1071:
860:
996:
1766:
816:
166:
1831:
521:
119:
863:
868:
866:
862:
861:
867:
852:
3916:
865:
1067:". Only the DNA in the micronucleus is passed on during sexual reproduction (conjugation). On the other hand, only the DNA in the macronucleus is actively expressed and results in the phenotype of the organism. Macronuclear DNA is derived from micronuclear DNA by amazingly extensive DNA rearrangement and amplification.
414:, common almost anywhere there is water—in lakes, ponds, oceans, rivers, and soils, including anoxic and oxygen-depleted habitats. About 4,500 unique free-living species have been described, and the potential number of extant species is estimated at 27,000–40,000. Included in this number are many
2521:
Yi Z, Song W, Clamp JC, Chen Z, Gao S, Zhang Q (December 2008). "Reconsideration of systematic relationships within the order
Euplotida (Protista, Ciliophora) using new sequences of the gene coding for small-subunit rRNA and testing the use of combined data sets to construct phylogenies of the
1098:
In addition, the micronuclear genes are interrupted by numerous "internal eliminated sequences" (IESs). During development of the macronucleus, IESs are deleted and the remaining gene segments, macronuclear destined sequences (MDSs), are spliced together to give the operational gene.
974:), conjugating cells become permanently fused, and one conjugant is absorbed by the other. In most ciliate groups, however, the cells separate after conjugation, and both form new macronuclei from their micronuclei. Conjugation and autogamy are always followed by fission.
1159:
experiments of
Aufderheide in 1986 who demonstrated that the macronucleus, rather than the cytoplasm, is responsible for clonal aging. Additional experiments by Smith-Sonneborn, Holmes and Holmes, and Gilley and Blackburn demonstrated that, during clonal aging,
936:
exchange genetic material. While conjugation is sometimes described as a form of reproduction, it is not directly connected with reproductive processes, and does not directly result in an increase in the number of individual ciliates or their progeny.
981:, conjugating partners (gamonts) are similar or indistinguishable in size and shape. This is referred to as "isogamontic" conjugation. In some groups, partners are different in size and shape. This is referred to as "anisogamontic" conjugation. In
3464:
1084:
The macronucleus begins as a copy of the micronucleus. The micronuclear chromosomes are fragmented into many smaller pieces and amplified to give many copies. The resulting macronuclear chromosomes often contain only a single
864:
1127:), the process is even more complex due to "gene scrambling": the MDSs in the micronucleus are often in different order and orientation from that in the macronuclear gene, and so in addition to deletion, DNA
2557:
Miao M, Song W, Chen Z, et al. (2007). "A unique euplotid ciliate, Gastrocirrhus (Protozoa, Ciliophora): assessment of its phylogenetic position inferred from the small subunit rRNA gene sequence".
579:
Division of the macronucleus occurs in most ciliate species, apart from those in class
Karyorelictea, whose macronuclei are replaced every time the cell divides. Macronuclear division is accomplished by
1155:, the clonally aging line loses vitality and expires after about 200 fissions, if the cell line is not rejuvenated by conjugation or self-fertilization. The basis for clonal aging was clarified by the
1135:
are required for "unscrambling". This process is guided by long RNAs derived from the parental macronucleus. More than 95% of micronuclear DNA is eliminated during spirotrich macronuclear development.
2642:
Adl, Sina M.; Bass, David; Lane, Christopher E.; Lukeš, Julius; Schoch, Conrad L.; Smirnov, Alexey; Agatha, Sabine; Berney, Cedric; Brown, Matthew W.; Burki, Fabien; Cárdenas, Paco (2019).
718:
are also generally present. The presence of alveoli, the structure of the cilia, the form of mitosis and various other details indicate a close relationship between the ciliates,
3721:
9041:
3148:
2902:
9669:
2466:"Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences"
9695:
3634:"Molecular phylogeny and comparative morphology indicate that odontostomatids (Alveolata, Ciliophora) form a distinct class-level taxon related to Armophorea"
758:, groups of many cilia together with associated structures. The food is moved by the cilia through the mouth pore into the gullet, which forms food vacuoles.
7553:
2955:
Altenburger, A.; Blossom, H. E.; Garcia-Cuetos, L.; Jakobsen, H. H.; Carstensen, J.; Lundholm, N.; Hansen, P. J.; Haraguchi, L.; Haraguchi, L. (2020).
848:
ciliates, whose macronuclei do not divide). The cell then divides in two, and each new cell obtains a copy of the micronucleus and the macronucleus.
9643:
9682:
8747:
2220:"The All-Data-Based Evolutionary Hypothesis of Ciliated Protists with a Revised Classification of the Phylum Ciliophora (Eukaryota, Alveolata)"
3632:
Fernandes, Noemi M.; Vizzoni, Vinicius F.; Borges, Bárbara do N.; Soares, Carlos A.G.; da Silva-Neto, Inácio D.; Paiva, Thiago da S. (2018),
3091:
2791:
2423:
572:
and heavy editing. The micronucleus passes its genetic material to offspring, but does not express its genes. The macronucleus provides the
3685:
Cavalier-Smith, T. (2000). Flagellate megaevolution: the basis for eukaryote diversification. In: Leadbeater, B.S.C., Green, J.C. (eds.).
5238:
3948:
1147:, aging occurs over successive generations leading to a gradual loss of vitality, unless the cell line is revitalized by conjugation or
3863:
954:
and nuclear reorganization within the cell. During conjugation, two ciliates of a compatible mating type form a bridge between their
1218:
is consistently found as the sister group to all other ciliates. Additionally, two big sub-groups are distinguished inside subphylum
3890:
3836:
3124:
2878:
2757:
2349:
3729:
9754:
7546:
5279:
3982:
629:
through the membrane of the food vacuole into the cell. Anything left in the food vacuole by the time it reaches the cytoproct (
5274:
3977:
2218:
Gao, Feng; Warren, Alan; Zhang, Qianqian; Gong, Jun; Miao, Miao; Sun, Ping; Xu, Dapeng; Huang, Jie; Yi, Zhenzhen (2016-04-29).
596:) the cell shows signs of aging, and the macronuclei must be regenerated from the micronuclei. Usually, this occurs following
497:
9687:
2439:
1777:
Several different classification schemes have been proposed for the ciliates. The following scheme is based on a molecular
985:, for instance, one sexual partner (the microconjugant) is small and mobile, while the other (macroconjugant) is large and
5358:
5348:
5331:
4061:
4051:
4034:
1070:
5517:
797:), while others are predatory and feed on other protozoa and in particular on other ciliates. Some ciliates parasitize
9568:
8740:
7539:
2741:
21:
3519:
Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the
Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China".
1095:, the micronucleus has 10 chromosomes (five per haploid genome), while the macronucleus has over 20,000 chromosomes.
165:
2957:"Dimorphism in cryptophytes-The case of Teleaulax amphioxeia/Plagioselmis prolonga and its ecological implications"
1103:
has about 6,000 IESs and about 15% of micronuclear DNA is eliminated during this process. The process is guided by
9700:
8884:
3883:
An illustrated guide to the protozoa: organisms traditionally referred to as protozoa, or newly discovered groups
1132:
453:
683:, an organization unique to the ciliates and important in their classification, and include various fibrils and
8248:
7110:
2602:
8969:
8488:
7350:
7248:
6916:
6386:
5363:
5231:
4066:
3941:
3012:
DeLong, John P.; Van Etten, James L.; Al-Ameeli, Zeina; Agarkova, Irina V.; Dunigan, David D. (2023-01-03).
1156:
750:, and detritus swept into the oral groove (mouth) by modified oral cilia. This usually includes a series of
687:
involved in coordinating the cilia. In some forms there are also body polykinetids, for instance, among the
9521:
8733:
8685:
8624:
8563:
8277:
6404:
617:
and typically follow a particular path through the cell as their contents are digested and broken down by
3920:
9731:
9197:
8847:
8645:
8636:
7159:
6679:
5698:
5637:
5559:
5326:
4029:
1778:
1339:
1128:
951:
404:
263:
6203:
6193:
6715:
6356:
6198:
6147:
6137:
3633:
2130:
9710:
9617:
8862:
8629:
7412:
7265:
6707:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6339:
6239:
5451:
5137:
3575:
3528:
3473:
3370:
3162:
Berger JD (October 1986). "Autogamy in
Paramecium. Cell cycle stage-specific commitment to meiosis".
