739:
754:
141:
781:
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122:
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25:
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refers to a drupe having a stone which can be removed from the flesh with ease. The flesh is not attached to the stone and does not need to be cut to free the stone. Freestone varieties of fruits are preferred for uses that require careful removal of the stone, especially if removal will be done by
451:
refers to a drupe having a stone which cannot be easily removed from the flesh. The flesh is attached strongly to the stone and must be cut to free the stone. Clingstone varieties of fruits in the genus
593:), so this type of fruit is classified as a simple dry, fibrous drupe. Unlike other drupes, the coconut seed is so large that it is unlikely to be dispersed by being swallowed by
518:
with the seed inside unharmed. This passage through the digestive tract can reduce the thickness of the endocarp, thus can aid in germination rates. The process is known as
630:
Certain drupes occur in large clusters, as in the case of palm species, where a large array of drupes is found in a cluster. Examples of such large drupe clusters include
753:
1014:
951:
780:
738:
692:
280:. Other fleshy fruits may have a stony enclosure that comes from the seed coat surrounding the seed, but such fruits are not drupes.
1073:
996:
838:
108:
1079:
1123:
456:
are preferred as table fruit and for jams, because the flesh of clingstone fruits tends to be more tender and juicy throughout.
371:
is applied to a fruit having the structure and texture of a drupe, but which does not precisely fit the definition of a drupe.
379:
The boundary between a drupe and a berry is not always clear. Thus, some sources describe the fruit of species from the genus
1792:
1319:
1093:
46:
708:
486:
family grow within an outer husk; these fruits are technically drupes or drupaceous nuts, thus are not true botanical
1032:"Evolution of dispersal strategies in conifers: Functional divergence and convergence in the morphology of diaspores"
89:
943:
61:
35:
1797:
1441:
510:(pit or stone) is sometimes dropped after the fleshy part is eaten, but is often swallowed, passing through the
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1446:
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68:
1744:
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42:
1008:
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are aggregates of drupelets. The fruit of blackberries and raspberries comes from a single flower whose
1739:
883:
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75:
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403: in) thick, other fruits with a stony endocarp being drupes. In marginal cases, terms such as
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Contreras, D.L.; Duijnstee, I.A.P.; Ranks, S.; Marshall, C.R.; Looy, C.V. (February 2017).
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Many drupes, with their sweet, fleshy outer layer, attract the attention of animals as a
422:) can be a synonym for drupe or, more typically, it can mean just the fruit of the genus
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166:-month period, from bud formation in early winter to fruit ripening in midsummer
24:
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Fleshy fruit with hard inner layer (endocarp or stone) surrounding the seed
389:, as a drupe, others describe avocado fruit as a berry. One definition of
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1389:
1377:
1224:
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267:, and may together form an aggregate fruit. Such fruits are often termed
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619:, which closely resemble blackberries, are not aggregate fruit, but are
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224:) inside. Drupes do not split open to release the seed, i.e. they are
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The definitive characteristic of a drupe is that the hard, woody (
183:
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139:
130:
126:
759:'Black Butte' blackberry, a bramble fruit of aggregated drupelets
1204:
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499:
361:
217:
134:
1301:
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144:
The development sequence of a typical drupe, a smooth-skinned (
18:
466:-like drupes that are difficult to categorize. Hickory nuts (
863:
Categorical
Glossary for the Flora of North America Project
597:, but it can float extremely long distances—across oceans.
259:, which is composed of small, individual drupes (such as a
433:
hand. Freestone plums are preferred for making homegrown
1036:
Perspectives in Plant
Ecology, Evolution and Systematics
1297:
886:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
502:, and the plant population benefits from the resulting
121:
627:, each drupelet thus belonging to a different flower.
566:(Indian gooseberries). Other examples include sloe (
1720:
1633:
1455:
1335:
1274:
1233:
1140:
987:Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. and Warburg, E.F. 1968.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
826:
857:Kiger, Robert W. & Porter, Duncan M. (2001).
615:is made up of a number of free carpels. However,
393:requires the endocarp to be less than 2 mm (
228:. These fruits usually develop from a single
1313:
1117:
8:
833:(Seventh ed.). Dubuque: Wm. C. Brown.
