654:
669:
590:
638:
606:
622:
66:
53:
44:
433:
1194:
488:
is a small-leafed semi-dwarf variant of the species selected in cultivation in China and Japan. It differs in rarely growing to more than 5 m (16 ft) tall, with leaflets less than 45 cm (1 ft 6 in) long; the short stature and small leaves give it greater tolerance of wind
316:
which are bare except for two rows of small spines, terminating in a rounded fan of numerous leaflets. Each leaf is 140–190 cm (4 ft 7 in – 6 ft 3 in) long, with the petiole 60–100 cm (2 ft 0 in – 3 ft 3 in) long, and the leaflets up to
451:
In North
America, mature specimens can be found growing in the coastal areas of the Pacific Northwest, the upper southern states, and Mid-Atlantic states. Commonly lower tolerance limits of −15 to −20 °C (5 to −4 °F) are cited for mature plants. Young plants are less hardy, and can be
443:
is cultivated as a trunking palm in gardens and parks throughout the world in warm temperate and subtropical climates. Its tolerance of cool summers and cold winters makes it valued by palm enthusiasts, landscape designers and gardeners. It is grown successfully in cool climates such as the UK,
423:
has been cultivated in China and Japan for thousands of years, for its coarse but very strong leaf sheath fibre, used for making rope, sacks, and other coarse cloth where great strength is important. The extent of this cultivation means that the exact natural range of the species is uncertain.
406:. It tolerates cool, moist summers as well as cold winters, as it grows at much higher altitudes than other species, up to 2,400 m (7,874 ft) in the mountains of southern China. However, it is not the northernmost naturally occurring palm in the world, as European fan palm (
317:
90 cm (2 ft 11 in) long. It is a somewhat variable plant, especially as regards its general appearance; and some specimens are to be seen with leaf segments having straight and others having drooping tips.
308:. The diameter of the trunk is up to 15–30 cm (6–12 in). Its texture is very rough, with the persistent leaf bases clasping the stem as layers of coarse fibrous material. The
1126:
380:
This plant has been cultivated in China and Japan for thousands of years. This makes tracking its natural range difficult. It is believed to originate in central China (
399:
Due to its widespread use as an ornamental plant, the palm has become naturalised in southern regions of
Switzerland, and has become an invasive species of concern.
1465:
1072:
Sokolov, Rosen S.; Shalamanov, Stanimir; Marinov, Vladimir. "Species composition and self-reproduction ability of trees and shrubs in
Plovdiv Municipality".
482:
1682:
1361:
444:
France, Belgium, The
Netherlands, western Poland as well as southern and western Germany. In the UK it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's
1695:
1426:
1387:
720:
711:
1550:
1488:
741:
796:
1322:
589:
529:
first saw cultivated specimens. In 1849, Fortune smuggled plants from China to the Kew
Horticultural Gardens and the Royal garden of
1795:
1016:
1374:
470:
town of
Woodbury. continuously since the early 2000s with protection, where some winters have reached −21 °C (−6 °F).
1708:
1413:
1198:
1185:
Stührk, Chris: 2006 "Molekularsystematische
Studien in der Subtribus Thrinacinae, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Gattung
1800:
1602:
1444:
1110:
1529:
1431:
653:
1452:
716:
668:
605:
65:
1656:
1576:
1270:
1257:
784:
621:
1721:
1607:
1563:
1043:
Petrova, Ana; Vladimirov, Vladimir (2018-02-15). "Recent progress in floristic and taxonomic studies in
Bulgaria".
1470:
637:
1805:
1780:
1439:
1248:
518:
1493:
1726:
1568:
340: in) across, borne in large branched panicles up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) long in spring; it is
1029:
1790:
1785:
1348:
833:
596:
1353:
1340:
1127:"Windmill Palm Trees – Tropical Accent Plants – Cold Hardy for Northern United States and Canadian Gardens"
828:
1335:
1210:
1074:
530:
209:
1275:
1775:
445:
192:
1700:
1392:
702:
1045:
1480:
1296:
883:
857:
980:
1747:
1615:
1555:
1083:
745:
408:
278:
221:
60:
1669:
1514:
1283:
1106:
1012:
962:
802:
792:
475:
1519:
1054:
952:
942:
675:
660:
313:
213:
1501:
788:
612:
522:
285:
246:
103:
52:
537:, after him. It was first described by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in 1850 in his
1542:
1537:
957:
926:
562:
526:
393:
90:
911:
1769:
628:
566:, with the confusion arising due to a misunderstanding of Japanese vernacular names.
