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display, the nesting stork droops its wings along its sides with a strongly cocked tail and erect feathers on the head and neck; accompanied by a clattering of the bill that is pointed almost vertically downward. Another nesting behaviour apparently unique to the maguari stork is the Mock
Resting display. Here, during the presence of an intruder near the nest, the individual stands motionless with its back strongly arched, neck retracted, and wings and bill folded almost vertically downward. This behaviour likely evolved as an adaptation to ground nesting in dense vegetation because the posture maintained by the nesting bird amongst the grass and reeds may render it difficult to see by the intruder; and at the same time, the bird is poised ready to attack.
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concern for the species in this area. Claiming land for agriculture by digging canals, together with land filling and sewage discharges may also threaten dry-season foraging environments for maguari storks especially on the northern Rio de
Janeiro coast. The maguari stork is vulnerable to nesting habitat destruction because it shows nest-site fidelity, and will continue to nest in the same place even after onset of recent anthropogenic disturbance. Use of pesticides may also adversely affect the health and breeding success of this species. The capture of individuals for food presents another survival threat and occurs particularly in the Southern Amazon and Venezuela.
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this stork's natural habitat in the llanos is the expansion and maintenance of cattle ranches in the savanna grassland matrix in preference to crop cultivation, since such ranches are similar in vegetational structure to natural grasslands. Another potentially useful conservation measure is the deployment of artificial nesting platforms to encourage nesting of maguari storks, as has been done for the white stork in Europe. Despite its relatively unthreatened overall status, the maguari stork should deserve closer global population monitoring to better safeguard it from future potential large-scale declines across its entire range.
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usual manner of hunting consists in walking slowly through wetlands with its bill close to the surface of the water, ready to seize any prey it comes into contact with. The bird breeds early during the seasonal rains while the water in the wetland habitat is still undisturbed by fresh rainwater, so that prey items are more visible through the water and success of prey capture, especially as food for nestlings, is higher. However, this stork has also been observed to grope with its bill in the water, although this may be more common toward the end of the breeding season when water bodies begin to dry up and become turbid.
724:. Therefore, it probably only nests opportunistically above the ground. The same nest may be used by a pair in successive years, sometimes for as long as seven years. However, ground nests composed of herbaceous plants usually disintegrate after a year, whereupon the same breeding pair returns to the nest site to rebuild the nest. Both partners participate in building and lining the nest, which continues throughout incubation and brooding. Nest lining usually begins when the base is about a metre wide, and lining material largely consists of wet grass that dries and hardens in the intense sun.
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jabiru. Individuals begin migration to the breeding grounds as the rains begin, although some individuals may migrate and arrive early just before the rains. Despite the lengthy wet season in the llanos, the nesting period in one year never lasts for over four months. Elsewhere in the stork's global range, the timing of the breeding season is slightly different and somewhat shorter. In north east
Argentina for example, the breeding season extends from June to August; and in east central Argentina extends from July to October, with eggs probably being laid in late June and early July. On
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nests, some of which are within 50 cm apart in tree colonies, but at different heights. One colony from a study on the llanos comprised as many as 40 nests. Colonial and solitary nesters also differ in the way they defend their nests. Colonial nesters are more aggressive than solitary nesters and physically attack intruders with bill jabbing. Contrarily, solitary nesters use a "lead-away" strategy, in which the nesting bird walks up behind the intruder with threatening bill clattering, and ceases to clatter its bill when the intruder moves away from the nest.
42:
690:, alongside other aquatic plants in the families Polygonaceae and Solinaceae. Ground nests found in the southern parts of the maguari stork's range are one-meter-high (3.3 ft) conical structures measuring 1.5–2.5 m in basal diameter, tapering to a flat platform of 1–1.5 m at the top. The nest rises up to two feet above the surface of the water and its location is largely treeless. Hence overall, the maguari stork's nest seems to more closely resemble that of
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at the nest. These nuptial congregations in the maguari stork occur at freshwater marshes that have already been flooded with rainwater to a depth of about 20 cm and are the venue either for the formation of new pair-bonds in young individuals or for the reunion of mates from previous years. In the latter case however, it is unknown whether both mates enter the courtship assembly together or locate each other after each having migrated there separately.
86:
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ground thanks to the white under-tail coverts. During flight, this stork offers an impressive sight. It soars at least a hundred metres above the ground with an outstretched neck and extended legs, intermittently beating its broad wings to gain momentum for long glides. It flaps its wings at a rate of 181 beats per minute and the wingspan measures 150–180 cm. This stork needs to make three long jumps before it can take off from the ground.
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bill has become bicoloured (pale blue and maroon). Although the young now resemble adults, the skin surrounding the eye remains black for about a year before turning red, and the dark brown iris does not begin to yellow until after two years old. These are two potentially useful features that identify juvenile maguari storks; but in the field, the dark iris of the juveniles is the most reliable feature that distinguishes them from adults.
