58:
797:'. Lobbying in favour of the practice is The Head Covering Movement, set up last year by a man called Jeremy Gardiner, who cites the theologically conservative Gospel Coalition in his profession of faith. The movement's website features personal stories of women who are usually the only head coverers in their churches, as well as arguments from scripture to support the practice. It cites Martin Luther, William Tyndale and Thomas Aquinas, among others.
448:
expanded to become a stylish part of
Southern women's churchgoing attire. At the turn of the century, many Southern ladies wore simple hats to church out of respect, reverence for the service, and continuity with passed-down traditions. The church hat tradition continues today, with hats—sometimes called crowns—in bright colors, bold patterns, and eye-catching styles at Sunday services across the South.
365:
73:
379:
237:. Freedman cited education, economics, and modern hairstyles as factors contributing to decreased interest in crowns among younger churchgoers. Many churches host "Hattitude" events as occasions for women in the congregation to wear and celebrate their hats. As a whole, in the 21st century, the wearing of
685:
Hippolytus an early Church Father wrote, "Let all the women have their heads covered." Others who taught this practice in the Church were, John Calvin , Martin Luther , Early Church
Fathers, John Wesley , Matthew Henry to name just a few. We must remind ourselves that until the twentieth century,
447:
Church hats have been a key part of churchgoers' Sunday best for years, and are still an important aspect of dress in some churches today. The practice of covering one's head for church originally came from the Bible—1 Corinthians 11:15, to be precise. The simple head covering has been adapted and
124:. Crowns are worn more often by older women within the congregation. It is common for women who do wear crowns to own hats for many occasions; journalist Craig Mayberry noted that the fifty crown-wearing women he interviewed owned an average of fifty-four hats each.
127:
Church crown culture involves an unspoken code of etiquette. The hat should not be wider than a woman's shoulders or darker than her shoes. Touching or borrowing another woman's hat is frowned upon, but a woman may pass on a hat to her daughter or granddaughter.
270:
In 2002, photographer
Michael Cunningham and journalist Craig Marberry published a book featuring portraits of women in their church crowns along with the stories of their photographic subjects. The book was adapted into an
241:
by women has been revived in certain
American church congregations among those who have sought to follow the precedent set in scripture and church history—though the practice has been perpetually followed since the
38:. Though church crowns were common among all American women until the mid-20th century, they continue to be worn in certain denominations that teach the historic practice of Christian headcovering, such as the
838:
There were many times that a woman would be called into prayer while preparing a meal. Instead of running to get a head scarf, she would grab a readily available dish towel to cover her head instead.
165:, church hats became the adaptation of the biblical injunction of headcovering for Christian women. African-American women wore eye-catching head coverings during this time as Sundays were a time of
345:
and garnered its own
Facebook page. Following Franklin's death in 2018, the hat was subject to legal battles concerning the singer's wills. Claimants to the hat included Franklin's four sons and
307:
480:
Though the world has gotten much more casual in recent decades, and hats are far less ubiquitous, hat culture remains alive and well in many of the nation's black churches.
225:
published an article in the 2010s stating that "Church hats remain an essential part of many women’s Sunday best and church outfits across the South". A 2014 piece by
96:
covered with adornments that may include sequins, feathers, lace, tulle, or ribbons. The hats may vary widely in their structure, color, and complexity.
810:
39:
1041:
793:
Recently, there has been a head covering revival in certain wings of the US Church: especially the ultra-reformed and those calling themselves '
1046:
606:
192:
during the week, so Sunday church services provided an outlet for self-expression. The hats were also seen as a way to honor God. As the
974:
334:
65:
515:
350:
426:
897:
1051:
576:
777:
170:
699:
207:—a time when headcoverings in churches, in general, were waning in view of the rising feminist movement, according to
57:
1000:
330:
464:
188:
The tradition of the church crown emerged in the early 20th century. Many
African-American women were employed as
672:
833:
35:
781:
255:
166:
948:
296:
238:
162:
150:
105:
31:
27:
751:
725:
176:
The design of certain church crowns are believed to have roots in decorative headwear worn by women in
80:
in the
Southern United States, though they may be worn to other important cultural events, such as the
112:, church crowns are worn at Christian religious services, being especially common at holidays such as
851:
292:
631:
370:
282:
251:
54:, "has been adapted and expanded to become a stylish part of Southern women’s churchgoing attire."
