Christianity in the 11th century

1963:

though he promised to protect their wives and children from harm, while Jews and Muslims fought together. The siege only came to end when the city was betrayed and the Franks entered through the water-gate of the town causing the leader to flee. Once inside the city, as was standard military practice at the time, the Franks then massacred the civilians, destroyed mosques and pillaged the city. The crusaders finally marched to the walls of Jerusalem with only a fraction of their original forces. The Jews and Muslims fought together to defend Jerusalem against the invading Franks. They were unsuccessful though and on 15 July 1099 the crusaders entered the city. Again, they proceeded to massacre the remaining Jewish and Muslim civilians and pillaged or destroyed mosques and the city. One historian has written that the "isolation, alienation and fear" felt by the Franks so far from home helps to explain the atrocities they committed, including the cannibalism which was recorded after the

1587:

The dispute ended when the Pope's legate, Cardinal Humbert, excommunicated Cerularius and, in exchange, Michael excommunicated the papal legates. It was suspected by the Patriarch that the bull of excommunication, placed on the altar of Hagia Sophia, had been tampered with by Argyros, the commander of Southern Italy, who had a drawn-out controversy with Michael I Cerularius. Although this is commonly viewed as the "Great Schism", historically the event did little to change the relationship between East and West at that time. Michael himself knew that the Pope was a prisoner of the Normans at the time that Humbert arrived, and by the time Michael was excommunicated Pope Leo had already died, voiding the papal legates of authority. Moreover, Michael did not excommunicate the Pope, nor even the Western Church, but only the papal delegation.

1948: 941: 1894: 1291: 879:

marriages, a king could keep careful control of lands under the domain of his bishops. Kings would bestow bishoprics to members of noble families whose friendship he wished to secure. Furthermore, if a king left a bishopric vacant, then he collected the estates' revenues until a bishop was appointed, when in theory he was to repay the earnings. The infrequence of this repayment was an obvious source of dispute. The Church wanted to end this lay investiture because of the potential corruption, not only from vacant sees but also from other practices such as

1740: 2345: 56: 6020: 2359: 688: 6009: 2373: 2317: 814: 2331: 1426: 1413:. Soon after the fall of the Western Empire, the number of individuals who spoke both Latin and Greek began to dwindle, and communication between East and West grew much more difficult. With linguistic unity gone, cultural unity began to crumble as well. The two halves of the Church were naturally divided along similar lines; they developed different 2660:"During the decade following the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632, his followers captured three of the five 'patriarchates' of the early church – Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem – leaving only Rome and Constantinople, located at opposite ends of the Mediterranean and, eventually, also at opposite ends of the Schism of 1054" ( 912:, over investiture and ecclesiastical revenues collected by the king during an episcopal vacancy. The English dispute was resolved by the Concordat of London in 1107, where the king renounced his claim to invest bishops but continued to require an oath of fealty from them upon their election. This was a partial model for the 732: 1879:, which had resulted in the Great Schism of 1054. However, Gregory's conflict with the German emperor over the Investiture Controversy meant no crusade materialised. For Gregory's successor, Pope Urban II, a crusade would serve to reunite Christendom, bolster the Papacy, and perhaps bring the East under his control. 1372:. Though both acknowledge the primacy of the Bishop of Rome, Eastern Orthodoxy understands this as a primacy of honour with limited or no ecclesiastical authority in other dioceses. The Orthodox East perceived the Papacy as taking on monarch type characteristics that were not in line with the church's tradition. 1982:, for help defending their city from the Franks with the promise to surrender Tyre to him. When the Franks were defeated the people of Tyre did not surrender the city, but Zahir al-Din simply said "What I have done I have done only for the sake of God and the Muslims, nor out of desire for wealth and kingdom." 1932:

on 27 November 1095, combining the idea of pilgrimage to the Holy Land with that of waging a holy war against infidels. Later that year, at Clermont, Pope Urban II called upon all Christians to join a war against the Turks, promising those who died in the endeavor would receive immediate remission of

1481:

It is unlawful for any man to bring forward, or to write, or to compose a different (ἑτέραν) Faith as a rival to that established by the holy Fathers assembled with the Holy Ghost in Nicæa. But those who shall dare to compose a different faith, or to introduce or offer it to persons desiring to turn

1396:

called a common union of churches. This implied that all bishops were ontologically equal, although functionally particular bishops could be granted special privileges by other bishops and serve as metropolitans, archbishops or patriarchs. Early on, the ecclesiology of the Roman Church was universal

792:

Patriarch and to insist that he recognize the Church of Rome's claim to be the head and mother of the churches. Cerularius refused, resulting in the leader of the contingent from Rome excommunicating Cerularius and the legates in turn being excommunicated by Constantinople. Though this event, in and

1586:

The dispute about the authority of Roman bishops reached a climax in 1054, when Michael I Cerularius tried to bolster his position as the "Patriarch of Constantinople", seeming to set himself up as a rival of Pope Leo IX, as the Popes previously had forbidden calling Constantinople a patriarchate.

1123:

abbey church was an ornate formal affair dedicated to glorifying God. Together with the revived Papacy, Cluny worked for greater devotion among men in the Church. Towards the end of the 12th century, the wealth and power of Cluny was criticised by many monastics in the Church, especially those that

1654:

arrived in April 1054 and were met with a hostile reception; they stormed out of the palace, leaving the papal response with Michael, who in turn was even more angered by their actions. The patriarch refused to recognise their authority or, practically, their existence. When Pope Leo died on April

1856:

reducing raiding on the coasts of Italy and Catalonia. This long history of losing territories to a religious enemy created a powerful motive to respond to Byzantine Emperor Alexius I's call for holy war to defend Christendom and to recapture the lost lands starting with Jerusalem. The Papacy of

1669:

The legates left for Rome two days after issuing the Bull of Excommunication, leaving behind a city near riot. The patriarch had the immense support of the people against the emperor, who had supported the legates to his own detriment. To assuage popular anger, the bull was burnt, and the legates

1962:

took place shortly before the siege on Jerusalem during the first Crusade. Antioch fell to the Franks in May 1098 but not before a lengthy siege. The ruler of Antioch was not sure how the Christians living within his city would react, and he forced them to live outside the city during the siege,

878:

hereditarily passed those lands on within their family. However, because bishops had no legitimate children, when a bishop died it was the king's right to appoint a successor. So, while a king had little recourse in preventing noblemen from acquiring powerful domains via inheritance and dynastic

1221:

Many Goths converted to Christianity as individuals outside the Roman Empire. Most members of other tribes converted Christian when their respective tribes settled within the empire, and most Franks and Anglo-Saxons converted a few generations later. During the later centuries following the

1797:

to those killed in battle. Both sides of the Investiture Controversy tried to marshal public opinion in their favour creating personal engagement, awakening of intense Christian piety and public interest in religious affairs. This was strengthened by religious propaganda advocating

984:

was a disaster for the Bulgarians and the Byzantine army captured 15,000 prisoners; 99 out of every 100 was blinded and the 100th was spared one eye to guide the rest back to their homes. The Bulgarians resisted until 1018 when they finally submitted to Basil II's rule.

1645:

Michael was convinced to cool the debate and thus attempt to prevent the impending breach. However, Humbert and the Pope made no concessions and the former was sent with legatine powers to the imperial capital to solve the questions raised once and for all. Humbert,

1114:

in Burgundy, which controlled a large centralised order with over two hundred monasteries throughout Western Christendom. Cluny championed a revived Papacy during this century and encouraged stricter monastic discipline with a return to the principles of the

1482:

to the acknowledgment of the truth, whether from Heathenism or from Judaism, or from any heresy whatsoever, shall be deposed, if they be bishops or clergymen; bishops from the episcopate and clergymen from the clergy; and if they be laymen, they shall be

1029:. The monks and the ordinary priests continued to be predominantly Bulgarian. To a large extent the archbishopric preserved its national character, upheld the Slavonic liturgy, and continued its contribution to the development of Bulgarian literature. 1341:

involved in the split, but these were exacerbated by cultural and linguistic differences between Latins and Greeks. Prior to that, the Eastern and Western halves of the Church had frequently been in conflict, particularly during the periods of

1724:

of the estate would tend to the labor, while the monk was free to study. The monasteries thus attracted many of the best people in society, and during this period the monasteries were the central storehouses and producers of knowledge.

