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candidates' sponsors, when they were baptized. In the case of King Harald
Bluetooth of Denmark, for example, he only partially converted to the new faith (at least at first) to preserve his independence from the Germans, who posed an even greater threat at the time than the Franks had been prior to this. He also saw that Christianity had much to offer to his rule. It not only helped to exalt his status, but it also provided practical help. The Missionary bishops were literate, and those who had experience of the royal government in Germany or England had the potential to be valuable advisors. There was also an economic motive to convert as pagan kings were fascinated with Christian wealth. As a result, some chose to accept the new faith as a way to gain access to this wealth.
1739:, Denmark can be said to be a Christian country. Later known as St. Canute, Canute IV was murdered inside St. Albans Church in 1086 after nobles and peasants alike rebelled at his enforcing the tithe to pay for the new monasteries and other ecclesiastical foundations which were introduced into Denmark for the first time during his reign. Both the institutions and the tax were considered foreign influences, and Canute's refusal to use the regional assemblies as was customary to establish new laws, resulted in his death and that of his brother, Prince Benedict, and seventeen other housecarls. In many ways the
1925:
1781:
4841:
2044:
processes and when someone questioned ancient practices, many newly
Christianized Swedes could react strongly in support of paganism for a while. Larsson theorizes that, consequently, the vacillation between paganism and Christianity that is reported by the sagas and by Adam of Bremen was not very different from vacillations that appear in modern ideological shifts. It would have been impossible for King Inge the Elder to rule as a Christian king without strong support from his subjects, and a Norwegian invasion of Västergötland by
480:
2225:
715:
887:
4750:
701:
155:
1994:, according to Adam of Bremen. This seat was moved to Gamla Uppsala probably some time between 1134 and 1140. This might have been because of Uppsala's importance as an old royal residence and thing site, but it may also have been inspired by a desire to show that the resistance to Christianity in Uppland had been defeated. By papal initiative an archdiocese for Sweden was established at Uppsala in 1164.
508:
494:
466:
5520:
2473:
522:
38:
853:
Book Nine of Saxo
Grammaticus' Gesta Danorum. Ebbo is the name of a mythical Nordic figure, Ibor, also known as Egil or Orvandil, who is an archer, elf, and smith who turns against the Aesir gods and wages war upon them, and the story of Ebbo of Rheims integrates themes of the divine Ebbo's story, including peasant (non-Aesir) birth and migration. Harald's usurpation and his efforts at
5532:
536:
668:
682:
1534:, and Germany, they adopted a kinder attitude toward their Christian subjects. In some cases the conversion of the chief or king appears to be purely political to assure an alliance or prevent powerful Christian neighbours from attacking. There were instances when the conversion of a powerful chief (Danish:
1579:) were simply consecrated to one of the local saints associated with the spring and life went on much as it had before. Christian missionaries were able to help the process along by locating churches on or near sacred places, in some cases actually using wood from the sacred groves for church construction.
821:. In the same year there was a pagan uprising in Birka that resulted in the martyrdom of Nithard and forced the resident missionary Bishop Gautbert to flee. Ansgar returned to Birka in 854 and Denmark in 860 to reestablish some of the gains of his first visits. In Denmark he won over the trust of then-King
2017:
where the saga successively moves from legendary history to historic
Swedish events during the centuries before its compilation. The reigning king Inge decided to end the traditional pagan sacrifices at Uppsala which caused a public counter-reaction. Inge was forced into exile, and his brother-in-law
1707:
Sweyn rebelled against his father, who spent an inordinate amount of time and money raising a great stone at
Jelling to commemorate his accomplishments. One day King Harald asked a traveller if he had ever seen human beings move such a heavy load. "I have seen Sweyn drag all of Denmark away from you,
852:
Both the accounts of
Willibrod and of Harald are semi-mythical, and integrate mythical and legendary themes from the Nordic pagan tradition into their Christian stories. A syncretized variant of the story of Harald, that has him battling Ragnar Lodbrok to establish Christianity in Denmark, appears in
805:
to accompany Harald and oversee
Christianity among the converts. When Harald Klak was forced from Denmark by King Horik I again, Ansgar left Denmark and focused his efforts on the Swedes. Ansgar traveled to Birka in 829 and established a small Christian community there. His most important convert was
1719:
and as a result was slandered by German historians of his day. He has been accused of relapsing from his
Christian beliefs and persecuting Christians in England. In fact Sweyn gave land to the large cathedral at Lund to pay for the maintenance of the chapter. His army destroyed Christian churches in
2560:
Research shows that
Scandinavian countries such as Denmark and Sweden are currently among the least religious nations in the world; nevertheless, "many Danes and Swedes, for instance, will profess belief in 'something,' although not necessarily the God of the Bible." Phil Zuckerman writes in a 2009
2525:
Some conversions appear to have taken place for political and material gain, while others were for spiritual reasons. For instance, some may have simply wanted to take the rich gifts (such as a fine, white baptismal garment) that were being handed out by
Frankish nobles, who acted as the baptismal
2043:
According to M. G. Larsson, the reason why the Swedish core provinces had coexistence between paganism and Christianity throughout the 11th century was because there was a general support for the transition towards the new religion. However, the old pagan rites were important and central for legal
1708:
sir. Judge for yourself which of you bears the heavier weight." Harald left the stone lying in the path, realizing at last that Sweyn had nearly succeeded in stealing the whole kingdom. Several battles brought the rebellion to stalemate, but in 985 Harald was wounded by an arrow and later died in
1514:
raids from the 9th century to the 1060s. Danes were still tribal in the sense that local chiefs determined attitudes towards Christianity and Christians for their clan and kinsmen. Bringing Christian slaves or future wives back from a Viking raid brought large numbers of ordinary Danes into close
1731:
Another Christianizing influence was the mass emigration of Danes to England and Normandy in the Viking years. Thousands of Danes settled in east central England and in northern France displacing or intermarrying with the locals who were Christian. Once part of a Danish clan became Christian, it
1837:
upon returning to his ships. As soon as he had recovered from his wounds, he let himself be baptized. He then stopped raiding Christian cities and lived in England and Ireland. In 995 he used an opportunity to return to Norway. When he arrived, Haakon Jarl was already facing a revolt, and Olaf
1688:. Initially, Harald had remained pagan, although he had allowed public preaching by Christian missionaries as early as 935. Around 960, Bluetooth converted to Christianity, reportedly when the Frisian monk Poppo held a fire-heated lump of iron in his hand without injury. Harald's daughter,
837:
on Denmark's west coast. Ribe was an important trading town, and as a result, southern Denmark was made a diocese in 948 with Ribe as its seat, a part of the Archdiocese of Hamburg-Bremen under its first bishop, St. Leofdag who was murdered that year while crossing the Ribe River.
635:. The conversion of Scandinavian kings occurred over the period 960–1020. Subsequently, Scandinavian kings sought to establish churches, dioceses and Christian kingship, as well as destroy pagan temples. Denmark was the first Scandinavian country to Christianize, as
1568:). Religious sites in Denmark were often located at sacred springs, magnificent beech groves, or isolated hilltops. Missionaries simply asked to build chapels in those places. Over time the religious significance of the place transferred itself to the chapel.
650:
Although the Scandinavians became nominally Christian, it took considerably longer for actual Christian beliefs to establish themselves among the people in some regions, while the people were Christianized before the king in other regions. During the
1590:
Denmark has several saints, canonized by local bishops as was the custom in early Scandinavia or revered by locals as saints. Often these saints derive their veneration from deeds associated with the Christianization of Denmark. Viborg has St Kjeld,
1547:
Christian missionaries recognized early on that the Danes did not worship stone or wooden idols as the north Germans or some Swedes did. They could not simply destroy an image to prove that Christ was a superior god. The great religious sites at
2677:
1670:, dated AD 960s–980s. On the reverse of the disc there is an octagonal ridge, which runs around the edge of the object. In the center of the octagonal ridge there is a Latin cross which may indicate that Harald Bluetooth was Christian.
1681:. Rimbert reports that he set out to return home, accompanied by missionaries; however, Sanmark regards it as "unlikely" that he actually returned home and thus considers his impact on the conversion of Denmark as "probably minor."
857:
are related to several stories of "usurpation" and "changes in sacrifices", including the usurpation of Mithothyn and the introduction of the worship of Frey at Uppsala, in that they utilize similar motifs and mythical figures.
1626:), who was known in his lifetime as Gorm the Sleepy, was the first king of all of Denmark. Until his day, Danish kings were presumably local kings without influence over all the Danes. Denmark consisted of Jutland and
2418:
Judging by archaeological finds, Christianity gained a foothold in Finland during the 11th century. The Catholic church was strengthened with growing Swedish influence in the 12th century and the Finnish "crusade" of
792:
of Germany to seek help getting his lands in Jutland back. Louis I offered to make Harald Duke of Frisia if he would give up the old gods. Harald agreed, and his family and the 400 Danes with him were baptized in
3146:
2459:, the leader of the pagan faction. He opted, after a day and a night of meditation, that the country should convert to Christianity as a whole, while pagan worship in private would continue to be tolerated.