653:Drupe-like "fruits" are also known in many
1320:
1306:
1298:
1124:
1110:
1102:
194:, or flesh) surrounds a single shell (the
1055:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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120:
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1012:, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg
852:
850:
916:"Identification of Major Fruit Types"
7:
989:Excursion Flora of the British Isles
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1074:Identification of Major Fruit Types
1010:Chilean Wine Palm: Jubaea chilensis
789:"fruits", often noted as drupe-like
623:, actually derived from bunches of
441:are preferred for making pies and
14:
779:
764:
752:
737:
722:
707:
702:is a typical drupe (stone fruit)
691:
679:
23:
462:is a specialized term for such
330:, and all members of the genus
263:), each individual is termed a
232:, and mostly from flowers with
186:in which an outer fleshy part (
34:needs additional citations for
1094:New International Encyclopedia
514:, and returned to the soil in
1:
991:. Cambridge University Press
589:is fibrous or dry (termed a
286:that produce drupes include
247:) stone is derived from the
125:Diagram of a typical drupe (
1057:10.1016/j.ppees.2016.11.002
825:Stern, Kingsley R. (1997).
273:, although botanists use a
1814:
944:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
829:Introductory Plant Biology
1017:October 17, 2012, at the
967:Armstrong, W. P. (2009).
914:Armstrong, W. P. (2008).
585:is also a drupe, but the
1745:Queensland macadamia nut
1007:C. Michael Hogan. 2008.
859:"Find term 'drupaceous'"
302:, most palms (including
275:different definition of
888:Flora of North America
530:Typical drupes include
1542:Johnstone River almond
940:The Kew Plant Glossary
938:Beentje, Henk (2010).
504:dispersal of its seeds
167:
137:
1793:Edible nuts and seeds
1470:Australian cashew nut
714:'Elena', a freestone
643:Washingtonia filifera
640:in central Chile and
385:, which includes the
143:
124:
1234:Categories of fruits
969:"Fruits Called Nuts"
942:. Richmond, Surrey:
882:Wofford, B. Eugene.
803:(polypyrenous drupe)
43:improve this article
1548:Irvingia gabonensis
1048:2017PPEES..24...93C
603:fruits such as the
238:polypyrenous drupes
1705:Single-leaf pinyon
1080:Fruits Called Nuts
650:of North America.
240:are exceptions).
168:
138:
1775:
1774:
1673:Monkey-puzzle nut
1535:Shellbark hickory
1520:Mockernut hickory
1480:Borneo tallow nut
1295:
1294:
953:978-1-84246-422-9
744:Unripe drupes of
148:) type of peach (
119:
118:
111:
93:
1805:
1798:Fruit morphology
1530:Shagbark hickory
1432:Malabar chestnut
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637:Jubaea chilensis
437:, and freestone
402:
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336:, including the
284:Flowering plants
234:superior ovaries
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1690:Colorado pinyon
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1256:Aggregate fruit
1241:Accessory fruit
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1141:Types of fruits
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686:Assorted drupes
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621:multiple fruits
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257:aggregate fruit
190:, or skin, and
182:) is a type of
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1700:Mexican pinyon
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1618:English walnut
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1564:Planted karuka
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1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
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1452:
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1444:
1442:Red bopple nut
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1405:European hazel
1402:
1397:
1395:American hazel
1387:
1386:
1385:
1383:Sweet chestnut
1375:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1361:European beech
1358:
1356:American beech
1348:
1342:
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1338:botanical nuts
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1324:
1317:
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1261:Multiple fruit
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1251:Compound fruit
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569:Prunus spinosa
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150:Prunus persica
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1648:Burrawang nut
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1447:Yellow walnut
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99:November 2011
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54:Find sources:
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38:
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32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1752:Paradise nut
1659:
1608:Black walnut
1582:Panda oleosa
1580:
1546:
1456:
1400:Beaked hazel
1246:Simple fruit
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1092:
1039:
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988:
983:
972:. Retrieved
962:
939:
919:. Retrieved
895:. Retrieved
891:
887:
877:
866:. Retrieved
862:
828:
746:black pepper
652:
641:
635:
629:
599:
590:
580:
575:Hedera helix
573:
567:
529:
497:
484:Juglandaceae
477:
468:
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324:white sapote
282:
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251:wall of the
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105:
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65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1762:Peanut tree
1722:Angiosperms
1695:Korean pine
1635:Gymnosperms
1569:Wild karuka
1415:Asian hazel
1287:Drift fruit
1158:Hesperidium
655:gymnosperms
572:) and ivy (
443:cherry soup
416:stone fruit
375:Terminology
226:indehiscent
180:stone fruit
1782:Categories
1730:Brazil nut
1710:Stone pine
1655:Ginkgo nut
1485:Breadfruit
1215:Schizocarp
1082:(archived)
1076:(archived)
1042:: 93–117.
