Appian,
6307:30 April
6255:30 April
6103:19 April
6075:19 April
5914:Archived
5847:cite web
5817:Archived
5813:mehr.org
5785:Archived
5726:Archived
5657:I24 News
5597:14 April
5401:: 18–32.
5321:70257905
5216:10329518
4780:(1911).
4670:Josephus
4559:March 9,
4419:, p. 120
4297:Archived
4240:(2010).
4083:(1911).
4010:Maecenas
3989:, IX, 1"
3987:Apologia
3852:Hannibal
3689:Archived
3660:38121158
3652:16102134
3570:Archived
3529:36923675
3520:10009142
3480:16574970
3384:(1988).
3368:34733010
3285:12 March
3262:14750495
3218:Archived
3036:58791208
2917:, XL, 3"
2852:(1998).
2788:Lucian,
2774:23253630
2734:Archived
2718:graffiti
2459:BJ5.11.1
2441:Josephus
2364:Ἀλκίμιλα
2335:Tropaion
2309:See also
2285:X-shaped
2251:X-shaped
2072:Pampanga
1812:protests
1804:American
1769:Tatmadaw
1728:Jihadism
1579:Josephus
1520:bayonets
1435:Nagasaki
1350:Yokohama
1299:Shafi'is
1295:Hanbalis
1264:Muhammad
1238:In Islam
1112:tortured
953:Plutarch
872:Carthage
851:city of
816:will set
811:lynching
807:21:22–23
741:Persians
706:Survival
684:acidosis
557:and the
459:Irenaeus
428:T-shaped
395:Josephus
370:Crucifix
273:crucifix
127:), from
82:and the
61:Persians
7094:Torture
6945:Stoning
6888:Garrote
6883:Flaying
6878:Falling
6831:Burning
6816:Boiling
6786:methods
6772:Stoning
6730:Hanging
6660:at the
6043:30 June
6021:30 June
5991:14 July
5091:"حرابة"
5070:"تصليب"
4790:(ed.).
4124:2651675
4093:(ed.).
3825:4.4.21"
3471:1420788
3359:8545147
2971:at the
2937:of the
2933:In the
2792:, p. 30
2727:jackass
2359:Hadrian
2223:Tacitus
2207:Gospels
2096:tetanus
1825:in the
1808:Ukraine
1753:Twitter
1718:shari'a
1599:ossuary
1510:During
1310:Twelver
1306:Hanafis
1244:Hirabah
1216:modesty
1204:titulus
1197:⁄
1174:titulus
1145:Process
1102:pirates
1041:emperor
1008:amulets
988:Tacitus
976:Crassus
949:Plautus
894:History
847:of the
619:⁄
481:fathers
436:Hadrian
374:In the
201:σταυρόω
195:stauroo
189:σταυρός
183:stauros
131:stauros
6930:Sawing
6826:Burial
6625:
6560:
6540:Annals
6508:May 4,
6482:May 4,
6410:
6358:
6221:
6163:
6130:
5998:error.
5963:May 2,
5545:
5467:
5439:
5377:
5319:
5309:
5239:
5214:
5204:
5174:
5147:
5029:
4909:
4715:
4691:Annals
4652:
4625:
4595:
4415:
4358:
4281:
4258:
4248:
4212:
4187:1 June
4122:
4031:cross"
3907:
3859:
3803:
3770:
3743:"Levi,
3658:
3650:
3594:: 182.
3527:
3517:
3478:
3468:
3424:
3392:
3366:
3356:
3260:
3034:
3024:
2866:
2813:
2772:
2696:
2463:
2453:
2420:
2402:Boston
2398:Leiden
2355:Trajan
2287:cross.