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61:
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features downstream are more likely to dry out completely and thereby lead to a decrease in suitable foraging sites for this stork. Conversely, during the wet season, dams can lead to extensive flooding downstream caused by the release of a large volume of water at once that renders the storks’ usual foraging grounds too deep for them to stand in.
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invertebrates may have been disturbed. During the evenings in the dry season from
December until April, individuals form large assemblages around low-lying water features where prey density is high but prey abundance is not. Notably numerous assemblages of foraging maguari storks have been sighted in the Brazilian municipality
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numerous throughout its natural habitat, census data are lacking and there appears to be no current estimate of the world population. This should be a new target of conservationists, and a clearer overview of this stork's world status could be aided by carrying out numerous aerial surveys of nesting areas.
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The maguari stork is potentially threatened in the
Pantanal, which as well as being subject to considerable land reclamation for agriculture, has hosted increased operation of hydroelectric dams, especially in the Parana river basin. Dams retain much water during the dry season, so that natural water
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After three weeks of age, maguari stork nestlings develop defensive behaviour if their nest is approached by an intruder; which is not known for nestlings of other stork species. They crouch forward, partially spread their wings and erect the black feathers on their head, neck and back; followed by a
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Weight differences between different-aged siblings have been recorded as 500-1400 g. Egg laying is however highly synchronous between nests in a colony, so that relatively large groups of young from different nests fledge together in batches toward the end of the wet season. This may serve as an
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Especially during the breeding season, the maguari stork forages solitarily or in pairs. However, it may also feed in larger aggregations outside the breeding season, often in association with other wading bird species. Because prey are concentrated in the shallowness of these pools, tactile foraging
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The maguari stork preferentially forages in shallow waters about 12 cm deep, and more rarely at water depths of up to 30 cm. This may be because shallow waters harbour higher numbers of prey taxa, or are high in dissolved carbon and nutrients. This species is primarily a visual forager. Its
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compared to the sympatric wood stork and jabiru. It feeds on fish, frogs, eels, earthworms, invertebrates, insect larvae, snakes, freshwater crabs, small mammals such as rats, and bird eggs. More rarely, it may take smaller birds; as one case has shown where a large, intact rail was discovered in the
486:
In the second moult, white down begins to return when the chicks are seven weeks old, followed by white semi-plumes then white contour feathers. The first white basic plumage is complete after three months and resembles that of adults. By this time, the legs and feet are now an incipient pink and the
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is snowy white. The chicks subsequently undergo two basic moults before entering adulthood. The first moult usually begins after four days, in which black semi-plumes on the head and neck begin to emerge; followed shortly by the emergence of greyish-black down feathers over the body after one week of
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shrill, rasping scream and an attempt to grab a persistent intruder with their bill. In many other stork species, akinesia lasts throughout much of the nestlings’ early life, and the constantly white plumage makes them appear as eggs to potential chick predators. However, in maguari stork nestlings,
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Although colonial breeding is common amongst storks, the maguari stork differs in that courting takes place in congregations before established breeding pairs remove themselves to each of their nesting sites; whereas similar species such as the white stork and the oriental white stork court directly
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The maguari stork is primarily a colonial nester, although it also less frequently nests solitarily. Solitary nests are found to be less successful than colonial nests in terms of survival of the young, but survival rates in the former appear to be more consistent. Colonies typically consist of 5-15
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Many aspects of the maguari stork's reproductive biology and nesting strategies are unique to this species and are absent in other stork species. Such differences in breeding and nesting habits have probably resulted from strong selection pressures that would have led this species to become adapted
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Food brought to nestlings by their parents includes fish and eels, small mammals such as rats, and invertebrates. However, the proportions of these taxa differ between years depending on availability and the food brought to the nest for the young consists predominantly of aquatic organisms. Parents
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analyses based on a portion of the cytochrome b oxidase gene have suggested that the maguari stork is evolutionarily paired with the white stork-Oriental stork sister group; although the morphological similarity between the maguari stork and the
Oriental stork has been considered to be greater than
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This stork may be especially vulnerable in the llanos of
Venezuela. Its population declined strongly there in recent past decades as of 1977 and less than 5000 individuals were estimated to live in this region through most of the 1980s. A potentially effective conservation strategy to help protect
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begins after the 2nd or 3rd egg is laid, is carried out by both parents, and lasts 29–32 days. The eggs are oval or subelliptical, and mean egg measurements are 75.19mm in length and 52.56mm in width; with maximum egg measurements of 77.4mm in length and 56.2mm in breadth having been recorded. The
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Breeding is highly synchronised with the onset of rain during the wet season, which usually lasts from May to
November in the llanos of Venezuela. However, most breeding of the maguari stork happens from July to mid-September, which is earlier than breeding in both the sympatric wood stork and the