757:
did permit 30 young men to return to Frisia with Willibrord. Perhaps Willibrord's intent was to educate them and recruit some of them to join his efforts to bring Christianity to the Danes. A century later
3586:
1751:. Although he was not the first Dane to be made a saint, it was the first time for a king, the symbol of a more or less united Denmark, was recognized as an example worthy of veneration by the faithful.
6305:
3426:
Christianity in a Revolutionary Age. A History of Christianity in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, Vol. IV: The Twentirth Century in Europe, the Roman Catholic, Protestant and Eastern Churches.
1966:, the first Christian king of Sweden, who ascended to the throne in the 990s. Presumably Olof Skötkonung was not in a powerful enough position to violently enforce the observance of Christianity in
2669:
2132:, it is said that a man called Austmaðr Christianized the region, probably in the period 1030–1050 when the runestone was raised. Little is known of Austmaðr, but he is believed to have been the
1955:
Newer archaeological research suggests there were Christians in Götaland already during the 9th century; it is further believed Christianity came from the southwest and moved towards the north.
647:, Christianity was not forced upon Scandinavians by foreign states or foreign missionaries, but instead willfully adopted by Scandinavian kings who saw the religion as politically advantageous.
2451:
Following King Olaf I's taking of Icelandic hostages, there was tension between the Christian and pagan factions in 10th century Iceland. Violent clashes were avoided by the decision of the
6950:
6099:
2854:
Rimbert, "Anskar: The Apostle of the North, 801–865", trans. C.H. Robinson in Carolingian Civilization: A Reader ed. Paul Edward Dutton (Ontario, Canada: Broadview Press, 2004), chap. 10
3419:
Christianity in a Revolutionary Age. A History of Christianity in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, Vol. II: The Nineteenth Century in Europe, the Protestant and Eastern Churches
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Tryggvason could convince the rebels to accept him as their king. Haakon Jarl was later betrayed and killed by his own slave, while he was hiding from the rebels in a pig sty.
3579:
2018:
Blot-Sweyn was elected king on condition that he allow the sacrifices to continue. After three years in exile, Inge returned secretly to Sweden in 1087, and having arrived at
5189:
4786:
3609:
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1468:
5569:
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Olaf I then made it his priority to convert the country to Christianity using all means at his disposal. Expanding his efforts to the Norse settlements in the west the
1650:. Gorm was said to be "hard and heathen", but Queen Thyra's influence permitted Christians to live more or less without trouble. The double barrow of Gorm and Thyra at
3034:
2707:
2490:
55:
3475:
1571:
Even after becoming Christian, Danes blended the two belief systems together. Families who lived close to the earth did not want to offend the local spirits (Danish:
3120:
2565:"Surely the historical developments of culture and religion in Denmark and Sweden are crucially informing factors in explaining the current state of irreligiosity."
3572:
845:
onwards, involved itself more with the North directly. A significant step in this direction was the foundation of an archbishopric for the whole of Scandinavia at
6315:
6062:
3320:
1492:
5874:
3630:
1700:, Sweyn Forkbeard's godfather. One consequence of his conversion is that Danish kings abandoned the old royal enclosure at Jelling and moved their residence to
6582:
6597:
4939:
7254:
7046:
7264:
6619:
5723:
3660:
3379:
5925:
2392:
7091:
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7259:
7041:
6348:
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2189:; he chose the former. Later on, in 1005, Tróndur í Gøtu attacked Sigmundur by night at his yard in Skúvoy, whereupon Sigmundur fled by swimming to
1825:
became King Olaf I of Norway. Olaf had raided various European cities and fought in several wars. In 986, however, he (supposedly) met a Christian
841:
The supremacy of the archdiocese of Hamburg-Bremen over ecclesiastical life in the north gradually declined as the papacy, from the pontificate of
6353:
5457:
4779:
4725:
2098:
was officially in use from the 1220s until 1595. Still, in practice it remained in use until 1645. This law book stated that the performance of
5209:
1924:
7198:
7066:
6310:
6218:
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1728:. But when Sweyn became King of England and of Denmark, politics required that he show a kinder face toward the church which had opposed him.
102:
5827:
5562:
3504:
3140:
3009:
2740:
2633:
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with the objective of converting the inhabitants to Christianity. Around the same time efforts were made in Norway and Sweden to convert the
567:
74:
3626:
2385:
2148:
The Scandinavian medieval kings also ruled over provinces outside of Scandinavia. These provinces are today known as the Nordic countries.
3074:
2197:. He reached land in Sigmundargjógv in Sandvík, but a farmer in the village killed the exhausted Sigmundur and stole his precious golden
1814:
attempted to force Christianity upon him around 975, Haakon broke his allegiance to Denmark. A Danish invasion force was defeated at the
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6799:
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5493:
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were baptized, too. There was also a political reason for conversion. German histories record Harald being baptized in the presence of
1048:
81:
6397:
6300:
4820:
4772:
2918:
Roesdahl, Else (1993). "Pagan Beliefs, Christian Impact and Archaeology—a Danish View". In Faulkes, Anthony; Perkins, Richard (eds.).
2579:
1540:) or one of the kings was followed by wholesale conversions among their followers. In a few instances conversion was brought about by
1485:
3269:
3191:
The epithet of this last king reflects one of the purposes of pre-Christian Germanic kingship, to promote harmony and good harvests,
334:
7249:
3806:
3556:
3538:
3521:
3471:
2512:
121:
7036:
3615:
3612:
2456:
3245:
2067:, the south-eastern part of the Swedish kingdom, in the early 12th century, and officially it was in order to convert the locals.
1795:
in the tenth century, who was raised in England. His efforts were unpopular and were met with little success. The subsequent King
6814:
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5695:
5690:
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5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5555:
5299:
5234:
3768:
3622:
3619:
2298:
88:
3611:
7244:
6899:
6629:
6325:
6208:
6198:
6008:
5971:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5610:
5487:
5379:
3938:
3616:
2919:
2552:, who had remained pagan long after the conversion of their neighbours. Some Sámi remained unconverted until the 18th century.
774:
a few persons during their 823 visit to Denmark. He returned to Denmark twice to proselytize but without any recorded success.
329:
4825:
7239:
7213:
7181:
7008:
6927:
6604:
6358:
6128:
6044:
5935:
4720:
3988:
3793:
3653:
3347:
2494:
59:
2699:
70:
3623:
2976:
7203:
7193:
6614:
6412:
6382:
6223:
6074:
6027:
5765:
3613:
2574:
1780:
1478:
807:
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753:. Willibrord and his companions had little success: the king was respectful but had no interest in changing his beliefs.
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5304:
4914:
3869:
3627:
2157:
227:
1815:
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6373:
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6270:
5760:
4959:
4735:
3748:
2754:
2647:
2432:
1510:
The spread of Christianity in Denmark occurred intermittently. Danes encountered Christians when they participated in
439:
5309:
3624:
1721:
1615:, St Wilhelm, St Leofdag of Ribe, and others gave their lives and efforts to the task of making the Danes Christian.
3608:
3466:; Uppsala: Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, Occasional papers in archaeology: 34;
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of the Scandinavian people required more time, since it took additional efforts to establish a network of churches.
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1697:
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48:
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was the first Faroe-man to convert to the Christian faith, bringing Christianity to the Faroes at the decree of
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424:
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of St. Canute in 1188 marks the triumph of Christianity in Denmark. When St. Canute's remains were moved into
95:
6419:
6295:
6177:
5976:
5578:
5481:
5395:
5239:
5112:
5018:
4088:
3978:
3968:
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3783:
3763:
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3618:
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have shown that the actual Christianization of the people was very slow and took at least 150 to 200 years.
1282:
270:
5138:
2182:
7139:
7026:
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6265:
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5055:
5037:
4891:
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3923:
3918:
3901:
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3740:
3617:
3596:
2925:
2372:
2111:
1892:
1762:) the struggle between the power of the king and nobles and the church would define much of the course of
929:
916:
722:
363:
358:
207:
5151:
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1902:
from the merchant town of Bergen in Norway show little Christian influence, and one of them appeals to a
1758:
country under the King (or Queen) of Denmark as the titular head of the Danish National Church, (Danish:
1400:
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7076:
6967:
6962:
6840:
6834:
6634:
6182:
6147:
6052:
5966:
5748:
5419:
5373:
5348:
5061:
5049:
4924:
4871:
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3678:
3066:
2584:
2375:
2369:
2037:
449:
252:
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3436:
3001:
Dr. Sæbjørg Walaker Nordeide, Enseignant-Chercheur, Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Bergen.
2129:
2048:
put Inge's relationship with his subjects to the test: he appears to have mustered most of the Swedish
1787:
was given missionaries by the king of Denmark, but before departure, Haakon sent the missionaries back.
