685:, where the Baháʼí teachings on sexuality may appear to be unreasonable, dogmatic, and difficult to apply in Western society. Particularly in the United States, Baháʼís have attempted to reconcile the immutable conservative teachings on sexuality with the otherwise socially progressive teachings of the religion, but it continues to be a source of controversy. The Universal House of Justice stated in 1995, and has repeated since, that the teachings on sexuality are laid down in the faith's scripture and that, "the House of Justice has no authority to change this clear teaching on homosexual practice." Former Baháʼí William Garlington said the Baháʼí position in the United States "can at most be characterized as one of sympathetic disapproval" toward homosexuality.
512:
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manifestations from true ones or to discover if any of them really speak for the true and living God…. If, on the other hand, God's own nature is said to be contradictory, that is, that God is both one God and many gods, that God is both able and not able to have a son, personal and impersonal, etc., then the Bahaʼi concept of God is reduced to meaninglessness.
51:
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wrote that while he found them admirable, in his view they are inferior to the simplicity and beauty of the teachings of Christ. He further argued that in the case of "Baha'ism, with its rather vague doctrines as to the nature and destiny of the soul of man, it is a little difficult to see whence the
557:
The fact that the various alleged manifestations of God represented God in contradictory ways implies either that manifestations of God can contradict one another or that God's own nature is contradictory. If manifestations are allowed to contradict one another, then there is no way to separate false
480:
The criticisms the religion has faced vary considerably in different regions of the world. In the West, liberals have criticized the Baháʼí Faith for some of its conservative social practices, notably the prohibition on premarital or homosexual intimacy for Baháʼís. Western academics have criticized
648:
While Baháʼí teachings assert that men and women are spiritually equal, some areas of differentiation remain. Author Lil Abdo says that the Baháʼí understanding of sexual equality is different from that of secular feminists. Abdo presented the following list of criticisms of the Baháʼí Faith from a
774:
converted to the Baháʼí Faith in 1972, but later resigned in 1996 after conflicts with members of the administration who perceived him as extreme. Cole went on to criticize the Baháʼí Faith in three articles written from 1998 to 2002, describing a prominent Baháʼí as "inquisitor" and "bigot", and
602:
of the religion, were all upheld by Miller in an attempt to show its adherents as deceived, its teachings superficial or irrelevant, and its administration "a dictatorship". Douglas Martin wrote that Miller's writings were driven by animus against what he saw as a successful rival faith that was
653:
the ineligibility of women to serve on the
Universal House of Justice--this is of particular interest to supporters of women priests within the Christian tradition; the intestacy laws in the Kitab-i-Aqdas; the dowry laws with particular reference to the virginity refund clause; the exemption of
730:
that, "The condemnation of covenant-breakers is immediate, absolute, and—in a religion promoting love and acceptance—profoundly disconcerting." Excommunication among Baháʼís is rare and reserved for those actively promoting schism; on average worldwide, one person per year from 2000-2020 were
621:, the last prophet whom God has sent and Islam as the final religion for all mankind. Baháʼu'lláh's claim of divine revelation is in direct conflict with this common interpretation of Islam. Thus, authorities in the Muslim world have rejected the Baháʼí Faith and regard Baháʼís as
721:
The Baháʼí teachings emphasize the need for unity, and have an official line of succession of leadership to prevent schism. The religion has seen a few attempts at splintering, but they have remained extremely small and declined over time. The followers of such sects are labeled
779:
process, which requires Baháʼí authors to gain approval before publishing on the religion. Soon after his resignation, Cole created an email list and website called H-Bahai, which became a repository of both primary source material and critical analysis on the religion.
492:) have criticized its history and founders, institutions, teachings, and use of prophecy. In Iran and other parts of the Middle East, Baháʼís continue to be criticized for breaking with Islam and accused of conspiring with Western powers, resulting in intense
666:
said that it would become clear in the future why the restriction was in place. In all other levels of administration (other than the UHJ), however, women have always been eligible to serve, often contrary to prevailing cultural or societal norms.