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Although this stork shows many common courtship displays in storks, these behaviours seem to omit some of the vocal and visual features to be replaced by an augmented tactile element. This may be yet another reflection of this stork's adaptation to nesting on the ground; in that the subdued visual
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The bird stands at 97 to 120 cm (3 ft 2 in to 3 ft 11 in) tall and has a wingspan of around 155 to 180 cm (5 ft 1 in to 5 ft 11 in), making it similar in size to the congeneric white stork. Nine male maguari storks weighed an average of 4.2 kg
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because it has an extremely large geographical range, and an apparently stable world population that is suspected to be very large. Despite local declines in some parts of its range, the population is not considered to be threatened on a global scale. However, even though this stork appears to be
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during the dry season in
October, where they congregate around shallow pools in search of food. The maguari stork's tendency to forage in both wetlands and dry lands reflects its generalist nature, whereas specialists such as the jabiru depend more strongly on wetlands as a feeding ground and are
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ceases much earlier, and the unusual aggressiveness of the young has probably developed as a specialised anti-predator strategy in compensation for the young chicks’ inability to leave the nest due to their slow-developing hallux and the vulnerable position of the nest on the ground. However, at
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Unlike other stork species, this stork is commonly found to nest on the ground, whereas many other stork species habitually nest at higher elevation. The nest always lies near to shallow water amongst tall grass and reeds, since aquatic organisms form the bulk of the nestlings’ diet. The maguari
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and a forked blacked tail which is shorter than the stiff white under-tail coverts, so that these protrude from underneath the tail and may function aerodynamically in flight. The forked tail clearly distinguishes the maguari stork from the white stork, and is easily observed in flight from the
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The primary threats to this species are anthropogenic habitat disturbance and hunting for food. A common human disturbance occurs through habitat destruction via land reclamation from marshes for agriculture, which has occurred especially in southeast Brazil and may therefore evoke conservation
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This stork shows unique nesting behaviours not observed in many other storks and that may reflect its adaptation to nesting on the ground. For example, it is one of a minority of stork species to perform a distinct Nest
Covering Display to protect nestlings from potential predators. During this
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Its habitat largely comprises open lowland and shallow-water wetland such as tropical wet savannah grasslands, marshes, mudflats, and flooded fields. It more occasionally frequents dry fields, but invariably avoids forested regions. Numerous maguari stork assemblages have been observed in their
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Although the maguari stork largely depends on shallow freshwaters as a source of prey, it has also been observed to forage solitarily on dry plains outside the breeding season where mice and toads (candidate prey) sometimes occur in large numbers. It also forages on dry cultivated fields where
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After the chicks pass their third week of age, the black down develops olive streaks and the only parts of the body that do not appear dark are the bright orange gular skin and a small patch of white down above and below the tail. Just over 10 days later, black flight feathers develop, shortly
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therefore correspondingly variable; and in Argentina, nesting may commence as late as August with late rains. In the llanos, breeders may lay eggs as early as late May following unusually early and heavy rainfall; whereas young breeders may lay eggs as late as October with late-arriving rain.
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in eastern Brazil, the breeding season lasts only from August to September. The timing of onset of the seasonal rain is extremely variable across the maguari stork's global range, with rainfall beginning in some years as early as late March and others as late as June. The start of breeding is
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function by enhancing its absorption of the sun's radiation. This could arguably be advantageous because this stork breeds during the winter in the part of its range in the southern hemisphere, so that the chicks can be exposed to low environmental temperatures. However, Thomas regards the
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similarity to other storks of this genus. However, the maguari stork most closely resembles both the white stork and the Oriental stork in morphology and behaviour; and strongly resembles the white stork in its manner of performing the up-down greeting display. Plumage pattern and soft part
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age. Some white down feathers initially remain attached to give a temporary mottled black and white appearance before finally receding to leave a darkish grey downy plumage. During development of the dark down, the bill, legs and feet are shiny black. A pale yellow stripe extends up the
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of Argentina, which appears to be a popular destination for flocks of about 30-40 migrant individuals from the southern hemisphere part of the range that come from the south in winter to seek warmer temperatures. The stork is also common in Brazil, especially in the state
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displays will less likely attract the attention of predators that detect prey by sight at close range; and although loud vocalisations would be useful for mates to attract each other's attention, this could also render them more conspicuous to potential ground predators.
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followed by black contour feathers. At this point, the chicks are fledged and have their first full juvenile plumage after about a month of hatching. Hence, juveniles remain black at fledging, by which time the orange of the gular pouch has also turned pale scarlet.
445:. Head and neck feathers consist of long semi-plumes measuring up to 18 cm long that become erectile and are important in courtships and aggressive displays. Barbs on the neck feathers also have no barbules, thus making the neck appear like a translucent net.
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25–35 days old, the hallux is sufficiently developed to allow the chicks to leave ground nests in search of food. Chicks also occasionally beg for food from their parents outside the nest, but parents have never been observed to feed their young outside the nest.