159:
116:
1087:
43:
1752:
1620:
1379:
1288:
289:
169:
1674:
1661:
1262:
436:
The approximate range of cultivation in the US with little to no winter protection
1647:
1581:
1457:
1400:
1242:
575:
467:
403:
129:
947:
463:
1327:
1233:
1309:
806:
432:
281:
149:
1058:
966:
17:
1739:
1594:
1506:
1193:
927:"Iconic but Invasive: The Public Perception of the Chinese Windmill Palm (
1734:
1641:
1589:
1227:
305:
139:
320:
The flowers are yellow (male) and greenish (female), about 2–4 mm (
1687:
1366:
389:
274:
1405:
780:
514:
385:
341:
1204:
1713:
1418:
1314:
644:
431:
381:
349:
345:
77:
505:
The young flower buds are cooked and eaten in a variety of ways.
1301:
396:, growing at altitudes of 100–2,400 m (328–7,874 ft).
309:
1208:
344:, with male and female flowers produced on separate trees. The
452:
damaged by only −8 °C (18 °F). Individuals of the
489:
exposure. It has often been treated as a separate species
478:, which has survived a low temperature of -17 F/-27 C.
756:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
521:
in 1830. The common name refers to Chusan Island (now
1164:
Beccari, Odoardo: 1920 "Recens Palme
Vecchio Mondo",
986:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 103
925:
Tonelotto M, Fehr V, Conedera M, et al. (2022).
348:
is a yellow to blue-black, reniform (kidney-shaped)
1631:
1217:
1171:Beccari, Odoardo: 1931 "Asiatic Palms, Corypheae",
910:WCSP, World Checklist of Selected Plant Families:
884:"National Institute for Environmental Studies –
1103:Chinese materia medica Pt. 1 Vegetable kingdom
1030:"View Tree Data – Connecticut's Notable Trees"
300:Growing to 12–20 m (39–66 ft) tall,
493:in popular works, but is now included within
292:to parts of China, Japan, Myanmar and India.
8:
1153:Beccari, Odoardo: 1905 "Le Palme del Genere
1009:Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles,
412:) grows further north in the Mediterranean.
1205:
1178:Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von: 1850
533:of the United Kingdom. It was later named
51:
42:
31:
956:
946:
775:Huxley, Anthony; Griffiths, Mark (1992).
1003:
1001:
372: in) long, ripening in mid-autumn.
1173:Annals of the Royal Bot. Gard. Calcutta
721:United States Department of Agriculture
712:Germplasm Resources Information Network
689:
585:
697:
695:
693:
906:
904:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
823:
821:
819:
817:
754:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
556:have occasionally been misapplied to
474:, 2016 found one healthy specimen in
7:
1608:2d3e1bf0-2f07-4a13-98da-b1ec1c3da515
1481:aceb19bf-5c45-44e4-9534-2082ff914fe0
517:) to Europe by the German physician
513:The species was brought from Japan (
541:but under the illegitimate name of
466:have lived outside in the northern
560:; these are correctly synonyms of
25:
1727:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:665909-1
1569:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:670182-1
1192:
667:
652:
636:
620:
604:
588:
64:
1011:8th ed., vol. 4. John Murray.
1:
717:Agricultural Research Service
384:southwards), southern Japan (
837:. Vol. 23. p. 145.
