Christianity and violence - Knowledge (XXG)

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s.c.), developed just war criteria to show why Christians could consistently serve in the military as armed soldiers, at least in some wars. Although Augustine deplored the ambitions that promoted wars for sovereignty over others, he believed that there were conditions under which it was just to extend an empire... As instances of worthy causes Augustine named preservation of the well-being of the state, punishment of neighbor nations that had refused to make amends for wrongs committed by their subjects, to restore what had been taken unjustly, and even to expand an empire if one was taking land a way from a tyrant (Questions Concerning the Heputteuch. Question 10; and City of God. Book 4, Part 15).

5179:"No known Christian author from the first centuries approved of Christian participation in battle; citations advocating pacifism are found in → Tertullian, → Origen, Lactantius, and others, and in the testimonies of the martyrs Maximilian and Marcellus, who were executed for refusing to serve in the Roman army. Grounds for opposition to military service included fear of idolatry and the oath of loyalty to Caesar, as well as the basic objection to shedding blood on the battlefield.", Fahlbusch, E., & Bromiley, G. W. (2005). Vol. 4: The encyclopedia of Christianity (2). Grand Rapids, Mich.; Leiden, Netherlands: Wm. B. Eerdmans; Brill. 1556: 1794:

has inherited some elements (the criteria of legitimate authority, just cause, right intention) from the older war theory that first evolved around a.d. 400, it has rejected two premises that underpinned all medieval just wars, including crusades: first, that violence could be employed on behalf of Christ's intentions for mankind and could even be directly authorized by him; and second, that it was a morally neutral force which drew whatever ethical coloring it had from the intentions of the perpetrators.

1461: 2629: 614: 1663:, Augustine of Hippo played a critical role in delineating Christian thinking about what constitutes a just war, and about how to reconcile Christian teachings of peace with the need for war in certain situations. Partly inspired by Cicero's writings, Augustine held that war could be justified in order to preserve the state, rectify wrongs by neighboring nations, and expand the state if a tyrant will lose power in doing so. 2342:). He taught that Christian slaves ought to serve their masters wholeheartedly. Nothing in the passage affirms slavery as a naturally valid or divinely mandated institution. Rather, Paul's discussion about the duties of Christian slaves and the responsibilities of Christian masters transforms the institution, even if it falls short of calling for slavery's outright abolition. In the ancient world the slave was a thing. 1804: 1246: 1375: 3337:

Testament are those that lift up the New Testament as somehow containing the antidote for Old Testament violence. This is ultimately the case, for instance, in the work of Girard But as John Gager shows in this volume through his examination of the work of Girard's disciple, Robert Hamerton-Kelly, such a line of thinking has the potential to reinscribe insidiously the prejudices of Marcion.

5223: 19: 1667: 2495: 5712: 1766:, asking "how a culture formally dedicated to fulfilling the injunction to 'love thy neighbor as thyself' could move to a point where it sanctioned the use of violence against the alien both outside and inside society". The religious sanctioning of the concept of "holy war" was a turning point in Christian attitudes towards violence; " 5114: 3297:. The Bible contains far more verses praising or urging bloodshed than does the Koran, and biblical violence is often far more extreme, and marked by more indiscriminate savagery. … If the founding text shapes the whole religion, then Judaism and Christianity deserve the utmost condemnation as religions of savagery. 2093:

over to the secular authorities for final sentencing, at which point a magistrate would determine the penalty, which was usually burning at the stake although the penalty varied based on local law. The laws were inclusive of proscriptions against certain religious crimes (heresy, etc.), and the punishments included

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early modern period (Vitoria, Sua´rez, and Grotius) to modern commentators such as George Weigel and Michael Walzer. The early Christian writers in turn drew upon Roman Law and the writings of Cicero; indeed, in the view of Alex J. Bellamy, they "added little that was substantially new" (Bellamy 2006: 8).

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mostly in the Holy Roman Empire, the British Isles and France, and to some extent in the European colonies in North America; largely excluding the Iberian Peninsula and Italy; "Inquisition Spain and Portugal, obsessed with heresy, ignored the witch craze. In Italy, witch trials were comparatively

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In 383, Christianity was declared the official religion of the Roman Empire, and Christians who had previously been aloof from political and social responsibility were compelled to rethink their role. Augustine, and his teacher St. Ambrose (340–397), in part inspired by the writings of Cicero (106-43

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for how he treats his slave, who is ultimately God's property rather than his own. This is another way of saying that the slave, no less than the master, has been made in God's image. As such, he possesses inestimable worth and great dignity. He is to be treated properly. In such a framework slavery,

1693:. His question constituted a new actuality; from now on, Christians and churches had to choose between the testimony of the gospel, which included renunciation of violence, and responsible participation in political power, which was understood as an act of love toward the world." Augustine of Hippo's 5332:

recorded that some Christians did fight, but he indicated that he did not approve. He argued that God's command not to fight overrode Paul's command to obey the authorities that God had appointed. Tertullian observed that one of the last words of Christ before he was led away to be crucified was his

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In the first few centuries of Christianity, many Christians refused to engage in military service. In fact, there were a number of famous examples of soldiers who became Christians and refused to engage in combat afterwards. They were subsequently executed for their refusal to fight. The commitment

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argued that "This reading of the Book of Genesis merged easily into a medieval iconographic tradition in which devils were always depicted as black. Later pseudo-scientific theories would be built around African skull shapes, dental structure, and body postures, in an attempt to find an unassailable

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if they used instruments of torture. "The overwhelming majority of sentences seem to have consisted of penances like wearing a cross sewn on one's clothes, going on pilgrimage, etc." When a suspect was convicted of unrepentant heresy, the inquisitorial tribunal was required by law to hand the person

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reflects at least one pre-Constantinian view. Finally, to these three points, Kreider added that Christian attitudes towards violence were likely varied in different geographical locations, pointing out that pro-militarist views were stronger in border areas then they were in "heartland" areas which

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and the works of Roman writers like Cicero. Even though "Just War" concept was widely accepted early on, warfare was not regarded as a virtuous activity and expressing concern for the salvation of those who killed enemies in battle, regardless of the cause for which they fought, was common. Concepts

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Questions such as under which circumstances war may be legitimized, and the rules of war controlled, are the concern of just war theory in the Christian tradition from the writings of St. Augustine in the fourth century, through the scholastics of the Middle Ages (above all, St. Thomas Aquinas) and

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state that between the Inquisition's beginning in 1561 and its temporary abolition in 1774, some 16,202 persons were brought to trial by the Inquisition. Of this number, 57 of them were sentenced to death and executed, and another 64 were burned in effigy (this sentence was imposed on those persons

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Just war theorists combine both a moral abhorrence towards war with a readiness to accept that war may sometimes be necessary. The criteria of the just war tradition act as an aid to determining whether resorting to arms is morally permissible. Just War theories are attempts "to distinguish between

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David Hunter has concluded that a "new consensus" has emerged and it includes aspects of Helgeland's and Harnack's views. Hunter suggests that the early Christians based their opposition to military service upon both their "aboherrence of Roman army religion" (Helgeland's view) and their opposition

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argues that "despite its central tenets of love and peace, Christianity—like most traditions—has always had a violent side. The bloody history of the tradition has provided disturbing images and violent conflict is vividly portrayed in the Bible. This history and these biblical images have provided

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The consensus among Christians on the use of violence has changed radically since the crusades were fought. The just war theory prevailing for most of the last two centuries—that violence is an evil which can in certain situations be condoned as the lesser of evils—is relatively young. Although it

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Marcion's second-century distinction between the God of the Old Testament as responsible for violence and vengeance and the God of the New Testament as a God of mercy and love looms large in the consciousness of the West. More troubling than studies of violence in the Bible that ignore the New

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This consensus was challenged mostly by the work of John Helgeland in the 1970s and 1980s. He said that most of the early Christians opposed military service because they refused to practice the Roman religion and they also refused to perform the rituals of the Roman army, not because they were

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who had either fled or died in prison; in the latter case, the executed person's remains and the effigy were both placed in a coffin and burned at the same time). Others were subjected to lesser punishments or penance, but the fate of many of those who were tried by the Inquisition is unknown.

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wrote that there could never be friendship between a master and a slave, for a master and a slave have nothing in common: "a slave is a living tool, just as a tool is an inanimate slave." Paul's words are entirely different. He calls the slave a "slave of Christ", one who wants to do "the

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The purpose of war for Augustine was to preserve "good order". It was a long lasting influence of St. Augustine's teaching on war and violence that shaped mainstream Christianity for 1500 years. Augustine fathered the mainstream Christian view that violence was just a means for political

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is often cited in popular literature and history as an example of Catholic intolerance and repression. The total number of people who were processed by the Inquisition throughout its history was approximately 150,000; applying the percentages of executions that appeared in the trials of

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even though it was still slavery, could never be the same type of institution that was imposed on non-Christians. It was this transformation (which came from viewing all persons as being made in God's image) that ultimately destroyed slavery. Tradition describes

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invited him to gain forgiveness 'in and through the exercise of his martial skills'." A holy war was defined by the Roman Catholic Church as "war that is not only just, but justifying; that is, a war that confers positive spiritual merit on those who fight in it".

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have shown that throughout history the relationship between religion and politics has been complex, there is no doubt that religious institutions, including Christian ones, have been used coercively by governments, and that they have used coercion themselves.

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wrote: "'The knight of Christ may strike with confidence and die yet more confidently; for he serves Christ when he strikes, and saves himself when he falls.... When he inflicts death, it is to Christ's profit, and when he suffers death, it is his own gain."

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Pacifist and violence-resisting traditions have continued into contemporary times. One of those religious organizations are Jehovah's Witnesses, they are politically neutral and were one of the only religious groups as a whole to object to enlisting in WW2.