690:
3483:
The conversion of Scandinavia: Vikings, merchants, and missionaries in the remaking of Northern Europe
2732:
The Conversion of Scandinavia: Vikings, Merchants, and Missionaries in the Remaking of Northern Europe
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The Conversion of Scandinavia: Vikings, Merchants, and Missionaries in the Remaking of Northern Europe
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Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy: Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus' c. 900–1200
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1997:
What may be one of the most violent occurrences between Christians and pagans was a conflict between
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that he had "made the Danes Christian". Harald Bluetooth is also mentioned in the inscription on the
609:
553:
484:
285:
237:
138:
2930:
1887:, visited Norway from 1152 to 1154. During his visit, he set out a church structure for Norway. The
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miracles wrought by saintly Christians in the presence of the king or other great men of the time.
217:
3445:
Meylan, Nicolas. "Mana in the North: Power and Religion in Medieval Scandinavian Historiography,"
3002:
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2224:
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and broke in his house by night. He offered him the choice between accepting Christianity or face
2036:
suggests that Inge could not assume power directly, but had to dispose of yet another pagan king,
1979:
1949:
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3889:
3778:
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2639:
2413:
2274:
1763:
1627:
1608:
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794:
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242:
232:
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A history of expansion of Christianity. Vol 2. The thousand years of uncertainty: AD 500–AD 1500
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A history of expansion of Christianity. Vol 2. The thousand years of uncertainty: AD 500–AD 1500
2804:
A history of expansion of Christianity. Vol 2. The thousand years of uncertainty: AD 500–AD 1500
1963:
1575:), so offerings were left just as they had been in pre-Christian times. Sacred springs (Danish:
3403:
Katajala-Peltomaa, Sari. "Fatherhood, Masculinity and Lived Religion in Late-Medieval Sweden."
2775:
Elena Melnikova, "How Christian Were Viking Christians?." Ruthenika, Suppl. 4 (2011) pp. 90–107
17:
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6935:
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5879:
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5738:
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5043:
4947:
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3552:
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1948:, made another unsuccessful attempt. In the 10th century English missionaries made inroads in
1941:
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1869:
1807:
1784:
1775:
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1327:
1033:
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in 845 where Ansgar had become the archbishop. The seat of the archdiocese was transferred to
652:
403:
280:
257:
247:
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6721:
6109:
6094:
5795:
5775:
5770:
5753:
5733:
5444:
5432:
5087:
4297:
3669:
3450:
3128:
2212:
2166:
1822:
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1744:
1685:
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1447:
1377:
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961:
936:
854:
842:
767:
671:
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434:
292:
275:
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and the Baltic countries, took place between the 8th and the 12th centuries. The realms of
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2007:
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1842:
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6114:
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4364:
4028:
3715:
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2549:
2294:
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2002:
1884:
1252:
1177:
1167:
1152:
1092:
951:
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798:
714:
644:
640:
512:
498:
470:
339:
319:
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2181:. He then changed his tactics, went with armed men to the residence of the chieftain
2055:
Although Sweden was officially Christianized by the 12th century, the Norwegian king
2013:
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825:(not Horik I, who was murdered in 854 and opposed Christianity) who gave him land in
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authority, thus making it possible for regional variants of Christianity to develop.
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Herigar, described as a prefect of the town and a counselor to the king. In 831 the
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in the 13th century. Finland was part of Sweden since then until the 19th century.
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2169:. Initially Sigmundur sought to convert the islanders by reading the decree to the
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833:) for the first Christian chapel. A second church was founded a few years later in
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The first recorded attempts at spreading Christianity in Norway were made by King
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and set the hall on fire, slaying the king as he escaped from the burning house.
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2924:. Viking Society for Northern Research, University College London. p. 132.
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2594:– A mediaeval work that relates the lives of the two Norwegian missionary kings
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in 1000 there was a partial return to paganism in Norway under the rule of the
1677:, who had himself baptised during his exile in order to receive the support of
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Rimbert, "Anskar: The Apostle of the North, 801–865", trans. C.H. Robinson in
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Sweyn Forkbeard tried to wrest control of the church in Denmark away from the
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contained a mixture of pagan and Christian iconography, including a decorated
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often meant that the rest of the family's view toward Christianity softened.
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Power and conversion: a comparative study of Christianization in Scandinavia
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Christianity only gained a strong hold in Denmark following the baptism of
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reports that Inge completed the Christianization of the Swedes, but the
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3497:
Kristningsprosessens og herskermaktens ikonografi i nordisk middelalder
3127:, Cambridge Concise Histories, Cambridge University Press, p. 15,
2921:
Viking Revaluations: Viking Society Centenary Symposium, 14–15 May 1992
2497: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2452:
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was founded and assigned responsibility for proselytizing Scandinavia.
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are said to have been present in Iceland before its settlement by the
1595:
has St Niels (also called St Nickolas), Odense has St Canute (Danish:
1518:
As the chiefs and kings of Denmark became involved in the politics of
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4140:
4135:
4093:
4063:
3286:
Sawyer, Birgit; Sawyer, Peter (1999). "Why Trust The White Christ?".
1983:
1933:
1850:
1846:
1834:
1810:, who led a revival of paganism with the rebuilding of temples. When
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1592:
1561:
1531:
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1382:
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were also the location of Denmark's great assembly places (Danish:
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1975:
1937:
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in 830, invited by the Swedish king Björn. Setting up a church at
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1080:
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1880:, pagan remnants were stamped out and Christianity entrenched.
903:
in orange. Yellow and green denote related Germanic languages.
3606:
2466:
1043:
639:
declared this around AD 965, and raised the larger of the two
31:
1932:
The first known attempts to Christianize Sweden were made by
2070:
Archaeological excavations of burial sites on the island of
1928:
Ansgar made an unsuccessful attempt as early as in the 830s.
745:, which at the time was part of Denmark. He went north from
3431:
Melnikova, Elena. "How Christian Were Viking Christians?."
2052:, 3,600 men, and he ousted the Norwegian occupation force.
2883:
ed. Paul Edward Dutton (Broadview Press, 2004), chap. 17.
1735:
By the early 11th century, certainly during the reign of
1833:. As the seer foretold, Olaf was attacked by a group of
655:
the papacy had not yet manifested itself as the central
7164:
Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America
3549:
Asa-Tors hammare, Gudar och jättar i tro och tradition
1986:
around 1000. Another episcopal see was established at
1962:
at Uppsala drew a mutual agreement of toleration with
749:
sometime between 710 and 718 during the reign of King
1940:
he met with little Swedish interest. A century later
1673:
The first Danish king to convert to Christianity was
797:. When Harald returned to Jutland, Emperor Louis and
27:
Conversion to Christianity of the Scandinavian people
3531:
Götarnas riken. Upptäcktsfärder till Sveriges enande
3474:
Also: Ph.D. Thesis, 2002 London, University College
1747:, the entire nation humbled itself with a three-day
1515:
contact with Christians for perhaps the first time.
733:
Recorded missionary efforts in Denmark started with
7007:
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4848:
4802:
4706:
3987:
3949:
3739:
3693:
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2455:in 1000 AD to put the arbitration between them to
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
2904:
2902:
2022:, he surrounded the hall of Blot-Sweyn with his
1803:but not for efforts to popularize Christianity.
1754:From that time until 1536 when Denmark became a
3105:
3103:
3101:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2826:
2824:
1720:England as part of his invasion following the
5563:
4780:
3654:
3580:
3205:
3203:
3201:
2393:
1799:, also a Christian, was known for destroying
1486:
561:
8:
3033:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2862:
2860:
1891:confirming the establishment of a Norwegian
608:, in 1104, 1154 and 1164, respectively. The
3685:origin primarily identified as speakers of
2830:"St Willibrord" Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913
2735:. Yale University Press. pp. 161–162.
2628:. Yale University Press. pp. 104–118.
2005:in the 1080s. This account survives in the
6640:
5570:
5556:
5548:
5458:Apostolic Vicariate of the Nordic Missions
5075:
4982:
4787:
4773:
4765:
3661:
3647:
3639:
3587:
3573:
3565:
3319:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3276:, from a site on the Icelandic parliament.