562:
Baháʼí authors have written in response that the contradictory teachings are either social laws that change from age to age, as part of a progressive revelation, or human error introduced to the more ancient faiths over time.
1896:
2711:
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Baháʼu'lláh's teachings on the equality of men and women, and that slavery should be banned, were controversial ideas in the nineteenth century Middle East that contributed to attempts to destroy his movement.
790:
due to the dominance of practising Baháʼís in the field. He specifically criticized the work of individual Baháʼí scholars he saw as defending Baháʼí orthodoxy at the expense of historical rigour, including
654:
menstruating women from obligatory prayers and the implication of menstrual taboo; the use of androcentric language and male pronouns in texts; the emphasis on traditional morality and family values...
2179:
2636:
1716:(2002). "NADER SAIEDI, Logos and Civilization: Spirit, History, and Order in the Writings of Baha'u'llah (Bethesda: University Press of Maryland/CDL Press, 2000). Pp. 404. $ 45.50 cloth".
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has failed to attract more than a few hundred individuals and declined over time. The followers of such splinter groups are shunned and not considered Baháʼís by the majority.
775:
describing Baháʼí institutions as socially isolating, dictatorial, and controlling, with financial irregularities and sexual deviance. Central to Cole's complaints is the
662:, whose membership is male-only. The ineligibility of women has caused discontent among small but vocal groups of western Baháʼí intellectuals, and criticism from others.
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2007:
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The religion's rise in the Middle East and subsequent movement into the West has given rise to a body of anti-Baháʼí polemic. Christian and
Islamic authors (e.g.,
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103:
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758:—each claim being linked to each regime's relevant enemy and justifying anti-Baháʼí actions. The last claim is partially rooted in the presence of the
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expelled in such a way. People who leave the religion, transgress community standards, or attack it externally are not considered
Covenant-breakers.
643:
2199:
383:
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combination of faiths, while
Christian author John Ankerberg points to discrepancies between faiths to contradict the idea of unity of religion.
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1984:
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586:(1974), in which he attacked the religion by promoting the views of individuals opposing Baháʼí leadership. For example, the perspectives of
445:
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stated that the legitimization of the death penalty in cases of murder and arson is usually met with disapproval and suspicion in Europe.
481:
the requirement for Baháʼís to seek pre-publication review when publishing on the religion and the exclusion of women from serving on the
230:
2702:
2174:
2124:
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The Baháʼí Faith has maintained its unity and avoided serious division, although several attempts have been made to create sects. Every
786:, a scholar who had previously been a Baháʼí, criticized what he saw as a threat to the impartiality of the academic field of Bábí and
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2015:
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34:
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Baháʼís have been accused, particularly by successive
Iranian governments, of being agents or spies of Russia, Britain,
759:
345:
2732:
2668:
2559:
2354:
2285:
1448:(2000). "Race, Immorality and Money in the American Baha'i Community: Impeaching the Los Angeles Spiritual Assembly".
485:. These issues may be only marginal to the numerically dominant Baháʼí community outside of Europe and North America.
408:
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From 1980 onward, several well-educated Baháʼís left the religion and subsequently criticized it. For example,
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50:
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75:
42:
1774:(2013). "Making the invisible visible: introductory books on the Baha'i religion (the Baha'i Faith)".
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17:
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212:
128:
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1605:
Baha'is in Exile: An
Account of followers of Baha'u'llah outside the mainstream Baha'i religion
2923:
2760:
2619:
2097:
2087:
2083:
Citizens of the world: a history and sociology of the Bahaʹis from a globalisation perspective
2057:
2047:
1980:
1956:
1916:
1878:
1757:
1692:(1990). "The crisis in Babi and Baha'i studies: part of a wider crisis in academic freedom?".
