195:, because of linguistic features of their dialect, believed that they were Silesians. From his visits to Chwalim in the early 20th century, he learned that the dialect is well-known amongst elder people, while younger people had stopped learning it, instead opting for
862:? (have you been there?/were you there (singular)). As in Polish and Silesian, special prefixes inform whether the aspect of the verb is perfective or imperfective. Future tense is constructed with 'to be' in future tense and infinitive form of verb:
647:
is much weaker. If the vowels are the same or very similar, it can be even completely omitted, contracting the vowels: '(she) heard' – compare Polish
672:
various simplifications of consonant clusters and palatalizations: 'all', 'bee', 'enough, fairly', 'six years', 'to collect' – compare Polish
229:
The phonological system of the
Chwalim dialect has much in common with other Silesian dialects, with some influences from Greater Poland dialects.
335:
can be realised as a diphthong or monophthong depending on the phonological context (usually, at the end of a word it is a diphthong). Before
199:, although they still understood it. According to a census in 1910, 117 natives in Chwalim still spoke the so-called "Wendish language".
1467:
Semantic change from 'to sing' to 'to sing with a liturgical book' to 'to read from a liturgical book' to ultimately 'to read'.
176:
1835:. Vol. IV. Pisma dialektologiczne. Z 5 mapami. Wrocław-Kraków: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. pp. 171–188.
1850:
172:
87:
732:
is preserved after roots ending with soft consonant. The feminine singular accusative is generally formed with -
163:. Although the dialect features are typical for Silesian, the speakers believed that they were descendants of
246:
57:
652:
644:
629:
625:
621:
615:
611:
605:
601:
496:
356:
346:
336:
301:
297:
250:
62:
72:
187:
In the 19th century, the inhabitants of
Chwalim were believed to be Wends who had migrated there from
400:
321:
is strongest in the beginning of the word and weakest at the end of the word: 'smith', 'work' (
145:
77:
345:
is usually realised as a diphthong but is often reduced to in unaccented syllables or before
713:
168:
82:
1634:
means 'street'. The semantic change probably influenced by southern
Greater Polish dialects.
355:
is generally as in most of Polish and
Silesian dialects, but can be a bit more open before
582:
238:
192:
67:
382:
are generally pronounced as and respectively, as in most of Polish and
Silesian dialects.
851:
574:
293:
196:
137:
49:
1233:
This word is used also to make questions. Thus, it replaced semantically
Standard Polish
834:-participle and personal pronoun; in singular first person there can be added suffix -
1844:
547:
203:
188:
160:
40:
739:
The masculine and neuter singular genitive of adjectives is formed with the ending -
391:
In the list below, V denotes any vowel, C – any consonant, N – any nasal consonant,
724:
The most dominant ending for the genitive masculine singular genitive of nouns is -
404:
262:
712:
Many features common to
Silesian dialects are present in the morphology, but some
578:
396:
266:
242:
586:
273:
120:
870:(we will be reading), or with a present-tense form of a perfective verb.
317:
can vary between and depending on the phonological context. Generally,
237:
The consonant system of
Chwalim dialect is generally similar to that in
270:
207:
152:
148:
830:
for the second person plural. The past tense is constructed from the
392:
269:. It is also difficult to determine whether diphthongized vowels are
156:
30:
245:, which is present in some other Silesian dialects as well. A weak
325:), '(she) flew away', 'young', 'word'. In this article, letter
241:, but there is a lack of the postalveolar/retroflex series due to
164:
322:
592:
masuration is regular with a few exceptions: – compare Polish
292:
is usually realised as a diphthong but is reduced to before
1217:
Probably influenced by neighbouring
Greater Polish dialects.
310:
is generally pronounced as , like in other
Silesian dialects;
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1742:
1740:
265:
denotes that the sound is a reflex of the corresponding
538:
irregular Silesian vowel changes: – compare Polish
118:
113:
46:
36:
26:
21:
787:simplified into corresponding nasal consonants
728:. An archaic masculine singular dative ending -
8:
747:, which is the result of Sorbian influence.
635:between two vowels (unless first of them is
618:as in most of Polish and Silesian dialects;
151:spoken up to first half of 20th century in
651:, '(she) wasn't taking' – compare Polish
604:in recent German borrowings is adapted as
18:
969:
657:, '(she) didn't know' – compare Polish
279:Oral vowels: a, e, i, y, o, u, á, é, ó.