4464:, pp. 6–7) In an earlier unpublished essay, Hutton counted local estimates, and in areas where estimates were unavailable, he attempted to draw extrapolations from nearby regions with similar demographics and similar attitudes towards witch hunting. 5344:"Members of several small Christian sects who try to literally follow the precepts of Jesus Christ have refused to participate in military service in many nations and they have been willing to suffer the criminal or civil penalties that followed." 2097:, although imprisonment for life or banishment would usually be used. Thus the inquisitors generally knew what would be the fate of anyone so remanded, and cannot be considered to have divorced the means of determining guilt from its effects. 1529:

have been viewed not only as assaults on a practice that Christians regard as immoral, but also as skirmishes in a grand confrontation between forces of evil and good that has social and political implications.", sometimes referred to as

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because the imitation of Jesus's sacrificial life was preferable to it. The concept of "Just War", the belief that limited uses of war were acceptable, originated in the writings of earlier non-Christian Roman and Greek thinkers such as

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justifiable and unjustifiable uses of organized armed forces"; they attempt "to conceive of how the use of arms might be restrained, made more humane, and ultimately directed towards the aim of establishing lasting peace and justice."

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In 1252, Innocent IV licensed the use of torture to obtain evidence from suspects, and by 1256, inquisitors were allowed to absolve each other if they used instruments of torture themselves, rather than relying on lay agents for the

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origin studied by moral theologians, ethicists, and international policy makers, that holds that a conflict can and ought to meet the criteria of philosophical, religious or political justice, provided it follows certain conditions.

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were more numerous in Spain and Portugal than they were in many other parts of Europe, and partly because they were often considered suspect due to the assumption that they had secretly reverted to their former religions. The

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1560–1700—about 2%—the approximate total would be about 3,000 of them were put to death. However, the actual death toll was probably higher, according to the data which Dedieu and García Cárcel provided to the tribunals of

1762:, characterizes this as a "remarkable transformation in the ideology of war", shifting the justification of war from being not only "just" but "spiritually beneficial". Thomas Murphy examined the Christian concept of 6324: 1132: 2402:

argument—rooted in whatever the most persuasive contemporary idiom happened to be: law, theology, genealogy, or natural science—why one part of the human race should live in perpetual indebtedness to another."

1973:, who had left Spain for Portugal. The number of victims of the Portuguese Inquisition is estimated to be around 40,000. One particular focus of the Spanish and Portuguese inquisitions was the issue of Jewish 1590:

against killing. Helgeland also stated that there is a diversity of voices in the written literature, as well as evidence of a diversity of practices by Christians. George Kalantzis, Professor of Theology at

2664:, to two principles: "(1) the use of force (violence) was seen as antithetical to Jesus' teachings and service in the Roman military required worship of the emperor as a god which was a form of idolatry." 2424:, and many of the early campaigners for the abolition of slavery were driven by their Christian faith and they were also driven by a desire to realize their view that all people are equal under God. 2389:, says: "Cursed be Canaan! The lowest of slaves will he be to his brothers. He also said, 'Blessed be the Lord, the God of Shem! May Canaan be the slave of Shem." This verse has been used to justify 1547:: "Beginning with Constantine, Christianity triumphed at the level of the state and soon began to cloak with its authority persecutions similar to those in which the early Christians were victims." 4560:

Peters writes: "When faced with a convicted heretic who refused to recant, or who relapsed into heresy, the inquisitors were to turn him over to the temporal authorities – the "secular arm" – for

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There is little evidence concerning the extent of Christian participation in the military; generalizations are usually speculation. A few gravestones of Christian soldiers have been found.

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Bekkenkamp, Jonneke and Sherwood, Yvonne, ed. Sanctified Aggression. Legacies of Biblical and Postbiblical Vocabularies of Violence. London/New York: T. & T. Clark International, 2003.

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Obstinate heretics, refusing to abjure and return to the Church with due penance, and those who after abjuration relapsed, were to be abandoned to the secular arm for fitting punishment.

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roughly ten times higher). Data for executions for witchcraft: Levack, Brian P. (1995). The Witch Hunt in Early Modern Europe (Second Edition). London and New York: Longman, and see

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from the 15th to the 18th centuries. A variety of punishments was imposed upon those who were found guilty of witchcraft, including imprisonment, flogging, fines, or exile. In the

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to bloodshed (Harnack's view). Hunter notes that there is evidence that by the 2nd century Christian practices had started to diverge from the theological principles espoused in

1594:, sided with Harnack in the debate writing that "literary evidence confirms the very strong internal coherence of the Church's non-violent stance for the first three centuries." 6331: 2234: 2002:. It was established in 1560, it was briefly suppressed from 1774 to 1778, and it was finally abolished in 1812. Based on the records that survive, H. P. Salomon and Rabbi 5062: 3825: 1770:

made the Holy War possible by drastically altering the attitude of the church towards war... Hitherto a knight could obtain remission of sins only by giving up arms, but

1479:, suggests that there are numerous evolving views on violence and nonviolence throughout the history of Christian theology. According to the view of many historians, the 5439: 1759: 2458:. With these exceptions, all Christian faith groups now condemn slavery, and they see the practice of slavery as being incompatible with basic Christian principles. 5744: 5109:

Philippe Bobichon, "Is Violence intrinsic to Religious Confrontation? The case of Judeo-Christian Controversy, Second to Seventeenth Century" in S. Chandra (dir.),

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was responsible for prosecuting individuals who were accused of committing a wide range of crimes which were related to religious doctrine, alternative religious

1276: 460: 1586:, that during the second and third centuries, a growing accommodation of military service occurred, and by the time of Constantine, a just war ethic had arisen. 6457: 5802: 2367:

Nearly all Christian leaders before the late 15th century recognised the institution of slavery, within specific Biblical limitations, as being consistent with

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The study of Christian participation in military service in the pre-Constantinian era has been highly contested and has generated a great deal of literature.

3697: 6452: 573: 475: 6408: 6125: 6120: 4655: 2117: 1497:'s conversion, the followers of the Crucified have perpetrated gruesome acts of violence under the sign of the cross. Over the centuries, the seasons of 2660:

to pacifism and the rejection of military service are attributed by Mark J. Allman, professor in the Department of Religious and Theological Studies at

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or alternative religious beliefs. Out of 51,000–75,000 cases which were judged by the Inquisition in Italy after 1542, around 1,250 of them resulted in

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Kimball, Charles (2013). Jerryson, Michael; Juergensmeyer, Mark; Kitts, Margo (eds.). "Religion and Violence from Christian Theological Perspectives".

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such as "Holy war", whereby fighting itself might be considered a penitential and spiritually meritorious act, did not emerge before the 11th century.

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if they were convicted of witchcraft during this period, either by being burned at the stake, hanged on the gallows, or beheaded. Similarly, in the

113: 5359: 1428:(c. 85–160), who made a distinction between the God of the Old Testament responsible for violence and the God of mercy found in the New Testament. 6442: 2988: 2744: 2531: 465: 5306:

Tertullian rejects all forms of violence, even killing by soldiers or killing by courts of law, any form of abortion, and even attendance at the

2798: 1232: 1179: 566: 5767: 68: 6088: 5422: 5299: 5094: 4990: 4969: 4801: 4615: 4587: 4429: 4318: 3969: 3855: 3633: 3485: 3438: 3360: 2109: 6303: 6286: 2978: 2943: 1154: 438: 421: 5647:

Thiery, Daniel E. Polluting the Sacred: Violence, Faith and the Civilizing of Parishioners in Late Medieval England. Leiden: Brill, 2009.

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The just war tradition addresses the morality of the use of force in two parts: when it is right to resort to armed force (the concern of

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movements advocate the reinstitution of slavery. Full adherents of Christian Reconstructionism are few and they are marginalized among

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15:1–3 as "the sentiment, so clearly expressed, that because a historical wrong was committed, justice demands genocidal retribution."

6603: 4719: 4681: 4357: 3754: 3593: 3221: 2420:. These authors point out that Christians who believed that slavery was wrong on the basis of their religious convictions spearheaded 1269: 5668:

Steffen, Lloyd (2013). Jerryson, Michael; Juergensmeyer, Mark; Kitts, Margo (eds.). "Religion and Violence in Christian Traditions".

6573: 6130: 5685: 5604: 5577: 5167: 4382: 4197: 4106: 3246: 3237:

Duffey, Michael (2015-06-22). "2. Christianity From Peacemaking to Violence to Home Again". In Omar, Irfan; Duffey, Michael (eds.).

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Duffey, Michael (2015-06-22). "2. Christianity From Peacemaking to Violence to Home Again". In Omar, Irfan; Duffey, Michael (eds.).

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Duffey, Michael (2015-06-22). "2. Christianity From Peacemaking to Violence to Home Again". In Omar, Irfan; Duffey, Michael (eds.).

1888: 545: 4063: 5440:"Speaking Out and Doing Justice: It's No Longer a Secret but What are the Churches Doing about Overcoming Violence against Women?" 6035: 5929: 5782: 4171:

during the same time span as the Inquisition (estimated at c. 40,000–60,000, i.e. roughly ten times higher in a territory with a

1722:—has been added, which governs the justice of war termination and peace agreements, as well as the prosecution of war criminals. 1544: 1493:, as a particular aspect of Christianity that generates violence. Writing about the latter, Volf says: "Beginning at least with 1189: 293: 83: 6015: 5934: 5846: 3822: 3384: 1599: 924: 298: 147: 6020: 5229: 3944: 6613: 5829: 5730: 4125: 1301: 1127: 1072: 130: 5446: 5084: 4862:

James Montgomery Boice, Ephesians: An Expositional Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Ministry Resources Library, 1988), 218–219.