1651:
1608:
1589:
1560:
1395:
1376:
1370:
1352:
795:, Muhammad Afnan, Juan Cole (although Cole subsequently left the religion), Nader Saiedi, and
622:
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2417:
2039:
1908:
1844:
1783:
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1701:
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1527:
1493:
1457:
1425:
1366:
723:
716:
695:
681:
The exclusion of same-sex marriage among Baháʼís has garnered considerable criticism in the
599:
147:
1871:
Osborn, Lil (2021). "The Bahāʾī Faith". In Upal, Muhammad Afzal; Cusack, Carole M. (eds.).
2913:
2896:
2614:
2031:
1998:
1575:
516:
2549:
1872:
293:
2038:. Cambridge Elements; Religion and Violence. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
799:. By contrast, MacEoin generally praised the work in Baháʼí studies of Baháʼí historian
2502:
2077:
1949:
1344:
804:
489:
263:
1832:
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2955:
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1936:
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1737:
1713:
1689:
1681:
1665:
1547:
1469:
1319:
783:
682:
524:
1856:
1795:
2544:
2490:
2485:
2463:
1892:
1848:
1828:
796:
704:
703:
prescribed the death penalty both for intentional arson and murder. Baháʼí scholar
511:
360:
161:
2280:
1974:
1897:"An Introduction to Bahā'ī Law: Doctrinal Foundations, Principles and Structures"
1787:
582:(1892–1993) was a Presbyterian missionary in Iran who published a polemic titled
2886:
2859:
595:
587:
2864:
2061:
1729:
1705:
1531:
543:
539:
298:
2101:
1920:
1668:(1986). "Bahā'ī fundamentalism and the academic study of the Bābī movement".
2238:
1585:
1513:
1477:
1445:
1409:
1336:
771:
535:
1461:
283:
240:
2081:
2043:
1574:
Heller, Wendy M. (2022). "Ch. 34: The
Covenant and Covenant-Breaking". In
2918:
2881:
612:
2109:
649:
feminist perspective at an annual gathering for Baháʼí studies in 1995:
2869:
1928:
1539:
1505:
1481:
1437:
1413:
755:
2328:
1337:"Possible Criticisms of the Baha'i Faith from a Feminist Perspective"
726:, shunned, and viewed as enemies of the faith. Jason Boyett wrote in
328:
1912:
1497:
1429:
70:
2364:
1559:(Paperback ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
510:
355:
961:
Christian
Research Journal, Winter/Spring, 1989, p. 2. Quoted in
2379:
1089:
1087:
2113:
1805:"Missionary as Historian: William Miller and the Bahá'í Faith"
909:
907:
905:
576:
driving force to enforce the ethical maxims can be derived."
1482:"Fundamentalism in the Contemporary U.S. Baha'i Community"
1624:"Bahá'í Youth and Sexuality A Personal/Professional View"
1062:
1060:
1020:
1018:
1140:
1138:
1351:. Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers. pp. 5–44.
1414:"The Baha'i Faith in America as Panopticon, 1963-1997"
1292:
1290:
1265:
1263:
1250:
1248:
1246:
865:
863:
838:
836:
1005:
1003:
1750:
The
Penguin Handbook of the World's Living Religions
1516:(2002b). "A Report on the H-Bahai Digital Library".
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
880:
878:
658:
The religion's governing institution is the elected
2904:
2853:
2701:
2568:
2388:
2337:
2294:
2147:
1035:
1033:
823:
821:
819:
571:Regarding the Baháʼí teachings of peace and unity,
1948:
1833:"Marginality and Apostasy in the Baha'i Community"
1823:. Pasadena, California, US: William Carey Library.
1811:(4). Ottawa: Association for Bahá'í Studies: 1–30.
2034:(July 2020). James R. Lewis; Margo Kitts (eds.).
1394:. Berkeley, CA: Zephyros Press. pp. 217–31.
1375:. London, UK: Cassell & Co. pp. 244–50.
913:
651:
555:
2637:Christian thought on persecution and tolerance
1078:
746:Political accusations against the Baha'i Faith
2125:
1748:(2010). "Baha'ism". In Hinnells, John (ed.).