2400:
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2237:
2208:
1493:
1479:
865:
568:
554:
133:
2929:
2513:Learn how and when to remove this message
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
2991:Hvitfeldt, Arild. Danmarks riges Krønike
680:
666:
6988:Fostering of early experimental science
4726:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
2609:
2563:Nordic Journal of Religion and Society,
2360:
2332:
2304:
2288:
2268:
2240:
2231:
2211:
2177:but was nearly killed by the resulting
1806:He was followed by the staunchly pagan
877:
788:, Denmark's other king. Harald went to
145:
7092:Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy
3378:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3371:
3312:
3248:from the original on 19 September 2020
3026:
693:, symbolizing the Christianization of
3516:, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft
3077:from the original on 21 February 2018
3015:from the original on 22 December 2018
2938:from the original on 1 September 2022
1469:WikiProject Norse history and culture
7:
3121:"From prehistory to Viking hegemony"
2680:from the original on 3 February 2023
2617:
2615:
2613:
2495:adding citations to reliable sources
2120:of the world standing on the island
60:adding citations to reliable sources
5513:Episcopal Conference of Scandinavia
5494:Roman Catholic Diocese of Stockholm
2710:from the original on 7 January 2020
2536:Christianization of the Sámi people
1845:credit him with Christianizing the
1658:. Gorm and Queen Thyra's son, King
784:was forced to flee from Denmark by
7255:History of Christianity in Denmark
3435:Suppl. 4 (2011). pp. 90–107;
2881:Carolingian Civilization: A Reader
1662:, boasted on one of the stones at
1587:was easily absorbed by the cross.
25:
7265:History of Christianity in Sweden
3149:from the original on 15 June 2018
1646:, the nearby lesser islands, and
71:"Christianization of Scandinavia"
5530:
5518:
4839:
4749:
4748:
3003:"The Christianization of Norway"
2757:from the original on 17 May 2019
2650:from the original on 17 May 2019
2471:
2223:
885:
534:
520:
506:
492:
478:
464:
153:
36:
7275:Christianity in Northern Europe
7260:Christianity in medieval Norway
5488:Scandinavian Bishops Conference
4731:Christianization of Scandinavia
3551:. Fält & Hässler, Värnamo.
3405:Scandinavian Journal of History
2670:"Christianity comes to Denmark"
2580:Christianization of Kievan Rus'
2482:needs additional citations for
729:depicts a man carrying a cross.
627:'s construction of churches in
582:Christianization of Scandinavia
47:needs additional citations for
18:Christianisation of Scandinavia
6951:Separation of church and state
6620:Formal and material principles
6605:Separation of church and state
5300:St. Clare's Priory (Stockholm)
4721:Christianization of the Franks
3794:Continental Germanic mythology
3478:bibliography pp. 297–317.
829:(proto-town to be replaced by
604:, responsible directly to the
1:
6615:Hymnody of continental Europe
5766:Apostles in the New Testament
5448:
5354:
5167:
5142:
5129:
5116:
5103:
5022:
5009:
4992:
3514:Europas Norden im Mittelalter
2700:"Jellingstenene, ca. 950–965"
2575:Christianization of Lithuania
1982:, near his own stronghold at
3133:10.1017/CBO9781107280205.002
2974:The Life of Anskar (extract)
2892:"Danmark's Ældste Domkirke"
2158:History of the Faroe Islands
1970:. Instead he established an
1876:. In the following reign of
6063:Eastern Orthodox opposition
5005:
4736:Christianization of Iceland
3424:Latourette, Kenneth Scott.
3410:Latourette, Kenneth Scott.
3125:A Concise History of Sweden
2433:Christianization of Iceland
2011:and in the last chapter of
1895:is dated 30 November 1154.
1883:Nicholas Breakspear, later
1868:After Olaf's defeat at the
7291:
7235:Christianization of Europe
6080:Art patronage of Julius II
5305:St. John's Priory (Kalmar)
3417:Latourette, Kenneth Scott.
3333:Kenneth Scott Latourette,
3067:"När Sverige blev kristet"
2866:"Ancient See of Hamburg".
2839:Robinson, Charles (1915).
2674:National Museum of Denmark
2533:
2430:
2411:
2155:
2109:
2102:was punishable by a fine.
1913:
1773:
1704:on the island of Zealand.
7172:
6583:Calvinist–Arminian debate
5585:
5507:
5310:St. Peter's Priory (Lund)
4837:
4796:Catholic Church in Sweden
4744:
3676:
3603:
3512:Kaufhold, Martin (2001),
2086:On the Swedish island of
1353:Medieval Scandinavian law
760:Ebbo, Archbishop of Reims
663:Mission of Hamburg-Bremen
643:. According to historian
7250:9th-century Christianity
7072:Christian existentialism
5068:Swedish–Novgorodian Wars
3974:North Germanic languages
3959:Germanic parent language
3495:Hoftun, Oddgeir (2008).
3449:(Nov 2016) 56#2 149–66.
3421:(1959): pp. 131–96.
3238:"Gutalagen, en landslag"
3119:Kent, Neil, ed. (2008),
2842:The Conversion of Europe
2818:. Danmarks Riges Krønike
2729:Winroth, Anders (2012).
2622:Winroth, Anders (2012).
2457:Þorgeir Ljósvetningagoði
2367:Finnish-Novgorodian wars
1722:St. Brice's Day massacre
1630:all the way down to the
1263:Early Germanic calendars
1071:Hel (mythological being)
5579:History of Christianity
5396:Westrogothian rebellion
5210:Blackfriars (Stockholm)
5019:Archbishopric of Bremen
4826:Saint Francis of Assisi
3979:West Germanic languages
3969:East Germanic languages
3964:Proto-Germanic language
3784:Proto-Germanic folklore
3721:Romano-Germanic culture
3533:. Atlantis, Stockholm.
3529:Larsson, M. G. (2002).
3414:(1938) pp. 106–43.
3309:. New York. p. 37.
3272:27 October 2006 at the
1283:Death in Norse paganism
1049:Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar
739:Apostle to the Frisians
7245:History of Scandinavia
7140:Fourth Great Awakening
7027:Second Great Awakening
6266:Fall of Constantinople
6058:Development of primacy
5525:Catholicism portal
5368:Dalecarlian rebellions
5265:Mariefred Charterhouse
5235:Greyfriars (Stockholm)
5046:(12th–13th centuries)
5038:Archdiocese of Uppsala
4882:Malteser International
3597:history of Scandinavia
3499:, Oslo: Solum forlag.
3305:Fodor, Eugene (1983).
2544:colony was started in
2463:Motives for conversion
2373:Second Swedish Crusade
2144:Other Nordic countries
2136:of the regional thing
2094:law book known as the
1958:The supporters of the
1929:
1893:archdiocese at Nidaros
1816:battle of Hjörungavágr
1808:Haakon Sigurdsson Jarl
1788:
1724:of Danes organized by
1634:, the main islands of
1628:Schleswig and Holstein
862:Scandinavian countries
808:Archdiocese of Hamburg
730:
711:
697:
678:
623:were in the 830s with
619:The earliest signs of
600:established their own
7240:Germanic Christianity
7135:Reformed epistemology
7077:Third Great Awakening
7047:Seventh-day Adventist
6968:First Great Awakening
6841:Book of Common Prayer
6635:Protestant work ethic
6178:Independent Catholics
6129:Monastery dissolution
5420:War against Sigismund
3789:Anglo-Saxon mythology
3679:Ethnolinguistic group
3547:Schön, Ebbe. (2004).
2868:Catholic Encyclopedia
2585:Germanic Christianity
2376:Third Swedish Crusade
2370:First Swedish Crusade
2038:Eric of Good Harvests
1990:in the 1060s by King
1927:
1783:
717:
705:The Holy Cross Church
703:
684:
670:
450:Scandinavian Airlines
265:Chronological history
6958:Edicts of toleration
6767:Three Forms of Unity
6532:Bohemian Reformation
6105:Catholic Reformation
5962:Roman state religion
5781:Council of Jerusalem
5470:Apostolic prefecture
4954:Hubertus Brandenburg
3447:History of Religions
3407:38.2 (2013): 223–44.
2979:14 June 2011 at the
2704:danmarkshistorien.dk
2491:improve this article
2448:in the 9th century.
2163:Sigmundur Brestisson
2116:On the northernmost
777:In 826, the King of
56:improve this article
7130:Liberation theology
7037:Jehovah's Witnesses
6870:Radical Reformation
6598:Resistance theories
6485:Christian mysticism
6480:Early Scholasticism
6192:Ecclesial community
6090:Counter-Reformation
5955:Constantinian shift
5476:Apostolic vicariate
5408:Liturgical Struggle
5107: 11th century
5032:Archdiocese of Lund
4716:Gothic Christianity
3360:on 15 December 2017
3307:Fodor's Scandinavia
2112:History of Jämtland
2057:Sigurd the Crusader
1898:Thirteenth-century
1812:Harold I of Denmark
1206:Rituals and worship
584:, as well as other
7204:Oriental Orthodoxy
6847:King James Version
6659:Ninety-five Theses
6455:Apostolic Brethren
6229:Church of the East
6224:Oriental Orthodoxy
6070:Crusading movement
5590:Early Christianity
5384:Gustav I of Sweden
5374:Recess of Västerås
5240:Greyfriars (Ystad)
4966:Knut Ansgar Nelson
4099:Germani cisrhenani
3807:Funerary practices
3711:Pre-Roman Iron Age
3687:Germanic languages
3490:In other languages
3460:Sanmark, Alexandra
3337:(1938) pp. 106–43.
