574:
411:
617:, and to the captains of Cochin so that he may receive the honour and respect which he deserves when he comes to them with a request on behalf of the Christians of St. Thomas. Your Highness should write to him and earnestly entreat him to undertake the charge of recommending you to God, since YH. has a greater need of being supported by the prayers of the bishop than the bishop has need of the temporal assistance of Y.H. He has endured much in his work with the Christians of
646:, which tended to foster a uniformity of belief and practice. It is possible to follow the lines of argument of young Portuguese historians, such as Joéo Paulo Oliveira e Cosca, yet such arguments seem to discount the Portuguese cultural nationalism in their colonial expansion and the treatment of the natives. Documents recently found in the Portuguese national archives help to confirm a greater openness or pragmatism in the first half of the 16th century.
31:
303:
186:
323:
In 1122, Mar John, Metropolitan-designate of India, with his suffragans went to
Constantinople, thence to Rome, and received the pallium from Pope Callixtus II. He related to the Pope and the cardinals the miracles that were wrought at the tomb of St. Thomas at Mylapore. These visits, apparently from
612:
has been serving God and Your
Highness in these regions for forty-five years. He is a very old, virtuous, and saintly man, and, at the same time, one who has been neglected by Your Highness and by almost all of those who are in India. God is granting him his reward, since he desires to assist Him by
552:
When the
Portuguese arrived in Malabar, they assumed that the four bishops present were Nestorian. Their report of 1504, addressed to the Chaldean Patriarch, their being startled by the absence of images and by the use of leavened bread; but this was in accordance with Chaldean usage. The Christians
783:
The destruction of all Syriac books considered heretical at the Synod of
Diamper (1599) and the Romanization of the rite (though Syriac was still allowed) witness to the domineering character of the European hierarchy in India. Any attempts to contact bishops — even Chald. Catholic ones — in the
752:
The local patriarch—representing the
Assyrian Church of the East, to which ancient Christians in India had looked for ecclesiastical authority—was then removed from jurisdiction in India and replaced by a Portuguese bishop; the East Syrian liturgy of Addai and Mari was "purified from error"; and
633:
Fifteen thousand paces from Cochin there is a fortress owned by the king with the name of
Cranganore. It has a beautiful college, built by Frey , a companion of the bishop, in which there are easily a hundred students, sons of native Christians, who are named after St. Thomas. There are sixty
560:
of 1599 marked the formal subjugation of the
Malabar Syriac Christian community to the Latin Church. It implemented various liturgical and structural reforms in the Indian Church. The diocese of Angamaly, which was now formally placed under the Portuguese Padroado and made suffragan to the
613:
himself, without employing us as a means to console his servants. He is being helped here solely by the priests of St. Francis. Y. H. should write a very affectionate letter to him, and one of its paragraphs should include an order recommending him to the governors, to the
1172:
M. R. Raghava Varier; Kesavan
Veluthat. Kottayam: Sahithya Pravarthaka C. S. Ltd., 109–13. (1972). M. G. S. Narayanan (ed.). "Kollam Copper Plates: Tarisāppaḷḷippaṭṭayam (Caritram)". Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala. (2013 ed.). Trivandrum: Kerala Historical Society:
474:. Arghun agreed, and Bar Sauma made a historic journey through Europe; meeting with the Pope and many monarchs; and bringing gifts, letters, and European ambassadors with him on his return. Via Rabban Sauma, Yahballaha received a ring from the Pope's finger, and a
362:
text on the one hand, while parts of the legend will support the Indian origin on the other. Firstly, India is mentioned several times in these letters (pp. 41, 89, 107, 119, and more). Secondly, Kalicut which was one of the most important port cities in
332:
John. There were over one hundred different versions of the letter published over the next few centuries. Most often, the letter was addressed to
Emanuel I, the Byzantine Emperor of Rome, though some were addressed to the Pope or the King of France.
634:
villages of these Thomas
Christians around this fortress, and the students for the college as I have said, are obtained from them. There are two churches in Cranganore, one of St. Thomas, which is highly revered by the Thomas Christians.
387:, a belief held by the Christians of southern India. Not only that, but the author of the letters knew (p. 133) about "St. Thomas holiday", which is, apparently, St. Thomas Memorial Day held by the same Christians on 3 July.