303:
and his grandmother. The two attackers shoot off her church crown as they attempt to kill Little.
230:
226:
193:
203:
By the 1960s, younger women began rejecting the church crown tradition as a symbol of the black
543:
468:
259:
43:
1031:
154:
109:
794:
430:
322:
221:
196:
emerged during the first decades of the 20th century, church crowns took on the role of a
189:
61:
121:
384:
81:
77:
1036:
1025:
434:
392:
342:
276:
243:
197:
142:
299:
gang members Gerard and Sapper violate a Sunday morning truce to attack their rival
346:
326:
311:
272:
234:
208:
158:
47:
922:
233:
described a "generational divide" regarding church crowns within the contemporary
1001:"Barack Obama in Heated Custody Battle for … Aretha Franklin's Inauguration Hat"
338:
300:
211:, a scholar of early Christianity. The hats experienced a revival in the 1990s.
204:
177:
113:
72:
811:"Why Russian Women Still Cover Their Heads in Church (Hint: It's in the Bible)"
494:"Book Review – Head Covering: A Forgotten Christian Practice for Modern Times"
360:
315:
146:
93:
949:"Aretha Franklin's Most Iconic Hat Moments! We've Rounded Up 16 Of Her Best"
874:
364:
89:
397:
287:
325:
was known for wearing "church lady hats" that suited her background in
173:
women, this provided a rare opportunity to assert one's individuality.
493:
329:. She most famously wore such a hat, designed by Luke Song, to sing "
247:
117:
76:
Such designs of church crowns are typical of those worn to
Christian
71:
56:
51:
975:"Aretha Franklin Was Already Famous, But Her Hat-Maker Wasn't"
50:. The practice of women wearing a headcovering, found in the
607:"Extraordinary Crowns: The History of the Black Church Hat"
752:"First Church of Palm Coast fundraiser offers 'Hattitude'"
927:
National Museum of
African American History and Culture
308:
National Museum of
African American History and Culture
465:"'Church crowns,' glorious hats for Easter and beyond"
310:
collection features several church crowns designed by
254:, and among certain Christian denominations, such as
68:
in a hat similar to those worn by Black churchgoers.
34:
during Christian church services in accordance with
898:"Nobody's Perfect: The Biggest Flaws on "The Wire""
544:"'Crowns: Portraits of Black Women in Church Hats'"
149:women of various races and denominations practiced
686:virtually all Christian women wore head coverings.
577:"History of Black Women Wearing Hats at Church"
516:"Church hats an expression of faith, identity"
726:"Hattitude & Fashion Extravaganza Brunch"
8:
500:. Free Presbyterian Church of North America.
700:"A Generational Divide Worn on Their Heads"
570:
568:
566:
564:
26:, is a decorative hat worn by women in the
852:"Why Do Amish Women Wear Head Coverings?"
632:"Crowns: A Brief History of Church Hats"
458:
456:
409:
776:Tomlinson, Heather (October 7, 2014).
673:"Are Head Coverings Really for Today?"
658:The Head Coverings of I Corinthians 11
601:
599:
597:
509:
507:
538:
536:
7:
421:
419:
417:
415:
413:
349:, who had requested the hat for his
246:in many parts of the world, as with
850:Schrock, Anna (February 19, 2022).
14:
834:"Christian Headcovering in India"
66:2009 Inauguration of Barack Obama
809:Gleason, Joseph (June 4, 2018).
671:Gordon, Greg (August 31, 2015).
377:
363:
161:calls for them to do so. In the
832:Mingus, Elaine (May 19, 2015).
1042:African Americans and religion
836:. The Head Covering Movement.
756:The Daytona Beach News-Journal
492:Mooney, Myron (May 18, 2020).
167:rest, worship, and celebration
88:Church crowns are typically a
1:
1047:Religion in the United States
877:. Plymouth Brethren Writings
778:"My Headcovering Experiment"
335:inauguration of Barack Obama
104:An American adaption of the
291:features an episode titled
145:prior to the 20th century,
1068:
656:Williams, Paul K. (2005).