402:Windmill palm is one of the
1180:Historia Naturalis Palmarum
785:Royal Horticultural Society
539:Historia Naturalis Palmarum
1822:
948:10.1007/s00267-022-01646-3
981:"AGM Plants – Ornamental"
519:Philipp Franz von Siebold
227:
220:
198:
191:
61:Scientific classification
59:
50:
41:
34:
1796:Plants described in 1861
935:Environmental Management
376:Distribution and habitat
829:"Trachycarpus fortunei"
777:Dictionary of Gardening
1189:H. Wendl". (Arecaceae)
1059:10.5281/zenodo.1173552
858:"RHS Plant Selector –
437:
1801:Garden plants of Asia
1249:Trachycarpus fortunei
1219:Trachycarpus fortunei
1199:Trachycarpus fortunei
929:Trachycarpus fortunei
913:Trachycarpus fortunei
886:Trachycarpus fortunei
860:Trachycarpus fortunei
748:Trachycarpus fortunei
705:Trachycarpus fortunei
558:Trachycarpus fortunei
554:Trachycarpus excelsus
535:Trachycarpus fortunei
484:Trachycarpus fortunei
446:Award of Garden Merit
441:Trachycarpus fortunei
435:
421:Trachycarpus fortunei
388:), south to northern
302:Trachycarpus fortunei
263:Chinese windmill palm
258:Trachycarpus fortunei
202:Trachycarpus fortunei
36:Trachycarpus fortunei
1201:at Wikimedia Commons
1075:Phytologia Balcanica
1007:Bean, W. J. (1980).
304:is a single-stemmed
1633:Chamaerops fortunei
811:3: 443–448, 4: 491.
599:, Vancouver, Canada
550:Chamaerops excelsus
481:The cultivar group
237:Chamaerops fortunei
543:Chamaerops excelsa
438:
409:Chamaerops humilis
231:Chamaerops excelsa
1763:
1762:
1515:Open Tree of Life
1211:Taxon identifiers
1197:Media related to
931:) in Switzerland"
798:978-0-333-47494-5
476:Plovdiv, Bulgaria
284:palm tree in the
254:
253:
16:(Redirected from
1813:
1806:Ornamental trees
1781:Trees of Myanmar
1756:
1755:
1743:
1742:
1730:
1729:
1717:
1716:
1704:
1703:
1691:
1690:
1678:
1677:
1665:
1664:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1624:
1623:
1611:
1610:
1598:
1597:
1585:
1584:
1572:
1571:
1559:
1558:
1546:
1545:
1533:
1532:
1523:
1522:
1510:
1509:
1497:
1496:
1484:
1483:
1474:
1473:
1461:
1460:
1458:NHMSYS0000464504
1448:
1447:
1435:
1434:
1422:
1421:
1409:
1408:
1396:
1395:
1383:
1382:
1370:
1369:
1357:
1356:
1344:
1343:
1331:
1330:
1318:
1317:
1305:
1304:
1292:
1291:
1279:
1278:
1266:
1265:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1206:
1196:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1046:Botanica Serbica
1040:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1020:
1005:
996:
995:
993:
991:
985:
977:
971:
970:
960:
950:
922:
916:
908:
899:
898:
896:
894:
880:
874:
873:
871:
869:
854:
839:
838:
825:
812:
810:
772:
766:
765:
763:
761:
738:
732:
731:
729:
727:
699:
676:Washington, D.C.
671:
661:Northern Ireland
656:
640:
624:
608:
592:
461:
460:
371:
370:
366:
361:
360:
356:
339:
338:
334:
329:
328:
324:
204:
184:T. fortunei
69:
68:
55:
46:
32:
21:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1751:
1746:
1738:
1733:
1725:
1720:
1712:
1707:
1699:
1694:
1686:
1681:
1673:
1668:
1660:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1627:
1619:
1614:
1606:
1601:
1593:
1588:
1580:
1575:
1567:
1562:
1554:
1549:
1541:
1536:
1528:
1526:
1518:
1513:
1505:
1502:Observation.org
1500:
1492:
1487:
1479:
1477:
1469:
1464:
1456:
1451:
1443:
1438:
1430:
1425:
1417:
1412:
1404:
1399:
1391:
1386:
1378:
1373:
1365:
1360:
1352:
1347:
1339:
1334:
1326:
1321:
1313:
1308:
1300:
1295:
1287:
1282:
1274:
1269:
1261:
1256:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1213:
1150:
1148:Further reading
1145:
1144:
1135:
1133:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1105:. p. 102.