4456:, p. 247) Wolfgang Behringer and Lyndal Roper had independently calculated that the number was between 50,000–60,000.( 6298: 3649: 2793: 1689:

asked bitterly whether Christians, by aloofness from society, wanted to increase the political power of wild and lawless

1262: 833: 787: 755: 433: 4735: 6618: 6366: 6291: 5878: 5289: 2467: 2223: 1537: 1443: 426: 179: 5086:

Paul, monotheism and the people of God : the significance of Abraham traditions for early Judaism and Christianity

4773: 6345: 6281: 6172: 5967: 5898: 3959: 2444: 1062: 765: 416: 231: 199: 1914:, respectively. It is likely that between 3,000 and 5,000 people were executed. About 50 people were executed by the 1643:

The concept of justification for war under certain conditions goes back at least to Roman and Greek thinkers such as

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contains several texts which encourage, command, condemn, reward, punish, regulate and describe acts of violence.

6608: 6059: 6042: 5883: 5777: 5491: 3705: 2908: 2883: 2818: 2338:. Paul did not renounce the institution of slavery, though perhaps this was not for personal reasons (similar to 2287: 1159: 1112: 1102: 957: 797: 760: 184: 78: 5587:

King, Karen L. (2013). Jerryson, Michael; Juergensmeyer, Mark; Kitts, Margo (eds.). "Christianity and Torture".

2116:, but in 1904, it was renamed the "Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office". In 1965, it was renamed the 1555: 6541: 6415: 6147: 6025: 6002: 5664:. Atlanta, Georgia: Center for Democratic Renewal/Division of Church and Society, National Council of Churches. 2918: 2778: 2539: 1884: 1854: 1227: 1174: 513: 5249: 4790:

The Stolen Generations:(bringing them home) The Removal of Aboriginal Children in New South Wales 1883 to 1969

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Pagden, Anthony (1997-12-22). "The Slave Trade, Review of Hugh Thomas' Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade".

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object to war based on their conviction that Christian life is incompatible with military actions, because

613: 6558: 6200: 6093: 6081: 6010: 5919: 5914: 5873: 5228: 4564:, the punishment decreed by local law, usually burning to death." (Peters, Edwards. "Inquisition", p. 67.) 2898: 2868: 2755: 2736: 2725: 2705: 2633: 2569: 2473: 2291: 2250: 2169: 2068:). The scholarly consensus on the total number of executions for witchcraft ranges from 40,000 to 60,000. 1946: 1526: 1525:

the raw material for theologically justifying the violence of contemporary Christian groups. For example,

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also associate the cross with violence; crusaders' rampages were undertaken under the sign of the cross."

1389: 1107: 919: 802: 530: 335: 283: 278: 174: 5381: 4192:(in Spanish). Enciclopedia de Mexico. VII (2000 ed.). Mexico City: Sabeca International Investment Corp. 6422: 6338: 6244: 6190: 6069: 5982: 5841: 5824: 5772: 5753: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2788: 2768: 2672: 2653: 1494: 1057: 863: 848: 772: 661: 626: 597: 379: 327: 246: 142: 125: 73: 50: 4851: 4452:

Third Edition. Longman. Page 23. Hutton (2010) estimated that the numbers were between 40,000–50,000,(

2351:" and who will receive a "reward" for "whatever good he does". Likewise, the master is responsible to 1685:'s formulation; "After Constantine, the Christians too had a responsibility for war and peace. Already 883: 4963:

For the Glory of God: How Monotheism Led to Reformations, Science, Witch-Hunts, and the End of Slavery

4770:"Wound: The Legacy of Native American Schools". Amnesty International USA. Retrieved February 8, 2006" 4045: 2410:

For the Glory of God: How Monotheism Led to Reformations, Science, Witch-Hunts, and the End of Slavery

2230:. Such short term pain for the sake of eternal salvation was an act of charity and love, in his view. 1308:, there have been four attitudes towards violence and war and four resulting practices of them within 6563: 6548: 6504: 6487: 6380: 6207: 6167: 6152: 6135: 6064: 6054: 5962: 5888: 5863: 5858: 5807: 5650: 5070: 2888: 2878: 2593: 2585: 2277: 2227: 2061: 1786: 1779: 656: 535: 520: 342: 226: 189: 164: 159: 108: 5270: 2675:

wrote: "Above all, Christians are not allowed to correct with violence the delinquencies of sins."

1460: 1245: 6266: 6222: 6217: 6108: 5924: 2948: 2561: 2485: 2352: 2254: 2246: 2191: 2139: 2129: 2030: 1969:, because they were suspected of secretly practising Judaism. Many of these people were originally 1915: 1902: 1878: 1815: 1741: 1480: 1476: 1439: 1250: 1209: 964: 936: 878: 823: 745: 401: 357: 352: 288: 5551:

Religion and Conflict in Medieval and Early Modern Worlds: Identities, Communities and Authorities

5523:. The Curse of Cain: The Violent Legacy of Monotheism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. 5126: 2104:, the institution of the Inquisition was abolished in Europe in the early 19th century, after the 6273: 6212: 6182: 6142: 5987: 5972: 5957: 5836: 5473:

Avalos, Hector. Fighting Words. The Origins of Religious Violence. Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 2005.

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King Jr., Martin Luther; Clayborne Carson; Peter Holloran; Ralph Luker; Penny A. Russell (1992).

4575: 4444:, p. 247. Scarre and Callow (2001) put forward 40,000 as an estimate for the number killed.( 4345: 4002: 3555: 3293:

the Bible overflows with "texts of terror," to borrow a phrase coined by the American theologian

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Christian terrorism comprises terrorist acts that are committed by groups or individuals who use

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of 1252, which explicitly authorized (and defined the appropriate circumstances for) the use of

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Syse, Henrik (2010). "The Platonic roots of just war doctrine: a reading of Plato's Republic".

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Historically, according to René Girard, many Christians embraced violence when it became the

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Lea, Henry Charles. 1961. The Inquisition of the Middle Ages. Abridged. New York: Macmillan.

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Witch, Wicce, Mother Goose: The Rise and Fall of the Witch Hunts in Europe and North America

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slavery, since "Christians and even some Muslims eventually identified Ham's descendents as

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as justifications for acts of violence and killings or they have sought to bring about the "

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by the Inquisition for eliciting confessions from heretics. By 1256, inquisitors were given

2072: 1991: 1898: 1767: 1435: 1199: 1092: 843: 715: 646: 3786: 3051: 6526: 6509: 6227: 5520: 5399: 5066: 4887: 4310: 3829: 3680: 3195: 2913: 2893: 2838: 2732:

enjoins his followers to love their enemies and refrain from committing acts of violence.

2372: 2339: 2242: 2195: 2105: 1987: 1954: 1894: 1858: 1850: 1842: 1838: 1718: 1636: 1624: 1619: 1603: 1321: 1037: 946: 498: 362: 6162: 5189: 1941:, in which fourteen Protestants were burned at the stake for their faith, on May 21, 1559 4930: 4072: 6115: 4448:, pp. 1, 21) Levack (2006) came to an estimate of 45,000. Levack, Brian (2006). 4424:, edited by Ronald H. Fritze and William B. Robison. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996. 3294: 2709: 2701: 2641: 2613: 2481: 2398: 1982: 1962: 1803: 1656: 1431: 1406: 1325: 1083: 1042: 1022: 893: 858: 710: 631: 5616:

MacMullen, Ramsay, 1997, "Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries"

2168:

These interpretations are typically different from the interpretations of established

6597: 6568: 6261: 6256: 5486: 4499: 4482: 4091: 3841: 3422: 2958: 2546: 2523: 2328: 2324: 2237:, the forced conversion and violent assimilation of pagan tribes in medieval Europe, 2155: 2151: 2080: 2049: 1934: 1907: 1846: 1771: 1763: 1750: 1745: 1706: 1660: 1486: 1414: 1410: 1313: 996: 903: 700: 695: 540: 396: 391: 23: 3613:. Vol. 1. Harper San Francisco, a division of Harper Collins. pp. 242–243. 3388: 6157: 6103: 6098: 6076: 5694: 5307: 4958: 4254: 4071:. Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington. Archived from 3161: 2597: 2577: 2557: 2489: 2452: 2436: 2421: 2413: 2405: 2394: 2386: 2320: 2312: 2295: 2135: 2101: 2026: 1970: 1822: 1712: 1651:. However its importance is connected to Christian medieval theory beginning from 1632: 1358: 1337: 1309: 952: 725: 605: 5893: 4133: 3214:

The First Crusade: The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials

2138:

motivations or goals as a justification for their actions. As with other forms of

1374: 194: 4832: 4294:

The Marrano Factory. The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians, 1536–1765

3770:

Leclerq, Henri (1933). "Militarisme". In Cabrol, Fernand; Leclerq, Henri (eds.).

1922:" between 1571 and 1700 out of 324 people who were prosecuted for practicing the 6499: 6472: 4224:

The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536–1765

2853: 2357: 2348: 2299: 2162: 2113: 2045: 2034: 1874: 1870: 1297: 1067: 1027: 1012: 898: 838: 782: 5536:

Collins, John J. Does the Bible Justify Violence? Minneapolis: Fortress, 2004.