892:, which declared that the Pope alone could appoint or depose bishops or translate them to other sees. Henry IV's rejection of the decree lead to his excommunication and a ducal revolt; eventually Henry received absolution after 1695:

Violence was endemic amongst the nobility of the Middle Ages with the Church seeking to prevent ecclesiastical land and the clergy becoming involved. Clerics and peasants were granted immunity from violence by the Peace of God

924:. As a symbol of the compromise, lay authorities invested bishops with their secular authority symbolised by the lance, and ecclesiastical authorities invested bishops with their spiritual authority symbolised by the 1322:, separated the Church into Western (Latin) and Eastern (Greek) branches, i.e., Western Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. It was the first major division since certain groups in the East rejected the decrees of the 979:

This time instead of marching into the middle of the country, he annexed it bit by bit. Eventually, after denying Bulgaria of about a third of its land, the Bulgarians risked everything in one battle in 1014. The

837:, the dispute gradually weakened the Papacy, not least by drawing it into politics. In 1059 the Church attempted to control, or exact a price for, most marriages among the great by prohibiting marriages involving 574: 1054:

in the 11th. Intellectual influences from the Arabic world (including works of classical authors preserved by Islamic scholars) percolated into the Christian West via Spain, influencing such theologians as

959:

Porphyrogenitus sought to restore former territories of the Byzantine Empire. By 1000, Basil II had fought off his own nobility and defeated the Islamic threat from the east, and so led another invasion of

3905: 1074:

in the 11th century: hints of a new confidence in the intellectual investigation of the faith that perhaps foreshadowed the explosion of theological argument that was to take place in the 12th century.

1875:

although this might enhance the Papacy's standing in Europe, stem violence amongst the western nobility as the "Peace of God" movement had failed and provide leverage the claims of supremacy over the

1626:" practices of the West, namely the use of unleavened bread. The letter was to be sent by John to all the bishops of the West, including the Pope. John promptly complied, and the letter was passed to 2442: 1681:" from the original Nicene Creed. In fact, it was the opposite: the Eastern Church did not delete anything. It was the Western Church that added this phrase to the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed. 2053:

turned violently against his Christian mother and uncles (two of whom were Patriarchs). He persecuted Christians and had over thirty thousand Christian churches destroyed in the Middle East

5220: 4550: 3699: 1473:

explicitly proclaimed the equality of the Bishops of Rome and Constantinople and that it established the highest court of ecclesiastical appeal in Constantinople. The seventh canon of the

4763: 845:(kin by marriage) to the seventh degree of relationship. Under these rules, almost all great marriages required a dispensation. The rules were relaxed to the fourth degree in 1215. 2098:; Olaf II Haroldsson becomes the first king of the whole of Norway. Over the next 15 years he would organize Norway's final conversion and its integration into Christian Europe. 5255: 920:), which resolved the imperial investiture controversy with a compromise that allowed secular authorities some measure of control but granted the selection of bishops to their 1783:, but in 1039 his successor was paid a large sum by the Byzantine Empire to rebuild it. Western Christians were allowed to visit the sacred places in the Holy Land. In 1063, 1552:

of the territories of the patriarchates of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem, only two rival powerful centres of ecclesiastical authority, Constantinople and Rome, remained.

793:

of itself, was relatively insignificant (and the authority of the legates in their actions was dubious) it ultimately marked the end of any pretense of a union between the

3169: 1070:, successor to the Carolingian Empire). With hindsight, one might say that a new note was struck when a controversy about the meaning of the eucharist blew up around 564: 3915: 3662: 2834:

The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades, Extracted and translated from the chronicle of Ibn Al-Qalanisi, translated by H.A.R. Gibb (London: Luzac & Co., 1932).

718: 5723: 4846: 3474: 4182: 1330:) and was far more significant. Relations between East and West had long been embittered by political and ecclesiastical differences and theological disputes. 4197: 2012:. Initially, Muslims did very little about the Crusader states due to internal conflicts. In the Kingdom of Jerusalem at most 120,000 Franks (predominantly 4646: 1677:

In the bull of excommunication issued against Patriarch Michael by the papal legates, one of the reasons cited was the Eastern Church's deletion of the "

5679: 4219: 3323: 3033: 2993: 1720:

Rule in addition to the stability of the monasteries made such estates very productive; the general monk was then raised to a level of nobility, for the

1489:

Eastern Orthodoxy also observes that this canon of the Council of Ephesus in 431 explicitly prohibited modification of the Nicene Creed drawn up by the

2664: 5230: 3525: 849: 4691: 6049: 5182: 5134: 4641: 3948: 3561: 3953: 1397:

in nature, with the idea that the Church was a worldwide organism with a divinely (not functionally) appointed center: the Church/Bishop of Rome.

1674:. Only the legates were anathematised and, once again, there was no explicit indication that the entire Western church was being anathematised. 940: 5112: 5102: 4866: 4798: 4666: 3910: 3818: 3549: 3469: 3417: 3215: 2397: 1353:

The Orthodox East perceived the Papacy as taking on monarch type characteristics that were not in line with the church's historical tradition.

785: 674: 621: 1046:, notable theological activity was preserved in some of the Cathedral schools that had begun to rise to prominence under it – for instance at 5691: 3427: 3162: 2729: 2562: 2473: 2437: 871:). The end of lay investiture threatened to undercut the power of the empire and the ambitions of noblemen for the benefit of Church reform. 1658:

In response to Michael's refusal to address the issues at hand, the legatine mission took the extreme measure of entering the church of the

5816: 2784:

Trumpbour, John. "Crusades." In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. , edited by John L. Esposito. Oxford Islamic Studies Online,

2392: 801:

branches of the Church. Though efforts were made at reconciliation at various times, they remained divided, either claiming to be the true

596: 969: 829:

between emperor and Pope over the right to make church appointments. The Papacy were the initial victors, but as Italians divided between

2489:

Prinzing, Günter (2012). "The autocephalous Byzantine ecclesiastical province of Bulgaria/Ohrid. How independent were its archbishops?".

5854: 4399: 2636: 1893: 1388:

constituted the whole Church. In this view called Eucharistic ecclesiology (or more recently holographic ecclesiology), every bishop is

1384:. The Eastern Churches maintained the idea that every local city-church with its bishop, presbyters, deacons and people celebrating the 1307: 1279: 822: 559: 6054: 3997: 3900: 1302:

lay at the heart of one of the theological disputes associated with the East-West Schism. (Illustration, 879-882 AD, from manuscript,

711: 2621:, not the creed as modified by the second Ecumenical Council, and so does not have additions such as "who proceeds from the Father" ( 5740: 4839: 2964: 2949: 2934: 2919: 2823: 2806: 2757: 2524: 4636: 1250:

and a few other eastern groups) gradually became strongly allied with the Western Church, particularly as a result of the reign of

6044: 5984: 4414: 4313: 3772: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3250: 3155: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3083: 3020: 3006: 1631: 754: 631: 23: 19: 5251: 5149: 5117: 4499: 4229: 3968: 3925: 3808: 3798: 3608: 3571: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3210: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 1494: 1154: 366: 29: 5943: 5192: 5107: 4813: 4781: 4608: 4527: 4204: 3958: 3728: 3644: 3535: 2432: 2422: 1001: 989: 569: 514: 1290: 5750: 5072: 4803: 4793: 4214: 4012: 3982: 3823: 3674: 3627: 3365: 2407: 2402: 842: 704: 275: 229: 197: 5755: 4832: 3992: 2198: 2085: 1780: 860: 2610: 2574: 900:, though the revolt and conflict of investiture continued. Likewise, a similar controversy occurred in England between 5826: 5607: 5469: 4356: 4002: 3987: 3973: 3880: 3870: 3360: 1876: 504: 207: 2220: 1787:

had given his blessing to Iberian Christians in their wars against the Muslims, granting both a papal standard, the

1504:

In the Orthodox view, the Bishop of Rome (i.e. the Pope) would have universal primacy in a reunited Christendom, as

5936: 5898: 5385: 4007: 3875: 3679: 2772:

Arab Historians of the Crusades, trans. F. Gabrieli, trans. E. J. Costello. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984.

1918: 1612: 1596:. The relations between the Papacy and the Byzantine court were good in the years leading up to 1054. The emperor 5979: 5969: 5931: 5686: 5496: 5464: 5418: 5395: 4786: 4269: 3733: 3623: 2263: 1811: 1295: 1210: 976:

but parts of the country had remained outside Byzantine control under the leadership of Samuel and his brothers.