446:
8:
2036:The Bahá'í Faith, Violence, and Non-Violence
1718:International Journal of Middle East Studies
1622:Kennedy, Sharon H.; Kennedy, Andrew (1988).
1418:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
625:if they had been Muslims before conversion.
1821:The Baha'i Faith: Its History and Teachings
2796:The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster
2132:
2118:
2110:
1999:"A Short Introduction to the Bahá'í Faith"
1951:A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith
1093:
854:
469:is a relatively new religion teaching the
453:
439:
29:
1979:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1694:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
1315:"The Economist explains: The Bahai faith"
1646:. Religions of the World. Philadelphia:
1129:
1117:
1024:
925:
842:
1874:Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements
1349:Encyclopedia of Cults and New Religions
1296:
1281:
1269:
1254:
1066:
994:
949:
937:
896:
815:
523:, Baháʼí nine-pointed star, and Jewish
41:
27:Notable criticism of religious teaching
1156:
1144:
1009:
982:
884:
754:, the United States, and as agents of
1955:. Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications.
1237:
1225:
1189:
1168:
1105:
970:
869:
827:
7:
2014:. Christianity Today. Archived from
2008:"Avoiding the Pitfall of Syncretism"
1213:
1201:
1051:
1039:
1976:An Introduction to the Baha'i Faith
677:Homosexuality and the Baháʼí Faith
25:
18:Criticism of the Bahá'í Faith
1803:Martin, Douglas (December 1978).
1607:. Pittsburgh, PA: RoseDog Books.
1347:; Weldon, John (1999). "Bahaʼi".
2200:Unification Church in Japan
644:Baháʼí Faith and gender equality
471:essential worth of all religions
421:
49:
553:wrote of the Baháʼí teachings:
2825:Books critical of Christianity
1849:10.1016/j.religion.2007.06.008
542:rejects the Baháʼí Faith as a
496:and the loss of civil rights.
1:
2845:Books critical of Scientology
1631:The Journal of Bahá'í Studies
1581:The World of the Bahá’í Faith
603:moving into Christian lands.
2754:Letter to a Christian Nation
2012:The Exchange with Ed Stetzer
2006:Stetzer, Ed (15 July 2014).
1788:10.1080/0048721X.2012.705975
1682:10.1016/0048-721X(86)90006-0
1555:Garlington, William (2008).
1486:Review of Religious Research
2840:Books critical of Mormonism
1901:Journal of Law and Religion
1557:The Baha'i Faith in America
914:Ankerberg & Weldon 1999
803:and non-Baháʼí sociologist
3012:
2747:God: The Failed Hypothesis
2733:God in the Age of Science?
1079:Kennedy & Kennedy 1988
743:
714:
674:
660:Universal House of Justice
641:
483:Universal House of Justice
208:Universal House of Justice
2835:Books critical of Judaism
2180:Latter Day Saint movement
1730:10.1017/S0020743802282124
1706:10.1080/13530199008705506
1532:10.1080/00210860208702016
611:Islamic theology regards
379:Socioeconomic development
2803:Why I Am Not a Christian
2390:Religious discrimination
1642:Matthews, Carol (2005).
1603:Johnson, Vernon (2020).
1392:12 Major World Religions
728:12 Major World Religions
538:author and missiologist
2941:Criticism of monotheism
2830:Books critical of Islam
2817:The Demon-Haunted World
2674:Anti-Christian violence
2205:Westboro Baptist Church
671:Stance on homosexuality
501:attempted Baháʼí schism
475:the unity of all people
193:Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh
169:Some Answered Questions
2261:New religious movement
1462:10.1006/reli.2000.0245
1390:Boyett, Jason (2016).
1313:A.V. (20 April 2017).
997:, pp. xxxv–xxxvi.
656:
638:Gender differentiation
580:William McElwee Miller
560:
527:
384:Progressive revelation
2991:Criticism of religion
2892:Nontheistic religions
2810:Why I Am Not a Muslim
2726:Christianity Unveiled
2190:Seventh-day Adventist
2141:Criticism of religion
2044:10.1017/9781108613446
857:, p. 158-9, 165.