4515:

Torture and Brutality in Medieval Literature: Negotiations of National Identity

3309: 6477: 5549:

Hodgson, Natasha R., Amy Fuller, John McCallum, Nicholas Morton (eds.), 2021,

5329: 5222: 4676:

B. Hoffman, "Inside Terrorism", Columbia University Press, 1999, pp. 105–120.

4024:. Conference on Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Ohio State University Press. 2983: 2903: 2858: 2717: 2676: 2519: 2503: 2455: 2440: 2428: 2390: 2335: 2158: 2089: 2076: 2041: 1938: 1893:

The Inquisition was a group of institutions within the judicial system of the

1697:(Ep 138) is the most influential example of the "new type of interpretation". 1682: 1422: 1418: 1289: 1007: 31: 18: 4871: 4467:"Estimates of Executions (based on Hutton's essay 'Counting the Witch Hunt')" 2311:. The early Christian perspectives on slavery were formed in the contexts of 2142:, Christian terrorists have relied on interpretations of the tenets of their 30:

were a series of military campaigns which were mainly waged between European

5851: 4769: 3985:

E. Randolph Daniel; Murphy, Thomas Patrick (1978). "The Holy War (review)".

3551: 2545:

Over the centuries, these attitudes were reinforced by Christian preaching,

2343: 2206: 2200: 2019: 1958: 1919: 1811: 1690: 1666: 1502: 1382: 1362: 1169: 1032: 1002: 152: 5504: 3264:

Violence, Scripture, and Textual Practice in Early Judaism and Christianity

2973: 2056:

states that "Thou shalt not permit a sorceress to live". Many people faced

5711: 4983:

Abolitionists Abroad: American Blacks and the Making of Modern West Africa

3586:

Caesar and the Lamb: Early Christian Attitudes on War and Military Service

3108:

ends...Indeed, Augustine's perspective was not based on the New Testament.

2494: 6531: 6494: 2873: 2843: 2680: 2649: 2589: 2219: 2038: 2015: 1966: 1911: 1834: 1735: 1731: 1583: 1564: 1333: 1329: 1293: 1017: 888: 503: 27: 5722: 5145:

After the evil: Christianity and Judaism in the shadow of the Holocaust"

4759:, Sutton Publishing, United Kingdom, 1998. See Chapter 9: Later Crusades 4331:

rare and they did not involve torture and executions." Anne L. Barstow,

3559: 1602:. Hunter's third point of the "new consensus" is the assertion that the 1361:, who like other Christians, borrowed much of the just war concept from 6482: 4006: 2713: 2581: 2511: 2316: 2308: 2085: 1950: 1923: 1052: 777: 750: 5613:

MacMullen, Ramsay, 1989 "Christianizing the Roman Empire: AD 100–400"

5398:

Speicher, Sara and Durnbaugh, Donald F. (2003), Ecumenical Dictionary:

4693: 5941: 5635:

Warrior Churchmen of Medieval England, 1000–1250: Theory and Reality.

5111:

Violence and Non-violence across Times. History, Religion and Culture

4242:. New York: Mariner Books – Houghton, Mifflin, Harcourt. p. 150. 4222:

Saraiva, António José (2001), "Introduction to the English edition",

2708:

to military service, as foundations of their beliefs. Members of the

2688: 2668: 2565: 2376: 1978: 1974: 1826: 1686: 1644: 1628: 1578:

Through most of the twentieth century, a consensus was formed around

1510: 1401:

Leigh Gibson and Shelly Matthews, associate professor of religion at

1350: 1204: 705: 305: 35: 5047:

Not by Politics Alone: The Enduring Influence of the Christian Right

4608:

The Grand Inquisitors Manual: A History of Terror in the Name of God

4126:"Daniel Chirot – Department of Sociology – University of Washington" 3998: 3961:

Sacred violence: the European crusades to the Middle East, 1095–1396

3945:"Favorite Professors: Remembering Jill Claster (WSC '52, GSAS '54)" 3803:"Just War Theory [The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]" 3501:

Smith, Ted (2015). "Religious Violence? Politics of a Higher Law".

1483:

turned Christianity from a persecuted into a persecuting religion.

5977: 3802: 3216:(2 ed.). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. 2729: 2721: 2627: 2493: 2334:

The earliest surviving Christian teachings about slavery are from

2211: 2147: 2143: 1754:("just war"), but could, in certain cases, rise to the level of a 1665: 1648: 1554: 1520:" has been interpreted by some as a call to arms for Christians. 1459: 1395: 1373: 1354: 720: 682: 241: 17: 5621:

Killing for Life: The Apocalyptic Narrative of Pro-Life Politics.

4796:. Department of Aboriginal Affairs (New South Wales government). 3927:"Christian Jihad: The Crusades and Killing in the Name of Christ" 3682:

Christians and the Roman Army from Marcus Aurelius to Constantine

2379:

and pagans, regarding all non-Christians as "enemies of Christ".

5992: 5324:

Medieval warfare: theory and practice of war in Europe, 300–1500

5034:

With God on Our Side: The Rise of the Religious Right in America

4375:

Witchcraft and Magic in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century Europe

4292:

Salomon, H. P. and Sassoon, I. S. D., in Saraiva, Antonio Jose.

3823:

Christians and War: Thomas Aquinas refines the "Just War" Theory

3478:

Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence

2618:

Religion and peacebuilding § Christianity and peacebuilding

2515: 1999: 1506: 1498: 256: 5726: 4034:

Bernard of Clairvaux, In Praise Of The New Knighthood, ca. 1135

3880: 3655:"Helgeland – History, Philosophy, and Religious Studies (NDSU)" 3538:

Kreider, Alan (2003). "Military Service in the Church Orders".

2542:, and the perception that Jews are hostile towards Christians. 1990:

was the office of the Portuguese Inquisition which operated in

1489:

has identified the intervention of a "new creation", as in the

1434:

embraced the concept of nonviolence which he had found in both

1357:. Later, this theory was adopted by Christian thinkers such as 5489:(2010). "Writing the History of Witchcraft: A Personal View". 5209:

Who Would Jesus Kill?: War, Peace, and the Christian Tradition

4210:

The Inquisition in New Spain, 1571–1820: A Documentary History

2684: 2432: 1918:. Included in that total are 29 people who were executed as " 1345: 5542:

American Fascists: The Christian Right and the War on America

3774:. Vol. XI/1. Paris: Letouzey et Ané. pp. 1107–1181. 2679:

argued forcefully against all forms of violence, considering

2412:, that Christianity helped to end slavery worldwide, as does 1710:) and what is acceptable in using such force (the concern of 3870:

Ulrich Luz, Matthew in History, Fortress Press, 1994, p26-27

3628:. Grand Rapids Michigan: Baker Publishing Group. Afterword. 3239:

Peacemaking and the Challenge of Violence in World Religions

3093:

Peacemaking and the Challenge of Violence in World Religions

3025:

Peacemaking and the Challenge of Violence in World Religions

2596:, anti-Judaism was transformed into antisemitism during the 2534:, the Christian drive for converts, which is decreed by the 5492:

The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies

4333:

Witchcraze : a New History of the European Witch Hunts

2233:

Examples of forced conversion to Christianity include: the

3431:

War in the Bible and terrorism in the twenty-first century

3410:

Persecution and Toleration on Protestant England 1558–1689

3334:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 1–3. 2704:

were established specifically with nonviolence, including

2071:

The legal basis for some inquisitorial activity came from

3679:

Helgeland, John (1979). H. Temporini and W. Haase (ed.).

2829:

History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance

2754:

thinkers have drawn attention to their views by opposing

2259:

forced conversion of indigenous children in North America

2186:

History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance

4919:"Africans and Native Americans", by Jack D. Forbes, p.27 4657:

Apostolic letter: Given motu proprio: Integrae servandae

2319:, and they were also shaped by the wider culture of the 5628:

Violence in God's name: religion in an age of conflict.

5147:, Richard Harries, p. 16, Oxford University Press, 2003 4931:"A Necessary Bondage? When the Church Endorsed Slavery" 4093:

The Bible: Authorized King James Version with Apocrypha

3648:

Professor Emeritus of Religious Studies and History at

3052:"Religion & Ethics – Just War Theory -introduction" 2584:, a sentiment which is rooted in but more extreme than 2331:

recognize the existence of the institution of slavery.

1949:, the major targets were people who had converted from 4377:(second ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave. p. 34. 4212:

Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012, p. 236

3731:. Madison, Wisconsin: InterVarsity Press. p. 260. 3118: 3116: 2194:, Christianity became entangled in government. While 1748:

declared that some wars could be deemed as not only a

3685:. Vol. 23. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 724–834. 1421:, such an analysis risks advocating the views of the 5445:. EBSCO Publishing. pp. 216–225. Archived from 3964:. University of Toronto Press. pp. xvii–xviii. 3785:

Lazar, Seth (24 June 2017). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).