3025:
2968:
2378:
2231:
1926:
1874:
1189:
986:
829:
446:
427:
128:
16:
This article is about the protozoan phylum
Ciliophora. For the type of ciliate cells in general, see
7400:
7388:
7339:
6961:
6655:
6639:
6635:
6381:
6327:
6152:
5142:
3562:
Bomfleur, Benjamin; Kerp, Hans; Taylor, Thomas N.; Moestrup, Øjvind; Taylor, Edith L. (2012-12-18).
1855:
588:
occurs by a process whose mechanism is unknown. After a certain number of generations (200–350, in
9586:
8573:
7406:
7383:
7366:
6973:
6711:
6647:
6584:
6541:
6398:
6393:
6221:
5733:
5398:
4844:
4628:
2415:
2124:
1835:
1765:
1525:
1123:
1076:
1010:
890:
793:
Feeding techniques vary considerably, however. Some ciliates are mouthless and feed by absorption (
638:
7466:
7270:
7236:
7207:
6953:
6882:
6699:
6643:
6142:
6095:
5727:
5392:
5383:
5000:
3083:
9759:
9192:
8874:
7654:
7458:
7441:
7424:
7375:
7332:
7327:
7277:
6695:
6651:
6631:
6431:
6368:
6344:
5650:
5607:
5493:
5426:
5343:
5321:
5309:
5284:
5224:
4854:
4046:
4024:
4012:
3987:
3934:
3745:
3669:
3544:
3433:
3341:
3142:
2896:
2583:
2367:"Regulation of zooplankton biomass and production in a temperate, coastal ecosystem. 2. Ciliates"
2312:
2112:
1965:
1932:
1861:
1388:
1283:
1219:
929:
359:
280:
160:
7495:
7487:
7433:
6703:
6363:
6302:
5704:
5693:
5403:
1990:
1786:
1320:
1215:
995:
815:
7471:
5595:
1982:
1039:
Four of the new micronuclei transform into macronuclei, and the old macronucleus disintegrates.
897:) forming another. However, other types of fission occur in some ciliate groups. These include
679:, which run from the anterior to posterior of the cell. The body and oral kinetids make up the
9782:
9718:
9604:
8984:
8619:
8578:
7446:
7320:
7282:
6757:
6675:
6319:
6157:
6018:
5941:
5512:
5353:
5316:
5304:
5294:
5188:
5114:
5095:
4805:
4388:
4056:
4019:
4007:
3997:
3896:
3886:
3869:
3859:
3842:
3832:
3806:
3690:
3661:
3653:
3611:
3593:
3501:
3425:
3386:
3361:
3333:
3294:
3179:
3130:
3120:
3087:
3053:
2994:
2937:
2884:
2874:
2846:
2828:
2787:
2753:
2722:
2681:
2663:
2575:
2539:
2503:
2485:
2419:
2345:
2304:
2265:
2247:
2100:
1998:
1913:
1622:
1247:
1181:
1052:
903:(the emergence of small ciliated offspring, or "swarmers", from the body of a mature parent);
833:
573:
465:
423:
320:
140:
9746:
9736:
8222:
6374:
2701:"The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists"
9723:
9260:
9139:
9031:
8974:
8914:
8909:
8837:
8822:
8593:
8437:
8384:
8336:
8295:
8260:
8253:
8190:
8067:
7993:
7195:
6749:
6725:
6721:
6559:
6503:
6000:
5804:
5542:
5268:
5160:
5106:
4860:
4306:
3971:
3796:
3788:
3645:
3601:
3583:
3536:
3491:
3481:
3417:
3378:
3359:
Smith-Sonneborn, J. (1979). "DNA repair and longevity assurance in
Paramecium tetraurelia".
3325:
3284:
3276:
3171:
3075:
3043:
3033:
2984:
2976:
2929:
2836:
2820:
2712:
2671:
2655:
2604:
Urtiere oder
Protozoa I: Wimpertiere oder Ciliata -- Volume I General Section And Prostomata
2567:
2531:
2493:
2477:
2407:
2386:
2337:
2296:
2285:"Anaerobic ciliates as a model group for studying symbioses in oxygen-depleted environments"
2255:
2239:
2185:
1888:
1770:
819:
Most ciliates divide transversally, but other kinds of binary fission occur in some species.
803:
710:
maintaining the cell's shape, which varies from flexible and contractile to rigid. Numerous
692:
642:
345:
9559:
2336:. Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation. Vol. 8. Springer Netherlands. p. 111.
1760:
9674:
9433:
9338:
9300:
9255:
9187:
8944:
8904:
8889:
8782:
8369:
7601:
7183:
6761:
6729:
6549:
6545:
6508:
6486:
6451:
6162:
5961:
5893:
5823:
5554:
5547:
5033:
4208:
3757:
3203:
1953:
1850:
1811:
1591:
1409:
1293:
1289:
1255:
485:
305:
3404:
Holmes, George E.; Holmes, Norreen R. (July 1986). "Accumulation of DNA damages in aging
3076:
2408:
8725:
3579:
3532:
3477:
3374:
3029:
2972:
2382:
2235:
675:(basal bodies), each of which may support a cilium. These are arranged into rows called
568:
of the organism). The latter is generated from the micronucleus by amplification of the
9493:
9438:
9428:
9270:
9084:
9036:
8949:
8924:
8919:
8899:
8894:
8797:
8787:
8553:
8394:
8304:
8290:
8091:
7947:
7895:
7752:
7671:
7531:
7078:
6994:
6904:
6825:
6765:
6735:
6518:
6462:
6439:
6262:
6023:
5978:
5811:
5791:
5680:
5446:
5299:
5251:
5129:
5119:
5083:
5058:
4747:
4538:
4439:
4361:
4170:
4002:
3801:
3772:
3606:
3563:
3289:
3264:
3048:
3013:
2989:
2956:
2676:
2643:
2498:
2465:
2260:
2219:
2055:
1869:
1478:
1279:
914:
754:
to the left of the mouth and a paroral membrane to its right, both of which arise from
723:
564:(the "vegetative nucleus", which takes care of general cell regulation, expressing the
505:
501:
493:
335:
216:
190:
3452:
2841:
2808:
1196:. These included two types of tintinnids and a possible ancestral suctorian. A fossil
480:. In some older systems of classification, such as the influential taxonomic works of
399:
pattern than flagella. Cilia occur in all members of the group (although the peculiar
9776:
9217:
9202:
9164:
9089:
9025:
9011:
8959:
8954:
8868:
8857:
8852:
8832:
8827:
8802:
8650:
8483:
8455:
8359:
8332:
8329:
8263:
7757:
7731:
7681:
7344:
7253:
7093:
7042:
7029:
7012:
6936:
6783:
6671:
6592:
6513:
6468:
6456:
6421:
6213:
6124:
6054:
5966:
5949:
5828:
5669:
5656:
5488:
5165:
4964:
4956:
4786:
4707:
4647:
4558:
4532:
4261:
3548:
3496:
3329:
3238:
3175:
2717:
2700:
2571:
2316:
2190:
2157:
2094:
1882:
1819:
1367:
1352:
845:
711:
419:
415:
340:
273:
76:
17:
3829:
The ciliated protozoa: characterization, classification, and guide to the literature
3702:
3437:
3345:
3117:
The ciliated protozoa: characterization, classification, and guide to the literature
3078:
The
Ciliated Protozoa: Characterization, Classification, and Guide to the Literature
2871:
The ciliated protozoa: characterization, classification, and guide to the literature
2587:
2193:. It is not pathogenic to the domestic pig, the primary reservoir of this pathogen.
407:) and are variously used in swimming, crawling, attachment, feeding, and sensation.