3182:Kaufhold 2001, 117
3071:Popularhistoria.se
3047:Kaufhold 2001: 116
2414:History of Finland
1930:
1900:runic inscriptions
1789:
1599:). Others include
1273:Seeress (Germanic)
995:Old Norse religion
947:Pre-Roman Iron Age
801:assigned the monk
795:Ingelheim am Rhein
741:, who preached in
731:
712:
698:
679:
213:History by country
7222:
7221:
7199:Eastern Orthodoxy
7067:Finnish Awakening
7022:Holiness movement
6963:Congregationalism
6922:
6921:
6782:Metrical psalters
6219:Eastern Orthodoxy
6163:Neo-Scholasticism
5870:Canon development
5771:Jewish Christians
5545:
5544:
5537:Sweden portal
5503:
5502:
5343:
5342:
5315:Vårfruberga Abbey
5193:
5160:(1164–1534/1606 )
5139:Tuna "Eskilstuna"
4948:Anders Arborelius
4877:Catholic Cemetery
4762:
4761:
3934:Gothic and Vandal
3726:Germanic Iron Age
3701:Nordic Bronze Age
3683:Northern European
3636:
3635:
3505:978-82-560-1619-8
3481:Winroth, Anders.
3288:Christian History
3218:Larsson 2002, 161
3209:Larsson 2002, 160
3173:Sanmark 2004: 109
3142:978-0-521-81284-9
3095:Kaufhold 2001, 86
2908:Sanmark 2004: 107
2894:Kristelig Dagblad
2806:(1938) pp. 81–87.
2742:978-0-300-17026-9
2635:978-0-300-17026-9
2598:Northern Crusades
2523:
2522:
2515:
2410:
2409:
2328:
2327:
1920:Temple at Uppsala
1916:History of Sweden
1870:Battle of Svolder
1776:History of Norway
1717:Holy Roman Empire
1503:
1502:
1328:Germanic kingship
1034:Wayland the Smith
957:Germanic Iron Age
942:Nordic Bronze Age
674:'s runestone, at
653:Early Middle Ages
578:
577:
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
7282:
6641:
6028:Non-Chalcedonian
6009:Constantinople I
5801:General epistles
5796:Pauline epistles
5776:Paul the Apostle
5754:Great Commission
5572:
5565:
5558:
5549:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5523:
5522:
5453:
5450:
5445:Anti-Catholicism
5438:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5187:
5172:
5169:
5147:
5144:
5134:
5131:
5121:
5118:
5108:
5105:
5076:
5044:Swedish Crusades
5027:
5024:
5014:
5011:
5006:Christianisation
4999:
4997:
4994:
4983:
4856:Newman Institute
4843:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4766:
4752:
4751:
4708:Christianization
4298:Ripuarian Franks
3670:Germanic peoples
3663:
3656:
3649:
3640:
3595:Timeline of the
3589:
3582:
3575:
3566:
3561:
3544:
3526:
3509:
3485:(Yale UP, 2012).
3384:
3383:
3377:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3359:
3353:. Archived from
3352:
3344:
3338:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3318:
3310:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3283:
3277:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3242:www.guteinfo.com
3234:
3228:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3196:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3116:
3110:
3109:Sanmark 2004: 85
3107:
3096:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3073:. 15 July 2008.
3063:
3057:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3032:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3014:
3007:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2983:
2970:
2964:
2963:Sanmark 2004: 81
2961:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2933:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2897:
2890:
2884:
2877:
2871:
2864:
2855:
2852:
2846:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2819:
2816:Hvitfeldt, Arild
2813:
2807:
2800:
2794:
2793:Sanmark 2004: 15
2791:
2785:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2619:
2542:Danish–Norwegian
2518:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2498:
2475:
2467:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2238:
2227:
2213:Christianization
2209:
2074:near modern-day
1944:, archbishop of
1745:Odense Cathedral
1686:Harald Bluetooth
1660:Harald Bluetooth
1495:
1488:
1481:
1056:Dwarf (folklore)
982:Christianization
962:Migration Period
937:Nordic Stone Age
889:
866:
855:Christianization
843:Pope Gregory VII
768:Bishop of Bremen
672:Harald Bluetooth
637:Harald Bluetooth
621:Christianization
586:Nordic countries
570:
563:
556:
543:
539:
538:
537:
529:
525:
524:
523:
515:
511:
510:
509:
501:
497:
496:
495:
487:
483:
482:
481:
473:
469:
468:
467:
435:Nordic countries
308:Christianization
293:Migration Period
157:
134:
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
7290:
7289:
7285:
7284:
7283:
7281:
7280:
7279:
7225:
7224:
7223:
7218:
7168:
7155:Christian right
7057:Oxford Movement
7032:Restorationists
7003:
6918:
6851:
6786:
6737:Presbyterianism
6708:
6688:Book of Concord
6639:
6563:
6561:
6553:
6320:
6210:
6203:
6039:
5938:
5930:
5889:Clement of Rome
5819:
5812:
5716:
5710:
5599:
5581:
5576:
5546:
5541:
5531:
5529:
5517:
5499:
5451:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5425:
5357:
5352:
5351:
5339:
5285:Skänninge Abbey
5275:Riseberga Abbey
5260:Kastelle Priory
5230:Dragsmark Abbey
5220:Börringe Priory
5215:Bäckaskog Abbey
5186:
5184:
5182:
5176:
5170:
5145:
5132:
5119:
5106:
5090:(990/1014–1529)
5080:
5074:
5025:
5012:
4995:
4990:
4989:
4974:
4934:
4886:
4860:
4844:
4835:
4807:
4805:
4798:
4793:
4763:
4758:
4740:
4702:
3983:
3945:
3907:Gothic alphabet
3799:Norse mythology
3735:
3689:
3672:
3667:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3599:
3593:
3559:
3542:
3524:
3507:
3492:
3393:
3391:Further reading
3388:
3387:
3370:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3348:"Archived copy"
3346:
3345:
3341:
3332:
3328:
3311:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3274:Wayback Machine
3265:
3261:
3251:
3249:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3227:Schön 2004, 172
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3199:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3161:
3152:
3150:
3143:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3080:
3078:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3056:Schön 2004, 173
3055:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3025:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2981:Wayback Machine
2971:
2967:
2962:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2931:10.1.1.683.8845
2917:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2900:
2891:
2887:
2878:
2874:
2865:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2784:Schön 2004, 170
2783:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2743:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2713:
2711:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2651:
2636:
2621:
2620:
2611:
2606:
2571:
2561:article to the
2558:
2540:In 1721, a new
2538:
2532:
2519:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2488:
2476:
2465:
2435:
2429:
2416:
2406:
2355:Turku Cathedral
2207:
2167:Olaf Tryggvason
2160:
2154:
2146:
2130:Frösö Runestone
2114:
2108:
2084:
2046:Magnus Barefoot
2008:Orkneyinga saga
1964:Olof Skötkonung
1922:
1912:
1831:Isles of Scilly
1823:Olaf Tryggvason
1797:Harald Greyhide
1793:Haakon the Good
1778:
1772:
1694:Sweyn Forkbeard
1692:, and his son,
1679:Louis the Pious
1542:trial by ordeal
1508:
1499:
1463:
1462:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1408:
1396:
1388:
1387:
1298:
1288:
1287:
1233:Walpurgis Night
1208:
1198:
1197:
1113:
1103:
1102:
997:
987:
986:
932:
904:
864:
813:Horik I sacked
790:Emperor Louis I
718:The Viking Age
691:Frösö Runestone
687:Christian cross
665:
574:
535:
533:
532:
521:
519:
518:
507:
505:
504:
493:
491:
490:
479:
477:
476:
465:
463:
462:
455:
454:
420:
412:
411:
410:
395:
388:
380:
379:
378:
354:
346:
345:
344:
335:Denmark–Iceland
262:
210:
200:
199:
198:
165:
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7288:
7286:
7278:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7227:
7226:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7190:
7189:
7184:
7173:
7170:
7169:
7167:
7166:
7161:
7152:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7120:Pentecostalism
7117:
7115:Jesus movement
7112:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7013:
7011:
7005:
7004:
7002:
7001:
6992:
6991:
6990:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6954:
6953:
6943:
6938:
6932:
6930:
6924:
6923:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6916:
6909:
6906:Martyrs Mirror
6902:
6897:
6892:
6890:Martyrs' Synod
6887:
6882:
6880:Swiss Brethren
6877:
6872:
6867:
6861:
6859:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6849:
6844:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6796:
6794:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6718:
6716:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6684:
6679:
6678:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6649:
6647:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6625:Law and Gospel
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6569:
6567:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6551:
6550:
6549:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6330:
6328:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6306:Ottoman Empire
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6251:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6215:
6213:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6118:
6117:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6049:
6047:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6037:
6035:Biblical canon
6032:
6031:
6030:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5984:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5946:
5944:
5936:Late antiquity
5932:
5931:
5929:
5928:
5923:
5922:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5884:Church Fathers
5877:
5872:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5824:
5822:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5726:
5720:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5607:
5605:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5592:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5567:
5560:
5552:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5527:
5515:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5491:
5485:
5482:Dissenter Acts
5479:
5473:
5467:
5461:
5455:
5441:
5439:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5417:
5411:
5405:
5399:
5393:
5387:
5377:
5371:
5364:
5362:
5345:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5295:Solberga Abbey
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5250:Herrevad Abbey
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5200:Alvastra Abbey
5196:
5194:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5161:
5155:
5149:
5136:
5123:
5110:
5097:
5091:
5084:
5082:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5059:
5053:
5041:
5035:
5029:
5016:
5002:
5000:
4980:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4963:
4957:
4951:
4944:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4896:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4812:
4810:
4804:Roman Catholic
4800:
4799:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4769:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4712:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4365:Thracian Goths
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3993:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3921:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3899:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3872:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3745:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3716:Roman Iron Age
3713:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3643:
3634:
3633:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3545:
3527:
3510:
3508:(in Norwegian)
3491:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3479:
3457:
3455:10.1086/688215
3443:
3429:
3428:(1961): 310–36
3422:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3396:Berend, Nora.