1098:. Archivo Portuguez-Oriental, Fasciculo 4o que contem os Concilios de Goa e o Synodo de Diamper (1862/1992 ed.). Nova-Goa: Imprensa Nacional. Reprint: New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1992. pp. 283–556.
433:
At the beginning of the fourteenth century, the Indian church was again dependent upon the Church of the East. The dating formula in the colophon to a manuscript copied in June 1301 in the church of Mar Quriaqos in
1049:
Arquivio Nacional torre do Tombo Lisbo:Nucleo Antigo N 875 contains a summary of letters from india written in 1525 and also the kings replay to it :Cf.OLIVERIA E COSTA, Portuguese, Apendice Documental
453:
praised the achievement of the Church of the East in converting "the Indians, Chinese and Turks". India was listed as one of the Church of the East's "provinces of the exterior" by the historian
394:
grew in his land (pp. 55, 91, 131), pepper being common in Malabar. Fifth, there are some stories in the letters concerning warriors riding elephants. It is well known that, unlike the
872:
Actually, the Hebrew text reads 'the unclean Thomas', because the Hebrew translator did not want to admit the holiness of one of the apostles, and therefore changed the title.
565:
bishop; the East Syriac liturgy of Addai and Mari was “purified from error”; and Latin vestments, rituals, and customs were introduced to replace the ancient traditions.
1299:
1268:
227:
1198:
1322:
503:
of 1599. It was held in the All Saints Church there. The venue was apparently chosen on account of the place having been the capital of a Christian principality.
642:, and of the Franciscans before him, does not reflect any of the animosity and intolerance that kept creeping in with the spread of the Tridentine spirit of the
1284:
Roz, Francisco, S.J. "Relação sobre a Serra. De erroribus Nestorianorum qui in hac India orientali versantur British Library, Add 9853, ff. 86 (525)–99 (539)".
533:
confirmed Yohannan Sulaqa as Chaldean Patriarch, the Pope said that the discipline and liturgy of the Chaldeans had already been approved by his predecessors,
179:
48:
670:
371:
was sent), is mentioned in one of the letters. Thirdly, these facts would definitely suffice, but further evidence appears in the form of this statements:
328:
of India, cannot be confirmed, as evidence of both is only available from secondary sources. Later, a letter surfaced during the 1160s claiming to be from
17:
675:
1370:
223:" came to be used by Church of the East, which for this reason has been pejoratively labelled the "Nestorian Church" by its theological opponents.
376:
545:(1523–1534). Thus, parallel to the "traditionalist" (often referred as Nestorian) Patriarchate, the "Chaldean" Patriarchate in communion with
470:
sought an ambassador for an important mission to Europe, Yaballaha recommended his former teacher Rabban Bar Sauma, who held the position of
1344:
Tahrid ahlil iman 'ala jihadi' abdati sulban (Exhortation to the followers of the Faith to the holy war against the followers of the Cross)
1286:"Inédit latin-syriaque de la fin de 1586 ou du début de 1587, retrouvé par le P. Castets S. I., missionaire à Trichinopoly", in I. Hausherr
680:
95:
67:
822:
1114:
1089:. Topographie chrétienne. 3 vols. Sources chrétiennes (1968, 1970, 1973. ed.). Paris: Éditions du Cerf. pp. 141, 159, 197.
716:
114:
1072:. Genuinae relationes inter sedem apostolicam et Assyriorum orientalium seu Chaldaeorum ecclesiam. Rome: Loescher. pp. 552–64.
74:
911:, second revised edition, London: Curzon Press, 1974, pp. 180 ff. On the export of exotic animals from India, see ibid, p. 145 ff.
1375:
81:
52:
1135:
Rev. Georgius de Christo, Archidiaconus Christianorum S. Thomae, P. E. Mercuriano, praep. gen. S. I. Cocino 3 Ianuarii 1578
446:. Cranganore, described in this manuscript as "the royal city", was doubtless the metropolitan seat of India at this time.
1219:. Bibliotheca Orientalis Clementino-Vaticana, vol. III/1. Rome: Sacrae Congregationis de Propaganda Fide. pp. 589–99.
250:), both the traditional (Nestorian) and Chaldean patriarchates intermittently attempted to regain their following in the
573:
189:
63:
1080:. Histoire nestorienne inédite: Chronique de Séert. (1908, 1910, 1911, 1919 ed.). pp. PO 4.3, 5.2, 7.2, 13.4.