9413:
9408:
9383:
9358:
9348:
9275:
9144:
9018:
8979:
8964:
8939:
8934:
8879:
8812:
8670:
8640:
8500:
8151:
8003:
7998:
7900:
7836:
7700:
7566:
7562:
7506:
7212:
7200:
7154:
7134:
7083:
7060:
6928:
6911:
6899:
6842:
6830:
6794:
6771:
6665:
6661:
6627:
6569:
6564:
6553:
6537:
6533:
6495:
6350:
6332:
6256:
6066:
6042:
6030:
5872:
5852:
5835:
5816:
5782:
5718:
5602:
5572:
5470:
5198:
5025:
5005:
4945:
4849:
4822:
4769:
4727:
4694:
4469:
4247:
4186:
3673:
2152:
2118:
2088:
2082:
1959:
1907:
1830:
1500:
1454:
1439:
1267:
1231:
1223:
1064:
1056:
905:
774:
766:
614:
610:
602:, after which a new macronucleus is generated from the post-conjugal micronucleus.
561:
550:
543:
325:
290:
9573:
2618:
909:(multiple divisions along the cell body, producing a chain of new organisms); and
520:
395:, but are in general shorter and present in much larger numbers, with a different
2933:
2824:
2781:
2780:
Archibald, John M.; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Slamovits, Claudio H., eds. (2017).
2331:
9656:
9609:
9553:
9468:
9443:
9388:
9363:
9285:
9280:
9245:
9235:
8929:
8842:
8700:
8675:
8663:
8478:
8432:
8233:
8200:
8180:
8101:
8014:
7885:
7853:
7791:
7781:
7716:
7691:
7639:
7622:
7394:
7315:
7298:
7188:
7179:
7116:
7104:
7098:
7003:
6849:
6836:
6609:
6574:
6528:
6523:
6294:
6232:
6083:
6011:
6005:
5954:
5920:
5900:
5768:
5662:
5645:
5625:
5584:
5529:
5500:
5475:
5089:
5015:
4867:
4831:
4811:
4759:
4733:
4623:
4571:
4544:
4526:
4499:
4266:
4135:
4124:
3649:
2535:
2148:
2106:
2069:
2063:
2021:
2016:
1947:
1937:
1806:
1659:
1644:
1576:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1091:
933:
787:
751:
739:
719:
699:
684:
651:, these have a distinctive star shape, with each point being a collecting tube.
481:
434:
396:
315:
310:
300:
268:
51:
3707:
DPDx — Laboratory
Identification of Parasitic Diseases of Public Health Concern
3568:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3465:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
9501:
9463:
9393:
9373:
9368:
9353:
9323:
9295:
9250:
9240:
9212:
9207:
9149:
9124:
8817:
8792:
8714:
8709:
8690:
8680:
8658:
8314:
8238:
8058:
8029:
7957:
7936:
7822:
7807:
7695:
7649:
7591:
7500:
7241:
7146:
7123:
7071:
7065:
7023:
7017:
6966:
6941:
6891:
6818:
6806:
6800:
6776:
6621:
6617:
6597:
6474:
6444:
6274:
6174:
6169:
6112:
6106:
6059:
6047:
6035:
5987:
5860:
5840:
5614:
5577:
5535:
5523:
5434:
5170:
4994:
4985:
4970:
4838:
4775:
4634:
4595:
4590:
4476:
4393:
4288:
4200:
2481:
2391:
2366:
2341:
2168:
2163:
2144:
2047:
2034:
1971:
1844:
1791:
1424:
1297:
1227:
1198:
1161:
1118:
1108:
967:
921:
794:
770:
706:, small vesicles under the cell membrane that are packed against it to form a
688:
672:
667:
647:
634:
585:
539:
526:
330:
285:
152:
118:
96:
61:
9544:
3846:
3657:
3597:
3134:
2888:
2832:
2667:
2489:
2251:
1282:
was excluded from the analysis, but it was originally established as part of
1164:
increases dramatically. Thus, DNA damage appears to be the cause of aging in
1021:
The micronuclei undergo meiosis, producing four haploid micronuclei per cell.
9630:
9581:
9418:
9398:
9290:
9169:
9104:
9094:
9079:
9074:
9055:
8807:
8695:
8568:
8558:
8422:
8404:
8379:
8348:
8309:
8161:
8141:
8127:
8106:
8034:
7931:
7914:
7817:
7796:
7742:
7705:
7634:
7613:
7307:
7218:
7128:
7053:
7035:
6978:
6854:
6788:
6250:
6244:
6226:
6100:
6071:
5995:
5877:
5799:
5738:
5565:
5255:
5247:
5216:
5069:
5010:
4718:
4683:
4641:
4618:
4600:
4487:
4423:
4298:
4175:
4118:
4105:
3957:
3900:
3873:
3588:
3038:
2917:
2644:"Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes"
2284:
2042:
2029:
1275:
1235:
1193:
1177:
1111:
1104:
982:
955:
874:
762:
743:
727:
715:
630:
626:
618:
565:
509:
469:
442:
392:
384:
229:
177:
101:
41:
3926:
3810:
3665:
3615:
3486:
3382:
3298:
3057:
2998:
2980:
2941:
2726:
2685:
2579:
2543:
2507:
2308:
2269:
9596:
3915:
3505:
3429:
3337:
3183:
2850:
851:
9538:
9473:
9453:
9448:
9423:
9403:
9378:
9343:
9333:
9328:
9159:
9134:
9114:
8774:
8588:
8583:
8495:
8460:
8389:
8374:
8364:
8243:
8166:
8117:
8081:
8048:
7962:
7874:
7771:
7726:
7606:
7586:
7258:
7171:
7047:
6812:
6307:
6268:
6186:
6130:
5931:
5619:
5481:
5458:
5338:
5076:
5038:
4939:
4916:
4463:
4458:
4450:
4380:
4255:
4130:
4113:
4091:
4041:
3792:
3390:
2180:
2004:
1977:
1918:
1894:
1547:
1512:
1271:
1243:
1239:
1203:
1148:
1060:
971:
966:
micronuclei are exchanged over the bridge. In some ciliates (peritrichs,
925:
882:
841:
782:
707:
645:, or in some function to maintain ionic balance. In some genera, such as
581:
554:
477:
473:
438:
430:
400:
295:
146:
91:
86:
71:
66:
56:
45:
9648:
9478:
9458:
9154:
9129:
9119:
9065:
9002:
8524:
8505:
8024:
7570:
6180:
6118:
5865:
5757:
5674:
5505:
5463:
5439:
5192:
4927:
4764:
4610:
4517:
4370:
4276:
4232:
4140:
3421:
1899:
963:
959:
899:
837:
622:
547:
504:
designations such as "phylum" and "class", "Ciliophora" is an unranked
411:
244:
106:
81:
9661:
2659:
2300:
2243:
1024:
Three of these micronuclei disintegrate. The fourth undergoes mitosis.
9318:
9310:
9179:
8427:
8285:
7988:
7864:
7644:
7596:
5589:
4582:
4312:
4214:
4156:
3881:
Lee, John J.; Leedale, Gordon F.; Bradbury, Phyllis C., eds. (2000).
3540:
3228:." Transactions of the American Microscopical Society (1943): 97-121.
2074:
2010:
798:
569:
558:
461:
134:
9515:
3316:. II. Evidence of functional changes in the macronucleus with age".
3280:
1042:
Binary fission occurs twice, yielding four identical daughter cells.
9635:
3564:"Triassic leech cocoon from Antarctica contains fossil bell animal"
1014:, the stages of conjugation are as follows (see diagram at right):
924:. Alternatively, it may proceed as a result of self-fertilization (
9227:
9099:
8399:
7967:
7629:
5152:
4792:
1829:
1764:
1069:
1033:
The micronuclei in each cell fuse, forming a diploid micronucleus.
858:
850:
519:
388:
2171:) and ciliates is the presence of macronuclei in ciliates alone.
2147:
in the ciliates. The fundamental difference between multiciliate
9265:
8757:
4409:
2283:
Rotterová, J.; Edgcomb, V. P.; Čepička, I.; Beinart, R. (2022).