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Adults utter wheezing, hissing, disyllabic whistles during up-down greeting displays at the nests about every 1–1.5 seconds. These whistles are slower and lower pitched than the corresponding vocalisations of other Ciconia, but sound similar to those of the
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and the woolly-necked stork. The quality of these vocalisations is probably linked with the maguari stork's ground nesting habits and may be an adaptation to minimise attraction of predators’ attention. Young make begging calls that have been described as
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are orangey red, becoming deeper red during courtship. The sexes are largely indistinguishable externally, except that the male is slightly larger with a slightly upward curved bill. Individuals usually weigh 3800-4200 g, with males being heavier.
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The maguari stork lives in sympatry with jabiru and wood stork where the ranges of these three species overlap, especially in the Venezuelan llanos. Of all American stork species, the maguari stork has the smallest geographical range.
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during the dry season, a flock of 90 maguari stork individuals were observed together with jabirus and wood storks. Because of limited prey, intra and interspecific competition inevitably occurs in such aggregations; often leading to
616:) as prey items. This may be because of the elongated body shape of such taxa that occupies a relatively small volume in the bird's stomach and hence can more compactly fit inside the stomach to optimise the bird's energy intake.
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discovered in North America appear to be morphologically intermediate between the maguari stork and white stork and may therefore represent a common ancestral link between these two species that inhabit different continents.
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Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the dark colouration in the juveniles. First, the blackish feathers may serve as camouflage against both ground and aerial predators. Alternatively, the black plumage may serve a
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could also access ground nests. Although these animals are known to opportunistically feed on birds, no instances of predation on maguari storks have been hitherto recorded; but such predation is considered likely.
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in the throat. They regurgitate it onto the nest, whereupon it is picked up and eaten by the nestlings. Food is usually regurgitated in small parts for young nestlings, and as one large mass for older nestlings.
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The maguari stork has been observed uplifting cowhides in dry fields in search of potential invertebrate prey underneath. This occurs especially in the non-breeding season when large migratory flocks search for
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in maguari stork nestings, with most nestling mortality being due to young falling out of nests containing 3-4 chicks; and egg mortality primarily through predation appears to be higher than chick mortality.
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A distinct characteristic unique to this stork species is intermediately dark plumage in the young, which persists for most of the nestling period. In the chicks’ first few days after hatching, their sparse
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size is typically 3 or 4 eggs, with an average of 3.2 being reported. Eggs are laid on alternate days, so that hatching within clutches is highly asynchronous; with some young hatching up to a week apart.
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Tavares DC, Siciliano S. 2013. Notes on records of Ciconia maguari (Gmelin, 1789)(Aves, Ciconiidae) on northern Rio de Janeiro State, Southeast Brazil. Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences 8: 352-357.
820:), both of which eat this species’ eggs. Both of these predatory species can probably also eat maguari stork chicks that are no more than a few weeks old. Many other potential predators such as jaguars,
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The large congregations of maguari storks in the pre- and post-reproductive periods are considered a reliable indicator that this stork breeds locally in the area in which the groups are sighted.
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Antas PTZ. 1994. Migration and other movements among the lower Parana River valley wetlands, Argentina, and the south Brazil/Pantanal wetlands. Bird Conservation International 4: 181-190.
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Kahl MP. 1972. Comparative ethology of the Ciconiidae. Part 4. The "typical" storks (genera Ciconia, Sphenorhyncus, Dissoura, and Euxenura). Zeitschrift fĂĽr Tierpsychologie 30: 225-252.
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anti-predator strategy to dilute an individual's risk of being predated. As adults, male maguari storks become sexually mature at three years of age, and females at four years.
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Gonzalez JA. 1996. Kletoparasitsm in mixed-species foraging flocks of wading birds during the late dry season in the Llanos of Venezuela. Colonial Waterbirds 19: 226-231.
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Flower SS. 1925. Contributions to our knowledge of the duration of life in vertebrate animals. IV Birds. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1925: 1365-1422.
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at Disneyland Florida Resort in 1991. The parents were at least 18 years old when they first bred. In the wild, the maguari stork is considered a game bird in Amazonia.
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in the bushes and dry short grass. Some individuals also sometimes eat pieces of cow dung. Historically, one individual has been observed to swallow a cowhide whole.
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King CE. 1988. An ethological comparison of three storks: Ciconia boyciana, C. ciconia, and C. maguari. MS Thesis, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma.
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in the late 1920s, where one individual survived beyond 21 years. Two cases of breeding have been recorded in captivity. A chick was hatched but not reared in
720:. Nevertheless, the species does not seem to naturally perch in trees because unlike its sympatric heterospecifics such as the jabiru, it cannot stand on its
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Johnson AW. 1965. The Birds of Chile and Adjacent Regions of Argentina, Bolivia and Peru, volume I. Platt Establecimientos Graficos, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
538:; eastern Bolivia; Paraguay; Brazil, but rarely in the Amazon and the north-east,); Uruguay and Argentina. The most southerly part of the range lies in the
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Brouwer K, Jones ML, King CE, Schifter H. 1992. Longevity and breeding records of storks Ciconiidae in captivity. International Zoo Yearbook 31: 131-139.