290:
backed bishop. After that any attempts of Thomas Christians to contact bishops — even Chaldian Catholic ones — in the
132:
414:
1153:
Jornada do Arcebispo de Goa Dom Frey Aleixo de Menezes Primaz da India Oriental, Religioso da Orden de S. Agostino
1109:. Documenta Indica XI (1577–1580). (1970 ed.). Roma: Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu. pp. 131–43.
41:
1137:. Documenta Indica XI (1577–1580) (1970 ed.). Roma: Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu. pp. 129–31.
410:
247:
147:
1104:
549:
came into existence and both traditionalist and Chaldean factions began sending their own bishops to Malabar.
135:, the latter of which is considered the earliest reputable dating for Christians in the Indian subcontinent.
347:
Reading the Hebrew letters of Prester John shows that Prester John lived in India; or to be more precise, in
325:
1036:"Christen und Gewürze" : Konfrontation und Interaktion kolonialer und indigener Christentumsvarianten
660:
220:
561:
archdiocese of Goa. The east syriac bishop was then removed from jurisdiction in India and replaced by a
88:
1293:
1178:
422:
143:
195:
The Church of the East was often separated from the other ancient churches due to its location in the
625:
In that same year, Francis Xavier also wrote to his Jesuit colleague and Provincial of Portugal, Fr.
597:
578:
471:
163:
643:
462:
Yahballaha maintained contacts with the Byzantine Empire and with Latin Christendom. In 1287, when
315:
251:
343:
This is true proof and well-known knowledge about the Jews who are found there near Prester John.
1316:
1262:
881:
On the Christians of southern India that relate their beginning to St. Thomas, see: L. W. Brown,
618:
426:
243:
212:
175:
151:
626:
1110:
712:
279:
275:
235:
1227:(1908 ed.). Everyman’s Library London-New York: J. M. Dent and Sons-E. P. Dutton and Co.
1279:(1965 ed.). Paris, Hildesheim (reprint): Firmin Didot, Olms (reprint). pp. 515–62.
557:
542:
512:
500:
486:
481:
In May 1304, Yahballaha made profession of the Catholic faith in a letter addressed to Pope
450:
395:
310:
271:
231:
16:
For Historical East Syriac ecclesiastical province of the Church of the East in India, see
1191:
1037:
826:
817:
534:
530:
522:
196:
753:
Latin vestments, rituals, and customs were introduced to replace the ancient traditions.
215:, the Church of the East refused to acknowledge his deposition because he held the same
1163:
Jornada of Dom Alexis de Menezes: A Portuguese Account of the Sixteenth Century Malabar
639:
593:
582:
562:
518:
443:
439:
418:
399:
239:
200:
159:
1217:
Letter of Mar Thomas, Mar Yahballāhā, Mar Jacob and Mar Denḥā to Patriarch Mar Eliah V
449:
In the 1320s, the anonymous biographer of the patriarch Yahballaha III and his friend
1364:
1065:
391:
368:
364:
348:
735:
1106:
Relatio P. Francisci Dionysii S. I. De Christianis S. Thomae Cocini 4 Ianuarii 1578
769:. In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.).
766:
665:
546:
526:
492:
355:
306:
204:
706:
429:
heretical, so Yahballaha is depicted wearing a jester's hat rather than a turban.
1277:
Periplus Maris Erythraei: K. Müller. 1855/1965. Geographi Graeci minores, vol. 1
655:
609:
605:
586:
482:
467:
291:
283:
216:
155:
30:
1246:. Ollur, Thrissur: The South Asia Research Assistance Services. pp. 522–5.
302:
978:
538:
475:
463:
435:
807:
Raulin, op. cit., pp. 435-436. Counto. Asia Lisbonne, 1788, Dec. XII, p. 288.
1128:. The Travancore Archaeological Series VI/1 (1927 ed.). pp. 68–71.
685:
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which recognized Yahballaha as the patriarch of all the eastern Christians.
267:
208:
171:
139:
185:
771:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition
454:
1070:
Brevis notitia historica circa Ecclesiae Syro-Chaldaeo-Malabaricae statum
499:
in Portuguese), the capital of this kingdom, was the venue of the famous
384:
287:
263:
259:
1255:
Informacion de los Christianos de S. Thomé. Manuscript preserved in Rome
496:
255:
1335:. Ollur, Thrissur: The South Asia Research Assistance Services, 520–2.