758: 601: 554: 544: 399: 239: 202: 2843:"Crusades" In The Islamic World: past and Present. , edited by John L. Esposito. Oxford Islamic Studies Online, 5959: 5864: 5859: 5674: 5639: 5565: 5521: 5516: 5318: 5139: 4984: 4881: 4876: 4808: 4776: 4671: 4351: 4164: 3657: 3593: 2618: 2427: 2251: 1474: 1142: 909: 669: 616: 996:

by downgrading the Bulgarian patriarchate to the rank of the archbishopric. The now archbishopric remained an

2617:. The creed quoted in the Acts of the Council of Ephesus (the Third Ecumenical Council) is that of the first 1708:

developed. The wealthy lords and nobles would give the monasteries estates in exchange for the conduction of

1577:(both monastic and parish), as opposed to the Eastern discipline whereby parish priests could be married men. 1197:. Migrations of peoples, although not strictly part of the 'Migration Age', continued beyond 1000, marked by 5644: 5378: 5283: 5172: 5122: 4979: 4910: 4896: 4871: 4019: 3895: 3777: 3576: 3178: 2989: 2661: 2387: 2194: 2148: 2095: 2005: 1713: 1627: 1497:

in 381. Thus to change "who proceeds from the Father" to "who proceeds from the Father and the Son" (Latin "

1490: 1438: 1271: 1243: 1120: 830: 826: 794: 679: 636: 411: 260: 1449:

The primary causes of the Schism were disputes over conflicting claims of jurisdiction, in particular over

55: 5964: 5555: 5413: 5355: 5246: 5225: 4990: 4739: 4626: 4244: 3865: 3786: 3194: 1906: 1690: 1549: 993: 961: 549: 361: 244: 1975: 6023: 5622: 5313: 5157: 5060: 5015: 4944: 4734: 4676: 4567: 4562: 4440: 4434: 4234: 3782: 3747: 3652: 3566: 3348: 2074: 2050: 2038: 1807: 1776: 1360:

of Constantinople, followed by his excommunication of papal legates. Both groups are descended from the

1235: 499: 305: 290: 214: 103: 68: 39: 5167: 3860: 750: 325: 5844: 5794: 5779: 5656: 5365: 5265: 5215: 5210: 5127: 5055: 4724: 4681: 4631: 4419: 4371: 4366: 4341: 4177: 4131: 4034: 4024: 3853: 3704: 3618: 3390: 3380: 3343: 2247: 2214: 2173: 2104: 1997: 1651: 1470: 1393: 1365: 1323: 973: 905: 98: 687: 6013: 5989: 5974: 5893: 5883: 5869: 5849: 5839: 5809: 5789: 5718: 5449: 5278: 5205: 5035: 4964: 4891: 4748: 4729: 4557: 4469: 4464: 4391: 4192: 4109: 4084: 3963: 3943: 3890: 3791: 3689: 3586: 3554: 3498: 2322: 2277: 2234: 2159: 2081: 1929: 1914: 1902: 1888: 1751: 1743: 1082: 1056: 925: 875: 692: 651: 406: 378: 320: 265: 187: 2726: 5888: 5834: 5745: 5735: 5526: 5441: 5390: 5000: 4696: 4446: 4376: 4293: 4281: 4258: 4054: 3828: 3669: 3613: 3603: 3405: 3189: 2378: 2350: 2122: 1921: 1867: 1862: 1655:

19, 1054, the legates' authority legally ceased, but they effectively ignored this technicality.

1506: 1357: 1327: 1263: 1043: 981: 913: 901: 857: 781: 431: 424: 315: 310: 295: 180: 108: 3767: 2057: 1947: 2016:-speaking Western Christians) ruled over 350,000 Muslims, Jews, and native Eastern Christians. 1590:

Most of the direct causes of the Great Schism, however, are far less grandiose than the famous

992:

of the Bulgarian state in 1018, Basil II, to underscore the Byzantine victory, established the

5925: 5804: 5710: 5634: 5533: 5506: 5425: 5373: 5328: 5082: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5030: 5020: 4969: 4621: 4540: 4535: 4489: 4484: 4429: 4298: 4094: 3479: 3400: 3338: 2960: 2945: 2930: 2915: 2819: 2802: 2753: 2558: 2520: 2498: 2469: 2202: 2183: 2177: 2111: 2063: 2041:

execute a treaty guaranteeing the protection of Christian pilgrimage routes in the Middle East

2009: 1784: 1747: 1574: 1414: 1088: 1071: 1067: 656: 626: 606: 539: 489: 417: 234: 93: 83: 2640: 2598:

Aristeides Papadakis The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy, SVS Press, NY, 1994 p.14)

2233:

founded in Jerusalem by merchants from Amalfi and Salerno - serves as the foundation for the

1559:

practices in the West that the East believed represented illegitimate innovation: the use of

5669: 5511: 5486: 5065: 5025: 4381: 4321: 3709: 3694: 3395: 3375: 3370: 3353: 3333: 2861: 2412: 2190: 2163: 2144: 2134: 2118: 2001: 1959: 1858: 1768: 1739: 1608: 1560: 1315: 1202: 1166: 1116: 1005: 965: 864: 802: 641: 534: 285: 157: 88: 1638:

and brought it to the Pope, who ordered a reply to be made to each charge and a defence of

1106:

One of the major developments in monasticism during the 11th century was the height of the

5878: 5784: 5575: 5273: 4754: 4656: 4594: 4336: 4287: 3833: 3488: 2745: 2733: 2668: 2614: 2344: 2240: 2138: 2126: 2013: 1991: 1964: 1952: 1836:

conquered Calabria in 1057 and held traditionally Byzantine territory from the Muslims of

1833: 1663: 1647: 1639: 1619: 1462: 1450: 1334: 1170: 1107: 1025:) was a Bulgarian, his successors, as well as the whole higher clergy, were selected from 893: 853: 479: 388: 1165:

Scandinavia was the last part of Germanic Europe to convert and most resistant. From the

1128:, who devoted themselves with much greater rigor to manual labour and severe austerity. 833:

in factions that were often passed down through families or states until the end of the

5874: 5774: 5570: 5459: 5405: 5343: 5323: 5077: 4918: 4758: 4744: 4719: 4714: 4505: 4479: 4409: 4224: 4126: 4121: 4104: 4044: 3938: 3885: 3714: 3634: 3483: 2868:, ed. James M. Powell, Princeton University Press, 1990. Kedar quotes his numbers from 2550: 2336: 2152: 1803: 1763:

Until the Islamic conquests of the 7th and 8th centuries the Holy Land was part of the

1709: 1597: 1410: 1351: 1347: 1206: 1194: 1160: 1004:. However, while the archbishopric was completely independent in any other aspect, its 921: 888: 777: 525: 484: 464: 335: 300: 152: 73: 1469:

by the Western patriarch in 1014. Eastern Orthodoxy states that the 28th Canon of the

848:

The Investiture Controversy, or Lay investiture controversy, was the most significant

6038: 5799: 5730: 5580: 5288: 4928: 4923: 4661: 4598: 4587: 4474: 4361: 4264: 4252: 4116: 4089: 4079: 4029: 3762: 3508: 3328: 2869: 2273: 1971: 1942: 1829: 1483: 1430: 1267: 1247: 1174: 1022: 997: 838: 769: 438: 345: 142: 137: 2077:

destroys the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, built over the tomb of Jesus in Jerusalem

5612: 5560: 5491: 5481: 5162: 5094: 4959: 4855: 4686: 4616: 4494: 4303: 4274: 4141: 3838: 3581: 3540: 2364: 1996:

After gaining control of Jerusalem the Crusaders created four Crusader states: the

1925: 1764: 1659: 1531: 1466: 1442: 1381: 1361: 1299: 1223: 1182: 1009: 1008:

was selected by the emperor from a list of three candidates submitted by the local

798: 394: 167: 47: 2578: 1905:(1095), where he preached an impassioned sermon to take back the Holy Land; later 874:

Bishops collected revenues from estates attached to their bishopric. Noblemen who

2463: 5914: 5664: 5627: 5476: 5333: 5303: 5200: 4326: 4187: 4158: 4099: 4074: 4069: 3933: 3848: 3742: 3723: 3432: 2417: 2299: 2289: 2210: 1824: 1601: 1501:" added) is rejected by the Orthodox both as illicit and doctrinally incorrect. 1454: 1389: 1251: 1186: 1178: 1125: 1111: 868: 834: 765: 509: 469: 454: 340: 280: 224: 2977: 2372: 5762: 5501: 5298: 4954: 4886: 4706: 4456: 4404: 4209: 4039: 3684: 3513: 3457: 3452: 2844: 2785: 2312: 2295: 2045: 1794: 1712:

for the soul of a deceased loved one. Though this was likely not the original

1343: 945: 449: 2502: 1615:, who had spent years in Constantinople, originally as a political prisoner. 6008: 5919: 5767: 5602: 5592: 5585: 5543: 5538: 5338: 5293: 4701: 4651: 4577: 4572: 4346: 4331: 4059: 4049: 3752: 3738: 3462: 2607: 2316: 2285: 2099: 1849: 1623: 1564: 1458: 1385: 1369: 1275: 1239: 1026: 1014: 789: 611: 474: 444: 731: 3147: 2957:

The Christian Tradition: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100-600)

813: 5308: 5177: 4545: 4424: 4064: 3757: 3503: 3493: 3447: 3442: 3437: 2269: 2034: 1979: 1898: 1872: 1799: 1772: 1734: 1717: 1705: 1678: 1671: 1605: 1592: 1523: 1498: 1094: 1064: 1060: 1051: 956: 459: 330: 1425: 5617: 5597: 5454: 5348: 4582: 4512: 4172: 4136: 2281: 2167: 2067: 1853: 1568: 1556: 1538: 1227: 1047: 929: 494: 219: 192: 2856:

Benjamin Z. Kedar, "The Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant", in

1802:

in order to recover control of the holy places in Jerusalem where the

1141:

The spread of Christianity was reversed temporarily in Poland, as the

3598: 3518: 3385: 2224: 2206: 2130: 2091: 1837: 1815: 1542: 1434: 1392:'s successor in his church ("the Church") and the churches form what 1198: 897: 880: 646: 147: 2717:

ed. Jonathan Riley-Smith (New York:Oxford University Press,1999) 157

1545:

over whether Rome or Constantinople had ecclesiastical jurisdiction.