1736:
159:. Historically, the village belongs to
1813:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1746:
206:visiting church in neighbouring town
7:
419:, unlike in other Silesian dialetcs;
661:, 'she was here' – compare Polish
429:, except in feminine noun endings -
329:is used to indicate pronunciation ;
249:is usually inserted before initial
569:due to Greater Polish influence, -
467:: '(he) couldn't', 'Protestant';
14:
842:, which is typical for Silesian:
826:for the first person plural and -
665:, '(she) took' – compare Polish
581:)', 'smith (dative)', 'cherry (
167:. The dialect is classified as a
1451:means 'pair, two of something'.
822:for the first person singular, -
755:Verbs in the infinitive end in -
716:influence may also be observed.
624:after consonants is often lost:
528:in comparative adverbs endings -
1320:to live; to reside (somewhere)
1201:Charachteristic Silesian word.
795:as in other Silesian dialects:
562:'in school', – compare Polish
210:and praying with Polish books.
973:Word (simplified orthography)
1:
1584:is masculine form for 'old'.
892:, (let's go (imperfective)),
873:Conjugations of a few verbs:
171:, and more specifically, the
1564:is feminine form for 'old'.
542:'needle', – compare Polish
365:is generally pronounced as ;
173:Lower Silesian dialect group
88:Lower Silesian dialect group
814:Present tense endings are -
596:'human', – compare Polish
558:'clock', – compare Polish
495:in few cases, mostly after
1867:
1833:Wybór pism polonistycznych
1831:Nitsch, Kazimierz (1958).
1513:Greater Polish influence.
888:(they go/they are going),
387:Evolution from Old Polish
866:(they will be reading),
296:or to more open before
16:Slavic dialect in Poland
1442:pȯrą (accusative form)
1308:ḿau̯kȯ (feminine form)
1163:to go (with a vehicle)
950:(they were (feminine)).
577:is preserved: 'horse (
546:'(I) carry', : (
372:can vary between and ;
155:in present-day western
1385:to collect, to gather
1377:means 'German (man)'.
918:(he/she/it/there is),
900:(he has come/he came);
368:The pronunciation of
313:The pronunciation of
267:Old Polish long vowel
257:Vowels and diphthongs
838:to personal pronoun
282:Nasal vowels: ã, õ.
202:These speakers were
175:, but displays some
1816:, pp. 180–183.
1804:, pp. 179–180.
1792:, pp. 177–179.
1780:, pp. 172–173.
1768:, pp. 183–188.
1749:, pp. 171–177.
1672:day after tomorrow
1393:Polish uses prefix
1076:Sorbian influence.
858:(we were reading),
803:, – compare Polish
550:) – compare Polish
339:it is realised as ;
1092:Comparative form:
982:IPA transcription
979:Nitsch's spelling
926:(he/she/it will),
775:. Future forms of
1851:Silesian language
1728:
1727:
1023:liturgical books
130:
129:
1858:
1836:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1750:
1744:
1120:means 'enough'.
970:
967:
966:
962:
709:
708:
704:
656:
646:
631:
627:
623:
617:
613:
607:
603:
498:
358:
348:
338:
303:
299:
294:nasal consonants
252:
226:
225:
221:
193:Kazimierz Nitsch
191:. Nevertheless,
169:Silesian dialect
142:gwara chwalimska
123:
52:
19:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1753:
1745:
1738:
1733:
968:
964:
960:
958:
957:
868:my bãniemy piáj
846:(I was there),
779:('to be') have
753:
722:
710:
706:
702:
700:
699:
575:soft consonants
455:. Sporadically
411:lack of final -
389:
259:
239:Standard Polish
235:
227:
223:
219:
217:
216:
185:
134:Chwalim dialect
119:
109:
93:Chwalim dialect
53:
50:Language family
48:
22:Chwalim dialect
17:
12:
11:
5:
1864:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1806:
1794:
1782:
1770:
1751:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:sku̯o, sklano
1537:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1140:means 'girl'.