3772:

Dictionnaire d'archéologie chretienne de le liturgie

2474:

Religious antisemitism § Christian antisemitism

2235:

Christian persecution of paganism under Theodosius I

6517: 6466: 6314: 6181: 6001: 5950: 5907: 5760: 5640:Paynter, Helen and Michael Spalione (eds.) (2020). 3747:

Soldiering for God: Christianity and the Roman Army

2431:generally condemn slavery as wrong and contrary to 1475:J. Denny Weaver, Professor Emeritus of Religion at 5113:, Routledge, London and New York, 2018, pp. 33–52 5005:"Human slavery: why was it accepted in the Bible?" 4892:"Human slavery: why was it accepted in the Bible?" 4090: 3012:. Winona Lake, Indiana: BMH Books. pp. 12–22. 2671:wrote: "Christians could not slay their enemies." 2540:a misunderstanding of Jewish beliefs and practices 2064:, people convicted of witchcraft were hanged (See 5657:Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Belknap. 3352:Gandhi and Jesus: The Saving Power of Nonviolence 2687:and even judicial death penalties to be forms of 1814:(left), Massacre against the Albigensians by the 1571:Attitudes towards the military before Constantine 1540:has been used to justify violence by Christians. 5333:instruction that Simon Peter put away his sword. 4712:The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence 3624:Sider, Ronald J. (2012). Ronald J. Sider (ed.). 2108:and in the Americas, it was abolished after the 2010:During the second half of the 16th century, the 4580:A History of the Inquisition In The Middle Ages 4296:(Brill, 2001 reprint/1975 revision), pp. 345–7. 4065:Why Some Wars Become Genocidal and Others Don't 2636:, a prominent advocate of Christian nonviolence 2210:, justifying coercion from scripture. He cites 2203:advocated government force in his Epistle 185, 1760:New York University College of Arts and Science 1518:I come not to bring peace, but to bring a sword 1123:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 6250:Christian thought on persecution and tolerance 4710:Jonathan Ebel (2011). Andrew R. Murphy (ed.). 4255:"Goa Inquisition was most merciless and cruel" 3207: 3205: 2702:present-day Christian churches and communities 2375:instituted the hereditary slavery of captured 1981:converts to Catholicism, partly because these 385:Christian thought on persecution and tolerance 5738: 5236:. Translated by Crombie, Frederick. VII.XXVI. 3611:A History of Christianity: Beginnings to 1500 3429:. In Hess, Richard S.; Martens, E.A. (eds.). 2572:, because its modern expression is rooted in 1270: 574: 8: 5670:The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Violence 5589:The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Violence 5562:The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Violence 5089:. Continuum International Publishing Group. 4633:"Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith" 4631:Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. 4445: 4409: 4397: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 2553:, all of which expressed contempt for Jews. 2435:'s will. Only peripheral groups such as the 2205:A Treatise Concerning the Correction of the 2165:" which are described in the New Testament. 2112:. The institution survived as a part of the 1607:were more strongly aligned with the Empire. 1344:adopted a nonviolent stance when it came to 5698:God's Battalions: The Case for the Crusades 5294:. Cambridge University Press. p. 230. 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 3850:. National Geographic Society. p. 74. 3749:. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 183. 3046: 3044: 2739:and others adapted the nonviolent ideas of 2652:—a period that ended with the accession of 2530:, was driven by numerous factors including 2443:which operate on the racist fringes of the 1444:strategy for social and political struggles 6409:The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster 5745: 5731: 5723: 5642:The Bible on Violence: A Thick Description 4882: 4880: 3533: 3531: 2118:Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith 1716:). In more recent years, a third category— 1277: 1263: 932: 612: 592: 581: 567: 41: 5655:God's War: A New History of the Crusades. 4700:, New Series, Vol. 83, No. 3, pp. 582–601 4498: 4457: 4057: 4055: 3310:"Shelly Matthews – Brite Divinity School" 2044:were operating as an organized threat to 5291:Tertullian, First Theologian of the West 5127:"The Origins of Christian Anti-Semitism" 4089:Robert Carrol; Stephen Prickett (1997). 3740: 3738: 3330:Gibson, Leigh; Matthews, Shelly (2005). 2570:hatred against Jews as a religious group 2307:variously opposed, accepted, or ignored 2288:Criticism of Christianity § Slavery 1928: 1802: 5678:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199759996.001.0001 5597:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199759996.001.0001 5570:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199759996.001.0001 5328:At the beginning of the third century, 4517:, (Boydell and Brewer Ltd, 2012), 22; " 4422:Historical Dictionary of Stuart England 4373:Scarre, Geoffrey; Callow, John (2001). 3788:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3471: 3469: 3212:Peters, Edward (1998). "Introduction". 3000: 2989:Witch trials in the early modern period 1465:I Believe in the Sword and Almighty God 1413:as somehow containing the antidote for 1082: 935: 604: 49: 5156:Roland Bainton, quoted in Robin Gill, 4694:Spiritual Aroma: Religion and Politics 4576:"Chapter VII. The Inquisition Founded" 4533:"Internet History Sourcebooks Project" 4453: 4441: 3904:. Eppc.org. 1998-09-01. Archived from 3191: 3181: 2799:Christian Party (United States, 1930s) 2580:is described as hostility towards the 1563:, a seminal thinker on the concept of 4714:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 154–155. 4461: 4450:The Witch Hunt in Early Modern Europe 4253:Zimler, Richard (14 September 2005). 4154:Peters, Edward. "Inquisition", p. 54. 4048:. Catholic Education Resource Center. 2110:Spanish American wars of independence 2037:caused by the belief that malevolent 1673:(1915). Anti-militaristic cartoon by 1467:(1914). Anti-militaristic cartoon by 7: 5415:The papers of Martin Luther King, Jr 3460: 3152:Bonney, Richard (2011). "Just War". 2979:Violence against Christians in India 2944:Role of Christianity in civilization 2364:(term c. 217–222) as former slaves. 2218:during Paul's vision on the road to 1405:, write that some scholars, such as 5637:Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2016 5516:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 5248:Stanton, Rachel (21 January 2007). 5131:Jerusalem Center For Public Affairs 5009:Salt Lake City Deseret Morning News 4896:Salt Lake City Deseret Morning News 4177:Witch trials in Early Modern Europe 4163:this is roughly comparable to the 4097:. Oxford University Press. p. 4020:Thomas Patrick Murphy, ed. (1976). 3127:. Greenwood Press. pp. 30–31. 3027:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 55–56. 2969:Sectarian violence among Christians 2804:Christianity and capital punishment 2182:Forcible conversion to Christianity 1879:Counter-Reformation § Politics 1758:(holy war). Jill Claster, dean of 1516:The statement attributed to Jesus " 1292:have had diverse attitudes towards 1118:Members Church of God International 5662:The 'Christian Identity' Movement, 5417:. University of California Press. 5382:"Orthodoxy and Capital Punishment" 5326:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 24. 5049:, New York: Guilford Press, p.213. 5003:Ostling, Richard N. (2005-09-17). 3609:Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1953). 3480:. University of California Press. 2498:Jews burned alive for the alleged 2241:, including its manifestations in 1582:'s view that the early church was 1545:state religion of the Roman Empire 14: 5623:Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 5190:"Mark Allman – Merrimack College" 4352:. Edinburgh: Longman. p. 1. 4169:executed for witchcraft in Europe 3847:1000 Events That Shaped the World 3588:. Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books. 3277:Jenkins, Philip (March 8, 2009). 3125:An Encyclopedia of War and Ethics 1933:Contemporary illustration of the 1889:List of people burned as heretics 1509:, times of fear and trepidation. 1442:), which he then utilized in his 5813:Unification Church in Japan 5710: 5221: 5060:"Gary North on D. James Kennedy" 4776:from the original on 2011-05-17. 4654:Pope Paul VI (7 December 1965), 4500:10.1111/j.0028-4289.2006.00142.x 3387:. Cross Currents. Archived from 3385:"Violence in Christian Theology" 2824:God's Army (revolutionary group) 2604:Christian opposition to violence 2560:has primarily been described as 1994:, as well as in the rest of the 1244: 114:Unification Church in Japan 5348:2004 CD Rom Edition — Pacifism. 4606:Kirsch, Jonathan (2008-09-09). 4113:oliver cromwell joshua ireland. 3540:The Journal of Religious Ethics 3509:: 24–27 – via Ebsco host. 3095:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 58. 6438:Books critical of Christianity 5358:John Paul II (25 March 1995), 5250:"The Early Church on Violence" 5159:A Textbook of Christian Ethics 3433:. Eisenbrauns. pp. 1–17. 3162:10.1002/9781444338232.wbeow328 2510:A strain of hostility towards 1128:The New Church (Swedenborgian) 1073:Nondenominational Christianity 45:This article is of a series on 1: 6458:Books critical of Scientology 5083:Nancy Calvert Koyzis (2004). 3902:"Home > Publications >" 3650:North Dakota State University 3332:Violence in the New Testament 2794:Christian Nationalist Crusade 2562:hatred against Jews as a race 6367:Letter to a Christian Nation 5477:Behringer, Wolfgang (2004). 5322:Nicholson, Helen J. (2004). 3698:"George Kalantzis – Wheaton" 3262:Boustan, Ra'anan S. (2010). 2574:18th century racial theories 2468:Antisemitism in Christianity 2224:parable of the great banquet 1853:and Eurasian studies at the 1732:Holy war § Christianity 1438:and the New Testament (e.g. 1133:Unitarians and Universalists 6453:Books critical of Mormonism 5162:, 3rd ed, Continuum, 2006, 5036:. New York: Broadway Books. 4985:, Harvard University Press 3727:Leithart, Peter J. (2009). 3626:The Early Church on killing 3476:Mark Juergensmeyer (2004). 