3392:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3339:
3326:
3297:
3278:
3259:
3229:
3220:
3211:
3197:
3184:
3175:
3159:
3141:
3111:
3097:
3088:
3058:
3049:
3040:
2993:
2984:
2965:
2949:
2910:
2898:
2885:
2872:
2856:
2847:
2832:
2820:
2808:
2795:
2786:
2777:
2768:
2741:
2721:
2691:
2661:
2634:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2570:
2567:
2557:
2554:
2531:
2528:
2521:
2520:
2479:
2477:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2431:Main article:
2428:
2425:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2220:
2219:
2206:
2203:
2183:Tróndur í Gøtu
2153:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2107:
2104:
2083:
2080:
2003:Inge the Elder
1911:
1908:
1885:Pope Adrian IV
1771:
1768:
1764:Danish history
1698:Emperor Otto I
1507:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1403:
1401:Æsir–Vanir War
1397:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1153:Hel (location)
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1009:
998:
993:
992:
989:
988:
985:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
952:Roman Iron Age
949:
944:
939:
933:
928:
927:
924:
923:
922:
921:
920:
919:
906:
905:
893:Norse language
890:
882:
881:
875:
874:
863:
860:
799:Ebbo of Rheims
664:
661:
657:Roman Catholic
645:Anders Winroth
641:Jelling Stones
576:
575:
573:
572:
565:
558:
550:
547:
546:
545:
544:
530:
516:
502:
488:
474:
457:
456:
453:
452:
447:
442:
440:Monetary Union
437:
432:
427:
421:
418:
417:
414:
413:
409:
408:
407:
406:
401:
389:
386:
385:
382:
381:
377:
376:
371:
366:
361:
355:
352:
351:
348:
347:
343:
342:
340:Nordic Council
337:
332:
327:
325:Denmark–Norway
322:
317:
312:
311:
310:
305:
295:
290:
289:
288:
283:
278:
261:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
211:
206:
205:
202:
201:
197:
196:
191:
186:
179:
172:
166:
163:
162:
159:
158:
150:
149:
143:
142:
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7287:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7232:
7230:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7209:Protestantism
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7179:
7178:
7175:
7174:
7171:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7156:
7153:
7150:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7110:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7082:Azusa Revival
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7062:Laestadianism
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7014:
7012:
7010:
7006:
7000:
6999:Old Lutherans
6996:
6993:
6989:
6986:
6985:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6952:
6949:
6948:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6929:
6925:
6915:
6914:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6858:
6854:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6842:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6793:
6789:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6715:
6711:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6665:Diet of Worms
6663:
6661:
6660:
6656:
6655:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6646:
6642:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6599:
6596:
6595:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6566:
6565:Protestantism
6560:
6556:
6548:
6545:
6544:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6511:
6508:
6507:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6381:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6327:
6323:
6317:
6316:North America
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6206:
6200:
6197:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6188:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6046:
6042:
6036:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5937:
5933:
5927:
5926:Early African
5924:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5909:Justin Martyr
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5815:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5729:Life of Jesus
5727:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5717:Apostolic Age
5713:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5602:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5584:
5580:
5573:
5568:
5566:
5561:
5559:
5554:
5553:
5550:
5538:
5528:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5509:
5506:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5477:
5474:
5471:
5468:
5465:
5464:Tolerance Act
5462:
5459:
5456:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5434:
5428:
5421:
5418:
5415:
5414:Uppsala Synod
5412:
5409:
5406:
5403:
5400:
5397:
5394:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5350:
5346:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5320:Varnhem Abbey
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5179:
5165:
5162:
5159:
5156:
5153:
5150:
5140:
5137:
5127:
5124:
5114:
5111:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5077:
5069:
5066:
5063:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5020:
5017:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4988:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4842:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4816:Saint Eugenia
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4801:
4797:
4790:
4785:
4783:
4778:
4776:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4755:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4340:Crimean Goths
4338:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4303:Salian Franks
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3741:Early culture
3738:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
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3193:árs ok friðar
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2547:
2543:
2537:
2529:
2527:
2517:
2514:
2506:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2480:This section
2478:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2434:
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2312:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2275:Alexander III
2273:
2272:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2235:
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2218:
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2204:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2152:Faroe Islands
2151:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2079:
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2068:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2028:Hervarar saga
2025:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2014:Hervarar saga
2010:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1980:Västergötland
1977:
1973:
1972:episcopal see
1969:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1950:Västergötland
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1874:Jarls of Lade
1871:
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1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1801:pagan temples
1798:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1761:
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1610:
1606:
1602:
1601:Canute Lavard
1598:
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1476:
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1470:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1448:Völsung Cycle
1446:
1444:
1443:Tyrfing Cycle
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1404:
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1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1223:Norse funeral
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1191:
1189:
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1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1098:Ask and Embla
1096:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
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1005:
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931:
926:
925:
918:
915:
914:
913:
910:
909:
908:
907:
902:
901:Eastern Norse
898:
897:Western Norse
894:
888:
884:
883:
880:
876:
872:
868:
867:
861:
859:
856:
850:
848:
844:
839:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
809:
804:
800:
796:
791:
787:
783:
780:
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559:
557:
552:
551:
549:
548:
542:
531:
528:
517:
514:
503:
500:
489:
486:
485:Faroe Islands
475:
472:
461:
460:
459:
458:
451:
448:
446:
445:Defence Union
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
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416:
415:
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402:
400:
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370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
350:
349:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
330:Sweden–Norway
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
309:
306:
304:
301:
300:
299:
296:
294:
291:
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259:
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236:
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231:
229:
228:Faroe Islands
226:
224:
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219:
216:
215:
214:
209:
204:
203:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
184:
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168:
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160:
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152:
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148:
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140:
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135:
126:
123:
115:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
7125:Charismatics
7108:
7087:Gospel music
7017:Camp meeting
7009:1789–present
6941:Missionaries
6911:
6904:
6895:Menno Simons
6839:
6835:Church music
6686:
6657:
6542:Conciliarism
6527:Papal Schism
6369:Scandinavian
6368:
6261:Great Schism
6239:Nestorianism
6211:Christianity
6143:priest holes
6024:Chalcedonian
5987:Christianity
5941:Great Church
5749:Resurrection
5390:Örebro Synod
5270:Nydala Abbey
5255:Julita Abbey
5245:Gudhem Abbey
5225:Dalby Priory
5205:Askeby Abbey
5185:and convents
5171: 1100s
5146: 1100s
4808:of Stockholm
4730:
4034:Anglo-Saxons
4024:Adrabaecampi
4007:Bucinobantes
3749:Architecture
3560:(in Swedish)
3548:
3543:(in Swedish)
3530:
3513:
3496:
3482:
3463:
3446:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3362:. Retrieved
3355:the original
3342:
3334:
3329:
3306:
3300:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3267:Christianity
3262:
3250:. Retrieved
3241:
3232:
3223:
3214:
3192:
3187:
3178:
3151:, retrieved
3124:
3114:
3091:
3079:. Retrieved
3070:
3061:
3052:
3043:
3017:. Retrieved
2996:
2987:
2968:
2940:. Retrieved
2920:
2913:
2896:25 July 2007
2893:
2888:
2880:
2875:
2867:
2850:
2840:
2835:
2811:
2803:
2802:Latourette,
2798:
2789:
2780:
2771:
2761:27 September
2759:. Retrieved
2731:
2724:
2712:. Retrieved
2703:
2694:
2682:. Retrieved
2673:
2664:
2654:27 September
2652:. Retrieved
2624:
2591:Heimskringla
2589:
2562:
2559:
2539:
2524:
2509:
2503:October 2021
2500:
2489:Please help
2484:verification
2481:
2450:
2436:
2417:
2279:Innocent III
2161:
2147:
2115:
2085:
2069:
2059:undertook a
2054:
2042:
2033:Heimskringla
2031:
2027:
2012:
2006:
1996:
1957:
1954:
1931:
1897:
1882:
1867:
1843:kings' sagas
1840:
1820:
1805:
1790:
1759:
1753:
1741:canonization
1734:
1730:
1714:
1706:
1683:
1672:
1668:Curmsun Disc
1623:
1620:Gorm the Old
1617:
1596:
1589:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1565:
1546:
1535:
1517:
1509:
1406:Fimbulwinter
1358:Nithing pole
981:
900:
896:
851:
849:in 1103–04.