744:Further information:
740:Political accusations
598:, the most prominent
514:
324:Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh
289:Letters of the Living
2936:Criticism of atheism
2768:The Blind Watchmaker
2350:Charles Taze Russell
2195:Unification movement
1588:. pp. 409–425.
762:in northern Israel.
549:Christian apologist
213:Spiritual Assemblies
198:Administrative Order
2317:Mormon sacred texts
2175:Jehovah's Witnesses
2032:Stockman, Robert H.
1877:. pp. 761–73.
1584:. Oxfordshire, UK:
1576:Stockman, Robert H.
1096:, pp. 169–171.
760:Baháʼí World Centre
592:Mírzá Muhammad ʻAlí
551:Francis J. Beckwith
2719:Breaking the Spell
2661:Sectarian violence
2570:Religious violence
2518:Oriental Orthodoxy
2375:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
2234:Twelver Shia Islam
1650:. pp. 46–49.
1335:Abdo, Lil (1995).
973:, p. 274-275.
793:William S. Hatcher
689:Capital punishment
618:Khatam an-Nabiyyin
528:
269:Hands of the Cause
129:Nineteen Day Feast
2978:
2977:
2761:The Age of Reason
2712:Atheist Manifesto
2513:Eastern Orthodoxy
2476:Jehovah's Witness
2435:post–Cold War era
2338:Religious figures
2217:Swaminarayan sect
2093:978-90-474-0746-1
2086:. Leiden: Brill.
1986:978-0-521-86251-6
1884:978-90-04-43554-4
1763:978-0-141-03546-8
1614:978-1-6453-0574-3
1595:978-1-138-36772-2
1566:978-0-7425-6234-9
1401:978-1-62315-692-3
1372:The New Believers
1132:, pp. 36–37.
724:Covenant-breakers
600:covenant-breakers
531:Unity of religion
521:star and crescent
463:
462:
336:Shrine of the Báb
109:Unity of religion
104:Unity of humanity
16:(Redirected from
3003:
2789:The God Delusion
2782:The End of Faith
2775:The Caged Virgin
2740:God Is Not Great
2134:
2127:
2120:
2111:
2105:
2073:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2002:
1990:
1966:
1954:
1940:
1888:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1824:
1812:
1799:
1767:
1741:
1709:
1685:
1661:
1638:
1628:
1618:
1599:
1570:
1551:
1514:Cole, Juan R. I.
1509:
1478:Cole, Juan R. I.
1473:
1446:Cole, Juan R. I.
1441:
1410:Cole, Juan R. I.
1405:
1386:
1362:
1340:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1300:
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1285:
1279:
1273:
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1241:
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1211:
1205:
1199:
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1154:
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1103:
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1091:
1082:
1076:
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1064:
1055:
1049:
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1037:
1028:
1022:
1013:
1007:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
928:, p. 46-47.
923:
917:
911:
900:
894:
888:
882:
873:
867:
858:
852:
846:
840:
831:
825:
717:Covenant-breaker
584:The Baha'i Faith
455:
448:
441:
425:
319:House of Worship
203:The Guardianship
162:The Hidden Words
53:
30:
21:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2929:In Christianity
2900:
2897:Parody religion
2849:
2697:
2564:
2423:Catholic Church
2384:
2333:
2295:Religious texts
2290:
2143:
2138:
2108:
2094:
2078:Warburg, Margit
2076:
2054:
2030:
2021:
2019:
2005:
1993:
1987:
1969:
1963:
1943:
1913:10.2307/1602268
1891:
1885:
1870:
1861:
1859:
1827:
1817:Miller, William
1815:
1802:
1770:
1764:
1744:
1712:
1688:
1664:
1658:
1641:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1602:
1596:
1573:
1567:
1554:
1519:Iranian Studies
1512:
1498:10.2307/3512329
1492:(32): 195–217.