2201:under
2189:stipes
2001:Venice
1979:(1632)
1647:Mukden
1623:Rovigo
1607:acacia
1591:Judaea
1583:Appian
1561:Soviet
1553:German
1498:Europe
1344:Early
1320:, and
1260:hadith
1220:stipes
1212:stipes
1190:stipes
1178:stipes
1124:Annals
1098:slaves
1016:Cicero
1004:nailed
996:slaves
957:stipes
904:stipes
796:Tarsus
696:sepsis
690:, and
581:sedile
555:radius
443:Lucian
432:Trajan
407:Jewish
380:gibbet
378:, the
303:Detail
165:impale
69:Romans
67:, and
6986:Crime
6528:1:120
6069:(PDF)
6062:(PDF)
6017:. CNN
5820:(PDF)
5809:(PDF)
5788:(PDF)
5777:(PDF)
5753:(PDF)
5746:(PDF)
5729:(PDF)
5718:(PDF)
4861:II.24
4786:. In
4695:42–45
4411:1998
4356:S2CID
4089:. In
3929:3.125
3732:only)
3675:, 75.
3656:S2CID
3573:(PDF)
3550:(PDF)
3221:(PDF)
3214:(PDF)
3107:(PDF)
3100:(PDF)
2939:Iliad
2770:JSTOR
2341:Notes
2195:Jesus
1975:, by
1947:, by
1861:, by
1781:Burma
1773:Karen
1749:Syria
1745:Raqqa
1710:Sudan
1704:Mecca
1621:near
1478:Burma
1472:Burma
1362:Japan
1354:Japan
1336:Japan
1314:Malik
1293:; or
1228:cornu
1163:Latin
1155:shock
1088:right
1031:deter
883:Samos
519:spits
399:Titus
265:word
263:Latin
259:cross
137:cross
84:cross
43:Jesus
7001:list
6623:ISBN
6578:link
6558:ISBN
6510:2022
6484:2022
6408:ISBN
6356:ISBN
6335:2017
6309:2021
6283:2017
6257:2021
6219:ISSN
6161:ISSN
6128:ISSN
6105:2011
6077:2011
6045:2014
6023:2014
5993:2014
5965:2014
5943:2015
5853:link
5665:2019
5639:2019
5613:link
5599:2019
5577:2017
5543:ISBN
5465:ISBN
5437:ISBN
5375:ISBN
5317:OCLC
5307:ISBN
5237:ISBN
5212:OCLC
5202:ISBN
5172:ISBN
5145:ISBN
5120:2013
5027:ISBN
4907:ISBN
4874:I.12
4829:2018
4713:ISBN
4650:ISBN
4623:ISBN
4593:ISBN
4561:2018
4504:2018
4413:ISBN
4294:5.16
4279:ISBN
4256:OCLC
4246:ISBN
4210:ISBN
4189:2015
4120:PMID
3905:ISBN
3857:ISBN
3801:ISBN
3768:ISBN
3648:PMID
3613:(3).
3525:PMID
3476:PMID
3422:ISBN
3390:ISBN
3364:PMID
3287:2013
3258:PMID
3032:OCLC
3022:ISBN
2953:χείρ
2864:ISBN
2835:II,
2811:ISBN
2694:ISBN
2634:2012
2609:2012
2583:2012
2418:ISSN
2400:and
2300:The
2271:Mani
2053:The
1800:Kyiv
1700:Iran
1696:Hadd
1667:șalb
1581:and
1445:and
1297:and
1289:and
1273:hadd
1268:Umar
1170:nude
1084:left
1078:The
1023:club
951:and
853:Tyre
792:Paul
559:ulna
540:hand
368:and
268:crux
252:2:23
74:The
5698:".
5681:".
5632:CNN
5349:".
4957:doi
4348:doi
3884:302
3797:110
3638:doi
3562:doi
3558:255
3515:PMC
3507:doi
3466:PMC
3458:doi
3354:PMC
3346:doi
2762:doi
2410:doi
2357:or
2221:by
2132:by
2026:in
1783:'s
1779:in
1712:'s
1589:in
1476:In
1161:in
870:In
794:of
674:or
561:).
544:arm
451:tau
434:or
401:'s
293:or
281:or
233:6:6
7075::
6631:.
6574:}}
6570:{{
6526:,
6501:.
6475:.
6430:.
6325:.
6299:.
6273:.
6245:.
6217:.
6213:.
6187:.
6159:.
6155:.
6126:.
6122:.
6093:.