1356:

The "official" schism in 1054 was the excommunication of Patriarch

5550: 5010: 4949: 4906: 4146: 1946: 1892: 1845: 1819: 1738: 1635: 1527: 1424: 1406: 1190: 1119:. Cluny Abbey promoted art and literature, and the liturgy at the 1018:

issued in 1020 Basil II gave extensive privileges to the new see.

939: 812: 730: 162: 124: 2818:"Les Croisades, origines et consequences", p.62, Claude Lebedel, 3843: 1841: 1721: 1338: 1231: 773: 4828: 4824: 3151: 1928:. Urban II called for support from the Western nobility at the 1380:

At the root of what became the Great Schism is the question of

2056:

1008 - Sigfrid (or Sigurd), English missionary, baptizes King

1213:, also had significant effects, especially in eastern Europe. 1145:

saw many churches and monasteries burned, and priests killed.

2780: 2778: 2443:

Chronological list of saints and blesseds in the 11th century

2107:, considered victory of Christianity over Norwegian Paganism 2044:

1003 - The Hungarian king sends evangelists to Transylvania

1951:

A map of the routes of the major leaders of the crusade, in

1974:

but were defeated by the Muslims. The people of Tyre asked

1865:

had justified the use of force in the service of Christ in

2575:"Orthodox Church in the Philippines - East-West Schism 01" 1861:

struggled with the doctrinal validity of holy war. Saint

1700:), fighting was banned on holy days by the Truce of God ( 1368:

of each other's bishops and the validity of each other's

2094:

is said to have been "comprehensively" converted to the

1970:

The Crusaders also tried to gain control of the city of

1059:, who went on to become Pope Sylvester II and mentor to 856:. It began as a dispute in the 11th century between the 2752:. Alfred A. Knopf; Reissue edition. (August 1978) 279. 2639:. Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. Archived from 948:

pursuing the fleeing Bulgarian heavy cavalry, from the

4764:

Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America

2462:

Talbot, Alice-Mary; Sullivan, Dennis F., eds. (2005).

1924:

called for help with defending his empire against the

764:

In 1054, following the death of the Patriarch of Rome

2876:, tr. G. Nahon, Paris, 1969, vol. 1, pp.498, 568-572. 1417:

and had different approaches to religious doctrines.

817:

Henry IV at the gate of Canossa, by August von Heyden

5952: 5907: 5825: 5709: 5700: 5655: 5440: 5404: 5364: 5264: 5245: 5191: 5148: 5093: 4999: 4978: 4937: 4905: 4607: 4526: 4455: 4390: 4312: 4243: 4157: 3924: 3807: 3643: 3534: 3416: 3314: 3203: 2864:, Blackwell, 2002, p.244. Originally published in 1852:were all actively fighting Islamic strongholds in 1226:, as the Roman Church gradually split between the 2898:, Orthodox Research Institute Press, 2004, p. 426 1618:Cerularius ordered a letter to be written to the 2768: 2766: 2694: 2692: 2608:Extracts from the Acts of the Council of Ephesus 1662:during the divine liturgy and placing a Bull of 1457:claimed he held authority over the four Eastern 1828:was not the only European/Muslim conflict. The 1173:were gradually converted to Christianity under 565:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 2713:Denys Pringle "Architecture in Latin East" in 2294:1098 Foundation of the reforming monastery of 1246:, most of the Germanic peoples (excepting the 1063:. (Otto was the fourth ruler of the Germanic 821:The first major phase of the struggle between 5724:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches 5423: 4840: 3163: 2750:A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th century 2538:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 2468:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. p. 3. 712: 8: 2896:Adventures in the Unseen: The Silent Witness 2845:http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article 2786:http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article 2557:London, St. Vladimir's Seminary Press 1995 2519:. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2001. 1788: 5706: 5261: 4996: 4847: 4833: 4825: 4240: 3170: 3156: 3148: 2985: 753:of the Church, which formally divided the 719: 705: 374: 54: 34: 2801:New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. 1604:were allied through the mediation of the 1124:broke from the Cluniac order to form the 1021:Although the first appointed archbishop ( 964:. Bulgaria had been partly subjugated by 896:barefoot in Alpine snow and cloaked in a 735:Medallion of Christ from Constantinople, 1289: 28:For broader coverage of this topic, see 4588:Fostering of early experimental science 2454: 524: 377: 46: 4692:Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy 2959:. University of Chicago Press (1975). 2874:Histoire du royaume latin de Jérusalem 2398:History of the Eastern Orthodox Church 1518:Many other issues increased tensions. 1443:Niceno–Constantinopolitan Creed of 381 1405:The dominant language of the West was 1270:(self-governing), and its catholicos ( 867:concerning who would appoint bishops ( 850:conflict between secular and religious 2944:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing (2000). 2438:Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church 1333:There were doctrinal issues like the 1042:With the division and decline of the 1038:Western theology before Scholasticism 7: 2858:The Crusades: The Essential Readings 2540:. New York: Oxford University Press. 2393:History of the Roman Catholic Church 2866:Muslims Under Latin Rule, 1100–1300 1522:The Western Church's insertion of " 1280:Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia 1278:and obtained the official title of 1262:In 1010, the church in the unified 823:Church and state in medieval Europe 772:(representatives of the Pope) from 759:Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) 560:Members Church of God International 2799:The Oxford History of the Crusades 2715:The Oxford History of the Crusades 2683:The Normans in the South 1016–1130 2231:Hospital of Saint John the Baptist 14: 2262:), a landmark exploration of the 2070:where he had gone as a missionary 1634:, who translated the letter into 1181:noblemen extended their power to 6019: 6018: 6007: 5135:State church of the Roman Empire 2942:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible 2371: 2357: 2343: 2329: 2315: 1632:cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida 1308:Bibliothèque nationale de France 755:State church of the Roman Empire 747:Christianity in the 11th century 686: 24:Christianity in the 12th century 20:Christianity in the 10th century 6050:Christianity in the Middle Ages 5118:First seven ecumenical councils 1510:without power of jurisdiction. 1155:Christianization of Scandinavia 30:Christianity of the Middle Ages 5985:Relations with other religions 5391:Church of the East (Nestorian) 5386:Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite) 4551:Separation of church and state 4220:Formal and material principles 4205:Separation of church and state 2433:Timeline of Christian missions 2423:German Pilgrimage of 1064-1065 1897:15th-century painting of Pope 1642:to be laid out in a response. 1582:Mutual excommunication of 1054 1575:Celibacy among Western priests 1461:and over the insertion of the 1409:, whilst that of the East was 1274:) was elevated to the rank of 1002:Patriarchate of Constantinople 936:Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria 570:The New Church (Swedenborgian) 515:Nondenominational Christianity 1: 4215:Hymnody of continental Europe 3366:Apostles in the New Testament 2980:The Seven Ecumenical Councils 2847:(accessed February 17, 2008). 2788:(accessed February 17, 2008). 2465:The History of Leo the Deacon 2408:History of Oriental Orthodoxy 2403:History of Christian theology 2298:, leads to the growth of the 1304:Homilies of Gregory Nazianzus 1238:and those loyal to the other 736: 2199:Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor 2137:resigned, council appointed 2086:Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor 1781:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 886:Pope Gregory VII issued the 575:Unitarians and Universalists 5692:Views on poverty and wealth 3663:Eastern Orthodox opposition 2940:Freedman, David Noel (Ed). 1877:Patriarch of Constantinople 1493:in 325 and modified by the 786:Patriarch of Constantinople 749:is marked primarily by the 6071: 5937:World Evangelical Alliance 5899:Traditionalist Catholicism 3680:Art patronage of Julius II 2999: 2988: 2927:From Jesus to Christianity 2536:Cross, F. L., ed. (2005). 1989: 1940: 1886: 1732: 1688: 1622:in which he attacked the " 1158: 1152: 1000:church, separate from the 27: 17: 6055:11th-century Christianity 6002: 5932:World Council of Churches 5424: 5419:Latter Day Saint movement 4862: 4772: 4183:Calvinist–Arminian debate 3185: 2912:The Early Christian World 2699:Norwich, John J. (1992). 2681:Norwich, John J. (1967). 1840:. The maritime states of 1495:second Ecumenical Council 1337:and the authority of the 1296:Second Ecumenical Council 1078:Notable authors include: 5960:Anti-Christian sentiment 5140:Christian biblical canon 4672:Christian existentialism 2929:. HarperCollins (2004). 2428:Timeline of Christianity 2252:Archbishop of Canterbury 2221:Stanislaus of Szczepanów 2114:, Benedictine evangelist 1937:First Crusade, 1095–1099 1716:, the efficiency of his 1514:Other points of conflict 1143:pagan reaction in Poland 910:Archbishop of Canterbury 6045:Christianity by century 6014:Christianity portal 5173:Investiture Controversy 3179:History of Christianity 2990:History of Christianity 2955:Pelikan, Jaroslav Jan. 2797:Riley-Smith, Jonathan. 2662:Encyclopædia Britannica 2388:History of Christianity 2195:Investiture Controversy 2162:, defeated in war with 2147:split between Eastern ( 2033:1001 Byzantine emperor 2006:Principality of Antioch 1907:manuscript illumination 1628:Humbert of Mourmoutiers 1491:First Council of Nicaea 1439:First Council of Nicaea 1431:the Emperor Constantine 1364:, both acknowledge the 1298:whose additions to the 1177:leadership. German and 894:dramatic public penance 831:Guelphs and Ghibellines 827:Investiture Controversy 809:Investiture Controversy 5965:Christian universalism 5356:Western Rite Orthodoxy 5201:Protestant Reformation 4740:Fourth Great Awakening 4627:Second Great Awakening 3866:Fall of Constantinople 3658:Development of primacy 2894:Tillyrides, Makarios. 2736:, Medieval Sourcebook. 1955: 1917:, ambassadors sent by 1910: 1789: 1755: 1691:Peace and Truce of God 1541:, Southern Italy, and 1446: 1311: 1169:, the territories of 1132:Spread of Christianity 1050:in the 9th century or 994:Archbishopric of Ohrid 952: 818: 743: 5623:Anointing of the Sick 4735:Reformed epistemology 4677:Third Great Awakening 4647:Seventh-day Adventist 4568:First Great Awakening 4441:Book of Common Prayer 4235:Protestant work ethic 3778:Independent Catholics 3729:Monastery dissolution 2701:Byzantium, The Apogee 2155:) churches formalized 2149:Orthodox Christianity 2075:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 2051:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 2039:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 2025:11th century Timeline 1950: 1913:In March 1095 at the 1896: 1790:vexillum sancti Petri 1777:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 1742: 1704:) and the concept of 1666:(1054) on the altar. 1648:Frederick of Lorraine 1428: 1300:original Nicene Creed 1293: 1110:, which centred upon 946:Byzantine cataphracts 943: 816: 734: 5944:Nondenominationalism 5817:Role in civilization 5284:Independent Catholic 5226:Relations with Islam 5206:Catholic Reformation 4558:Edicts of toleration 4367:Three Forms of Unity 4132:Bohemian Reformation 3705:Catholic Reformation 3562:Roman state religion 3381:Council of Jerusalem 2914:. Routledge (2004). 2517:Medieval Monasticism 2491:Bulgaria Mediaevalis 2215:Antipope Clement III 2174:Antipope Honorius II 2105:Battle of Stiklestad 1998:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1771:. In 1009, when the 1754:during the Crusades. 1652:Archbishop of Amalfi 1471:Council of Chalcedon 1401:Language and culture 1366:apostolic succession 1324:Council of Chalcedon 974:Svyatoslav I of Kiev 412:Independent Catholic 5990:Unlimited atonement 5975:Cultural Christians 5414:Jehovah's Witnesses 5036:Sermon on the Mount 4965:Christian tradition 4892:Lists of Christians 4730:Liberation theology 4637:Jehovah's Witnesses 4470:Radical Reformation 4198:Resistance theories 4085:Christian mysticism 4080:Early Scholasticism 3792:Ecclesial community 3690:Counter-Reformation 3555:Constantinian shift 2925:White, L. Michael. 2727:Fulcher of Chartres 2703:. pp. 320–321. 