1781:
of up to four genes from 152 species representing 110 families:
1086:
747:
203:
9519:
8729:
7535:
5220:
3930:
3204:"Nuclear phenomena during conjugation and autogamy in ciliates"
3771:
Schister, Frederick L. and Lynn Ramirez-Avila (October 2008).
2786:(2 ed.). Springer International Publishing. p. 691.
9622:
1036:
Mitosis occurs three times, giving rise to eight micronuclei.
641:, which collect water and expel it from the cell to maintain
387:
characterized by the presence of hair-like organelles called
126:
Some examples of ciliate diversity. Clockwise from top left:
3265:"DNA rearrangements directed by non-coding RNAs in ciliates"
950:
Ciliate conjugation is a sexual phenomenon that results in
920:
Fission may occur spontaneously, as part of the vegetative
3885:(2nd ed.). Lawrence, KS: Society of Protozoologists.
3014:"The consumption of viruses returns energy to food chains"
27:
Taxon of protozoans with hair-like organelles called cilia
3726:
The Parasite: Balantidium coli The Disease: Balantidiasis
698:
The infraciliature is one of the main components of the
881:
Typically, the cell is divided transversally, with the
855:
Ciliate undergoing the last processes of binary fission
1176:
Until recently, the oldest ciliate fossils known were
932:, a sexual phenomenon in which ciliates of compatible
598:
433:. Ciliate species range in size from as little as 10
3854:
Hausmann, Klaus; Bradbury, Phyllis C., eds. (1996).
1188:
published a description of fossil ciliates from the
726:. These superficially dissimilar groups make up the
9528:
9491:
9309:
9226:
9178:
9063:
9054:
9001:
8773:
8610:
8544:
8469:
8446:
8413:
8346:
8220:
8213:
8188:
8179:
8149:
8140:
8115:
8089:
8080:
8056:
8047:
8012:
7976:
7945:
7922:
7913:
7883:
7862:
7844:
7835:
7805:
7779:
7770:
7740:
7714:
7679:
7670:
7663:
7577:
7486:
7457:
7432:
7423:
7374:
7365:
7306:
7297:
7229:
7170:
7145:
7002:
6993:
6952:
6927:
6890:
6881:
6748:
6608:
6583:
6494:
6485:
6430:
6419:
6318:
6293:
6212:
6082:
5986:
5977:
5940:
5929:
5918:
5851:
5790:
5781:
5766:
5755:
5726:
5717:
5636:
5425:
5416:
5391:
5382:
5151:
5128:
5105:
5055:
5024:
4984:
4955:
4926:
4914:
4821:
4785:
4746:
4717:
4693:
4680:
4609:
4581:
4557:
4516:
4486:
4449:
4436:
4406:
4379:
4359:
4297:
4275:
4229:
4199:
4184:
4153:
4104:
4089:
3709:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2013.
3689:. London: Taylor and Francis, pp. 361-390, p. 362,
2916:Esteban, G. F.; Fenchel, T.; Finlay, B. J. (2010).
1202:has been discovered inside a leech cocoon from the
3453:"Lack of telomere shortening during senescence in
2179:The only member of the ciliate phylum known to be
9042:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
3627:
3625:
3521:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
2365:Nielsen, Torkel Gissel; Kiørboe, Thomas (1994).
637:. Most ciliates also have one or more prominent
3687:The Flagellates. Unity, diversity and evolution
3451:Gilley, David; Blackburn, Elizabeth H. (1994).
3258:
3256:
3254:
3018:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2333:Protist Diversity and Geographical Distribution
3312:Aufderheide, Karl J. (1986). "Clonal aging in
2330:Foissner, W.; Hawksworth, David, eds. (2009).
1018:Compatible mating strains meet and partly fuse
8741:
7547:
5232:
3942:
1214:According to the 2016 phylogenetic analysis,
840:and the macronucleus elongates and undergoes
836:. During fission, the micronucleus undergoes
553:(the "generative nucleus", which carries the
8:
3147:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2901:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1080:macronuclear genome from micronuclear genome
3069:
3067:
777:or symbiosis with photosynthetic microbes.
496:). In the taxonomic scheme endorsed by the
9516:
9060:
8998:
8770:
8766:
8748:
8734:
8726:
8217:
8185:
8146:
8086:
8053:
7919:
7841:
7776:
7676:
7667:
7554:
7540:
7532:
7429:
7371:
7303:
6999:
6887:
6878:
6491:
6427:
6088:
5983:
5937:
5926:
5787:
5778:
5774:
5763:
5723:
5422:
5388:
5379:
5239:
5225:
5217:
5102:
4932:
4923:
4911:
4818:
4782:
4752:
4699:
4690:
4677:
4563:
4492:
4446:
4433:
4416:
4403:
4376:
4356:
4352:
4281:
4239:
4196:
4192:
4163:
4101:
4097:
4086:
4082:
3949:
3935:
3927:
691:where they generally form bristles called
484:, ciliated protozoa are placed within the
441:to as much as 4 mm in length in some
117:
31:
3800:
3605:
3587:
3495:
3485:
3288:
3047:
3037:
2988:
2840:
2716:
2675:
2497:
2390:
2259:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
1292:were identified in 2018 as its own class
671:, which respectively include one and two
994:
814:
742:, feeding on smaller organisms, such as
498:International Society of Protistologists
2444:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
2201:
807:, is known to cause disease in humans.
542:, ciliates have two different sorts of
22:Glossary of leaf morphology § Edge
5207:denotes groups with over 1,000 species
3753:
3743:
3224:Finley, Harold E. "The conjugation of
3140:
2894:
2289:The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
1192:, about 580 million years ago, in the
1051:Ciliates contain two types of nuclei:
1027:The two cells exchange a micronucleus.
391:, which are identical in structure to
3728:. Stanford University. Archived from
3638:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3197:
3195:
3193:
3110:
3108:
3106:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2464:Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2018-01-01).
913:(multiple fissions, usually within a
7:
9711:0adc33b5-1e89-4272-8992-969fd7f6dd64
3858:. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
3720:Ramachandran, Ambili (23 May 2003).
3318:Mechanisms of Ageing and Development
3269:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: RNA
1047:DNA rearrangements (gene scrambling)
889:) forming one new organism, and the
492:" (a term which can also refer to a
2873:. New York: Springer. p. 324.
1637:
1615:
1569:
1562:
1540:
1518:
1493:
1402:
1394:
1345:
1335:
1313:
1303:
661:Mostly, body cilia are arranged in
410:Ciliates are an important group of
20:. For the type of leaf margin, see
3119:. New York: Springer. p. 23.
2705:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
2699:Adl, Sina M.; et al. (2005).
2648:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
2143:Some old classifications included
655:Specialized structures in ciliates
625:contains are then small enough to
14:
3082:(3 ed.). Springer. pp.
2410:The Ciliated Protozoa 3rd Edition
962:, the macronuclei disappear, and
811:Reproduction and sexual phenomena
403:only have them for part of their
3914:
2718:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x
2572:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2007.00271.x
1270:is found as the sister group to
164:
2619:"Medical Definition of CILIATA"
1800:Subphylum Postciliodesmatophora
1206:, about 200 million years ago.
445:, and include some of the most
8301:Membranous/thalloid/foliaceous
4686:
4682:
4442:
4438:
3410:Molecular and General Genetics
2809:"The DNA of ciliated protozoa"
2742:"The Macronucleus of Ciliates"
1:
8271:Tetrasporal/capsal/palmelloid
3781:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
3239:"Introduction to the Ciliata"
801:, although only one species,
786:has been observed to feed on
584:, and the segregation of the
3856:Ciliates: cells as organisms
3330:10.1016/0047-6374(86)90044-8
3263:Mochizuki, Kazufumi (2010).
3176:10.1016/0014-4827(86)90492-1
2934:10.1016/j.protis.2010.08.002
2825:10.1128/mr.58.2.233-267.1994
1826:Subphylum Intramacronucleata
3650:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.04.026
2807:Prescott, D M (June 1994).