645:. Maguari storks are mostly found to steal food amongst themselves, but jabirus also occasionally steal from them, taking large prey items such as eels.
300:. Gmelin's description was ultimately based on the "Maguari Brasiliensibus" that had been described and illustrated in 1648 by the German naturalist
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Gonzalez JA. 1998. Phenology and reproductive success of the maguari stork in the southern Llanos of Venezuela. Colonial Waterbirds 21: 135-142.
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Thomas BT. 1987. Philopatry of banded maguari storks and their decline in Venezuela. Boletin de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias 41: 137-157.
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Short LL. 1975. A zoogeographic analysis of the South American Chaco avifauna. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 154: 163-352.
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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
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Thomas BT. 1985. Coexistence and behaviour differences among three western hemisphere stork species. Ornithological Monographs 36: 921-931.
716:. These nests comprise sticks that are usually less than a metre long and less than 2 cm in diameter, and often from the palm species
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between the white stork and the Oriental stork. Incidentally, the maguari stork also shares the prominent forkedness of its tail with the
1803:, Aves, Ciconiidae) in southern Brazil: the opportunist predation of snake like preys? Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences 6: 65-67.
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Wetmore A. 1926. Observations on the birds of Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Chile. United States National Museum Bulletin 133: 1-448.
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and Rio Grand do Sul. However, overall migration patterns for this species across its range have thus far not been determined exactly.
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Healy M. 1991. Maguari Storks hatch at Discovery Island, Florida. Specialist Group on Storks, Ibises and Spoonbills Newsletter 4: 5-6.
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Haedo Rossi JA. 1969. Notas ornitologicas. V. Observaciones sobre Cigueiia Euxenura maguari (Gmelin). Acta zool. lilloana 25: 19-42.
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Cowles RB, Hamilton WJ, Heppner F. 1967. Black pigmentation: adaptation for concealment or heat conservation? Science 158: 1340-1341.
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Bent AC. 1926. Life Histories of North American Marsh Birds. Smithsonian Institution, United States Museum Bulletin 135, Washington.
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Walsh S, Sanchez L & R, Urumaco. 2008. The first Cenozoic fossil bird from Venezuela. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 82: 105-112.
242:) is a large species of stork that inhabits seasonal wetlands over much of South America, and is very similar in appearance to the
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Spaans AL. 1975. The status of the wood stork, jabiru and maguari stork along the Surinam coast, South America. Ardea 63: 116-130.
608:. Despite the maguari stork's apparently generalist diet, one study from Brazil has suggested that this stork may actively target
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stork's nest is also unusual in extensively comprising grass and reeds. Common species used in nest fabrication include the reed
409:(9.3 lb) while five females weighed an average of 3.8 kg (8.4 lb). It is intermediate in size between the smaller
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The maguari stork has a relatively wide distribution over much of South America, and occurs primarily to the east of the
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The bill is straight, bluish grey, and lined with red. The final third portion along the bill length is dark maroon. The
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Luthin CS. 1987. Status of and conservation priorities for the world's stork species. Colonial Waterbirds 10: 181-202.
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Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés
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Howard H. 1942. A review of the American fossil storks. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 530: 187-203.
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Hoogesteijn R, Chapman CA. 1997. Large ranches as conservation tools in the Venezuelan llanos. Oryx 31: 274-284.
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is lemon-yellow or cream white and the legs are purplish red. The skin of the throat and the pebbly-textured
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habitat during the dry season, where they forage in low-level bodies of water where prey is concentrated.
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In the Venezuelan llanos, the maguari stork is also found to nest in low, thick-trunked trees including
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1063:(in Latin). Lugdun and Batavorum (London and Leiden): Franciscum Hackium and Elzevirium. p. 204.
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1991:
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Hancock JA, Kushlan JA, Kahl MP. 1992. Storks, Ibises and Spoonbills of the World. Academic Press.
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Sick H. 1985. Ornitologia Brasileira, Umo Introducao. Editora Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia.
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1043:(in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae : Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 623.
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eggs are also said to be disproportionately small compared to the laying female's body mass.
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of Argentina. Large numbers migrate to the Pantanal in the wet season, probably from the
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is bright orange, and the iris is dark brown. At hatching, nestlings weigh 76-90g.
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1981:
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Tozetti AM, Fontana CS, Oliveira RB, Pontes GMF. 2011. Diet of a maguari stork (
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Hudson WH. 1920. Birds of La Plata, Volume 2. J.M. Dent and Sons Ltd., New York.
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colourations are also very similar between these three stork species. Further,
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246:; albeit slightly larger. It is the only species of its genus to occur in the
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between 1946 and 1950. Five chicks, of which three survived, also hatched at
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to survive in its open lowland wetland habitat that it originally invaded.
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Kahl MP. 1971. Flapping rates of storks in level flight. The Auk 88: 428.