1476:
1444:
1430:10.2307/1387523
1408:
1402:
1389:
1383:
1365:
1359:
1345:Ankerberg, John
1343:
1334:
1325:
1323:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1295:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1261:
1253:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1094:Garlington 2008
1092:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1031:
1023:
1016:
1008:
1001:
993:
989:
981:
977:
969:
965:
960:
956:
948:
944:
936:
932:
924:
920:
912:
903:
895:
891:
883:
876:
868:
861:
855:Garlington 2008
853:
849:
841:
834:
826:
817:
813:
768:
748:
742:
737:
735:Other criticism
719:
713:
711:Excommunication
691:
679:
673:
646:
640:
635:
609:
569:
533:
517:Christian cross
509:
459:
414:
413:
374:
366:
365:
314:
306:
305:
259:
251:
250:
226:
218:
217:
188:
180:
179:
142:
134:
133:
89:
81:
80:
61:
60:Central figures
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3009:
3007:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2983:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:Related topics
2902:
2901:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2707:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2322:Book of Mormon
2314:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2286:Zoroastrianism
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2107:
2106:
2092:
2074:
2052:
2028:
2003:
1991:
1985:
1967:
1961:
1941:
1907:(2): 307–372.
1889:
1883:
1868:
1843:(3): 187–209.
1825:
1813:
1809:Bahá'í Studies
1800:
1782:(2): 160–177.
1772:MacEoin, Denis
1768:
1762:
1746:MacEoin, Denis
1742:
1724:(2): 387–389.
1714:MacEoin, Denis
1710:
1690:MacEoin, Denis
1686:
1666:MacEoin, Denis
1662:
1656:
1639:
1619:
1613:
1600:
1594:
1571:
1565:
1552:
1526:(1): 191–196.
1510:
1474:
1456:(2): 109–125.
1442:
1424:(2): 234–248.
1406:
1400:
1387:
1381:
1367:Barrett, David
1363:
1357:
1341:
1332:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1286:
1274:
1259:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1206:
1194:
1173:
1171:, p. 115.
1161:
1149:
1147:, p. 230.
1134:
1122:
1110:
1108:, p. 117.
1098:
1083:
1071:
1069:, p. 160.
1056:
1044:
1029:
1014:
999:
987:
985:, p. 163.
975:
963:
954:
942:
930:
918:
901:
899:, p. 624.
889:
874:
872:, p. 205.
859:
847:
832:
814:
812:
809:
805:Margit Warburg
788:Baháʼí studies
767:
766:Former Baháʼís
764:
741:
738:
736:
733:
715:Main article:
712:
709:
690:
687:
675:Main article:
672:
669:
639:
636:
634:
631:
608:
605:
568:
565:
532:
529:
508:
505:
490:John Ankerberg
461:
460:
458:
457:
450:
443:
435:
432:
431:
430:
429:
416:
415:
412:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
375:
372:
371:
368:
367:
364:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
332:
331:
321:
315:
312:
311:
308:
307:
304:
303:
302:
301:
296:
291:
281:
276:
271:
266:
264:Shoghi Effendi
260:
257:
256:
253:
252:
249:
248:
243:
238:
233:
231:Baháʼí history
227:
224:
223:
220:
219:
216:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
189:
186:
185:
182:
181:
178:
177:
172:
165:
158:
151:
143:
140:
139:
136:
135:
132:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:
79:
78:
73:
68:
62:
59:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3008:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2956:Superstitions
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2530:Protestantism
2528:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2185:Protestantism
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2053:9781108613446
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2018:on 9 May 2021
2017:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1962:1-85168-184-1
1958:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:Schaefer, Udo
1890:
1886:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1869:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1829:Momen, Moojan
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1755:
1754:Penguin Books
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1648:Chelsea House
1645:
1644:New Religions
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1382:0-304-35592-5
1378:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1358:0-7369-0074-8
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1322:
1321:
1320:The Economist
1316:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:Stockman 2020
1126:
1123:
1119:
1118:Schaefer 2003
1114:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1027:, p. 46.