2536:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.12.006
2189:, which causes the disease
557:of the cell), and a large,
9799:
2371:Limnology and Oceanography
1758:
977:In many ciliates, such as
958:. The micronuclei undergo
592:, and as many as 1,500 in
500:, which eliminates formal
15:
8997:
8769:
8765:
8760:phyla/divisions by domain
6877:
6091:
5888:
5777:
5691:
5378:
5262:
5183:
4935:
4910:
4755:
4702:
4676:
4566:
4495:
4432:
4419:
4402:
4355:
4351:
4284:
4242:
4195:
4166:
4100:
4085:
4081:
3965:
3773:"Current World Status of
2482:10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3
2392:10.4319/lo.1994.39.3.0508
2342:10.1007/978-90-481-2801-3
1657:
1642:
1635:
1620:
1613:
1589:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1545:
1538:
1523:
1516:
1498:
1491:
1476:
1452:
1437:
1422:
1407:
1400:
1392:
1365:
1350:
1343:
1333:
1318:
1311:
1143:ln clonal populations of
999:Stages of conjugation in
885:half of the ciliate (the
422:species, as well as some
365:
358:
353:See text for subclasses.
260:
255:
161:Scientific classification
159:
125:
116:
34:
7592:Mastigophora/Flagellates
4412:
4408:
3208:Research in Protozoology
3115:H., Lynn, Denis (2008).
2918:"Mixotrophy in ciliates"
2869:H., Lynn, Denis (2008).
2783:Handbook of the Protists
2746:Research in Protozoology
1030:The cells then separate.
8970:Thermodesulfobacteriota
8630:Baas-Becking hypothesis
6917:Vitrella brassicaformis
3827:Lynn, Denis H. (2008).
3589:10.1073/pnas.1218879109
3039:10.1073/pnas.2215000120
2813:Microbiological Reviews
2623:www.merriam-webster.com
576:for vegetative growth.
524:Diagram of the ciliate
8625:Microbial biogeography
3831:. New York: Springer.
3487:10.1073/pnas.91.5.1955
3406:Paramecium tetraurelia
3383:10.1126/science.424739
3314:Paramecium tetraurelia
3098:1007/978-1-4020-8239-9
2981:10.1126/sciadv.abb1611
2560:J. Eukaryot. Microbiol
1839:
1774:
1761:Wikispecies:Ciliophora
1153:Paramecium tetraurelia
1081:
1003:
878:
856:
832:, by various kinds of
820:
761:Many species are also
621:so the substances the
530:
9732:Paleobiology Database
9198:Neocallimastigomycota
7645:Fungus-like organisms
5638:Postciliodesmatophora
3226:Vorticella microstoma
2740:Raikov, I.B. (1969).
2524:Mol. Phylogenet. Evol
2414:. Springer. pp.
1833:
1779:phylogenetic analysis
1768:
1759:Further information:
1340:Postciliodesmatophora
1073:
998:
993:Stages of conjugation
952:genetic recombination
871:
854:
818:
523:
464:under any of several
264:Postciliodesmatophora
256:Subphyla and classes
8863:Coprothermobacterota
8360:Simple cell membrane
8296:Pseudoparenchymatous
8284:Filamentous/trichal/
8268:Colonial flagellated
8201:Collar of microvilli
6340:Eleutheroschizonidae
5452:Cariacothrix caudata
3923:at Wikimedia Commons
3793:10.1128/CMR.00021-08
3202:Raikov, I.B (1972).
3074:Lynn, Denis (2008).
2601:Alfred Kahl (1930).
2406:Lynn, Denis (2008).
1875:Cariacothrix caudata
1190:Doushantuo Formation
928:), or it may follow
872:Division of ciliate
639:contractile vacuoles
449:complex protozoans.
8574:Contractile vacuole
8525:Meiosis in protists
8506:Mitosis in protists
8484:Multinucleate cells
7706:Flagellar apparatus
7655:Ambiregnal protists
7597:Sarcodina/Amoeboids
6585:Blastogregarinorina
6542:Oligochaetocystinae
5084:Gunflint microbiota
4845:Klebsormidiophyceae
4629:Hyphochytriomycetes
3580:2012PNAS..10920971B
3574:(51): 20971–20974.
3533:2007GSLSP.286..151L
3478:1994PNAS...91.1955G
3375:1979Sci...203.1115S
3369:(4385): 1115–1117.
3030:2023PNAS..12015000D
2973:2020SciA....6.1611A
2522:Diophrys-complex".
2383:1994LimOc..39..508N
2236:2016NatSR...624874G
1872:(only one species,
1836:Oxytricha trifallax
1074:Development of the
1011:Paramecium caudatum
1001:Paramecium caudatum
828:Ciliates reproduce
633:) is discharged by
613:are formed through
452:In most systems of
393:eukaryotic flagella
9193:Blastocladiomycota
8405:Periplast/pellicle
8128:Periplast/pellicle
8068:Cruciform division
6680:Amphiplatysporidae
6632:Cephaloidophoridae
6432:Archigregarinorida
5427:Intramacronucleata
4855:Coleochaetophyceae
4235:
4231:
4159:
4155:
3422:10.1007/bf00330196
3024:(1): e2215000120.
2224:Scientific Reports
1840:
1775:
1389:Intramacronucleata
1284:Intramacronucleata
1220:Intramacronucleata
1121:ciliates (such as
1082:
1004:
983:sessile peritrichs
879:
857:
844:(except among the
821:
738:Most ciliates are
590:Paramecium aurelia
538:Unlike most other
531:
281:Intramacronucleata
9770:
9769:
9719:Open Tree of Life
9522:Taxon identifiers
9513:
9512:
9509:
9508:
9487:
9486:
9050:
9049:
8993:
8992:
8985:Verrucomicrobiota
8723:
8722:
8620:Microbial ecology
8606:
8605:
8602:
8601:
8579:Eyespot apparatus
8209:
8208:
8191:Choanoflagellates
8175:
8174:
8136:
8135:
8076:
8075:
8043:
8042:
7909:
7908:
7831:
7830:
7766:
7765:
7529:
7528:
7525:
7524:
7521:
7520:
7517:
7516:
7482:
7481:
7361:
7360:
7293:
7292:
6989:
6988:
6873:
6872:
6869:
6868:
6865:
6864:
6758:Schizogregarinina
6744:
6743:
6415:
6414:
6320:Protococcidiorida
6289:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6204:Selenococcidiidae
6194:Elleipsisomatidae
6158:Cryptosporidiidae
6019:Haemogregarinidae
5942:Agamococcidiorida
5914:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5751:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5713:
5712:
5513:Oligohymenophorea
5412:
5411:
5214:
5213:
5179:
5178:
5115:Spironematellidae
5096:Meteora sporadica
5051:
5050:
5047:
5046:
4980:
4979:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4806:Prasinodermophyta
4742:
4741:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4553:
4552:
4389:Centroplasthelida
4347:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4225:
4224:
4149:
4148:
3919:Media related to
3093:978-1-4020-8238-2
2793:978-3-319-28147-6
2660:10.1111/jeu.12691
2425:978-1-4020-8238-2
2301:10.1111/jeu.12912
2244:10.1038/srep24874
1999:Oligohymenophorea
1751:
1750:
1742:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1724:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1696:
1688:
1687:
1679:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1623:Oligohymenophorea
1602:
1601:
1465:
1464:
1378:
1377:
1248:Oligohymenophorea
1182:Ordovician period
869:
702:. Others are the
574:small nuclear RNA
460:" is ranked as a
377:
376:
371:
321:Oligohymenophorea
251:
9790:
9763:
9762:
9750:
9749:
9740:
9739:
9727:
9726:
9714:
9713:
9704:
9703:
9691:
9690:
9678:
9677:
9665:
9664:
9652:
9651:
9639:
9638:
9626:
9625:
9613:
9612:
9600:
9599:
9590:
9589:
9577:
9576:
9564:
9563:
9562:
9549:
9548:
9547:
9517:
9261:Anthocerotophyta
9140:Hemimastigophora
9061:
9032:Nitrososphaerota
8999:
8975:Thermomicrobiota
8915:Kiritimatiellota
8910:Ignavibacteriota
8875:Deferribacterota
8838:Campylobacterota
8823:Bdellovibrionota
8771:
8767:
8750:
8743:
8736:
8727:
8594:Mastigont system
8547:
8472:
8449:
8438:Gliding motility
8416:
8353:
8298:/plektenchymatic
8254:Amoeboflagellate
8227:
8218:
8194:
8186:
8155:
8147:
8121:
8095:
8087:
8061:
8054:
8018:
7982:
7951:
7925:
7920:
7889:
7868:
7847:
7842:
7811:
7785:
7777:
7746:
7720:
7684:
7677:
7668:
7556:
7549:
7542:
7533:
7430:
7372:
7304:
7196:Duboscquellaceae
7000:
6888:
6879:
6750:Neogregarinorida
6726:Actinocephalidae
6722:Stylocephaloidea
6716:Trichorhynchidae
6560:Schaudinnellidae
6504:Aikinetocystidae
6492:
6428:
6357:Eleutheroschizon
6199:Lankesterellidae
6148:Calyptosporiidae
6138:Atoxoplasmatidae
6089:
6001:Dactylosomatidae
5984:
5938:
5927:
5788:
5779:
5775:
5764:
5724:
5543:Parablepharismea