6005:^
5995:.
5982:.
5869:.
5849:}}
5845:{{
5837:.
5815:.
5811:.
5783:.
5779:.
5724:.
5720:.
5655:.
5630:.
5609:}}
5605:{{
5566:.
5431:.
5399:20
5397:.
5373:,
5315:.
5291:^
5283:67
5277:.
5259:.
5210:.
5186:^
5082:^
5061:^
5041:^
5006:.
4977:.
4921:^
4848:91
4837:^
4815:.
4803:^
4742:^
4672:.
4607:^
4569:^
4535:^
4527:,
4523:,
4519:,
4495:.
4475:^
4465:.
4461:.
4449:^
4388:.
4354:.
4344:27
4342:.
4338:.
4326:^
4316:.
4303:).
4254:.
4116:30
4114:.
4072:^
4044:.
3944:.
3927:,
3799:.
3687:;
3654:.
3646:.
3632:.
3628:.
3611:52
3609:.
3592:22
3590:.
3568:.
3556:.
3552:.
3537:^
3523:.
3513:.
3503:90
3501:.
3497:.
3474:.
3464:.
3454:99
3452:.
3448:.
3436:^
3404:^
3362:.
3352:.
3342:34
3340:.
3336:.
3324:^
3303:.
3254:93
3252:.
3236:^
3216:.
3134:^
3088:^
3072:.
3044:^
3030:.
2988:.
2965:;
2961:;
2957:.
2919:.
2858:.
2839:).
2768:.
2758:54
2756:.
2744:^
2663:^
2625:.
2443:.
2430:^
2416:.
2408:.
2404::
2396:.
2382:^
2257:).
2197::
2078:,
1953:c.
1834:.
1787:.
1651:c.
1645:,
1548:.
1464:.
1441:,
1352:,
1316:,
1118:.
1100:,
1090:).
959:.
867:.
751:.
743:,
686:,
682:,
678:,
574:c.
525:.
508:c.
495:c.
463:c.
388:c.
254:.
235:.
63:,
37:A
6706:e
6699:t
6692:v
6580:)
6566:.
6530:.
6512:.
6486:.
6459:.
6416:.
6389:.
6364:.
6337:.
6311:.
6285:.
6259:.
6231:.
6198:.
6173:.
6140:.
6107:.
6079:.
6047:.
6025:.
5967:.
5945:.
5923:.
5898:.
5855:)
5841:.
5802:"
5762:.
5694:"
5677:"
5667:.
5641:.
5615:)
5601:.
5579:.
5551:.
5359:.
5345:"
5323:.
5285:.
5263:.
5245:.
5218:.
5180:.
5153:.
5122:.
5035:.
5010:.
4992:.
4963:.
4959::
4915:.
4831:.
4721:.
4697:.
4680:.
4658:.
4631:.
4601:.
4563:.
4506:.
4469:.
4467:2
4443:.
4398:.
4373:.
4350::
4320:.
4287:.
4262:.
4191:.
4168:.
4147:.
4126:.
4066:.
4048:.
4017:)
3998:.
3985:"
3973:.
3952:.
3913:.
3886:.
3865:.
3838:.
3809:.
3776:.
3749:.
3662:.
3640::
3634:3
3564::
3531:.
3509::
3482:.
3460::
3430:.
3398:.
3370:.
3348::
3318:.
3289:.
3264:.
3230:.
3199:.
3179:.
3158:.
3116:.
3082:.
3038:.
3003:.
2901:.
2872:.
2837:4
2819:.
2776:.
2764::
2702:.
2657:.
2636:.
2611:.
2585:.
2561::
2546:.
2465:.
2461:,
2451:,
2424:.
2412::
2297:.
2229:.
2155:)
2149:(
2144:)
2140:(
2126:.
1958:)
1951:(
1656:)
1387:)
1384:磔
1381:(
1301:.
1199:8
1195:3
636:(
621:2
617:1
614:+
612:4
572:(
506:(
493:(
461:(
386:(
241:(
222:(
210:(
198:(
186:(
163:"
157:(
145:(
121:(
30:.
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.