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547:
531:
418:
392:
352:
117:
250:
and is one of the only three New World stork species, together with the
2623:
2426:
2333:
2062:
1694:
1604:
1291:"Phylogeny of the avian family Ciconiidae (Storks) based on cytochrome
1247:
472:
438:
422:
347:
310:
157:
2199:
845:
This stork has historically been kept in captivity in places such as
721:
637:
567:
535:
527:
496:
anti-predator explanation for the dark plumage to be more plausible.
417:, the two other stork species with which the maguari stork exists in
414:
255:
107:
2439:
2400:
2267:
1686:
1595:
1578:
1239:
387:
was probably highly dispersive and could have extended its range to
308:. The maguari stork is now one of seven storks placed in the genus
2395:
1944:
1221:"Observations on the Jabiru and Maguari Storks in Argentina, 1969"
550:
coast from March until May and also been reported as a vagrant on
543:
542:
province. It more rarely occurs to the west of the Andes (e.g. in
523:
434:
319:
285:
147:
137:
2530:
2413:
633:
sighted more frequently near to wetlands than the maguari stork.
546:) and probably does not breed there. It is a rare visitor to the
127:
2271:
1917:
1060:
Historia Naturalis Brasiliae: Liber Quintus: Qui agit de Avibus
599:
This stork has a markedly broad diet and is considered to be a
895:
893:
891:
330:, "MaguarĂ" or "BaguarĂ" means "heavy bill". The species is
1913:
284:. He placed it with the herons, cranes and storks in the
570:
of Argentina. It occurs seasonally and is common in the
1579:"Maguari stork nesting: juvenile growth and behavior"
1488:
http://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-maguari-stork.html
1112:"Storks, frigatebirds, boobies, darters, cormorants"
1081:(in French and Latin). Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche.
314:
that was introduced in 1760 by the French zoologist
2580:
2280:
2213:
2190:
2155:
2060:
2025:
1970:
1668:"The behavior and breeding of adult maguari storks"
925:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697688A93630558.en
395:, part of the range of the extant maguari stork.
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
341:This stork was formerly placed in its own genus
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1843:
1841:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1295:sequences and DNA–DNA hybridization distances"
557:It is especially common and widespread in the
421:in some parts of its range. Much of the adult
1929:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
624:would be highly efficient in this situation.
345:, but was later reclassified as belonging to
8:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1139:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
869:The maguari stork is evaluated as being of
437:in the breeding season to produce brighter
2268:
1936:
1922:
1914:
1795:
1793:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
636:In one study at half-hectare ponds in the
206:
59:
40:
31:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1594:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1318:
923:
1894:
1892:
1774:
1772:
1770:
351:because of its strong morphological and
1855:
1853:
992:
990:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
887:
322:word for "stork". The specific epithet
274:in his revised and expanded edition of
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
808:Natural enemies of this stork include
2680:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin
1299:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1141:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
1118:. International Ornithologists' Union
1098:
1096:
7:
2660:IUCN Red List least concern species
2260:Twenty extant species in six genera
911:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1486:Oiseaux-birds. Accessed 19/06/16.
1430:Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (2008).
705:than that of other stork species.
657:carry food to the nest as a large
25:
1433:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
326:and the common name are from the
270:in 1789 by the German naturalist
1116:IOC World Bird List Version 12.2
84:
900:BirdLife International (2016).
732:Courtship and nesting displays
391:from North America during the
1:
604:gullet of an individual from
1666:Thomas, Betsy Trent (1986).
1577:Thomas, Betsy Trent (1984).
433:Individuals undergo a fresh
306:Historia Naturalis Brasiliae
2092:African woolly-necked stork
1436:(2nd ed.). CRC Press.
788:There appears to be little
2696:
1137:Jobling, James A. (2010).
2258:
2082:Asian woolly-necked stork
1951:
1075:Brisson, Mathurin Jacques
530:of Venezuela and eastern
214:
205:
186:
179:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
1035:Gmelin, Johann Friedrich
918:: e.T22697688A93630558.
841:Relationship with humans
749:Egg laying and nestlings
518:Distribution and habitat
318:. The genus name is the
316:Mathurin Jacques Brisson
2675:Birds described in 1789
688:Zizianopsis bonariensis
372:Fossils of the extinct
272:Johann Friedrich Gmelin
2670:Birds of South America
1320:10.1006/mpev.1997.0431
1110:, eds. (August 2022).
266:The maguari stork was
2552:Paleobiology Database
1289:Slikas, Beth (1997).
849:in the mid-1800s and
425:is white, with black
1219:Kahl, M. P. (1971).