2555:The Orthodox Church 2323:Christianity portal 2278:Council of Clermont 2235:Knights Hospitaller 2160:Antipope Benedict X 2082:Antipope Gregory VI 2037:and Fatimid Caliph 1976:Zahir al-Din Atabek 1930:Council of Clermont 1915:Council of Piacenza 1903:Council of Clermont 1889:Council of Clermont 1883:Council of Clermont 1752:Knights Hospitaller 1744:Krak des Chevaliers 1567:, for example (see 1548:As a result of the 1083:Fulbert of Chartres 1057:Gerbert of Aurillac 693:Christianity portal 550:Jehovah's Witnesses 230:History of theology 5835:Crusading movement 5103:Ante-Nicene period 4804:Oriental Orthodoxy 4447:King James Version 4259:Ninety-five Theses 4055:Apostolic Brethren 3829:Church of the East 3824:Oriental Orthodoxy 3670:Crusading movement 3190:Early Christianity 2732:2009-08-30 at the 2667:2008-06-04 at the 2635:Emmanuel Clapsis. 2619:Ecumenical Council 2613:2017-09-10 at the 2379:Catholicism portal 2351:Middle Ages portal 2272:, first called by 2260:Why God Became Man 2223:, patron saint of 2123:Pope Sylvester III 1956: 1911: 1871:, and a Christian 1863:Augustine of Hippo 1756: 1714:intent of Benedict 1507:primus inter pares 1475:Council of Ephesus 1447: 1441:(325) holding the 1358:Michael Cerularius 1328:Oriental Orthodoxy 1312: 1264:Kingdom of Georgia 1044:Carolingian Empire 982:Battle of Kleidion 953: 914:Concordat of Worms 858:Holy Roman Emperor 825:was marked by the 819: 782:Michael Cerularius 744: 432:Church of the East 296:Early Christianity 6032: 6031: 5998: 5997: 5926:Charta Oecumenica 5436: 5435: 5426:Iglesia ni Cristo 5241: 5240: 5221:French Revolution 5211:Thirty Years' War 5083:Apostolic fathers 5051:Great Commandment 4822: 4821: 4799:Eastern Orthodoxy 4667:Finnish Awakening 4622:Holiness movement 4563:Congregationalism 4522: 4521: 4382:Metrical psalters 3819:Eastern Orthodoxy 3763:Neo-Scholasticism 3470:Canon development 3371:Jewish Christians 3146: 3145: 3028: 3027: 2910:Esler, Philip F. 2563:978-0-913836-58-3 2475:978-0-88402-324-1 2284:to reconquer the 2203:Clerical celibacy 2184:Westminster Abbey 2178:Pope Alexander II 2131:buying the Papacy 2112:Sigfrid of Sweden 2064:Bruno of Querfurt 2049:1004-1014 Caliph 2010:County of Tripoli 1919:Byzantine Emperor 1785:Pope Alexander II 1748:County of Tripoli 1746:was built in the 1433:(centre) and the 1232:Patriarch of Rome 1089:Berengar of Tours 1072:Berengar of Tours 1068:Holy Roman Empire 990:final subjugation 918:Pactum Calixtinum 729: 728: 582: 581: 555:Latter Day Saints 540:Iglesia ni Cristo 505:United Protestant 490:Plymouth Brethren 425:Oriental Orthodox 6062: 6022: 6021: 6012: 6011: 5855:Environmentalism 5805:Church buildings 5707: 5522:Eastern Orthodox 5517:Eastern Catholic 5429: 5428: 5396:Eastern Catholic 5374:Eastern Orthodox 5262: 5183:Age of Discovery 5168:East–West Schism 5066:Great Commission 4997: 4849: 4842: 4835: 4826: 4241: 3628:Non-Chalcedonian 3609:Constantinople I 3401:General epistles 3396:Pauline epistles 3376:Paul the Apostle 3354:Great Commission 3172: 3165: 3158: 3149: 3023:the 12th century 3009:the 10th century 3001: 3000: 2986: 2899: 2892: 2886: 2883: 2877: 2862:Thomas F. Madden 2854: 2848: 2841: 2835: 2832: 2826: 2816: 2810: 2795: 2789: 2782: 2773: 2770: 2761: 2746:Tuchman, Barbara 2743: 2737: 2724: 2718: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2696: 2687: 2686: 2678: 2672: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2648: 2632: 2626: 2605: 2599: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2586: 2577:. Archived from 2571: 2565: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2533: 2527: 2515:Lawrence, C. H. 2513: 2507: 2506: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2459: 2413:Christianization 2381: 2376: 2375: 2367: 2362: 2361: 2360: 2353: 2348: 2347: 2339: 2334: 2333: 2332: 2325: 2320: 2319: 2191:Pope Gregory VII 2164:Pope Nicholas II 2145:East-West Schism 2135:Pope Benedict IX 2119:Council of Sutri 2002:County of Edessa 1978:, the leader of 1960:Siege of Antioch 1859:Pope Gregory VII 1822:took place. The 1792: 1769:Byzantine Empire 1609:catepan of Italy 1561:unleavened bread 1550:Muslim conquests 1537:Disputes in the 1316:East-West Schism 1286:East-West Schism 1211:Mongol invasions 1167:High Middle Ages 1117:Benedictine Rule 966:John I Tzimiskes 950:Madrid Skylitzes 922:cathedral canons 865:Pope Gregory VII 841:(blood kin) and 803:Christian Church 741: 738: 721: 714: 707: 690: 535:Christadelphians 465:Free Evangelical 418:Eastern Orthodox 375: 326:East–West Schism 58: 35: 6070: 6069: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6060: 6059: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6006: 5994: 5948: 5903: 5821: 5702: 5696: 5651: 5576:One true church 5432: 5400: 5360: 5249: 5237: 5187: 5144: 5089: 5016:in Christianity 5002: 4988: 4982: 4974: 4933: 4909: 4901: 4858: 4853: 4823: 4818: 4768: 4755:Christian right 4657:Oxford Movement 4632:Restorationists 4603: 4518: 4451: 4386: 4337:Presbyterianism 4308: 4288:Book of Concord 4239: 4163: 4161: 4153: 3920: 3810: 3803: 3639: 3538: 3530: 3489:Clement of Rome 3419: 3412: 3316: 3310: 3199: 3181: 3176: 3022: 3021:Christianity in 3019: 3014: 3008: 3007:Christianity in 3005: 2994:The Middle Ages 2974: 2907: 2905:Further reading 2902: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2855: 2851: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2817: 2813: 2796: 2792: 2783: 2776: 2771: 2764: 2744: 2740: 2734:Wayback Machine 2725: 2721: 2712: 2708: 2698: 2697: 2690: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2669:Wayback Machine 2659: 2655: 2646: 2644: 2637:"Papal primacy" 2634: 2633: 2629: 2615:Wayback Machine 2606: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2584: 2582: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2549: 2545: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2514: 2510: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2476: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2377: 2370: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2349: 2342: 2335: 2330: 2328: 2321: 2314: 2311: 2306: 2305: 2241:Engelberg Abbey 2201:, proponent of 2151:) and Western ( 2139:Pope Clement II 2127:Pope Gregory VI 2066:is beheaded in 2029: 2026: 2022: 1994: 1992:Crusader states 1988: 1965:Siege of Maarat 1945: 1939: 1891: 1885: 1868:The City of God 1834:Robert Guiscard 1761: 1737: 1731: 1693: 1687: 1664:Excommunication 1640:papal supremacy 1620:bishop of Trani 1584: 1530:version of the 1516: 1463:Filioque clause 1451:papal authority 1429:Icon depicting 1423: 1421:Papal Supremacy 1403: 1378: 1335:filioque clause 1288: 1260: 1219: 1171:Northern Europe 1163: 1157: 1151: 1139: 1134: 1108:Cluniac reforms 1104: 1040: 1035: 938: 854:medieval Europe 811: 788:, the title of 784:, the reigning 739: 725: 662: 661: 632:Other religions 592: 584: 583: 372: 371: 351: 350: 271: 270: 250: 249: 183: 173: 172: 133: 132: 114: 113: 79: 78: 33: 26: 12: 11: 5: 6068: 6066: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6037: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6026: 6016: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5917: 5911: 5909: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5872: 5867: 5865:Fundamentalism 5862: 5860:Existentialism 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5831: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5751:God the Father 5748: 5743: 5738: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5715: 5713: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5672: 5667: 5661: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5637: 5632: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5590: 5589: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5571:Body of Christ 5568: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5547: 5546: 5536: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5473: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5446: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5421: 5416: 5410: 5408: 5406:Restorationist 5402: 5401: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5370: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5270: 5268: 5259: 5243: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5197: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5154: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5115: 5110: 5108:Late antiquity 5105: 5099: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5078:Church fathers 5075: 5070: 5069: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5007: 5005: 4994: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4941: 4939: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4915: 4913: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4863: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4844: 4837: 4829: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4784: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4752: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4720:Pentecostalism 4717: 4715:Jesus movement 4712: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4613: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4601: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4554: 4553: 4543: 4538: 4532: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4509: 4506:Martyrs Mirror 4502: 4497: 4492: 4490:Martyrs' Synod 4487: 4482: 4480:Swiss Brethren 4477: 4472: 4467: 4461: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4449: 4444: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4396: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4318: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4284: 4279: 4278: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4249: 4247: 4238: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4225:Law and Gospel 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4169: 4167: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4150: 4149: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4113: 4112: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4016: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3980: 3979: 3978: 3977: 3976: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3930: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3906:Ottoman Empire 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3857: 3856: 3851: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3815: 3813: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3801: 3796: 3795: 3794: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3720: 3719: 3718: 3717: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3666: 3665: 3660: 3649: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3637: 3635:Biblical canon 3632: 3631: 3630: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3558: 3557: 3546: 3544: 3536:Late antiquity 3532: 3531: 3529: 3528: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3484:Church Fathers 3477: 3472: 3467: 3466: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3424: 3422: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3410: 3409: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3357: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3326: 3320: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3197: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3177: 3175: 3174: 3167: 3160: 3152: 3144: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3016: 3011: 2997: 2996: 2984: 2983: 2973: 2972:External links 2970: 2969: 2968: 2953: 2938: 2923: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2900: 2887: 2878: 2849: 2836: 2827: 2811: 2790: 2774: 2762: 2738: 2719: 2706: 2688: 2685:. p. 102. 