131:
is dated to 52 AD by apocryphal sources and to the 9th century by the
507:
Synod of Diamper and suppression of East Syriac jurisdiction in India
359:
329:
167:
405:
286:
bishop of St Thomas Christians and placed them under the Portuguese
904:
572:
409:
301:
184:
1353:
Tuḥfat al-Mujāhidīn: A Historical Epic of the Sixteenth Century
1225:
Marco Polo the Venetian, The Travels of: Trans. John Masefield
1014:
1012:
266:
supported the claim of the bishop from the Chaldean Church of
24:
1210:. The Travancore Archaeological Series VI/1. pp. 176–89.
406:
Mar Ya'qob Metropolitan of India and Patriarch Yahballaha III
1144:
Chronica do Felicissimo Rey Dom Emmanuel da gloriosa memoria
336:
A Latin text with its Hebrew translation reads as follows:
596:
wrote a letter dated 26 January 1549, from Cochin to king
340:"Praete janni invenitur ascendendo in Kalicut in arida..."
1288:. Orientalia Christiana 11,1 (40) (1928. ed.): 1–35.
1333:
Indian Church History Classics Volume one: The Nazranies
1244:
Indian Church History Classics Volume One: The Nazranies
1032:
1030:
1028:
829:. Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Retrieved 20 June 2005.
1133:
George of Christ (1578). Josephus Wicki, S. I. (ed.).
1040:(Hg.)Book in German, English, Spanish, 1998 Page 31,32
230:
was established in the 16th century, they opposed the
1234:
Mārggam Kaḷi Pāṭṭu (The Song of the Drama of the Way)
1351:
Zaynuddin Makhdum jr. Muhammad Husayn Nainar (ed.).
1355:(2009. ed.). Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust.
553:paid the expenses of the Papal delegate Marignoli.
521:in the Church of the East and a faction led by Mar
55:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1126:Funerary Inscription of the Last Villarvattam King
863:Prester John: Fiction and History by Meir Bar-Ilan
390:Fourth, the author of the letters mentioned that
228:Portuguese Inquisition in Goa and Bombay-Bassein
211:of Constantinople was declared a heretic by the
909:The Commerce between the Roman Empire and India
859:
857:
855:
853:
1257:. Archivum Romanum Societatis Jesu, MS Goa 33.
1103:Dionysio (1578). Josephus Wicki, S. I. (ed.).
885:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956.
442:(whom it calls Yahballaha V) and Metropolitan
383:That is, the author knew that St. Thomas was
148:in Pakistan (included prior to the Partition)
8:
1307:Joseph, T. K. (1931). H. Hosten S.J. (ed.).
1298:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1267:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
819:Otto of Freising: The Legend of Prester John
1342:Zaynuddin Makhdum sr. K. M. Mohamed (ed.).
907:from ancient times. See: R. H. Warmington,
894:Brown. p. 50; Silverberg (n. 1), pp. 16-35.
671:India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)
485:. But a union with Rome was blocked by his
18:India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)
1321:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
676:Malankara-Persian ecclesiastical relations
180:Catholicos-Patriarch of Seleucia-Ctesiphon
1087:Christian Topography. W. Wolska-Conus, ed
705:Curtin, D. P.; Nath, Nithul. (May 2017).
298:Mar John, Metropolitan of India (1122 AD)
115:Learn how and when to remove this message
1215:Josephus Simonius Assemani, ed. (1725).
1197:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
730:
728:
629:, giving him the following description:
150:commenced in 52 AD, with the arrival of
697:
158:. Subsequently, the Christians of the
1346:(2012 ed.). Calicut: Other Books.
1314:
1291:
1260:
1187:
1176:
1004:Father Nidhiry: A History of His Times
199:, an ancient rival of the (Byzantine)
1253:Monserrate, Antonio de, S.J. (1579).
174:. They eventually coalesced into the
7:
1232:Joseph, T. K. H. Hosten S.J. (ed.).
681:Assyrian Church of the East in India
53:adding citations to reliable sources
1309:Rambān Pāttu (Song of the Teacher )
1206:A. S. Ramanatha Ayyar, ed. (1927).
1155:. Coimbra: Officina de Diogo Gomez.