800:Threats and survival
714:Randia venezuelansis
686:and the marsh grass
590:Behavior and ecology
2177:Saddle-billed stork
1992:Yellow-billed stork
1311:1997MolPE...8..275S
718:Copernicia tectorum
566:, Paraguay and the
552:Trinidad and Tobago
461:Juvenile appearance
441:in preparation for
363:woolly-necked stork
51:Conservation status
2167:Black-necked stork
1106:; Donsker, David;
526:. It lives in the
268:formally described
2647:
2646:
2539:Open Tree of Life
2274:Taxon identifiers
2265:
2264:
1443:978-1-4200-6444-5
1156:978-1-4081-2501-4
1108:Rasmussen, Pamela
818:Polyborus plancus
814:crested caracaras
700:southern screamer
683:Cyperus giganteus
564:Rio Grande do Sul
367:Ciconia episcopus
230:
229:
219: Nonbreeding
74:
16:(Redirected from
2687:
2640:
2639:
2627:
2626:
2614:
2613:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2573:
2572:
2560:
2559:
2547:
2546:
2534:
2533:
2521:
2520:
2508:
2507:
2495:
2494:
2482:
2481:
2469:
2468:
2456:
2455:
2443:
2442:
2430:
2429:
2417:
2416:
2404:
2403:
2391:
2390:
2378:
2377:
2368:
2367:
2355:
2354:
2342:
2341:
2339:4AB9F632125B2091
2329:
2328:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2269:
2235:Greater adjutant
2158:Ephippiorhynchus
2047:African openbill
1938:
1931:
1924:
1915:
1908:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1848:
1845:
1836:
1833:
1820:
1817:
1804:
1797:
1788:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1765:
1762:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1699:
1698:
1672:
1663:
1618:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1598:
1574:
1517:
1514:
1491:
1484:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1448:
1447:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1252:
1251:
1225:
1216:
1161:
1160:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1100:
1091:
1090:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1055:Marcgrave, Georg
1051:
1045:
1044:
1031:
1025:
1022:
997:
994:
985:
982:
937:
936:
934:
932:
927:
897:
859:Discovery Island
855:Buenos Aires Zoo
810:boa constrictors
643:kleptoparasitism
493:thermoregulatory
404:Adult appearance
338:are recognised.
225: Year-round
224:
218:
210:
192:
89:
88:
68:
63:
62:
44:
32:
21:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2635:
2630:
2622:
2617:
2609:
2604:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2576:
2570:Ciconia-maguari
2568:
2563:
2555:
2550:
2542:
2537:
2529:
2524:
2516:
2513:Observation.org
2511:
2503:
2498:
2490:
2485:
2477:
2472:
2464:
2459:
2451:
2446:
2438:
2433:
2425:
2420:
2412:
2407:
2399:
2394:
2386:
2381:
2373:
2371:
2363:
2358:
2350:
2345:
2337:
2332:
2326:Ciconia_maguari
2324:
2319:
2312:Ciconia maguari
2310:
2309:
2304:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2282:Ciconia maguari
2276:
2266:
2261:
2254:
2225:Lesser adjutant
2209:
2186:
2181:E. senegalensis
2151:
2056:
2051:A. lamelligerus
2021:
2006:M. leucocephala
1966:
1962:List of species
1947:
1942:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1851:
1846:
1839:
1834:
1823:
1818:
1807:
1801:Ciconia maguari
1798:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1768:
1763:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1702:
1687:10.2307/1367749
1670:
1665:
1664:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1596:10.2307/4086908
1576:
1575:
1520:
1515:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1451:
1444:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1328:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1255:
1240:10.2307/1365842
1223:
1218:
1217:
1164:
1157:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1000:
995:
988:
983:
940:
930:
928:
904:Ciconia maguari
899:
898:
889:
884:
867:
843:
802:
790:sibling rivalry
751:
734:
703:Chauna torquata
677:
668:
597:
592:
520:
502:
463:
427:flight feathers
413:and the larger
406:
401:
302:Georg Marcgrave
293:and coined the
281:Systema Naturae
264:
239:Ciconia maguari
226:
222:
220:
216:
201:
194:
190:Ciconia maguari
188:
175:
172:C. maguari
83:
75:
64:
60:
53:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
18:Ciconia maguari
15:
12:
11:
5:
2693:
2691:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2652:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2628:
2615:
2602:
2586:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2561:
2548:
2535:
2522:
2509:
2496:
2483:
2470:
2457:
2444:
2431:
2418:
2405:
2392:
2379:
2369:
2356:
2343:
2330:
2317:
2302:
2286:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2242:
2232:
2221:
2219:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2196:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2174:
2163:
2161:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2129:
2122:Oriental stork
2119:
2109:
2099:
2096:C. microscelis
2089:
2079:
2068:
2066:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2044:
2037:Asian openbill
2033:
2031:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2009:
1999:
1989:
1978:
1976:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1918:
1910:
1909:
1900:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1849:
1837:
1821:
1805:
1789:
1780:
1766:
1742:
1733:
1724:
1700:
1619:
1610:
1589:(4): 812–823.
1518:
1492:
1474:
1465:
1449:
1442:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1326:
1305:(3): 275–300.
1281:
1253:
1234:(2): 220–229.