974:2023-01-16
921:2023-01-16
897:2017-03-29
868:2015-08-14
808:References
716:prune plum
617:mulberries
605:blackberry
449:Clingstone
420:stonefruit
409:drupe-like
405:drupaceous
369:drupaceous
69:newspapers
1735:Macadamia
1668:Bunya nut
1661:Araucaria
1613:Butternut
1598:Pistachio
1588:Pekea nut
1510:Gabon nut
1475:Betel nut
1427:Kurrajong
1373:Candlenut
1336:True, or
1175:Caryopsis
1132:Types of
773:areca nut
731:nectarine
667:cypresses
665:and some
609:raspberry
482:) in the
430:Freestone
414:The term
367:The term
358:nectarine
320:pistachio
316:oil palms
261:raspberry
245:lignified
152:) over a
146:nectarine
1680:Pine nut
1623:Heartnut
1593:Pili nut
1576:Mongongo
1554:Jack nut
1437:Palm nut
1422:Kola nut
1390:Hazelnut
1378:Chestnut
1368:Breadnut
1282:Diaspore
1275:Function
1225:Syconium
1185:Follicle
1015:Archived
890:(online)
884:"Persea"
795:See also
607:and the
587:mesocarp
552:cherries
532:apricots
526:Examples
508:endocarp
265:drupelet
255:. In an
214:endocarp
192:mesocarp
1767:Soybean
1515:Hickory
1500:Coconut
1410:Filbert
1220:Silique
1170:Capsule
1097:. 1905.
1044:Bibcode
771:A ripe
673:Gallery
663:ginkgos
646:in the
625:catkins
601:Bramble
583:coconut
556:mangoes
544:peaches
494:Ecology
479:Juglans
474:walnuts
398:⁄
387:avocado
342:apricot
270:berries
216:with a
188:exocarp
161:⁄
83:scholar
58:"Drupe"
1788:Drupes
1757:Peanut
1603:Walnut
1559:Karuka
1505:Durian
1490:Cashew
1465:Almond
1457:Drupes
1210:Samara
1195:Loment
1190:Legume
1148:Achene
1134:fruits
995:
950:
837:
787:Ginkgo
659:cycads
613:pistil
562:, and
560:pecans
540:loquat
536:olives
506:. The
472:) and
454:Prunus
435:prunes
424:Prunus
418:(also
382:Persea
360:, and
350:damson
346:cherry
338:almond
333:Prunus
328:cashew
292:jujube
288:coffee
253:flower
230:carpel
222:kernel
209:pyrena
202:(US),
198:(UK),
172:botany
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1664:spp.
1643:Cycad
1525:Pecan
1351:Beech
1346:Acorn
1180:Drupe
1153:Berry
700:peach
657:like
632:dates
595:fauna
564:amlas
548:plums
516:feces
469:Carya
460:Tryma
391:berry
354:peach
312:sabal
300:olive
296:mango
277:berry
249:ovary
206:, or
204:stone
184:fruit
176:drupe
131:fruit
127:peach
90:JSTOR
76:books
1329:Nuts
1205:Pome
1163:Pepo
993:ISBN
948:ISBN
835:ISBN
801:Pome
698:The
591:husk
581:The
500:food
488:nuts
362:plum
314:and
308:date
304:açaí
218:seed
178:(or
174:, a
135:seed
133:and
62:news
1200:Nut
1052:doi
578:).
464:nut
407:or
318:),
200:pit
196:pip
170:In
45:by
1784::
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