375:In ... India is buried the body of
883:The Indian Christians of St Thomas
417:was in an audience with Patriarch
358:with India is inevitable from the
14:
1078:Chronicle of Se'ert: Scher, Addai
903:Pepper was one of the exports of
711:. Dalcassian Publishing Company.
234:of Christian worship in what was
1371:History of Christianity in India
569:Accounts of foreign missionaries
166:established close ties with the
29:
1208:Kumari-Muṭṭam Tamil Inscription
40:needs additional citations for
1124:A. S. Ramanatha Ayyar. (ed.).
1094:da Cunha Rivara, J. H. (ed.).
589:as a virtuous and saintly man.
1:
600:, in which he declared that:
262:Christians. Occasionally the
64:"Church of the East in India"
1236:(1931 ed.). Darjeeling.
1161:Malekandathil, Pius (2003).
979:"History of Indian Churches"
765:Brock, Sebastian P. (2011).
246:became Catholic (modern-day
929:MS Vat Syr 22; Wilmshurst,
455:
421:. In the 15th century, the
133:Quilon Syrian copper plates
129:Church of the East in India
1392:
1165:. Kochi: LRC Publications.
1146:. Lisbon: Antonio Alvares.
510:
415:Riccoldo da Monte di Croce
15:
1331:George Menachery (1998).
1242:George Menachery (1998).
1151:Gouvea, Antonio. (1606).
1142:Goes, Damião de. (1619).
825:13 September 2007 at the
796:The realm of Prester John
742:. Encyclopædia Britannica
529:. When, on 6 April 1553,
221:Anaphora of Mar Nestorius
1006:by Prof. Abraham Nidhiry
944:The Monks of Kublai Khan
920:Warmington, pp. 150-152.
798:, Silverberg, pp. 29–34.
784:Middle East were foiled.
604:...a bishop of Armenia (
248:Chaldean Catholic Church
156:Cranganore (Kodungaloor)
1376:Saint Thomas Christians
1085:Cosmas Indicopleustes.
581:dated 26 January 1549,
525:declared allegiance to
326:Saint Thomas Christians
1186:Cite journal requires
1096:Diamper Synod, Acts of
816:Halsall, Paul (1997).
661:Chaldean Syrian Church
636:
623:
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430:
381:
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278:, the Portugal-backed-
219:position. Later, the "
192:
1159:English translation:
638:This attitude of St.
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517:In 1552, there was a
466:'s son and successor
423:Roman Catholic Church
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377:St Thomas the Apostle
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274:in 1599, overseen by
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144:Christianity in India
985:(in Malayalam). 2016
598:John III of Portugal
579:John III of Portugal
577:In a letter to king
164:St Thomas Christians
49:improve this article
838:Silverberg, pp. 3–7
767:"Thomas Christians"
644:Counter-Reformation
615:veadores da fazenda
438:mentions Patriarch
316:Nuremberg Chronicle
252:Indian subcontinent
242:, a section of the
127:The history of the
736:"Synod of Diamper"
591:
431:
427:Church of the East
402:could be trained.
351:(southern India).
321:
244:Church of the East
213:Council of Ephesus
207:. When Archbishop
193:
176:Church of the East
170:Christians of the
152:Thomas the Apostle
608:) by the name of
541:(1513–1521), and
367:(the place where
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276:Aleixo de Menezes
254:by sending their
236:Portuguese Cochin
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610:Jacob Abuna
606:Mesopotamia
587:Jacob Abuna
543:Clement VII
537:(858-867),
483:Benedict XI
468:Arghun Khan
398:, only the
354:Connecting
292:Middle East
284:East Syriac
178:led by the
162:, known as
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585:described
535:Nicholas I
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464:Abaqa Khan
436:Cranganore
270:. But the
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140:apocryphal
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1317:cite book
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686:Near East
666:St Gaspar
619:St Thomas
489:bishops.
487:Nestorian
268:Ctesiphon
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172:Near East
168:Levantine
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650:See also
288:Padroado
1050:170-178
1020:Letters
946:, 122–3
777:14 June
746:11 July
497:Diamper
365:Malabar
349:Malabar
330:Prester
264:Vatican
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392:pepper
360:Hebrew
319:, 1493
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905:India
692:Notes
563:Latin
539:Leo X
309:from
201:Greek
96:JSTOR
82:books
1323:link
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1199:link
1192:help
1111:ISBN
991:2019
957:EOCE
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