1100:
1099:
1095:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1006:
999:
989:
987:
983:
979:
978:
974:
924:
923:
919:
909:
902:
892:
890:
882:
881:
877:
867:
865:
856:
855:
842:
827:
826:
815:
799:
789:Macmillan Press
774:
773:
769:
759:
757:
740:
739:
735:
725:
723:
701:
700:
691:
686:
679:
672:
663:
657:
648:
641:
632:
625:
616:
613:Solomons Island
609:
600:
593:
584:
572:
523:Zhoushan Island
511:
503:
458:
457:
430:
418:
378:
368:
364:
363:
358:
354:
353:
352:10–12 mm (
336:
332:
331:
326:
322:
321:
298:
216:
206:
200:
187:
63:
28:
27:Species of palm
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1819:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1791:Trees of Japan
1788:
1786:Trees of China
1783:
1778:
1768:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1753:wfo-0000839937
1744:
1731:
1718:
1705:
1692:
1679:
1666:
1653:
1637:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1621:wfo-0000326529
1612:
1599:
1586:
1573:
1560:
1547:
1534:
1524:
1511:
1498:
1485:
1475:
1462:
1449:
1436:
1423:
1410:
1397:
1384:
1371:
1358:
1345:
1332:
1319:
1306:
1293:
1280:
1267:
1254:
1239:
1223:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1131:www.tytyga.com
1118:
1111:
1101:Stuart, G. A.
1093:
1082:(2): 193–203.
1064:
1035:
1021:
997:
972:
941:(4): 618–632.
917:
900:
875:
840:
834:Flora of China
813:
797:
767:
733:
688:
687:
685:
682:
681:
680:
673:
666:
664:
658:
651:
649:
642:
635:
633:
626:
619:
617:
615:, Maryland, US
610:
603:
601:
594:
587:
583:
580:
579:
578:
571:
568:
563:Rhapis excelsa
527:Robert Fortune
510:
507:
502:
499:
491:T. wagnerianus
429:
426:
417:
414:
404:hardiest palms
394:northern India
377:
374:
297:
294:
252:
251:
250:
249:
243:T. wagnerianus
240:
234:
225:
224:
218:
217:
207:
196:
195:
189:
188:
181:
179:
175:
174:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
120:
119:
114:
107:
106:
101:
94:
93:
88:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
57:
56:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1818:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1017:0-7195-2428-8
1014:
1010:
1004:
1002:
998:
982:
976:
973:
968:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
940:
936:
932:
930:
921:
918:
915:
914:
907:
905:
901:
889:
887:
879:
876:
863:
861:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
841:
836:
835:
830:
824:
822:
820:
818:
814:
808:
804:
800:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
771:
768:
755:
751:
749:
743:
737:
734:
722:
718:
714:
713:
708:
706:
698:
696:
694:
690:
683:
677:
670:
665:
662:
655:
650:
646:
639:
634:
630:
623:
618:
614:
607:
602:
598:
591:
586:
581:
577:
574:
573:
569:
567:
565:
564:
559:
555:
551:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
531:Prince Albert
528:
524:
520:
516:
508:
506:
500:
498:
496:
492:
487:
486:'Wagnerianus'
485:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
455:
449:
447:
442:
434:
427:
425:
422:
415:
413:
411:
410:
405:
400:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
375:
373:
351:
347:
343:
318:
315:
311:
307:
303:
295:
293:
291:
287:
283:
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:windmill palm
264:
260:
259:
248:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
228:
226:
223:
219:
215:
211:
205:
203:
197:
194:
193:Binomial name
190:
186:
185:
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:
168:
165:
164:
161:
160:Trachycarpeae
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
92:
91:Tracheophytes
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
76:
73:
72:
67:
62:
58:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
1776:Trachycarpus
1632:
1218:
1187:Trachycarpus
1186:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1155:Trachycarpus
1154:
1134:. Retrieved
1130:
1121:
1102:
1096:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1053:(1): 35–69.