2673: 2653: 2627: 2600: 2591: 2566: 2551:Kallistos Ware 2543: 2528: 2508: 2481: 2474: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2382: 2368: 2354: 2340: 2337:History portal 2326: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2292: 2266: 2244: 2243:of Switzerland 2237: 2227: 2217: 2205:, opponent of 2187: 2180: 2170: 2156: 2153:Roman Catholic 2141: 2133:and resigned, 2115: 2108: 2101: 2096:Orthodox faith 2088: 2078: 2071: 2060: 2058:Olof of Sweden 2054: 2047: 2042: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2021: 2018: 1990:Main article: 1987: 1984: 1941:Main article: 1938: 1935: 1887:Main article: 1884: 1881: 1779:destroyed the 1760: 1757: 1733:Main article: 1730: 1727: 1689:Main article: 1686: 1683: 1598:Constantine IX 1583: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1572: 1553: 1546: 1535: 1515: 1512: 1487: 1486: 1422: 1419: 1402: 1399: 1377: 1374: 1348:Photian schism 1287: 1284: 1259: 1256: 1218: 1215: 1195:Slavic peoples 1161:Adam of Bremen 1153:Main article: 1150: 1147: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1092: 1086: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 988:Following his 937: 934: 889:Dictatus Papae 810: 807: 778:Constantinople 727: 726: 724: 723: 716: 709: 701: 698: 697: 696: 695: 683: 682: 677: 672: 664: 663: 660: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 593: 591:Related topics 590: 589: 586: 585: 580: 579: 578: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 529: 528: 526:Restorationist 522: 521: 520: 519: 518: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 435: 428: 421: 414: 409: 404: 403: 402: 397: 382: 381: 373: 370: 369: 364: 358: 357: 356: 353: 352: 349: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 301:Church Fathers 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 272: 269: 268: 263: 257: 256: 255: 252: 251: 248: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 211: 210: 205: 200: 190: 184: 179: 178: 175: 174: 171: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 134: 131: 130: 127: 121: 120: 119: 116: 115: 112: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 80: 77: 76: 71: 65: 64: 63: 60: 59: 51: 50: 44: 43: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6067: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6025: 6017: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6004: 6001: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5942: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5906: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5818: 5815: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5800:Popular piety 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5764: 5761: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5732: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5594: 5591: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5581:People of God 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5427: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5253: 5248: 5247:Denominations 5244: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5216:Enlightenment 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4930: 4929:New Testament 4927: 4925: 4924:Old Testament 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4861: 4857: 4850: 4845: 4843: 4838: 4836: 4831: 4830: 4827: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4809:Protestantism 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4771: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4682:Azusa Revival 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4662:Laestadianism 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4599:Old Lutherans 4596: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4525: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4454: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4265:Diet of Worms 4263: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4165:Protestantism 4160: 4156: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4111: 4108: 4107: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3916:North America 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3846: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3655: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3636: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3579: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3526:Early African 3524: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3509:Justin Martyr 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3415: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3331: 3330: 3329:Life of Jesus 3327: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3317:Apostolic Age 3313: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3168: 3166: 3161: 3159: 3154: 3153: 3150: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3031: 3024: 3017: 3012: 3010: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2981: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2965:0-226-65371-4 2962: 2958: 2954: 2951: 2950:0-8028-2400-5 2947: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2935:0-06-052655-6 2932: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2920:0-415-33312-1 2917: 2913: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2897: 2891: 2888: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2870:Joshua Prawer 2867: 2863: 2859: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2824:2-7373-4136-1 2821: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2807:0-19-285364-3 2804: 2800: 2794: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2758:0-394-40026-7 2755: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2728: 2723: 2720: 2716: 2710: 2707: 2702: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2677: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2663: 2657: 2654: 2643:on 2008-06-17 2642: 2638: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2609: 2604: 2601: 2595: 2592: 2581:on 2012-09-05 2580: 2576: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2544: 2539: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2525:0-582-40427-4 2522: 2518: 2512: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2485: 2482: 2477: 2471: 2467: 2466: 2458: 2455: 2449: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2380: 2374: 2369: 2366: 2355: 2352: 2346: 2341: 2338: 2327: 2324: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2274:Pope Urban II 2271: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2256:Cur Deus Homo 2253: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2087: 2084:, removed by 2083: 2079: 2076: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1993: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1966: 1961: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1943:First Crusade 1936: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1692: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1672:anathematised 1667: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1653: 1650:, and Peter, 1649: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1594: 1588: 1581: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1508: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1485: 1484:anathematized 1480: 1479: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1272:Melchizedek I 1269: 1268:autocephalous 1265: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1248:Crimean Goths 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1230:loyal to the 1229: 1225: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1162: 1156: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1109: 1101: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1037: 1032: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1023:John of Debar 1019: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 998:autocephalous 995: 991: 986: 983: 977: 975: 971: 967: 963: 958: 951: 947: 942: 935: 933: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 890: 884: 882: 877: 872: 870: 866: 862: 859: 855: 851: 846: 844: 840: 839:consanguinity 836: 832: 828: 824: 815: 808: 806: 804: 800: 796: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 770:papal legates 767: 762: 760: 756: 752: 748: 733: 722: 717: 715: 710: 708: 703: 702: 700: 699: 694: 689: 685: 684: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 667: 666: 665: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 594: 588: 587: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 532: 531: 530: 527: 523: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 442: 441: 440: 436: 434: 433: 429: 427: 426: 422: 420: 419: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 401: 398: 396: 393: 392: 391: 390: 386: 385: 384: 383: 380: 376: 368: 365: 363: 362:Denominations 360: 359: 355: 354: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 273: 267: 264: 262: 259: 258: 254: 253: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 195: 194: 191: 189: 186: 185: 182: 177: 176: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 143:New Testament 141: 139: 138:Old Testament 136: 135: 128: 126: 123: 122: 118: 117: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 81: 75: 72: 70: 67: 66: 62: 61: 57: 53: 52: 49: 45: 41: 37: 36: 31: 25: 21: 16: 5924: 5719:Architecture 5613:Confirmation 5561:Ecclesiology 5492:Original sin 5482:Nicene Creed 5279:Old Catholic 5163:Papal States 5095:Great Church 5061:Resurrection 5003:Christianity 4960:New Covenant 4911:(Scriptures) 4856:Christianity 4725:Charismatics 4708: 4687:Gospel music 4617:Camp meeting 4609:1789–present 4541:Missionaries 4511: 4504: 4495:Menno Simons 4439: 4435:Church music 4286: 4257: 4142:Conciliarism 4127:Papal Schism 3969:Scandinavian 3861:Great Schism 3839:Nestorianism 3811:Christianity 3743:priest holes 3624:Chalcedonian 3587:Christianity 3541:Great Church 3349:Resurrection 3255: 3090: 3018:Followed by: 3004:Preceded by: 2979: 2956: 2941: 2926: 2911: 2895: 2890: 2885:Neill, p. 94 2881: 2873: 2865: 2857: 2852: 2839: 2830: 2814: 2798: 2793: 2749: 2741: 2722: 2714: 2709: 2700: 2682: 2676: 2656: 2645:. 