1134:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
994:
991:
987:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
956:
953:
952:
951:
912:
901:
896:(we will go),
884:(perfective):
752:
749:
721:
718:
698:
695:
694:
693:
670:
633:
619:
609:
590:
567:
536:
526:
500:
486:
468:
438:
420:
388:
385:
384:
383:
373:
366:
360:
350:
340:
330:
311:
305:
258:
255:
234:
231:
215:
212:
184:
181:
177:Greater Polish
128:
127:
124:
116:
115:
114:Language codes
111:
110:
108:
107:
106:
105:
104:
103:
102:
101:
100:
99:
98:
97:
96:
95:
56:
54:
47:
44:
43:
38:
34:
33:
28:
27:Native to
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1863:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1536:glass bottle
1535:
1533:skło, sklanô
1532:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
992:
989:
988:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
971:
963:
954:
949:
945:
941:
937:
934:(they will),
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
910:
906:
902:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
876:
875:
874:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
750:
748:
746:
742:
737:
735:
731:
727:
719:
717:
715:
705:
696:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
668:
664:
660:
655:
650:
642:
638:
634:
620:
610:
599:
595:
591:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
566:'in Austria';
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
535:
531:
527:
525:word-finally;
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
501:
494:
490:
487:
484:
480:
476:
472:
469:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
439:
436:
432:
428:
424:
421:
418:
414:
410:
409:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
386:
381:
377:
374:
371:
367:
364:
361:
354:
351:
344:
341:
334:
331:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
309:
306:
295:
291:
288:
287:
286:
283:
280:
277:
275:
272:
268:
264:
256:
254:
248:
244:
240:
232:
230:
222:
213:
211:
209:
205:
200:
198:
194:
190:
189:Lower Lusatia
182:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
161:Lower Silesia
158:
154:
150:
147:
143:
139:
135:
125:
122:
117:
112:
94:
91:
90:
89:
86:
85:
84:
81:
80:
79:
76:
75:
74:
71:
70:
69:
66:
65:
64:
61:
60:
59:
58:Indo-European
55:
51:
45:
42:
41:Lower Silesia
39:
35:
32:
29:
25:
20:
1832:
1824:Bibliography
1809:
1797:
1785:
1773:
1631:
1581:
1561:
1448:
1398:
1394:
1374:
1234:
1137:
1117:
1097:
1093:
947:
943:
939:
938:((he) was),
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
908:
904:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
872:
867:
863:
859:
855:
847:
844:jach tam bół
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
813:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
754:
744:
740:
738:
733:
729:
725:
723:
711:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
666:
662:
658:
653:
648:
640:
636:
597:
593:
570:
563:
559:
555:
551:
543:
539:
533:
529:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
492:
488:
482:
478:
474:
470:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
434:
430:
426:
422:
416:
412:
390:
379:
375:
369:
362:
352:
342:
332:
326:
318:
314:
307:
289:
284:
281:
278:
263:acute accent
260:
236:
228:
201:
186:
141:
133:
131:
92:
63:Balto-Slavic
1814:Nitsch 1958
1802:Nitsch 1958
1790:Nitsch 1958
1778:Nitsch 1958
1766:Nitsch 1958
1747:Nitsch 1958
1478:podvůy̯rek
1388:u̯ɔb́yrai̯
1365:Protestant
1108:much, many
946:(she) was,
930:(we will),
911:(he could);
751:Conjugation
663:ona tu była
397:nasal vowel
359:and nasals;
285:Allophony:
261:Below, the
204:Protestants
179:influence.
73:West Slavic
1731:References
1639:wadzi sie
1275:this year
1212:i̯eźʒ́oro
1181:i̯eǵou̯ka
955:Vocabulary
922:(we are),
880:'to go' /
864:bãnõm piáj
850:'I heard (
848:jach słysa
720:Declension
405:long vowel
274:diphthongs
243:mazuration
233:Consonants
1687:to close
1675:zai̯itro
1645:vaʒ́i śe
1642:to argue
1472:pôdwórek
1335:to begin
1206:jeźdźôrô
1175:jegiáłka
1128:daughter
1038:potatoes
1011:b́ou̯yi̯
914:'to be':
907:(I can),
856:my cytali
686:sześć lat
659:nie znała
587:adjective
564:w Austrii
247:prothetic
214:Phonology
121:ISO 639-3
1845:Category
1714:zielazô
1690:zavžyi̯
1684:zawrzyj
1669:zajitrô
1625:u̯oľica
1575:stȯryi̯
1572:grandpa
1552:grandma
1518:siachta
1459:to read
1382:ôbiéraj
1323:ḿąskai̯
1317:miãskaj
1305:shallow
1260:rooster
1228:i̯ezeľi
1196:i̯egu̯a
1166:i̯aχai̯
1138:dziewczę
1125:dziéwcã
985:Comment
976:Meaning
894:pódziémy
890:(h)idźmy
860:bółś tam
852:feminine
678:pszczoła
674:wszystko
654:niebrała
649:słyszała
600:'iron'.
594:człowiek
560:w szkole
554: :
276:or not.