840:
812:
776:
738:
732:
649:
618:
614:Christianity
602:archdioceses
581:
579:
430:Scandinavism
393:Nordic model
315:Kalmar Union
307:
264:
263:
212:
181:
174:
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
7214:Catholicism
7151:Protestants
7145:Evangelical
6820:39 Articles
6815:Elizabethan
6792:Anglicanism
6772:Westminster
6682:Melanchthon
6645:Lutheranism
6610:Nicodemites
6588:Arminianism
6559:Reformation
6500:Bonaventure
6475:Inquisition
6470:Waldensians
6420:Investiture
6398:Kievan Rus'
6354:Anglo-Saxon
6334:Pelagianism
6326:Middle Ages
6249:Iconodulism
6124:Thomas More
6045:Catholicism
5967:Monasticism
5950:Constantine
5875:Persecution
5833:Adoptionism
5818:Ante-Nicene
5761:Holy Spirit
5744:Crucifixion
5715:Origins and
5616:2nd and 3rd
5484:(1860–1873)
5478:(1783–1953)
5472:(1781–1783)
5460:(1667–1781)
5452: 1527
5422:(1598–1600)
5410:(1574–1593)
5404:(1542-1543)
5386:(1527–1560)
5370:(1524–1533)
5358: 1527
5349:Reformation
5325:Vreta Abbey
5183:monasteries
5173:/1249–1554)
5154:(1163–1530)
5135:/1129–1536)
5133: 1100
5120: 1129
5096:(1164–1557)
5040:(1164–1557)
5034:(1104–1164)
4987:Middle Ages
4968:(1957–1962)
4962:(1962–1976)
4960:John Taylor
4956:(1977–1998)
4474:Nahanarvali
4397:Hilleviones
4310:Frisiavones
4178:Cananefates
4168:Burgundians
4079:Banochaemae
3929:Anglo-Saxon
3880:Anglo-Saxon
3846:Anglo-Saxon
3829:Anglo-Saxon
3812:Anglo-Saxon
3525:(in German)
3294:(3): 22–25.
3252:4 September
3081:4 September
2942:1 September
2751:j.ctt1nq59r
2714:4 September
2644:j.ctt1nq59r
2530:Last pagans
2438:Irish monks
2421:Birger Jarl
2311:Birger Jarl
2289:Archbishops
2124:in central
2020:Old Uppsala
1785:Haakon Jarl
1675:Harald Klak
1632:Eider River
1585:hammer sign
1433:Poetic Edda
1368:Norse clans
1268:Runic magic
1253:Vé (shrine)
1248:Heathen hof
1178:Urðarbrunnr
1168:Mímisbrunnr
1148:Ginnungagap
1093:Jörmungandr
972:Norse–Gaels
912:Scandinavia
899:in red and
895:in CE 900:
782:Harald Klak
720:image stone
147:Scandinavia
7270:Viking Age
7229:Categories
6936:Revivalism
6857:Anabaptism
6805:Henry VIII
6630:Literature
6254:Iconoclasm
6234:Chrysostom
6187:Vatican II
6153:Jansenists
6139:Mass rocks
6075:Lateran IV
5994:Athanasius
5914:Tertullian
5858:Marcionism
5853:Gnosticism
5806:Revelation
5724:Background
5511:See also:
5433:Tridentine
5380:Reductions
5335:Öved Abbey
5280:Roma Abbey
5026: 829
5013: 829
4996: 829
4831:Saint Mary
4821:Saint Eric
4693:Vinoviloth
4481:Marcomanni
4464:Helveconae
4442:Heaðobards
4412:Istvaeones
4402:Ingaevones
4387:Hermunduri
4355:Ostrogoths
4345:Greuthungi
4223:Chattuarii
4049:Angrivarii
4044:Ampsivarii
4012:Lentienses
3841:Literature
3731:Viking Age
3433:Ruthenica,
2684:3 February
2534:See also:
2412:See also:
2347:Nousiainen
2283:Gregory IX
2156:See also:
2134:lawspeaker
2110:See also:
1999:Blot-Sweyn
1914:See also:
1889:Papal bull
1878:Saint Olaf
1774:See also:
1760:Folkekirke
1656:silver cup
1613:Vendsyssel
1597:Sanct Knud
1573:landvætter
1458:Runestones
1438:Prose Edda
1193:Jötunheimr
1183:Yggdrasill
1173:Hvergelmir
1158:Muspelheim
967:Viking Age
891:Extent of
735:Willibrord
723:Sövestad 1
610:conversion
369:Baltic Sea
298:Viking Age
281:Bronze Age
271:Prehistory
112:April 2022
82:newspapers
7102:Ecumenism
7052:Adventism
7042:Mormonism
6978:Millerism
6973:Methodism
6928:1640–1789
6830:Civil War
6777:Orthodoxy
6732:Huguenots
6714:Calvinism
6699:Eucharist
6694:Orthodoxy
6578:Eucharist
6510:Five Ways
6460:Dulcinian
6413:Pomerania
6339:Gregory I
6183:Vatican I
6173:Modernism
6158:Molinists
6148:Guadalupe
6019:Chalcedon
6014:Ephesus I
6004:Augustine
5880:Apostolic
5863:Montanism
5828:Diversity
5604:Centuries
5402:Dacke War
5290:Sko Abbey
5126:Strängnäs
5113:Linköping
4930:Elizabeth
4925:Catherine
4849:Education
4688:Vidivarii
4683:Victohali
4673:Vangiones
4606:Thuringii
4511:Nuithones
4407:Irminones
4370:Visigoths
4360:Thervingi
4320:Gambrivii
4273:Dulgubnii
4268:Dauciones
4218:Chasuarii
4158:Brondings
4084:Bastarnae
4074:Baiuvarii
4054:Armalausi
4017:Raetovari
3951:Languages
3919:Symbology
3779:Folklore
3774:Festivals
3315:cite book
3153:4 January
2972:Rimbert,
2926:CiteSeerX
2556:Aftermath
2546:Greenland
2440:known as
2333:Locations
2323:King Eric
2187:beheading
2179:angry mob
2118:runestone
2096:Gutalagen
2092:Gotlandic
2076:Stockholm
1863:Greenland
1835:mutineers
1737:Canute IV
1726:Aethelred
1648:Skåneland
1644:Langeland
1624:den Gamle
1622:(Danish:
1609:St Thøger
1566:landsting
1415:Wild Hunt
1373:Old Norse
1348:Mead hall
1303:Berserker
1238:Midsummer
1143:Fólkvangr
1123:Vanaheimr
1111:Cosmology
1061:Einherjar
831:Schleswig
764:Willerich
743:Schleswig
689:from the
425:Languages
374:North Sea
364:Peninsula
359:Mountains
353:Geography
276:Stone Age
238:Greenland
164:Countries
7194:Theology
7182:Missions
7177:Timeline
7149:Mainline
7097:Pacifism
6946:Baptists
6865:Theology
6825:Puritans
6800:Timeline
6742:Scotland
6670:Theology
6517:Wycliffe
6465:Crusades
6440:Bogomils
6393:Bulgaria
6349:Germanic
6301:Ethiopia
6199:Timeline
5977:Nicaea I
5972:Councils
5904:Irenaeus
5899:Ignatius
5894:Polycarp
5848:Donatism
5843:Docetism
5838:Arianism
5739:Ministry
5330:Ås Abbey
5158:Västerås
5081:dioceses
4865:Services
4754:Category
4661:Hasdingi
4646:Usipetes
4626:Tubantes
4611:Toxandri
4591:Tencteri
4566:Suarines
4551:Sicambri
4546:Semnones
4526:Reudigni
4496:Mattiaci
4486:Marsacii
4437:Lombards
4427:Lacringi
4422:Juthungi
4253:Corconti
4238:Cherusci
4213:Charudes
4193:Chaedini
4163:Bructeri
4148:Bateinoi
4119:Eburones
4114:Condrusi
4109:Caeroesi
4104:Atuatuci
4039:Ambrones
4002:Brisgavi
3997:Alemanni
3875:Paganism
3764:Clothing
3759:Calendar
3706:Germania
3374:cite web
3364:8 August
3270:Archived
3246:Archived
3147:archived
3075:Archived
3029:cite web
3010:Archived
2977:Archived
2936:Archived
2755:Archived
2708:Archived
2678:Archived
2648:Archived
2569:See also
2351:Koroinen
2339:Kokemäki
2299:Valerius
2199:arm ring
2175:Tórshavn
2138:Jamtamót
2126:Jämtland
2106:Jämtland
2063:against
2024:húskarls
1904:Valkyrie
1855:Shetland
1818:in 986.