1026:
1025:Matthews 2005
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
988:
984:
979:
976:
972:
967:
964:
958:
955:
951:
946:
943:
939:
934:
931:
927:
926:Matthews 2005
922:
919:
915:
910:
908:
906:
902:
898:
893:
890:
886:
881:
879:
875:
871:
866:
864:
860:
856:
851:
848:
844:
843:Matthews 2005
839:
837:
833:
829:
824:
822:
820:
816:
810:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
789:
785:
784:Denis MacEoin
781:
778:
777:Baháʼí review
773:
765:
763:
761:
757:
753:
747:
739:
734:
732:
729:
725:
718:
710:
708:
706:
702:
698:
697:
696:Kitáb-i-Aqdas
688:
686:
684:
683:Western world
678:
670:
668:
665:
661:
655:
650:
645:
637:
632:
630:
626:
624:
620:
619:
614:
606:
604:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
574:
566:
564:
559:
554:
552:
547:
545:
541:
537:
530:
526:
525:Star of David
522:
518:
513:
506:
504:
502:
497:
495:
491:
486:
484:
478:
476:
472:
468:
456:
451:
449:
444:
442:
437:
436:
434:
433:
428:
424:
420:
419:
418:
417:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
376:
370:
369:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
330:
327:
326:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
310:
309:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
286:
285:
282:
280:
279:Other Baháʼís
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
255:
254:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
228:
222:
221:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
184:
183:
176:
173:
171:
170:
166:
164:
163:
159:
157:
156:
152:
150:
149:
148:Kitáb-i-Aqdas
145:
144:
141:Key scripture
138:
137:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
91:
85:
84:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
63:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
2996:Bahá'í Faith
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2583:Christianity
2560:Zorostianism
2491:Anti-Judaism
2486:Antisemitism
2430:Christianity
2408:Bahá'i Faith
2165:Christianity
2155:Baháˈí Faith
2082:
2035:
2020:. Retrieved
2016:the original
2011:
1995:Smith, Peter
1975:
1971:Smith, Peter
1950:
1945:Smith, Peter
1904:
1900:
1873:
1862:December 25,
1860:. Retrieved
1840:
1836:
1820:
1808:
1779:
1775:
1749:
1721:
1717:
1700:(1): 55–61.
1697:
1693:
1676:(1): 57–84.
1673:
1669:
1643:
1634:
1630:
1604:
1580:
1556:
1523:
1517:
1489:
1485:
1453:
1449:
1421:
1417:
1391:
1371:
1348:
1324:. Retrieved
1318:
1297:MacEoin 2013
1282:MacEoin 2002
1277:
1270:MacEoin 1990
1255:MacEoin 1986
1233:
1221:
1209:
1197:
1164:
1152:
1125:
1113:
1101:
1081:, p. 3.
1074:
1067:Johnson 2020
1047:
995:Johnson 2020
990:
978:
966:
957:
950:Stetzer 2014
945:
938:Barrett 2001
933:
921:
897:MacEoin 2010
892:
850:
797:Moojan Momen
782:
769:
749:
727:
720:
705:Udo Schaefer
694:
692:
680:
664:ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
657:
652:
647:
627:
616:
610:
583:
578:
570:
567:Christianity
561:
556:
548:
534:
498:
487:
479:
467:Baháʼí Faith
464:
373:Other topics
346:World Centre
294:Mullá Husayn
187:Institutions
167:
160:
155:Kitáb-i-Íqán
153:
146:
99:Unity of God
76:ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
43:Baháʼí Faith
2887:New Atheism
2860:Agnosticism
2665:By country
2632:Persecution
2545:Sunni Islam
2508:Neopaganism
2496:Persecution
2469:Persecution
2457:Persecution
2418:Catholicism
2355:Ellen White
2271:Scientology
2266:Neopaganism
2148:By religion
1157:Heller 2022
1145:Boyett 2016
1010:Martin 1978
983:Miller 1974
885:Osborn 2021
801:Peter Smith
701:Baháʼu'lláh
596:Mason Remey
588:Subh-i-Azal
573:E.G. Browne
515:Clockwise:
494:persecution
409:Orthography
246:Persecution
175:Other Texts
66:Baháʼu'lláh
2985:Categories
2865:Antitheism
2654:In Judaism
2550:Shia Islam
2447:Falun Gong
2256:Monotheism
2062:1173507653
2022:10 October
1657:079108096X
1306:References
1238:Cole 2002b
1226:Cole 2002a
1190:Momen 2007
1169:Smith 2000
1106:Smith 2000
971:Smith 2000
870:Smith 2008
828:Smith 2013
642:See also:
540:Ed Stetzer
519:, Islamic
404:Statistics
399:Prophecies
351:Pilgrimage
341:Síyáh-Chál
2946:Sexuality
2875:Criticism
2854:Movements
2679:In Odisha
2610:Christian
2605:Terrorism
2588:Mormonism
2535:Rastafari
2503:Mormonism
2398:Ahmadiyya
2281:Yazdânism
2239:Wahhabism
2102:234309958
2070:225389995
1937:154511808
1921:0748-0814
1738:165778379
1586:Routledge
1548:161787329
1480:(2002a).