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Retrieved 2579:the original 2569: 2554: 2546: 2537: 2531: 2516: 2511: 2494: 2490: 2484: 2464: 2457: 2365:Bible portal 2280:against the 2259: 2255: 2230: 2129:admitted to 2073:1009 Caliph 2028: 1995: 1969: 1957: 1933:their sins. 1926:Seljuk Turks 1912: 1866: 1823: 1808:resurrection 1762: 1701: 1697: 1694: 1676: 1668: 1660:Hagia Sophia 1657: 1644: 1617: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1532:Nicene Creed 1517: 1505: 1503: 1488: 1467:Nicene Creed 1448: 1404: 1382:ecclesiology 1379: 1376:Ecclesiology 1362:Early Church 1355: 1332: 1320:Great Schism 1319: 1313: 1303: 1261: 1224:Fall of Rome 1220: 1179:Scandinavian 1164: 1140: 1105: 1091:(c.999-1088) 1077: 1041: 1020: 1013: 1010:church synod 987: 978: 954: 949: 917: 902:King Henry I 887: 885: 873: 847: 820: 776:traveled to 763: 751:Great Schism 746: 745: 597:Civilization 437: 430: 423: 416: 407:Old Catholic 387: 245:Universalism 168:New Covenant 104:Resurrection 48:Christianity 15: 5980:Persecution 5915:Christendom 5908:Cooperation 5845:Charismatic 5756:Holy Spirit 5665:Natural law 5628:Holy orders 5477:Christology 5470:Holy Spirit 5344:Pentecostal 5324:Evangelical 5319:Charismatic 5158:Monasticism 5150:Middle Ages 5113:Constantine 5056:Crucifixion 4938:Foundations 4814:Catholicism 4751:Protestants 4745:Evangelical 4420:39 Articles 4415:Elizabethan 4392:Anglicanism 4372:Westminster 4282:Melanchthon 4245:Lutheranism 4210:Nicodemites 4188:Arminianism 4159:Reformation 4100:Bonaventure 4075:Inquisition 4070:Waldensians 4020:Investiture 3998:Kievan Rus' 3954:Anglo-Saxon 3934:Pelagianism 3926:Middle Ages 3849:Iconodulism 3724:Thomas More 3645:Catholicism 3567:Monasticism 3550:Constantine 3475:Persecution 3433:Adoptionism 3418:Ante-Nicene 3361:Holy Spirit 3344:Crucifixion 3315:Origins and 3216:2nd and 3rd 2497:: 358–362. 2418:Reconquista 2290:Christendom 2211:concubinage 2186:consecrated 1832:adventurer 1825:Reconquista 1602:Pope Leo IX 1526:" into the 1455:Pope Leo IX 1390:Saint Peter 1252:Charlemagne 1149:Scandinavia 1126:Cistercians 1112:Cluny Abbey 1102:Monasticism 1097:(died 1089) 1085:(died 1028) 1012:. In three 944:Victorious 869:investiture 835:Middle Ages 740: 1100 485:Pentecostal 367:(full list) 341:Reformation 306:Constantine 225:Christology 215:Apologetics 208:Holy Spirit 129:Foundations 99:Crucifixion 6039:Categories 5894:Prosperity 5870:Liberation 5810:Cathedrals 5795:Pilgrimage 5780:Literature 5657:Philosophy 5593:Sacraments 5566:Four marks 5527:Protestant 5502:Born again 5299:Anabaptist 5289:Protestant 5231:Influences 5193:Modern era 4897:By country 4536:Revivalism 4457:Anabaptism 4405:Henry VIII 4230:Literature 3854:Iconoclasm 3834:Chrysostom 3787:Vatican II 3753:Jansenists 3739:Mass rocks 3675:Lateran IV 3594:Athanasius 3514:Tertullian 3458:Marcionism 3453:Gnosticism 3406:Revelation 3324:Background 2647:2008-10-16 2585:2016-06-20 2450:References 2300:Cistercian 2268:1095-1291 2246:1093–1109 2189:1073–1085 2172:1061–1064 2158:1058–1059 1967:in 1098. 1909:of c. 1490 1795:indulgence 1759:Background 1702:Treuga Dei 1557:liturgical 1477:declared: 1459:patriarchs 1370:sacraments 1344:iconoclasm 1240:Patriarchs 1159:See also: 1121:Romanesque 1027:Byzantines 968:after the 906:St. Anselm 876:held lands 852:powers in 790:Ecumenical 761:branches. 545:Irvingians 510:Waldensian 450:Anabaptist 439:Protestant 18:See also: 5970:Criticism 5920:Ecumenism 5884:Mysticism 5850:Democracy 5840:Anarchism 5827:Movements 5790:Mythology 5768:Catechism 5763:Education 5680:Evolution 5603:Eucharist 5586:Canon law 5544:Theotokos 5539:Mariology 5497:Salvation 5487:Tradition 5339:Methodist 5294:Adventist 5128:Chalcedon 4702:Ecumenism 4652:Adventism 4642:Mormonism 4578:Millerism 4573:Methodism 4528:1640–1789 4430:Civil War 4377:Orthodoxy 4332:Huguenots 4314:Calvinism 4299:Eucharist 4294:Orthodoxy 4178:Eucharist 4110:Five Ways 4060:Dulcinian 4013:Pomerania 3939:Gregory I 3783:Vatican I 3773:Modernism 3758:Molinists 3748:Guadalupe 3619:Chalcedon 3614:Ephesus I 3604:Augustine 3480:Apostolic 3463:Montanism 3428:Diversity 3204:Centuries 2978:Schaff's 2503:1314-2941 2286:Holy Land 2264:Atonement 2176:rival of 1986:Aftermath 1922:Alexius I 1850:Catalonia 1812:ascension 1793:, and an 1767:and then 1718:cenobitic 1624:Judaistic 1565:Eucharist 1465:into the 1386:Eucharist 1276:patriarch 1193:and some 898:hairshirt 652:Symbolism 612:Ecumenism 602:Criticism 480:Moravian 475:Methodist 445:Adventist 316:Augustine 266:Tradition 240:Salvation 109:Ascension 6024:Category 5889:Pacifism 5703:features 5687:Politics 5640:Ablution 5608:Marriage 5512:Catholic 5442:Theology 5334:Lutheran 5329:Holiness 5314:Reformed 5304:Anglican 5274:Catholic 5178:Crusades 5123:Nicaea I 5073:Apostles 5046:Miracles 5041:Parables 5031:Ministry 5021:Nativity 4985:timeline 4882:Prophets 4877:Glossary 4794:Theology 4782:Missions 4777:Timeline 4749:Mainline 4697:Pacifism 4546:Baptists 4465:Theology 4425:Puritans 4400:Timeline 4342:Scotland 4270:Theology 4117:Wycliffe 4065:Crusades 4040:Bogomils 3993:Bulgaria 3949:Germanic 3901:Ethiopia 3799:Timeline 3577:Nicaea I 3572:Councils 3504:Irenaeus 3499:Ignatius 3494:Polycarp 3448:Donatism 3443:Docetism 3438:Arianism 3339:Ministry 3015:century 2730:Archived 2665:Archived 2611:Archived 2309:See also 2270:Crusades 2254:, wrote 2125:exiled, 2035:Basil II 2020:Timeline 2008:and the 1980:Damascus 1899:Urban II 1873:just war 1800:Just War 1735:Crusades 1729:Crusades 1706:chivalry 1685:Nobility 1679:Filioque 1600:and the 1593:Filioque 1563:for the 1555:Certain 1524:Filioque 1499:filioque 1394:Eusebius 1346:and the 1228:dioceses 1095:Lanfranc 1065:Ottonian 1061:Otto III 1052:Chartres 1033:Theology 1015:sigillia 970:invasion 962:Bulgaria 957:Basil II 955:Emperor 928:and the 861:Henry IV 843:affinity 780:to deny 670:Glossary 617:Glossary 500:Reformed 470:Lutheran 455:Anglican 389:Catholic 331:Crusades 321:Ignatius 311:Councils 276:Apostles 181:Theology 94:Ministry 84:Nativity 40:a series 38:Part of 5953:Related 5746:Trinity 5711:Culture 5675:Science 5645:Hygiene 5635:Mission 5618:Penance 5598:Baptism 5534:Worship 5507:Liturgy 5455:Trinity 5366:Eastern 5349:Quakers 5309:Baptist 5266:Western 5256:members 5026:Baptism 4980:History 4970:Worship 4872:Outline 4787:Martyrs 4583:Pietism 4513:Ausbund 4485:Müntzer 4410:Cranmer 4357:Baptism 4322:Zwingli 4173:Erasmus 4122:Avignon 4105:Aquinas 4095:Francis 4090:Dominic 4050:Cathars 4045:Bosnian 4035:Bernard 4030:Abelard 4003:Moravia 3988:Bohemia 3974:Iceland 3896:Serbian 3876:Georgia 3871:Armenia 3809:Eastern 3710:Jesuits 3386:Gospels 3334:Baptism 2296:Cîteaux 2282:Muslims 2168:Normans 2090:1015 - 2068:Prussia 2062:1009 - 1901:at the 1854:Majorca 1775:Caliph 1773:Fatimid 1750:by the 1698:Pax Dei 1613:Argyrus 1606:Lombard 1569:Azymite 1539:Balkans 1437:of the 1435:bishops 1266:became 1258:Georgia 1242:in the 1234:in the 1048:Auxerre 1006:primate 799:western 795:eastern 680:Outline 657:Worship 637:Outline 627:Liturgy 607:Culture 460:Baptist 400:Eastern 336:Aquinas 261:History 235:Mission 220:Baptism 193:Trinity 89:Baptism 5670:Ethics 5551:Saints 5460:Father 5379:Church 4991:spread 4955:Gospel 4945:Church 4887:People 4475:Grebel 4327:Calvin 4253:Luther 4147:Synods 4025:Anselm 4008:Poland 3964:Gothic 3959:Franks 3944:Celtic 3911:Russia 3891:Syriac 3881:Greece 3768:Teresa 3715:Xavier 3653:Papacy 3599:Jerome 3519:Origen 3420:period 3195:Spread 2963: 2948: 2933: 2918: 2860:, ed. 2822: 2805: 2756: 2623:ibidem 2561: 2523: 2501: 2472: 2302:order. 2248:Anselm 2225:Poland 2207:simony 2092:Russia 2014:French 2004:, the 2000:, the 1953:French 1838:Sicily 1830:Norman 1816:heaven 1710:masses 1630:, the 1543:Sicily 1207:Turkic 1203:Magyar 1199:Viking 1191:Baltic 1183:Finnic 1175:German 1137:Poland 881:simony 863:, and 766:Leo IX 691: 647:Sermon 642:Prayer 495:Quaker 379:Nicene 346:Luther 198:Father 158:Church 148:Gospel 74:Christ 5879:Right 5785:Music 5736:Jesus 5701:Other 5556:Angel 5011:Jesus 5001:Early 4950:Creed 4919:Canon 4907:Bible 4867:Index 4709:solae 4707:Five 4500:Smyth 4352:TULIP 4275:Bible 3983:Slavs 3886:Egypt 3844:Icons 3695:Trent 3685:Leo X 3582:Creed 2239:1082 2229:1080 2219:1079 2197:with 2182:1065 2143:1054 2117:1046 2110:1045 2103:1030 2080:1012 1846:Genoa 1820:Jesus 1814:into 1804:death 1765:Roman 1722:serfs 1670:were 1636:Latin 1528:Latin 1415:rites 1411:Greek 1407:Latin 1326:(see 1318:, or 1217:Goths 1187:Samic 930:staff 757:into 675:Index 622:Index 395:Latin 281:Peter 163:Creed 153:Canon 125:Bible 69:Jesus 5875:Left 5775:Flag 5741:Mary 5252:list 4759:left 4757:and 4747:and 4597:and 4595:Neo- 4362:Dort 4347:Knox 4193:Wars 3785:and 3741:and 3734:Wars 3391:Acts 3306:21st 3301:20th 3296:19th 3291:18th 3286:17th 3281:16th 3276:15th 3271:14th 3266:13th 3261:12th 3256:11th 3251:10th 3013:11th 2961:ISBN 2946:ISBN 2931:ISBN 2916:ISBN 2820:ISBN 2803:ISBN 2754:ISBN 2559:ISBN 2521:ISBN 2499:ISSN 2470:ISBN 2288:for 2166:and 1972:Tyre 1958:The 1848:and 1842:Pisa 1810:and 1339:Pope 1314:The 1294:The 1244:East 1236:West 1209:and 926:ring 904:and 797:and 774:Rome 291:Mary 286:Paul 22:and 5731:Art 5465:Son 5450:God 4304:Art 4162:and 4137:Hus 3700:Art 3246:9th 3241:8th 3236:7th 3231:6th 3226:5th 3221:4th 3211:1st 3141:C21 3136:C20 3131:C19 3126:C18 3121:C17 3116:C16 3111:C15 3106:C14 3101:C13 3096:C12 3091:C11 3084:C10 2276:at 1818:of 972:of 203:Son 188:God 6041:: 5254:, 3626:/ 3482:/ 3079:C9 3074:C8 3069:C7 3064:C6 3059:C5 3054:C4 3049:C3 3044:C2 3039:C1 3034:BC 2992:: 2872:, 2777:^ 2765:^ 2748:. 2691:^ 2671:). 2625:). 2553:, 2493:. 2250:, 2213:, 2209:, 2193:, 2121:, 1844:, 1806:, 1611:, 1571:). 1306:, 1282:. 1254:. 1205:, 1201:, 1189:, 1185:, 932:. 908:, 883:. 805:. 768:, 737:c. 42:on 5877:/ 5258:) 5250:( 4993:) 4989:( 4987:) 4983:( 4848:e 4841:t 4834:v 3543:) 3539:( 3171:e 3164:t 3157:v 2967:. 2952:. 2937:. 2922:. 2809:. 2760:. 2650:. 2588:. 2505:. 2495:3 2478:. 2258:( 1696:( 1534:. 1453:— 1445:. 1350:. 1310:) 916:( 742:. 720:e 713:t 706:v 32:.

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