3427:"Christianity and Violence" 3349:Rynne, Terrence J. (2008). 3123:Wells, Donald, ed. (1996). 2524:early years of Christianity 2445:Christian Reconstructionist 1527:attacks on abortion clinics 6635: 6360:God: The Failed Hypothesis 6346:God in the Age of Science? 5644:. Sheffield Phoenix Press. 5626:McTernan, Oliver J. 2003. 5275:earlychristianwritings.com 4833:"Christianity and slavery" 4188:Jose Rogelio Alvarez, ed. 3828:February 25, 2008, at the 3584:Kalantzis, George (2012). 3008:Clouse, Robert G. (1986). 2809:Christians in the military 2621: 2607: 2471: 2465: 2284:Black people and Mormonism 2281: 2274:Christian views on slavery 2271: 2179: 2127: 1882: 1868: 1729: 1617: 1600:early Christian literature 1453: 1387: 6604:Christianity and violence 6448:Books critical of Judaism 5793:Latter Day Saint movement 5717:Christianity and violence 4307:L'Inquisizione in Italia. 4046:"Rethinking the Crusades" 3958:Claster, Jill N. (2009). 3805:. Iep.utm.edu. 2009-02-10 3546:(Winter, 2003): 415–416. 2909:Persecution of Christians 2819:Criticism of Christianity 2150:. Such groups have cited 94:Latter Day Saint movement 6416:Why I Am Not a Christian 6003:Religious discrimination 5660:Zeskind, Leonard. 1987. 5207:Allman, Mark J. (2008). 4874:Slavery and Christianity 4831:Robinson, B. A. (2006). 4446:Scarre & Callow 2001 4410:Scarre & Callow 2001 4398:Scarre & Callow 2001 3383:J. Denny Weaver (2001). 3010:War Four Christian views 2919:Religious discrimination 2779:Christian fundamentalism 1897:whose aim was to combat 1885:Christian views on magic 1855:University of Washington 1417:violence". According to 22:A battle scene from the 6554:Criticism of monotheism 6443:Books critical of Islam 6430:The Demon-Haunted World 6287:Anti-Christian violence 5818:Westboro Baptist Church 5479:Witches and Witch-Hunts 5401:Historic Peace Churches 5346:Encyclopædia Britannica 5271:"Clement of Alexandria" 5032:Martin, William. 1996. 4738:. Penelope.uchicago.edu 4698:American Anthropologist 4481:Bishop, Jordan (2006). 4238:Murphy, Cullen (2012). 3745:Shean, John F. (2010). 3552:10.1111/1467-9795.00146 3408:see e.g.: John Coffey, 3154:The Encyclopedia of War 2834:History of Christianity 2747:theology and politics. 2710:Historic Peace Churches 2706:conscientious objection 2532:theological differences 2170:Christian denominations 526:Criticism of monotheism 422:Anti-Christian violence 119:Westboro Baptist Church 5874:New religious movement 5512:Roper, Lyndal (2004). 5505:10.1558/pome.v12i2.239 4692:Firth, Raymond (1981) 4335:, HarperCollins, 1995. 2899:Mormonism and violence 2884:Lord's Resistance Army 2869:Islamic fundamentalism 2756:violence against women 2737:Martin Luther King Jr. 2726:Church of the Brethren 2637: 2634:Martin Luther King Jr. 2507: 2408:makes the argument in 2360:(term c. 158–167) and 2292:Curse and mark of Cain 1947:Portuguese Inquisition 1942: 1818: 1796: 1695:Epistle to Marcellinus 1678: 1567: 1472: 1390:The Bible and violence 1385: 175:New religious movement 39: 6614:Religion and violence 6505:Nontheistic religions 6423:Why I Am Not a Muslim 6339:Christianity Unveiled 5803:Seventh-day Adventist 5754:Criticism of religion 5539:Hedges, Chris. 2007. 5288:Osborn, Eric (2003). 5211:. Saint Mary's Press. 5045:Diamond, Sara, 1998. 4872:Catholic Encyclopedia 4313:, 2010, pp. 779–780. 4279:Saraiva (2001/1975), 4208:Chuchiak IV, John F. 3729:Defending Constantine 3503:The Christian Century 2939:Religious segregation 2934:Religious persecution 2929:Religious nationalism 2924:Religious intolerance 2904:Religious hate groups 2789:Christian nationalism 2769:Buddhism and violence 2750:In the 21st century, 2735:In the 20th century, 2673:Clement of Alexandria 2631: 2526:, persisted over the 2497: 2462:Violence against Jews 1932: 1806: 1791: 1778:In the 12th century, 1730:Further information: 1669: 1558: 1463: 1377: 104:Seventh-day Adventist 52:Criticism of religion 21: 6549:Criticism of atheism 6381:The Blind Watchmaker 5963:Charles Taze Russell 5808:Unification movement 5719:at Wikimedia Commons 5651:Tyerman, Christopher 5633:Nakashian, Craig M. 5619:Mason, Carol. 2002. 5553:. London, Routledge. 5481:. Cambridge: Polity. 5438:Hood, Helen (2003). 4787:Read, Peter (1981). 4574:Lea, Henry Charles. 4483:"Aquinas on Torture" 2889:Medieval inquisition 2879:Judaism and violence 2667:In the 3rd century, 2594:Western Christianity 2586:criticism of Judaism 2439:and other Christian 2418:Abolitionists Abroad 2278:Slavery and religion 2222:. He also cites the 2062:New England Colonies 1833:was used to justify 1810:excommunicating the 1787:Jonathan Riley-Smith 1780:Bernard of Clairvaux 970:Independent Catholic 521:Criticism of atheism 227:Charles Taze Russell 109:Unification movement 6619:Christian terrorism 5930:Mormon sacred texts 5788:Jehovah's Witnesses 5388:. 24 February 2008. 5073:, 6 September 2007. 5058:Ortiz, Chris 2007. 4888:Ostling, Richard N. 4736:"Paganism and Rome" 4562:animadversio debita 4346:Thurston, Robert W. 4281:The Marrano Factory 4259:Rediff India Abroad 4078:on August 17, 2008. 4044:Smith, Jonathan R. 3883:. JustWarTheory.com 3881:"JustWarTheory.com" 3708:on 2 September 2017 3266:. BRILL. p. 3. 3241:. Wiley-Blackwell. 2949:Religious terrorism 2486:Persecution of Jews 2192:Constantinian shift 2146:—in this case, the 2140:religious terrorism 2130:Christian terrorism 2124:Christian terrorism 2031:Early Modern Europe 1916:Mexican Inquisition 1903:Spanish Inquisition 1742:Council of Clermont 1481:Constantinian shift 1477:Bluffton University 1440:Sermon on the Mount 1251:Christianity portal 1108:Jehovah's Witnesses 788:History of theology 294:Mormon sacred texts 214:By religious figure 89:Jehovah's Witnesses 6332:Breaking the Spell 6274:Sectarian violence 6183:Religious violence 6131:Oriental Orthodoxy 5988:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 5847:Twelver Shia Islam 5700:, HarperOne, 2010. 5521:Schwartz, Regina M 5065:2009-10-11 at the 4755:Bernard Hamilton, 4537:legacy.fordham.edu 4226:, Brill, p. 9 4136:on 6 December 2017 4130:soc.washington.edu 3696:College, Wheaton. 2964:Sectarian violence 2954:Religious violence 2864:Islam and violence 2784:Christian Identity 2752:Christian feminist 2638: 2624:Christian humanism 2610:Christian pacifism 2508: 2506:, Bavaria, in 1337 2478:Christian Identity 2449:Christian Identity 2369:Christian theology 2305:Early Christianity 2268:Support of slavery 2176:Forced conversions 2066:Salem witch trials 2058:capital punishment 2004:Isaac S.D. Sassoon 1943: 1819: 1679: 1653:Augustine of Hippo 1635:philosophical and 1568: 1561:Augustine of Hippo 1522:Mark Juergensmeyer 1473: 1456:Religious violence 1450:Christian violence 1386: 1379:Having Their Fling 1318:Christian pacifism 990:Church of the East 854:Early Christianity 409:Sectarian violence 320:Religious violence 252:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 148:Twelver Shia Islam 40: 6591: 6590: 6374:The Age of Reason 6325:Atheist Manifesto 6126:Eastern Orthodoxy 6089:Jehovah's Witness 6048:post–Cold War era 5951:Religious figures 5830:Swaminarayan sect 5715:Media related to 5424:978-0-520-07950-2 5301:978-0-521-52495-7 5194:www.merrimack.edu 5096:978-0-567-08378-4 4991:978-0-674-00718-5 4970:978-0-691-11436-1 4803:978-0-646-46221-9 4635:. Vatican: Author 4617:978-0-06-081699-5 4589:978-1-152-29621-3 4493:(1009): 229–237. 4430:978-0-313-28391-8 4412:, pp. 1, 21. 4319:978-88-04-53433-4 3971:978-1-4426-0060-7 3857:978-1-4262-0314-5 3635:978-0-8010-3630-9 3487:978-0-520-24011-7 3440:978-1-57506-803-9 3362:978-1-57075-766-2 2849:Hindu nationalism 2774:Christian fascism 2662:Merrimack College 2528:ensuing centuries 2033:was a widespread 2012:Roman Inquisition 1996:Portuguese Empire 1831:Battle of Jericho 1808:Pope Innocent III 1799:Genocidal warfare 1675:Boardman Robinson 1671:Forward with God! 1627:is a doctrine of 1580:Adolf von Harnack 1532:Spiritual warfare 1469:Boardman Robinson 1426:Marcion of Sinope 1403:Furman University 1287: 1286: 1140: 1139: 1113:Latter Day Saints 1098:Iglesia ni Cristo 1063:United Protestant 1048:Plymouth Brethren 983:Oriental Orthodox 591: 590: 131:Swaminarayan sect 6626: 6609:Christian ethics 6402:The God Delusion 6395:The End of Faith 6388:The Caged Virgin 6353:God Is Not Great 5747: 5740: 5733: 5724: 5714: 5691: 5610: 5583: 5517: 5508: 5482: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5452:on July 10, 2011 5451: 5444: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5410: 5404: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5361:Evangelium Vitae 5355: 5349: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5245: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5227:Origen (1885) . 5225: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5186: 5180: 5177: 5171: 5154: 5148: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5123: 5117: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5080: 5074: 5056: 5050: 5043: 5037: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5020: 5011:. Archived from 5000: 4994: 4979: 4973: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4946:The New Republic 4941: 4935: 4934: 4929:Curp, T. David. 4926: 4920: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4907: 4898:. Archived from 4884: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4860: 4854: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4839: 4828: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4806:. Archived from 4795: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4766: 4760: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4743: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4707: 4701: 4690: 4684: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4571: 4565: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4548: 4539:. Archived from 4529: 4523: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4478: 4472: 4470: 4439: 4433: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4342: 4336: 4328: 4322: 4305:Andrea Del Col: 4303: 4297: 4290: 4284: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4235: 4229: 4227: 4219: 4213: 4206: 4200: 4186: 4180: 4179:for more detail. 4161: 4155: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4132:. 