5518:Ichthyophthirius
5423:
5389:
5380:
5291:
5271:
5241:
5234:
5227:
5218:
5161:Collodictyonidae
5107:Hemimastigophora
5103:
5062:
4933:
4924:
4920:
4912:
4861:Zygnematophyceae
4819:
4799:
4783:
4753:
4700:
4691:
4687:
4678:
4564:
4493:
4447:
4443:
4434:
4417:
4413:
4404:
4377:
4364:
4357:
4353:
4307:Choanoflagellata
4282:
4240:
4236:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4164:
4160:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4083:
3994:
3974:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3928:
3918:
3904:
3877:
3850:
3815:
3814:
3804:
3775:Balantidium coli
3768:
3762:
3761:
3755:
3751:
3749:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3732:on 14 April 2013
3717:
3711:
3710:
3699:
3693:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3629:
3620:
3619:
3609:
3591:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3541:10.1144/SP286.11
3516:
3510:
3509:
3499:
3489:
3472:(5): 1955–1958.
3461:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3292:
3260:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3235:
3229:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3199:
3188:
3187:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3146:
3138:
3112:
3101:
3100:
3081:
3071:
3062:
3061:
3051:
3041:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2992:
2961:Science Advances
2952:
2946:
2945:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2900:
2892:
2866:
2855:
2854:
2844:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2777:
2764:
2763:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2679:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2501:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2413:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2263:
2215:
2186:Balantidium coli
2131:Protohypotrichia
1889:Parablepharismea
1771:Stentor roeselii
1638:
1616:
1570:
1563:
1541:
1519:
1494:
1403:
1395:
1346:
1336:
1314:
1304:
1194:Ediacaran period
870:
804:Balantidium coli
643:osmotic pressure
369:
346:Parablepharismea
243:
169:
168:
121:
111:
48:
38:Temporal range:
32:
9798:
9797:
9793:
9792:
9791:
9789:
9788:
9787:
9773:
9772:
9771:
9766:
9758:
9753:
9745:
9743:
9735:
9730:
9722:
9717:
9709:
9707:
9699:
9694:
9686:
9681:
9673:
9668:
9660:
9655:
9647:
9642:
9634:
9629:
9621:
9616:
9608:
9603:
9595:
9593:
9585:
9580:
9572:
9567:
9558:
9557:
9552:
9543:
9542:
9537:
9524:
9514:
9505:
9483:
9434:Gnathostomulida
9339:Xenacoelomorpha
9305:
9301:Flowering plant
9256:Marchantiophyta
9222:
9188:Chytridiomycota
9174:
9046:
8989:
8945:Planctomycetota
8905:Gemmatimonadota
8890:Elusimicrobiota
8783:Acidobacteriota
8761:
8754:
8724:
8719:
8612:
8598:
8545:
8540:
8470:
8465:
8447:
8442:
8414:
8409:
8350:
8347:
8342:
8224:
8221:
8205:
8189:
8171:
8150:
8132:
8116:
8111:
8090:
8072:
8057:
8039:
8013:
8008:
7977:
7972:
7948:Dinoflagellates
7946:
7941:
7923:
7905:
7884:
7879:
7863:
7858:
7845:
7827:
7806:
7801:
7780:
7762:
7741:
7736:
7715:
7710:
7680:
7659:
7580:classifications
7579:
7573:
7560:
7530:
7513:
7478:
7453:
7419:
7413:Rhizellobiopsis
7357:
7289:
7266:Pronoctilucidae
7225:
7184:Amoebophryaceae
7166:
7141:
7092:Without theca:
6985:
6948:
6923:
6861:
6762:Caulleryellidae
6740:
6730:Stylocephalidae
6708:Sphaerocystidae
6692:Dactylophoridae
6688:Cnemidosporidae
6684:Brustiophoridae
6604:
6579:
6550:Stomatophorinae
6546:Rhynchocystinae
6509:Allantocystidae
6487:Eugregarinorida
6481:
6452:Selenidioididae
6424:
6411:
6314:
6281:
6240:Toxoplasmatinae
6208:
6163:Cryptosporidium
6078:
5973:
5962:Rhytidocystidae
5934:
5923:
5906:
5894:Cardiosporidium
5884:
5847:
5824:Leucocytozoidae
5771:
5760:
5743:
5709:
5687:
5632:
5555:Phyllopharyngea
5548:Parablepharisma
5408:
5374:
5373:
5289:
5267:
5258:
5245:
5215:
5210:
5175:
5147:
5138:Ancyromonadidae
5124:
5101:
5056:
5043:
5034:Malawimonadidae
5020:
4976:
4951:
4915:
4874:
4817:
4790:
4789:
4781:
4738:
4713:
4681:
4652:
4605:
4577:
4549:
4512:
4482:
4437:
4428:
4407:
4398:
4375:
4360:
4319:
4293:
4271:
4230:
4221:
4185:
4180:
4154:
4145:
4090:
4077:
4076:
3992:
3970:
3961:
3955:
3911:
3893:
3880:
3866:
3853:
3839:
3826:
3823:
3821:Further reading
3818:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3752:
3742:
3735:
3733:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3703:"Balantidiasis"
3701:
3700:
3696:
3684:
3680:
3631:
3630:
3623:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3459:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3281:10.1002/wrna.34
3262:
3261:
3252:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3223:
3219:
3201:
3200:
3191:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3139:
3127:
3114:
3113:
3104:
3094:
3073:
3072:
3065:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2893:
2881:
2868:
2867:
2858:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2779:
2778:
2767:
2760:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2627:
2625:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2448:
2446:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2217:
2216:
2203:
2199:
2177:
2141:
2056:Scuticociliatia
1954:Phyllopharyngea
1927:Rhynchostomatia
1828:
1802:
1763:
1757:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1603:
1592:Phyllopharyngea
1466:
1379:
1290:odontostomatids
1287:
1256:Phyllopharyngea
1212:
1204:Triassic period
1174:
1157:transplantation
1141:
1049:
943:
859:
826:
813:
736:
724:dinoflagellates
657:
608:
536:
518:
447:morphologically
383:are a group of
306:Phyllopharyngea
242:
163:
112:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
40:
39:
36:
28:
25:
12:
11:
5:
9796:
9794:
9786:
9785:
9775:
9774:
9768:
9767:
9765:
9764:
9751:
9741:
9728:
9715:
9705:
9692:
9679:
9666:
9653:
9640:
9627:
9614:
9601:
9591:
9578:
9565:
9550:
9534:
9532:
9526:
9525:
9520:
9511:
9510:
9507:
9506:
9499:
9497:
9494:Incertae sedis
9489:
9488:
9485:
9484:
9482:
9481:
9476:
9471:
9466:
9461:
9456:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9439:Micrognathozoa
9436:
9431:
9429:Acanthocephala
9426:
9421:
9416:
9411:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9326:
9321:
9315:
9313:
9307:
9306:
9304:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9271:Lycopodiophyta
9268:
9263:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9232:
9230:
9224:
9223:
9221:
9220:
9215:
9210:
9205:
9200:
9195:
9190:
9184:
9182:
9176:
9175:
9173:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9085:Ancyromonadida
9082:
9077:
9071:
9069:
9058:
9052:
9051:
9048:
9047:
9045:
9044:
9039:
9037:Thermoproteota
9034:
9029:
9022:
9015:
9007:
9005:
8995:
8994:
8991:
8990:
8988:
8987:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8962:
8957:
8952:
8950:Pseudomonadota
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8925:Mycoplasmatota
8922:
8920:Lentisphaerota
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8900:Fusobacteriota
8897:
8895:Fibrobacterota
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8798:Armatimonadota
8795:
8790:
8788:Actinomycetota
8785:
8779:
8777:
8763:
8762:
8755:
8753:
8752:
8745:
8738:
8730:
8721:
8720:
8718:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8706:
8705:
8704:
8703:
8698:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8668:
8667:
8666:
8655:
8654:
8653:
8648:
8634:
8633:
8632:
8627:
8616:
8614:
8608:
8607:
8604:
8603:
8600:
8599:
8597:
8596:
8591:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8550:
8548:
8542:
8541:
8539:
8538:
8537:
8536:
8533:
8530:
8522:
8521:
8520:
8517:
8514:
8511:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8492:
8491:
8481:
8475:
8473:
8467:
8466:
8464:
8463:
8458:
8452:
8450:
8444:
8443:
8441:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8419:
8417:
8411:
8410:
8408:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8356:
8354:
8344:
8343:
8341:
8340:
8327:
8326:
8325:
8324:
8323:
8322:Siphonocladous
8320:
8312:
8305:Multinucleated
8302:
8299:
8293:
8291:Parenchymatous
8288:
8282:
8281:
8280:
8275:
8272:
8269:
8258:
8257:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8230:
8228:
8215:
8211:
8210:
8207:
8206:
8204:
8203:
8197:
8195:
8183:
8177:
8176:
8173:
8172:
8170:
8169:
8164:
8158:
8156:
8144:
8138:
8137:
8134:
8133:
8131:
8130:
8124:
8122:
8113:
8112:
8110:
8109:
8104:
8098:
8096:
8092:Kinetoplastids
8084:
8078:
8077:
8074:
8073:
8071:
8070:
8064:
8062:
8051:
8045:
8044:
8041:
8040:
8038:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8021:
8019:
8010:
8009:
8007:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7985:
7983:
7974:
7973:
7971:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7954:
7952:
7943:
7942:
7940:
7939:
7934:
7928:
7926:
7917:
7911:
7910:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7903:
7898:
7892:
7890:
7881:
7880:
7878:
7877:
7871:
7869:
7860:
7859:
7857:
7856:
7850:
7848:
7839:
7833:
7832:
7829:
7828:
7826:
7825:
7820:
7814:
7812:
7803:
7802:
7800:
7799:
7794:
7788:
7786:
7774:
7768:
7767:
7764:
7763:
7761:
7760:
7758:Phycobilisomes
7755:
7753:Pit connection
7749:
7747:
7738:
7737:
7735:
7734:
7732:Phycobilisomes
7729:
7723:
7721:
7712:
7711:
7709:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7687:
7685:
7682:Chloroplastida
7674:
7672:Archaeplastida
7665:
7661:
7660:
7658:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7626:
7625:
7620:
7611:
7610:
7609:
7604:
7594:
7583:
7581:
7575:
7574:
7561:
7559:
7558:
7551:
7544:
7536:
7527:
7526:
7523:
7522:
7519:
7518:
7515:
7514:
7512:
7511:
7492:
7490:
7484:
7483:
7480:
7479:
7477:
7476:
7463:
7461:
7455:
7454:
7452:
7451:
7438:
7436:
7427:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7417:
7401:Parallobiopsis
7389:Elliobiocystis
7380:
7378:
7369:
7363:
7362:
7359:
7358:
7356:
7355:
7340:Rastromonadida
7337:
7325:
7312:
7310:
7301:
7295:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7287:
7275:
7263:
7251:
7246:
7233:
7231:
7227:
7226:
7224:
7223:
7205:
7193:
7176:
7174:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7164:
7151:
7149:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7139:
7121:
7089:
7088:
7079:Prorocentrales
7076:
7058:
7040:
7011:With a theca:
7008:
7006:
6997:
6995:Dinoflagellata
6991:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6983:
6971:
6962:Alphamonadidae
6958:
6956:
6950:
6949:
6947:
6946:
6933:
6931:
6925:
6924:
6922:
6921:
6909:
6905:Chromera velia
6896:
6894:
6885:
6875:
6874:
6871:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6859:
6847:
6826:Schizocystidae
6823:
6781:
6769:
6766:Ophryocystidae
6754:
6752:
6746:
6745:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6738:
6736:Blabericolidae
6733:
6719:
6669:
6659:
6656:Uradiophoridae
6640:Didymophoridae
6636:Cephalolobidae
6625:
6614:
6612:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6602:
6589:
6587:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6519:Enterocystidae
6516:
6511:
6506:
6500:
6498:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6463:Meroselenidium
6449:
6440:Exoschizonidae
6436:
6434:
6425:
6420:
6417:
6416:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6409:
6391:
6382:Mackinnoniidae
6379:
6361:
6337:
6328:Angeiocystidae
6324:
6322:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6312:
6299:
6297:
6291:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6263:Nephroisospora
6237:
6218:
6216:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6167:
6155:
6153:Caryotrophidae
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6092:
6086:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6076:
6064:
6052:
6040:
6028:
6024:Haemogregarina
6016:
5998:
5992:
5990:
5981:
5979:Eucoccidiorida
5975:
5974:
5972:
5971:
5959:
5946:
5944:
5935:
5930:
5924:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5897:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5882:
5870:
5857:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5833:
5821:
5812:Haemoproteidae
5809:
5796:
5794:
5792:Haemospororida
5785:
5772:
5767:
5761:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5732:
5730:
5721:
5715:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5681:Tracheloraphis
5667:
5642:
5640:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5612:
5600:
5582:
5570:
5552:
5540:
5510:
5498:
5486:
5468:
5456:
5447:Cariacotrichea
5444:
5431:
5429:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5397:
5395:
5386:
5376:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5364:Mesomycetozoea
5361:
5356:
5346:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5300:Diaphoretickes
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5264:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5236:
5229:
5221:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5202:
5195:
5191:excluded from
5184:
5181:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5157:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5143:Planomonadidae
5140:
5134:
5132:
5130:Ancyromonadida
5126:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5120:Paramastigidae
5117:
5111:
5109:
5100:
5099:
5092:
5086:
5080:
5072:
5065:
5063:
5059:Incertae sedis
5053:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5030:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4990:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4967:
4961:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4942:
4936:
4930:
4921:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4864:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4835:
4827:
4825:
4816:
4815:
4808:
4802:
4800:
4780:
4779:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4756:
4750:
4748:Archaeplastida
4744:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4723:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4703:
4697:
4688:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4615:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4587:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4567:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4539:Dinoflagellata
4535:
4533:Chrompodellida
4530:
4522:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4473:
4466:
4461:
4455:
4453:
4444:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4420:
4414:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4374:
4373:
4367:
4365:
4362:Diaphoretickes
4349:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4309:
4303:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4251:
4243:
4237:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4211:
4205:
4203:
4190:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4108:
4095:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4067:Mesomycetozoea
4064:
4059:
4049:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4003:Diaphoretickes
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:classification
3956:
3954:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3910:
3909:External links
3907:
3906:
3905:
3891:
3878:
3865:978-3437250361
3864:
3851:
3837:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3787:(4): 626–638.