923:"Hats Off to Mae Reeves!"
40:Free Presbyterian Church
873:Norbie, Donald (1989).
782:Premier Christian Radio
427:"What are Church Hats?"
331:My Country 'Tis of Thee
256:Conservative Mennonites
973:Grigsby Bates, Karen.
297:Barksdale Organization
180:on special occasions.
163:Southern United States
106:Christian headcovering
85:
69:
28:Southern United States
1052:Christianity and race
730:The Weekly Challenger
285:of television series
75:
60:
36:1 Corinthians 11:2–13
698:Freedman, Samuel J.
351:presidential library
46:, as well as in the
875:"The Head Covering"
750:Danielle Anderson.
675:. Evangelical Focus
371:Christianity portal
252:Indian subcontinent
153:in accordance with
78:services of worship
704:The New York Times
266:In popular culture
231:The New York Times
227:Samuel G. Freedman
194:Black middle class
86:
70:
22:, also known as a
724:Kestenis, Holly.
514:Baldwin, Hannah.
469:Los Angeles Times
260:Plymouth Brethren
44:Plymouth Brethren
1059:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
999:Alter, Rebecca.
996:
990:
989:
987:
985:
970:
964:
963:
961:
959:
944:
938:
937:
935:
933:
919:
913:
912:
910:
908:
893:
887:
886:
884:
882:
870:
864:
863:
861:
859:
854:. Amish Heritage
847:
841:
840:
829:
823:
822:
820:
818:
806:
800:
799:
790:
788:
773:
767:
766:
764:
762:
747:
741:
740:
738:
736:
721:
715:
714:
712:
710:
695:
689:
688:
682:
680:
668:
662:
661:
660:. pp. 6–10.
653:
647:
646:
644:
642:
628:
622:
621:
619:
617:
603:
592:
591:
589:
587:
575:Kidder, Nicole.
572:
559:
558:
556:
554:
540:
531:
530:
528:
526:
511:
502:
501:
489:
483:
482:
477:
475:
460:
451:
450:
444:
442:
433:. Archived from
423:
387:
382:
381:
380:
373:
368:
367:
321:The late singer
283:The third season
279:that same year.
190:domestic workers
155:1 Corinthians 11
110:1 Corinthians 11
1067:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1009:
1007:
998:
997:
993:
983:
981:
972:
971:
967:
957:
955:
946:
945:
941:
931:
929:
921:
920:
916:
906:
904:
895:
894:
890:
880:
878:
872:
871:
867:
857:
855:
849:
848:
844:
831:
830:
826:
816:
814:
813:. Russian Faith
808:
807:
803:
795:Torah-observant
786:
784:
775:
774:
770:
760:
758:
749:
748:
744:
734:
732:
723:
722:
718:
708:
706:
697:
696:
692:
678:
676:
670:
669:
665:
655:
654:
650:
640:
638:
630:
629:
625:
615:
613:
605:
604:
595:
585:
583:
574:
573:
562:
552:
550:
542:
541:
534:
524:
522:
513:
512:
505:
491:
490:
486:
473:
471:
462:
461:
454:
440:
438:
437:on May 14, 2021
431:Southern Living
425:
424:
411:
406:
383:
378:
376:
369:
362:
359:
323:Aretha Franklin
268:
222:Southern Living
217:
186:
157:, in which the
139:
134:
102:
62:Aretha Franklin
12:
11:
5:
1065:
1063:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1017:
991:
965:
947:Dorsey, Avon.
939:
914:
888:
865:
842:
824:
801:
768:
742:
716:
690:
663:
648:
623:
593:
560:
532:
503:
484:
452:
408:
407:
405:
402:
401:
400:
395:
389:
388:
385:Fashion portal
374:
358:
355:
343:internet memes
333:" at the 2009
267:
264:
216:
213:
185:
182:
138:
135:
133:
130:
101:
98:
82:Kentucky Derby
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1064:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1006:
1002:
995:
992:
980:
976:
969:
966:
954:
950:
943:
940:
928:
924:
918:
915:
903:
899:
896:Thurm, Eric.