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Both 1279: 1272: 1265: 1248: 1093:Christadelphians 1023:Free Evangelical 976:Eastern Orthodox 933: 884:East–West Schism 616: 593: 583: 576: 569: 53: 42: 6634: 6633: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6624: 6623: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6542:In Christianity 6513: 6510:Parody religion 6462: 6310: 6177: 6036:Catholic Church 5997: 5946: 5908:Religious texts 5903: 5756: 5751: 5707: 5688: 5667: 5607: 5586: 5580: 5559: 5530: 5528:Further reading 5511: 5485: 5476: 5470: 5465: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5442: 5437: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5397: 5393: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5366: 5364: 5357: 5356: 5352: 5343: 5339: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5302: 5287: 5286: 5282: 5269: 5268: 5264: 5254: 5252: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5226: 5220: 5216: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5178: 5174: 5155: 5151: 5142: 5138: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5108: 5104: 5097: 5082: 5081: 5077: 5067:Wayback Machine 5057: 5053: 5044: 5040: 5031: 5027: 5018: 5016: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4980: 4976: 4957: 4953: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4928: 4927: 4923: 4918: 4914: 4905: 4903: 4886: 4885: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4852:Ephesians 6:5–8 4850: 4846: 4837: 4835: 4830: 4829: 4818: 4810: 4804: 4793: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4754: 4750: 4741: 4739: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4722: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4691: 4687: 4675: 4671: 4662: 4660: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4638: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4618: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4590: 4582:. Vol. 1. 4573: 4572: 4568: 4559: 4555: 4546: 4544: 4531: 4530: 4526: 4513:Larissa Tracy, 4512: 4508: 4487:New Blackfriars 4480: 4479: 4475: 4465: 4460:, p. 149; 4440: 4436: 4420: 4416: 4408: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4360: 4344: 4343: 4339: 4329: 4325: 4311:Oscar Mondadori 4304: 4300: 4291: 4287: 4278: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4207: 4203: 4187: 4183: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4109: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4075: 4068: 4062:Daniel Chirot. 4061: 4060: 4053: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4019: 4018: 4014: 3999:10.2307/2855169 3984: 3983: 3979: 3972: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3911: 3909: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3886: 3884: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3830:Wayback Machine 3821: 3817: 3808: 3806: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3757: 3744: 3743: 3736: 3726: 3725: 3721: 3711: 3709: 3702:www.wheaton.edu 3695: 3694: 3690: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3663: 3661: 3653: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3583: 3582: 3567: 3537: 3536: 3529: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3488: 3475: 3474: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3407: 3403: 3394: 3392: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3355:. Orbis Books. 3348: 3347: 3343: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3307: 3303: 3287: 3285: 3279:"Dark Passages" 3276: 3275: 3271: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3224: 3211: 3210: 3203: 3190: 3180: 3172: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3135: 3122: 3121: 3114: 3103: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3057: 3055: 3050: 3049: 3042: 3035: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2914:Religious abuse 2894:Goa Inquisition 2839:Hindu terrorism 2764: 2626: 2620: 2608:Main articles: 2606: 2582:Jewish religion 2492: 2470: 2464: 2383:Genesis 9:25–27 2373:Pope Nicholas V 2302: 2280: 2272:Main articles: 2270: 2239:the Inquisition 2196:anthropologists 2188: 2180:Main articles: 2178: 2132: 2126: 2106:Napoleonic Wars 2100:Except for the 2020:death sentences 1988:Goa Inquisition 1983:minority groups 1924:Jewish religion 1895:Catholic Church 1891: 1881: 1869:Main articles: 1867: 1849:, professor of 1843:Oliver Cromwell 1801: 1738: 1728: 1719:jus post bellum 1659:. According to 1629:military ethics 1625:Just war theory 1622: 1620:Just war theory 1616: 1604:just war theory 1592:Wheaton College 1573: 1553: 1458: 1452: 1409:, "lift up the 1392: 1372: 1283: 1220: 1219: 1190:Other religions 1150: 1142: 1141: 930: 929: 909: 908: 829: 828: 808: 807: 741: 731: 730: 691: 690: 672: 671: 637: 636: 587: 558: 557: 514:In Christianity 494: 486: 485: 456: 448: 447: 446: 445: 321: 313: 312: 311: 310: 272: 264: 263: 262: 261: 215: 207: 206: 205: 204: 62: 51: 12: 11: 5: 6632: 6630: 6622: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6596: 6595: 6589: 6588: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6581: 6576: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6545: 6544: 6539: 6529: 6523: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6518:Related topics 6515: 6514: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6468: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6426: 6419: 6412: 6405: 6398: 6391: 6384: 6377: 6370: 6363: 6356: 6349: 6342: 6335: 6328: 6320: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6295: 6294: 6289: 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5534: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5524: 5518: 5509: 5499:(2): 239–262. 5487:Hutton, Ronald 5483: 5474: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5463: 5430: 5423: 5405: 5391: 5373: 5350: 5337: 5314: 5300: 5280: 5262: 5240: 5231:Against Celsus 5214: 5199: 5181: 5172: 5149: 5136: 5118: 5102: 5095: 5075: 5071:Chalcedon Blog 5051: 5038: 5025: 4995: 4981:Lamin Sanneh, 4974: 4951: 4936: 4921: 4912: 4890:(2005-09-17). 4876: 4864: 4855: 4844: 4816: 4813:on 2012-04-09. 4802: 4779: 4761: 4748: 4727: 4721:978-1405191319 4720: 4702: 4685: 4682:978-0231126991 4669: 4646: 4623: 4616: 4598: 4588: 4566: 4553: 4524: 4506: 4473: 4458:Behringer 2004 4434: 4414: 4402: 4390: 4383: 4365: 4359:978-0582438064 4358: 4337: 4323: 4298: 4285: 4272: 4245: 4230: 4214: 4201: 4181: 4156: 4147: 4117: 4107: 4081: 4051: 4036: 4027: 4012: 3993:(3): 602–603. 3977: 3970: 3950: 3936: 3933:on 2008-07-09. 3918: 3893: 3872: 3863: 3856: 3842:Diamond, Jared 3833: 3815: 3794: 3777: 3762: 3756:978-9004187313 3755: 3734: 3719: 3688: 3671: 3641: 3634: 3616: 3601: 3595:978-1608992539 3594: 3565: 3527: 3524:. p. 204. 3520:Girard, Rene. 3512: 3493: 3486: 3465: 3453: 3439: 3423:Volf, Miroslav 3414: 3401: 3375: 3361: 3341: 3322: 3301: 3295:Phyllis Trible 3269: 3254: 3247: 3229: 3223:978-0812216561 3222: 3201: 3192:|journal= 3170: 3144: 3133: 3112: 3101: 3083: 3064: 3040: 3033: 3015: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2644:described the 2642:Roland Bainton 2614:Peace churches 2605: 2602: 2568:, rather than 2482:Jewish deicide 2466:Main article: 2463: 2460: 2399:Anthony Pagden 2395:black Africans 2329:New Testaments 2269: 2266: 2177: 2174: 2128:Main article: 2125: 2122: 2025:The period of 1963:New Christians 1866: 1863: 1800: 1797: 1727: 1724: 1657:Thomas Aquinas 1618:Main article: 1615: 1612: 1572: 1569: 1552: 1549: 1505:were, for the 1451: 1448: 1432:Mahatma Gandhi 1388:Main article: 1371: 1368: 1326:preventive war 1314:non-resistance 1285: 1284: 1282: 1281: 1274: 1267: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1253: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1151: 1149:Related topics 1148: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1087: 1086: 1084:Restorationist 1080: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 993: 986: 979: 972: 967: 962: 961: 960: 955: 940: 939: 931: 928: 927: 922: 916: 915: 914: 911: 910: 907: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 859:Church Fathers 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 830: 827: 826: 821: 815: 814: 813: 810: 809: 806: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 769: 768: 763: 758: 748: 742: 737: 736: 733: 732: 729: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 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6607: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6570: 6569:Superstitions 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6465: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6420: 6418: 6417: 6413: 6411: 6410: 6406: 6404: 6403: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6392: 6390: 6389: 6385: 6383: 6382: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6364: 6362: 6361: 6357: 6355: 6354: 6350: 6348: 6347: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6329: 6327: 6326: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6313: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6143:Protestantism 6141: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6075: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5943: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5906: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5798:Protestantism 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5748: 5743: 5741: 5736: 5734: 5729: 5728: 5725: 5718: 5713: 5709: 5708: 5704: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5689: 5687:9780199759996 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5666: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5639: 5636: 5632: 5629: 5625: 5622: 5618: 5615: 5612: 5608: 5606:9780199759996 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5585: 5581: 5579:9780199759996 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5527: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5467: 5448: 5441: 5434: 5431: 5426: 5420: 5416: 5409: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5395: 5392: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5374: 5363: 5362: 5354: 5351: 5347: 5341: 5338: 5334: 5331: 5325: 5318: 5315: 5311: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5293: 5292: 5284: 5281: 5276: 5272: 5266: 5263: 5251: 5244: 5241: 5234: 5232: 5224: 5218: 5215: 5210: 5203: 5200: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5168:0-567-03112-8 5165: 5161: 5160: 5153: 5150: 5146: 5140: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5103: 5098: 5092: 5088: 5087: 5079: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5061: 5055: 5052: 5048: 5042: 5039: 5035: 5029: 5026: 5015:on 2015-09-24 5014: 5010: 5006: 4999: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4952: 4947: 4940: 4937: 4932: 4925: 4922: 4916: 4913: 4902:on 2015-09-24 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4865: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4848: 4845: 4834: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4817: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4792: 4791: 4783: 4780: 4775: 4771: 4765: 4762: 4758: 4752: 4749: 4737: 4731: 4728: 4723: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4679: 4673: 4670: 4659: 4658: 4650: 4647: 4634: 4627: 4624: 4619: 4613: 4610:. HarperOne. 