1050:
1044:
1038:
1024:
1008:
988:. Retrieved
975:
938:
934:
928:
920:
912:
891:. Retrieved
885:
878:
866:. Retrieved
859:
832:
776:
770:
758:. Retrieved
753:
747:
736:
724:. Retrieved
710:
704:
561:
557:
553:
549:
547:
542:
538:
534:
512:
509:Nomenclature
504:
494:
490:
483:
480:
471:
453:
450:
440:
439:
420:
419:
407:
401:
398:
379:
319:
301:
299:
270:
266:
262:
257:
256:
255:
242:
236:
230:
201:
199:
183:
182:
171:Trachycarpus
170:
123:
110:
97:
84:
35:
29:
1401:iNaturalist
1243:Wikispecies
990:24 December
760:14 December
726:17 December
597:English Bay
576:Hardy palms
495:T. fortunei
468:Connecticut
428:Cultivation
296:Description
288:Arecaceae,
271:Chusan palm
130:Commelinids
104:Angiosperms
18:Chusan Palm
1770:Categories
1543:kew-207159
1538:Plant List
1136:2024-03-06
1112:0879684690
742:USDA, NRCS
684:References
629:Düsseldorf
548:The names
464:subspecies
312:have long
1648:Q38485380
1354:200027121
1341:200027121
893:7 October
631:, Germany
525:), where
342:dioecious
282:evergreen
245:hort. ex
178:Species:
150:Arecaceae
74:Kingdom:
1735:Tropicos
1714:665909-1
1642:Wikidata
1603:VicFlora
1590:Tropicos
1419:670182-1
1228:Wikidata
1182:, Band 3
1088:89760908
967:35474487
807:25202760
744:(n.d.).
570:See also
459:Nainital
314:petioles
306:fan palm
222:Synonyms
214:H.Wendl.
146:Family:
140:Arecales
117:Monocots
1740:2402148
1688:2739073
1595:2401392
1520:1003095
1440:MoBotPF
1367:2739071
1302:1128696
1234:Q158383
958:9439986
868:5 March
647:, China
582:Gallery
501:As Food
390:Myanmar
367:⁄
357:⁄
335:⁄
325:⁄
275:species
273:, is a
166:Genus:
156:Tribe:
136:Order:
78:Plantae
1662:216087
1551:PLANTS
1507:125675
1478:NZOR:
1445:276718
1432:817201
1328:185816
1276:412245
1263:216086
1166:Webbia
1159:Webbia
1109:
1086:
1015:
965:
955:
805:
795:
781:London
515:Dejima
472:et al.
386:Kyushu
310:leaves
290:native
286:family
261:, the
1701:10133
1582:18291
1556:TRFO3
1527:PFI:
1489:NZPCN
1471:14027
1406:64323
1393:36786
1323:EUNIS
1315:TRRFO
1289:7CKZ6
1084:S2CID
984:(PDF)
864:. RHS
645:Zhuji
454:T. f.
382:Hubei
350:drupe
346:fruit
279:hardy
247:Becc.
239:Hook.
233:hort.
210:Hook.
124:Clade
111:Clade
98:Clade
85:Clade
1722:POWO
1709:IPNI
1696:GRIN
1683:GBIF
1675:TKRN
1657:APNI
1564:POWO
1530:7845
1494:2557
1466:NCBI
1427:ITIS
1414:IPNI
1388:GRIN
1380:1667
1375:GISD
1362:GBIF
1310:EPPO
1271:BOLD
1258:APNI
1175:; 13
1107:ISBN
1013:ISBN
992:2018
963:PMID
895:2015
870:2021
803:OCLC
793:ISBN
762:2015
728:2017
678:, US
552:and
416:Uses
392:and
1748:WFO
1670:CoL
1616:WFO
1577:RHS
1453:NBN
1349:FoC
1336:FNA
1297:EoL
1284:CoL
1168:; V
1161:; I
1157:",
1055:doi
953:PMC
943:doi
791:).
674:In
659:In
643:In
627:In
611:In
595:In
277:of
269:or
1772::
1750::
1737::
1724::
1711::
1698::
1685::
1672::
1659::
1644::
1618::
1605::
1592::
1579::
1566::
1553::
1540::
1517::
1504::
1491::
1468::
1455::
1442::
1429::
1416::
1403::
1390::
1377::
1364::
1351::
1338::
1325::
1312::
1299::
1286::
1273::
1260::
1245::
1230::
1129:.
1080:22
1078:.
1051:42
1049:.
1000:^
961:.
951:.
939:70
937:.
933:.
903:^
843:^
831:.
816:^
801:.
783::
779:.
752:.
719:,
715:.
709:.
692:^
545:.
497:.
462:'
448:.
369:32
365:15
359:32
355:13
337:32
327:32
265:,
212:)
126::
113::
100::
87::
1139:.
1115:.
1090:.
1061:.
1057::
1032:.
1019:.
994:.
969:.
945::
897:.
888:"
872:.
862:"
809:.
787:(
764:.
750:"
746:"
730:.
707:"
703:"
456:'
362:–
333:5
330:–
323:3
208:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