892:
889:
876:
869:
866:
853:
846:
843:
839:
835:
828:
825:
812:
805:
802:
798:
796:
783:
779:
772:
769:
757:
753:
746:
743:
731:
727:
720:
717:
705:
701:
694:
691:
687:
674:
667:
664:
659:
652:
649:
637:
633:
627:
624:
612:
608:
602:
600:
598:
594:
582:
578:
571:
569:
567:
565:
561:
549:
545:
539:
537:
533:
521:
520:The News Star
517:
510:
508:
504:
499:
495:
488:
485:
481:
470:
466:
463:McKoy, Kirk.
459:
457:
453:
449:
436:
432:
428:
422:
420:
418:
416:
414:
410:
403:
399:
396:
394:
393:Easter bonnet
391:
390:
386:
375:
372:
366:
361:
356:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:
284:
280:
278:
277:Regina Taylor
274:
265:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:Apostolic Age
240:
239:headcoverings
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:
219:The magazine
214:
212:
210:
206:
201:
199:
198:status symbol
195:
191:
183:
181:
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
143:United States
136:
131:
129:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
99:
97:
95:
91:
83:
79:
74:
67:
63:
59:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
16:
1008:. Retrieved
1004:
994:
982:. Retrieved
978:
968:
956:. Retrieved
952:
942:
930:. Retrieved
926:
917:
905:. Retrieved
901:
891:
879:. Retrieved
868:
856:. Retrieved
845:
837:
827:
817:February 14,
815:. Retrieved
804:
792:
785:. Retrieved
771:
759:. Retrieved
755:
745:
733:. Retrieved
729:
719:
707:. Retrieved
703:
693:
684:
677:. Retrieved
666:
657:
651:
639:. Retrieved
635:
626:
614:. Retrieved
610:
584:. Retrieved
580:
551:. Retrieved
547:
523:. Retrieved
519:
497:
487:
479:
472:. Retrieved
446:
439:. Retrieved
435:the original
347:Barack Obama
337:. The black
327:gospel music
320:
312:Philadelphia
305:
286:
281:
273:Off-Broadway
269:
235:black church
220:
218:
215:21st century
209:David Bercot
202:
187:
184:20th century
175:
159:Apostle Paul
151:headcovering
140:
126:
122:Mother's Day
108:required in
103:
87:
48:black church
32:headcovering
23:
20:church crown
19:
17:
15:
1010:October 25,
984:October 25,
958:October 25,
932:October 25,
907:October 24,
761:October 25,
735:October 25,
709:October 24,
641:October 24,
616:October 24,
586:October 24,
553:October 24,
525:October 24,
339:pillbox hat
301:Omar Little
293:"Slapstick"
205:bourgeoisie
178:West Africa
114:Palm Sunday
1026:Categories
404:References
316:Mae Reeves
94:fascinator
24:church hat
787:April 10,
581:Classroom
314:milliner
295:in which
147:Christian
90:straw hat
398:Kerchief
357:See also
341:spawned
288:The Wire
275:play by
250:and the
171:enslaved
1032:Fashion
1005:The Cut
953:Essence
902:Complex
881:May 10,
858:May 10,
611:WXFR TV
498:Current
474:May 10,
441:May 10,
141:In the
137:Origins
132:History
100:Culture
64:at the
679:May 2,
248:Russia
169:. For
118:Easter
52:Bible
30:as a
1037:Hats
1012:2020
986:2020
960:2020
934:2020
909:2020
883:2022
860:2022
819:2022
789:2022
763:2020
737:2020
711:2020
681:2022
643:2020
636:Time
618:2020
588:2020
555:2020
527:2020
476:2022
443:2022
306:The
258:and
120:and
42:and
979:NPR
548:NPR
229:in
92:or
1028::
1003:.
977:.
951:.
925:.
900:.
791:.
780:.
754:.
728:.
702:.
683:.
634:.
609:.
596:^
579:.
563:^
546:.
535:^
518:.
506:^
496:.
478:.
467:.
455:^
445:.
429:.
412:^
353:.
318:.
262:.
200:.
116:,
18:A
1014:.
988:.
962:.
936:.
911:.
885:.
862:.
821:.
765:.
739:.
713:.
645:.
620:.
590:.
557:.
529:.
84:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