4609: 4602: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4554: 4543:on 2016-03-20 4542: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4477: 4474: 4468: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4403: 4400:, p. 12. 4399: 4394: 4391: 4386: 4384:9780333920824 4380: 4376: 4369: 4366: 4361: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4334: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4273: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4246: 4241: 4234: 4231: 4225: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4198:1-56409-034-5 4195: 4191: 4185: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4160: 4157: 4151: 4148: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4121: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4108:9780192835253 4104: 4100: 4095: 4094: 4085: 4082: 4074: 4067: 4066: 4058: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4040: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4023: 4016: 4013: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3981: 3978: 3973: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3954: 3951: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3919: 3908:on 2009-05-09 3907: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3882: 3876: 3873: 3867: 3864: 3859: 3853: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3827: 3824: 3819: 3816: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3790: 3789: 3781: 3778: 3773: 3766: 3763: 3758: 3752: 3748: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3723: 3720: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3692: 3689: 3684: 3683: 3675: 3672: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3645: 3642: 3637: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3617: 3612: 3605: 3602: 3597: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3522:The Scapegoat 3516: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3494: 3489: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3454: 3442: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3391:on 2012-05-25 3390: 3386: 3379: 3376: 3364: 3358: 3354: 3353: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3326: 3323: 3311: 3305: 3302: 3298: 3296: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3270: 3265: 3258: 3255: 3250: 3248:9781118953426 3244: 3240: 3233: 3230: 3225: 3219: 3215: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3185: 3178: 3173: 3171:9781405190374 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3134:9780313291166 3130: 3126: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3102:9781118953426 3098: 3094: 3087: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3065: 3053: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3034:9781118953426 3030: 3026: 3019: 3016: 3011: 3004: 3001: 2995: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2959:Religious war 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2766: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2663: 2657: 2655: 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Testament 2047: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1890: 1886: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1857:, interprets 1856: 1852: 1848: 1847:Daniel Chirot 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1798: 1795: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1756:bellum sacrum 1753: 1752: 1751:bellum iustum 1747: 1746:Pope Urban II 1743: 1737: 1733: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1708: 1707:jus ad bellum 1702: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1662: 1661:Jared Diamond 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1595: 1593: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1491:Second Coming 1488: 1487:Miroslav Volf 1484: 1482: 1478: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1415:Old Testament 1412: 1411:New Testament 1408: 1404: 1399: 1397: 1391: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1261: 1260: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1146: 1145: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 1000: 999: 998: 994: 992: 991: 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477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 458: 452: 451: 440: 437: 435: 432: 428: 425: 423: 420: 419: 418: 415: 414: 412: 410: 407: 403: 400: 398: 395: 394: 393: 390: 386: 383: 382: 381: 378: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 355: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 337: 334: 333: 332:Christianity 331: 329: 326: 325: 317: 316: 307: 304: 300: 297: 296: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 276: 268: 267: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 219: 211: 210: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 140: 139: 136: 132: 129: 128: 127: 124: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 99:Protestantism 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 81: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 66: 58: 57: 54: 48: 44: 43: 37: 33: 29: 25: 24:First Crusade 20: 16: 6428: 6421: 6414: 6407: 6400: 6393: 6386: 6379: 6372: 6365: 6358: 6351: 6344: 6337: 6330: 6323: 6196:Christianity 6195: 6173:Zorostianism 6104:Anti-Judaism 6099:Antisemitism 6043:Christianity 6021:Bahá'i Faith 5778:Christianity 5768:Baháˈí Faith 5697: 5695:Rodney Stark 5669: 5661: 5654: 5641: 5634: 5630:Orbis Books. 5627: 5620: 5588: 5561: 5550: 5540: 5513: 5496: 5490: 5478: 5454:. Retrieved 5447:the original 5433: 5414: 5408: 5400: 5394: 5385: 5376: 5365:, retrieved 5360: 5353: 5345: 5340: 5327: 5323: 5317: 5308:amphitheatre 5305: 5290: 5283: 5274: 5265: 5253:. Retrieved 5243: 5230: 5217: 5208: 5202: 5193: 5184: 5175: 5157: 5152: 5144: 5139: 5130: 5121: 5110: 5105: 5085: 5078: 5054: 5046: 5041: 5033: 5028: 5017:. Retrieved 5013:the original 5008: 4998: 4982: 4977: 4962: 4959:Rodney Stark 4954: 4945: 4939: 4924: 4915: 4904:. Retrieved 4900:the original 4895: 4867: 4858: 4847: 4836:. Retrieved 4808:the original 4789: 4782: 4764: 4757:The Crusades 4756: 4751: 4740:. Retrieved 4730: 4711: 4705: 4697: 4688: 4672: 4661:, retrieved 4656: 4649: 4637:. Retrieved 4626: 4607: 4601: 4593: 4579: 4569: 4561: 4556: 4545:. Retrieved 4541:the original 4536: 4527: 4518: 4514: 4509: 4490: 4486: 4476: 4449: 4437: 4421: 4417: 4405: 4393: 4374: 4368: 4349: 4340: 4332: 4326: 4306: 4301: 4293: 4288: 4280: 4275: 4263:. 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Retrieved 3024: 3018: 3009: 3003: 2749: 2734: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2666: 2658: 2646:early church 2639: 2598:12th century 2578:anti-Judaism 2564:, a form of 2558:antisemitism 2555: 2544: 2509: 2490:Serpent seed 2453:conservative 2437:Ku Klux Klan 2426: 2422:abolitionism 2417: 2414:Lamin Sanneh 2409: 2406:Rodney Stark 2404: 2387:Curse of Ham 2381: 2371:. In 1452, 2366: 2333: 2321:Roman Empire 2315:'s roots in 2313:Christianity 2303: 2296:Curse of Ham 2232: 2204: 2189: 2167: 2133: 2102:Papal States 2099: 2079: 2070: 2054:Exodus 22:18 2027:witch trials 2024: 2009: 1971:Spanish Jews 1944: 1892: 1820: 1812:Albigensians 1792: 1785: 1777: 1755: 1749: 1739: 1717: 1713:jus in bello 1711: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1680: 1670: 1642: 1623: 1609: 1596: 1588: 1577: 1574: 1542: 1536: 1515: 1485: 1474: 1464: 1430: 1400: 1393: 1378: 1359:St Augustine 1342:early church 1338:Roman Empire 1332:, e.g., the 1310:Christianity 1306:historically 1288: 1155:Civilization 995: 988: 981: 974: 965:Old Catholic 945: 803:Universalism 726:New Covenant 662:Resurrection 606:Christianity 461:Christianity 79:Christianity 69:Baháˈí Faith 15: 6500:New Atheism 6473:Agnosticism 6278:By country 6245:Persecution 6158:Sunni Islam 6121:Neopaganism 6109:Persecution 6082:Persecution 6070:Persecution 6031:Catholicism 5968:Ellen White 5884:Scientology 5879:Neopaganism 5761:By religion 5546:Free Press. 5514:Witch Craze 5386:Incommunion 4454:Hutton 2010 4442:Hutton 2010 4261:(Interview) 4190:Inquisicion 2854:Inquisition 2654:Constantine 2441:hate groups 2427:Modern-day 2358:Pope Pius I 2349:will of God 2323:. Both the 2300:Pre-Adamite 2114:Roman Curia 2046:Christendom 2035:moral panic 1955:Catholicism 1875:Reconquista 1871:Inquisition 1865:Inquisition 1825:account of 1495:Constantine 1407:René Girard 1298:nonviolence 1043:Pentecostal 925:(full list) 899:Reformation 864:Constantine 783:Christology 773:Apologetics 766:Holy Spirit 687:Foundations 657:Crucifixion 481:Scientology 413:By country 380:Persecution 232:Ellen White 185:Scientology 180:Neopaganism 61:By religion 6598:Categories 6478:Antitheism 6267:In Judaism 6163:Shia Islam 6060:Falun Gong 5869:Monotheism 5468:References 5330:Tertullian 5019:2007-01-03 4906:2007-01-03 4838:2007-01-03 4742:2012-11-13 4547:2016-05-23 4520:purpose... 4462:Roper 2004 4432:. (p.552). 4240:God's Jury 4173:population 4167:of people 3912:2010-03-16 3887:2010-03-16 3809:2010-03-16 3395:2010-10-27 3288:2010-11-26 3080:: 104–123. 3058:2010-03-16 2984:Witch-hunt 2859:Iron Guard 2718:Mennonites 2677:Tertullian 2640:Historian 2622:See also: 2520:Christians 2504:Deggendorf 2472:See also: 2456:Christians 2429:Christians 2391:racialized 2282:See also: 2190:After the 2159:scriptures 2090:absolution 2077:papal bull 1939:Valladolid 1935:auto-da-fé 1883:See also: 1691:barbarians 1683:Ulrich Luz 1538:Higher law 1454:See also: 1423:heresiarch 1419:John Gager 1381:(1917) by 1336:). 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