271:phonemic
146:Lechitic
144:) was a
83:Silesian
78:Lechitic
1720:źelazo
1699:zegier
1660:v́elǵi
1654:wielgi
1630:Polish
1592:father
1580:Polish
1560:Polish
1493:psou̯a
1447:Polish
1412:u̯oćyń
1409:shadow
1399:zbierać
1375:Niemiec
1373:Polish
1362:nimiec
1338:nacǫi̯
1302:miałki
1245:button
1222:jezeli
1193:needle
1160:jachaj
1136:Polish
1131:ʒ́yfcą
1116:Polish
1094:dlysyi̯
1071:dąboḱi
1065:dãbôki
1026:b́ible
928:bãniemy
903:'can':
898:przisáł
886:(h)idõm
714:Sorbian
697:Grammar
690:zbierać
208:Kargowa
183:History
153:Chwalim
149:dialect
1705:zeǵer
1702:clock
1619:ôlica
1569:stáry
1555:stȯrȯ
1549:stára
1524:śaχta
1487:psoła
1439:a few
1406:ôciéń
1368:ńiḿec
1332:nacõj
1278:latoś
1272:latôś
1263:kokot
1257:kôkôt
1248:knepa
1242:knepa
1190:jegła
1098:dusyi̯
1041:bulce
1035:bulce
1020:bible
1008:white
1005:biáły
959:": -->
920:my sõm
809:będzie
767:< -
759:< -
743:from -
701:": -->
667:wzięła
598:żelazo
583:nueter
579:dative
573:after
556:zegara
532:> -
433:> -
415:> -
401:macron
393:ogonek
218:": -->
197:German
157:Poland
138:Polish
68:Slavic
37:Region
31:Poland
1717:iron
1632:ulica
1622:door
1610:terȯ
1604:terá
1595:tata
1589:tata
1582:stary
1562:stara
1505:here
1475:yard
1462:ṕoi̯
1456:piáj
1436:pára
1427:u̯yn
1209:lake
1151:gupy
1148:dumb
1145:gupy
1087:duǵi
1084:long
1081:dugi
1068:deep
1056:ciga
1053:goat
1050:cyga
996:baba
993:wife
990:baba
932:bãnõm
924:bãnie
878:(h)iś
801:bãnie
797:bãnõm
763:and -
628:>
626:/CwV/
614:>
552:zegar
544:niosę
521:>
513:>
505:>
491:>
481:>
473:>
463:>
451:>
443:>
425:>
165:Sorbs
1657:big
1607:now
1521:box
1490:bee
1449:para
1347:nie
1290:yes
1178:pin
1118:dość
1111:doś
1105:dôś
961:edit
948:beły
944:bełe
905:môgã
854:)',
805:będą
783:and
703:edit
682:dość
630:/CV/
585:)' (
548:gen.
540:igła
497:/ts/
399:and
378:and
323:noun
220:edit
132:The
1542:,
1508:sa
1502:sa
1424:he
1421:ón
1397:-:
1353:ńe
1350:no
1293:ma
1287:ma
1235:czy
1225:if
1096:or
942:or
940:baa
936:bół
916:jes
909:móg
882:pôj
828:cie
777:być
773:-źć
745:ēgo
730:ewi
645:/w/
639:or
622:/w/
616:/w/
612:/ɫ/
606:/ɕ/
602:/ʃ/
571:ew-
435:nia
431:niā
357:/l/
347:/w/
337:/w/
302:/j/
300:or
298:/w/
251:/i/
1847::
1754:^
1739:^
1401:.
1237:.
1100:.
840:ja
836:ch
824:my
820:ám
818:/-
811:.
807:,
799:,
791:,
785:dź
769:ść
741:yk
736:.
688:,
684:,
680:,
676:,
643:)
589:);
530:ēj
523:õm
519:ą̄
517:,
511:ą̄
509:,
483:óN
479:oN
477:,
459:,
453:éN
449:eN
447:,
417:ej
413:aj
407:.
403:–
395:–
319:u̯
253:.
140::
1395:z
965:]
832:l
816:ą
793:ń
789:n
781:d
771:/
765:ś
761:ć
757:j
734:ã
726:u
707:]
692:.
669:;
641:á
637:o
632:;
608:;
534:y
515:õ
507:ã
503:ą
499:;
493:i
489:y
485:;
475:ó
471:ō
465:i
461:e
457:ē
445:é
441:ē
437:;
427:á
423:ā
380:a
376:i
370:õ
363:ã
353:u
349:;
343:ó
333:y
327:ô
315:o
308:é
304:;
290:á
224:]
136:(
126:–
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