1470:143683132
1214:Cole 2000
1202:Cole 1998
1052:Abdo 1995
1040:A.V. 2017
811:Citations
772:Juan Cole
633:Practices
623:apostates
544:syncretic
536:Christian
507:Teachings
389:Cosmology
94:Teachings
2924:In Islam
2919:Apostasy
2691:Pakistan
2649:In Islam
2578:Buddhism
2452:Hinduism
2413:Buddhism
2370:Muhammad
2229:Islamism
2212:Hinduism
2170:Catholic
2160:Buddhism
2080:(2006).
1997:(2013).
1973:(2008).
1947:(2000).
1895:(2003).
1857:55630282
1837:Religion
1831:(2007).
1819:(1974).
1796:59451071
1776:Religion
1670:Religion
1450:Religion
1412:(1998).
1369:(2001).
1326:23 April
752:the Shah
613:Muhammad
427:Category
274:Apostles
236:Timeline
124:Calendar
35:a series
33:Part of
2951:Slavery
2882:Cārvāka
2870:Atheism
2686:Nigeria
2620:Islamic
2595:Judaism
2540:Sikhism
2481:Judaism
2403:Atheism
2276:Sikhism
2251:Judaism
2246:Jainism
1929:1602268
1578:(ed.).
1540:4311442
1506:3512329
1438:1387523
756:Zionism
693:In the
615:as the
394:Symbols
299:Táhirih
225:History
71:The Báb
2966:Jewish
2961:Muslim
2625:Jewish
2555:Sufism
2329:Talmud
2312:Hadith
2100:
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594:, and
329:Qiblih
313:Places
258:People
241:Bábism
119:Prayer
88:Basics
37:on the
2914:Abuse
2703:Books
2669:India
2615:Hindu
2600:Islam
2523:Copts
2464:Islam
2442:Druze
2365:Moses
2360:Jesus
2345:Aisha
2307:Quran
2302:Bible
2224:Islam
2066:S2CID
1933:S2CID
1925:JSTOR
1853:S2CID
1792:S2CID
1734:S2CID
1627:(PDF)
1544:S2CID
1536:JSTOR
1502:JSTOR
1466:S2CID
1434:JSTOR
607:Islam
356:Haifa
284:Bábis
2380:Saul
2098:OCLC
2088:ISBN
2058:OCLC
2048:ISBN
2024:2021
1981:ISBN
1957:ISBN
1917:ISSN
1879:ISBN
1864:2016
1758:ISBN
1652:ISBN
1637:(1).
1609:ISBN
1590:ISBN
1561:ISBN
1396:ISBN
1377:ISBN
1353:ISBN
1328:2017
473:and
465:The
361:Acre
114:Laws
2644:War
2040:doi
1909:doi
1845:doi
1784:doi
1726:doi
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1678:doi
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