1162:
1155:
1129:
1092:
1087:Vol. 5, p. 361
1066:
1046:
1026:
998:
986:
938:
886:
885:
883:
880:
866:
863:
842:
839:
801:
798:
750:
747:
733:
730:
676:
675:Nesting habits
673:
667:
664:
596:
593:
591:
588:
519:
516:
501:
498:
462:
459:
405:
402:
400:
397:
385:Ciconia maltha
379:Ciconia maltha
263:
260:
228:
227:
221:
215:
212:
211:
203:
202:
195:
184:
183:
177:
176:
169:
167:
163:
162:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
77:
76:
58:
55:
54:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
35:Maguari stork
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2692:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2582:Ardea maguari
2579:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2257:
2250:
2249:L. crumenifer
2246:
2245:Marabou stork
2243:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2112:Maguari stork
2110:
2107:
2103:
2102:Storm's stork
2100:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2072:Abdim's stork
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2002:Painted stork
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1957:Ciconiiformes
1954:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
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871:least concern
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500:Vocalisations
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298:Ardea maguari
296:
295:binomial name
292:
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276:Carl Linnaeus
273:
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234:maguari stork
213:
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181:Binomial name
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138:Ciconiiformes
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66:Least Concern
56:
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38:
33:
30:
19:
2581:
2281:
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2229:L. javanicus
2228:
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2191:
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2171:E. asiaticus
2170:
2156:
2145:
2135:
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2086:C. episcopus
2085:
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2016:M. americana
2015:
2005:
1995:
1985:
1971:
1903:
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1727:
1681:(1): 26–34.
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929:. Retrieved
915:
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868:
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830:maned wolves
822:crocodilians
817:
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756:Isla Mexiana
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687:
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598:
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556:
521:
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358:phylogenetic
346:
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309:
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304:in his book
297:
288:
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238:
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233:
231:
189:
187:
171:
170:
158:
29:
2500:Neotropical
2435:iNaturalist
2306:Wikispecies
2216:Leptoptilos
2204:J. mycteria
2142:Black stork
2132:White stork
2126:C. boyciana
2041:A. oscitans
1982:Milky stork
1122:15 November
1104:Gill, Frank
931:12 November
826:Pampas cats
614:Amphisbaena
512:Ehehe-ehehe
477:gular pouch
399:Description
374:Pleistocene
353:ethological
244:white stork
2654:Categories
2597:Q109563086
2565:Xeno-canto
2136:C. ciconia
2116:C. maguari
2076:C. abdimii
2012:Wood stork
1986:M. cinerea
1675:The Condor
1228:The Condor
882:References
847:London Zoo
769:Incubation
651:arthropods
601:generalist
411:wood stork
336:subspecies
252:wood stork
198:Gmelin, JF
148:Ciconiidae
2239:L. dubius
2106:C. stormi
2028:Anastomus
696:screamers
606:Patagonia
443:courtship
389:Venezuela
332:monotypic
248:New World
166:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
2591:Wikidata
2479:22697688
2453:10215513
2414:45511506
2352:22697688
2347:BirdLife
2291:Wikidata
2146:C. nigra
1973:Mycteria
1077:(1760).
1057:(1648).
1037:(1789).
782:akinesia
666:Breeding
630:Quissama
572:Pantanal
548:Suriname
532:Colombia
419:sympatry
393:Pliocene
343:Euxenura
262:Taxonomy
254:and the
144:Family:
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
2665:Ciconia
2624:6066549
2531:1558267
2505:magsto1
2427:2481910
2401:magsto1
2375:magsto1
2334:Avibase
2297:Q338601
2063:Ciconia
1996:M. ibis
1955:Order:
1695:1367749
1605:4086908
1583:The Auk
1307:Bibcode
1248:1365842
595:Feeding
439:plumage
423:plumage
348:Ciconia
324:maguari
311:Ciconia
200:, 1789)
159:Ciconia
154:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
2637:824194
2557:399923
2544:324161
2466:559261
2365:102402
2200:Jabiru
2192:Jabiru
1945:Storks
1693:
1603:
1440:
1246:
1153:
865:Status
764:clutch
722:hallux
692:cranes
638:llanos
568:Pampas
540:Chubut
536:Guyana
528:Llanos
475:, the
473:venter
415:jabiru
376:stork
256:jabiru
223:
217:
2518:73549
2492:52777
2448:IRMNG
2396:eBird
2388:5Z653
2372:BOW:
1691:JSTOR
1671:(PDF)
1601:JSTOR
1244:JSTOR
1224:(PDF)
659:bolus
559:Chaco
544:Chile
524:Andes
454:lores
435:moult
334:: no
320:Latin
290:Ardea
286:genus
2632:ITIS
2619:GBIF
2611:GCJ2
2526:OBIS
2487:NCBI
2474:IUCN
2461:ITIS
2440:4740
2422:GBIF
2360:BOLD
1438:ISBN
1151:ISBN
1124:2022
933:2021
916:2016
828:and
812:and
762:The
712:and
694:and
468:down
450:iris
232:The
128:Aves
2606:CoL
2409:EoL
2383:CoL
2321:ADW
1683:doi
1591:doi
1587:101
1315:doi
1236:doi
1147:238
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1891:^
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