1756:Lutheran
1710:Jomsborg
1702:Roskilde
1690:Gunhilde
1520:Normandy
1410:Ragnarök
1338:Holmgang
1188:Valhalla
1163:Niflheim
1086:Valkyrie
879:Norsemen
871:a series
869:Part of
823:Horik II
772:baptized
766:, later
751:Ongendus
695:Jämtland
303:Norsemen
286:Iron Age
253:Scotland
139:a series
137:Part of
7187:Martyrs
6983:Pietism
6913:Ausbund
6885:Müntzer
6810:Cranmer
6757:Baptism
6722:Zwingli
6573:Erasmus
6522:Avignon
6505:Aquinas
6495:Francis
6490:Dominic
6450:Cathars
6445:Bosnian
6435:Bernard
6430:Abelard
6403:Moravia
6388:Bohemia
6374:Iceland
6296:Serbian
6276:Georgia
6271:Armenia
6209:Eastern
6110:Jesuits
5786:Gospels
5734:Baptism
5496:(1953–)
5490:(1960–)
5437:(1563–)
5100:Sigtuna
5094:Uppsala
5058:(1240s)
5052:(1150s)
4979:History
4950:(1998–)
4940:Bishops
4920:Bridget
4900:Sigfrid
4872:Caritas
4806:Diocese
4678:Varisci
4666:Silingi
4656:Vandals
4631:Tulingi
4621:Triboci
4616:Treveri
4596:Teutons
4586:Taifals
4561:Sitones
4501:Nemetes
4459:Helisii
4432:Lemovii
4350:Gutones
4283:Firaesi
4278:Favonae
4258:Cugerni
4248:Cobandi
4203:Chamavi
4198:Chaemae
4188:Casuari
4183:Caritni
4153:Betasii
4124:Paemani
4059:Auiones
3924:Warfare
3902:Scripts
3870:Numbers
3694:History
3439:; also
3400:(2010).
2453:Althing
2427:Iceland
2315:Sergius
2255:Rodulff
2241:Bishops
2217:Finland
2205:Finland
2195:Suðuroy
2191:Sandvík
2088:Gotland
2082:Gotland
2065:Småland
2061:crusade
2050:leidang
1992:Stenkil
1988:Sigtuna
1968:Uppland
1946:Hamburg
1859:Iceland
1829:on the
1821:In 995
1664:Jelling
1652:Jelling
1636:Zealand
1528:Ireland
1524:England
1506:Denmark
1427:Sources
1343:Leidang
1296:Society
1138:Bifröst
1133:Vígríðr
1128:Midgard
1029:Sigmund
977:Normans
930:History
917:History
815:Hamburg
786:Horik I
779:Jutland
755:Agantyr
676:Jelling
590:Denmark
513:Iceland
499:Finland
471:Denmark
419:Related
399:Finland
387:Economy
243:Iceland
233:Finland
223:Denmark
208:History
183:Iceland
176:Finland
170:Denmark
96:scholar
6875:Grebel
6727:Calvin
6653:Luther
6547:Synods
6425:Anselm
6408:Poland
6364:Gothic
6359:Franks
6344:Celtic
6311:Russia
6291:Syriac
6281:Greece
6168:Teresa
6115:Xavier
6053:Papacy
5999:Jerome
5919:Origen
5820:period
5595:Spread
5466:(1781)
5454:–1977)
5416:(1593)
5398:(1529)
5392:(1529)
5376:(1527)
5360:–1600)
5181:Former
5148:–1170)
5122:–1527)
5109:–1164)
5079:Former
5064:(1293)
5056:Second
5028:–1104)
5015:–1087)
4998:–1527)
4915:Ingrid
4910:Helena
4892:Saints
4698:Warini
4651:Vagoth
4636:Tungri
4601:Thelir
4581:Swedes
4576:Sunici
4541:Saxons
4536:Rugini
4469:Manimi
4454:Diduni
4392:Heruli
4330:Gepids
4315:Frisii
4293:Franks
4243:Cimbri
4233:Chauci
4228:Chatti
4141:Nervii
4136:Morini
4094:Belgae
4089:Batavi
4064:Avarpi
4029:Angles
3989:Groups
3939:Viking
3885:Gothic
3863:Gothic
3769:Family
3555:
3537:
3520:
3503:
3470:
3441:online
3437:online
3139:
3019:23 May
2928:
2870:. 1913
2749:
2739:
2642:
2632:
2361:Events
2343:Köyliö
2305:Others
2295:Anders
2247:Thomas
2232:People
2171:Alting
2128:, the
2122:Frösön
1984:Husaby
1934:Ansgar
1910:Sweden
1861:, and
1851:Orkney
1847:Faroes
1770:Norway
1605:Ansgar
1593:Aarhus
1577:kilder
1562:Odense
1560:, and
1550:Viborg
1532:France
1512:Viking
1395:Events
1383:Thrall
1318:Erilaz
1118:Asgard
1066:Fenrir
1039:Vættir
1024:Sigurd
1019:Jötunn
873:on the
827:Hedeby
819:Bremen
803:Ansgar
747:Frisia
633:Hedeby
625:Ansgar
598:Sweden
594:Norway
541:Sweden
527:Norway
404:Sweden
320:Sweden
258:Sweden
248:Norway
194:Sweden
189:Norway
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
7109:solae
7107:Five
6900:Smyth
6752:TULIP
6675:Bible
6383:Slavs
6286:Egypt
6244:Icons
6095:Trent
6085:Leo X
5982:Creed
5430:Post-
5152:Växjö
5088:Skara
5062:Third
5050:First
4971:(...)
4571:Suebi
4556:Sciri
4531:Rugii
4521:Quadi
4506:Njars
4491:Marsi
4449:Lugii
4417:Jutes
4382:Harii
4377:Gutes
4335:Goths
4325:Geats
4263:Danes
4208:Chali
4129:Segni
4069:Baemi
3912:Runes
3897:Rings
3890:Norse
3858:Names
3851:Norse
3834:Norse
3817:Norse
3358:(PDF)
3351:(PDF)
3013:(PDF)
3006:(PDF)
2747:JSTOR
2640:JSTOR
2604:Notes
2446:Norse
2442:Papar
2319:Lalli
2269:Popes
2259:Fulco
2251:Henry
2100:blóts
2072:Lovön
1976:Skara
1938:Birka
1640:Funen
1618:King
1554:Lejre
1378:Thing
1323:Félag
1278:Galdr
1258:Gothi
1243:Hörgr
1218:Seiðr
1081:Norns
1012:Vanir
727:Skåne
725:from
709:Dalby
629:Birka
218:Åland
103:JSTOR
89:books
7159:left
7157:and
7147:and
6997:and
6995:Neo-
6762:Dort
6747:Knox
6593:Wars
6185:and
6141:and
6134:Wars
5791:Acts
5706:21st
5701:20th
5696:19th
5691:18th
5686:17th
5681:16th
5676:15th
5671:14th
5666:13th
5661:12th
5656:11th
5651:10th
5190:List
4905:Eric
4641:Ubii
4288:Fosi
4173:Buri
3553:ISBN
3535:ISBN
3518:ISBN
3501:ISBN
3468:ISBN
3380:link
3366:2012
3321:link
3254:2020
3155:2022
3137:ISBN
3083:2020
3035:link
3021:2017
2944:2022
2763:2022
2737:ISBN
2716:2020
2686:2023
2656:2022
2630:ISBN
2550:Sámi
2263:Bero
2001:and
1960:cult
1942:Unni
1918:and
1827:seer
1749:fast
1581:Thor
1558:Lund
1537:jarl
1453:Saga
1333:Hird
1313:Ergi
1308:Earl
1228:Yule
1213:Blót
1007:Æsir
1002:Gods
847:Lund
835:Ribe
762:and
685:The
631:and
606:pope
596:and
580:The
75:news
6704:Art
6562:and
6537:Hus
6100:Art
5646:9th
5641:8th
5636:7th
5631:6th
5626:5th
5621:4th
5611:1st
5382:of
5164:Åbo
4516:Osi
3824:Law
3754:Art
3681:of
3476:pdf
3451:doi
3129:doi
2493:by
2215:of
2193:on
2173:in
1978:in
1974:at
1611:of
1583:'s
1363:Nīþ
1076:Dís
1044:Elf
707:in
612:to
58:by
7231::
6026:/
5882:/
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5355:c.
5168:c.
5143:c.
5130:c.
5117:c.
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5023:c.
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4993:c.
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