3763:
3722:"Introduction"
3712:
3694:
3678:
3621:
3554:
3527:(1): 151–156.
3511:
3443:
3416:(1): 108–114.
3396:
3351:
3324:(3): 265–279.
3304:
3275:(3): 376–387.
3250:
3230:
3217:
3189:
3154:
3125:
3102:
3092:
3063:
3004:
2947:
2928:(5): 621–641.
2908:
2879:
2856:
2819:(2): 233–267.
2799:
2792:
2765:
2758:
2732:
2711:(5): 399–451.
2691:
2634:
2610:
2593:
2549:
2530:(3): 599–607.
2513:
2476:(1): 297–357.
2456:
2431:
2424:
2398:
2377:(3): 508–519.
2357:
2350:
2322:
2275:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2176:
2173:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2085:
2079:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2052:
2039:
2026:
2017:Hymenostomatia
2013:
2007:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1987:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1933:Trichostomatia
1929:
1923:
1904:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1870:Cariacotrichea
1866:
1856:Discomorphella
1851:Odontostomatea
1847:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1756:
1755:Classification
1753:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1479:Cariacotrichea
1475:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1410:Odontostomatea
1406:
1401:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1302:
1294:Odontostomatea
1280:Cariacotrichea
1211:
1208:
1184:. In 2007, Li
1173:
1170:
1166:P. tetraurelia
1140:
1137:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1006:
1005:
948:
947:
942:
939:
846:Karyorelictean
825:
822:
812:
809:
735:
732:
681:infraciliature
656:
653:
607:
604:
535:
532:
517:
516:Cell structure
514:
375:
374:
373:
372:
363:
362:
356:
355:
351:
350:
349:
348:
343:
338:
336:Cariacotrichea
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
278:
277:
276:
271:
258:
257:
253:
252:
237:
233:
232:
227:
220:
219:
214:
207:
206:
201:
194:
193:
191:Diaphoretickes
188:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
157:
156:
123:
122:
114:
113:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
49:
37:
26:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9795:
9784:
9781:
9780:
9778:
9761:
9756:
9752:
9748:
9742:
9738:
9733:
9729:
9725:
9720:
9716:
9712:
9706:
9702:
9697:
9693:
9689:
9684:
9680:
9676:
9671:
9667:
9663:
9658:
9654:
9650:
9645:
9641:
9637:
9632:
9628:
9624:
9619:
9615:
9611:
9606:
9602:
9598:
9592:
9588:
9583:
9579:
9575:
9570:
9566:
9561:
9555:
9551:
9546:
9540:
9536:
9535:
9533:
9531:
9527:
9523:
9518:
9504:
9503:
9498:
9496:
9495:
9490:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9422:
9420:
9417:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9316:
9314:
9312:
9308:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9233:
9231:
9229:
9225:
9219:
9218:Basidiomycota
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9204:
9203:Glomeromycota
9201:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9191:
9189:
9186:
9185:
9183:
9181:
9177:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9165:Stramenopiles
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9090:Apusomonadida
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9072:
9070:
9067:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9053:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9027:
9026:Nanoarchaeota
9023:
9020:
9016:
9013:
9012:Euryarchaeota
9009:
9008:
9006:
9004:
9000:
8996:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8960:Spirochaetota
8958:
8956:
8955:Rhodothermota
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8885:Dictyoglomota
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8870:
8869:Cyanobacteria
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8858:Chrysiogenota
8856:
8854:
8853:Chloroflexota
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8833:Calditrichota
8831:
8829:
8828:Caldisericota
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8803:Atribacterota
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8780:
8778:
8776:
8772:
8768:
8764:
8759:
8751:
8746:
8744:
8739:
8737:
8732:
8731:
8728:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8693:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8673:
8672:
8669:
8665:
8662:
8661:
8660:
8656:
8652:
8651:Fertilization
8649:
8647:
8644:
8643:
8642:
8638:
8635:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8622:
8621:
8618:
8617:
8615:
8609:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8551:
8549:
8543:
8534:
8531:
8528:
8527:
8526:
8523:
8519:Pleuromitosis
8518:
8515:
8512:
8509:
8508:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8490:
8487:
8486:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8476:
8474:
8468:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8456:Hydrogenosome
8454:
8453:
8451:
8445:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8420:
8418:
8412:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8345:
8338:
8334:
8331:
8330:Multicellular
8328:
8321:
8318:
8317:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8307:
8306:
8303:
8300:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8283:
8279:
8276:
8273:
8270:
8267:
8266:
8265:
8262:
8259:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8236:
8235:
8232:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8219:
8216:
8212:
8202:
8199:
8198:
8196:
8192:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8178:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8159:
8157:
8153:
8152:Dictyostelids
8148:
8145:
8143:
8139:
8129:
8126:
8125:
8123:
8119:
8114:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8099:
8097:
8093:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8079:
8069:
8066:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8046:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8022:
8020:
8016:
8015:Apicomplexans
8011:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7986:
7984:
7980:
7975:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7955:
7953:
7949:
7944:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7929:
7927:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7912:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7893:
7891:
7887:
7882:
7876:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7866:
7861:
7855:
7852:
7851:
7849:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7837:Stramenopiles
7834:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7815:
7813:
7809:
7804:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7789:
7787:
7783:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7769:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7750:
7748:
7744:
7739:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7724:
7722:
7718:
7713:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7693:
7689:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7669:
7666:
7662:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7615:
7612:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7599:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7589:
7588:
7585:
7584:
7582:
7576:
7572:
7568:
7564:
7557:
7552:
7550:
7545:
7543:
7538:
7537:
7534:
7509:
7508:
7503:
7502:
7497:
7494:
7493:
7491:
7489:
7485:
7474:
7473:
7468:
7465:
7464:
7462:
7460:
7456:
7449:
7448:
7443:
7440:
7439:
7437:
7435:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7422:
7415:
7414:
7409:
7408:
7407:Thalassomyces
7403:
7402:
7397:
7396:
7391:
7390:
7385:
7384:Ellobiopsidae
7382:
7381:
7379:
7377:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7367:Protalveolata
7364:
7353:
7352:
7347:
7346:
7345:Parvilucifera
7341:
7338:
7335:
7334:
7329:
7326:
7323:
7322:
7317:
7314:
7313:
7311:
7309:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7296:
7285:
7284:
7279:
7276:
7273:
7272:
7267:
7264:
7261:
7260:
7255:
7254:Oxyrrhinaceae
7252:
7250:
7249:Ichthyodinium
7247:
7244:
7243:
7238:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7228:
7221:
7220:
7215:
7214:
7209:
7206:
7203:
7202:
7197:
7194:
7191:
7190:
7185:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7173:
7169:
7162:
7161:
7156:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7148:
7144:
7137:
7136:
7131:
7130:
7125:
7122:
7119:
7118:
7113:
7112:
7107:
7106:
7101:
7100:
7095:
7094:Gymnodiniales
7091:
7090:
7086:
7085:
7080:
7077:
7074:
7073:
7068:
7067:
7062:
7059:
7056:
7055:
7050:
7049:
7044:
7043:Gonyaulacales
7041:
7038:
7037:
7032:
7031:
7030:Ornithocercus
7026:
7025:
7020:
7019:
7014:
7013:Dinophysiales
7010:
7009:
7007:
7005:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6992:
6981:
6980:
6975:
6974:Voromonadidae
6972:
6969:
6968:
6963:
6960:
6959:
6957:
6955:
6951:
6944:
6943:
6938:
6937:Colpodellidae
6935:
6934:
6932:
6930:
6926:
6919:
6918:
6913:
6910:
6907:
6906:
6901:
6898:
6897:
6895:
6893:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6857:
6856:
6851:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6839:
6838:
6833:
6832:
6827:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6815:
6814:
6809:
6808:
6803:
6802:
6797:
6796:
6791:
6790:
6785:
6784:Lipotrophidae
6782:
6779:
6778:
6773:
6770:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6751:
6747:
6737:
6734:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6720:
6717:
6713:
6712:Stenophoridae
6709:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6672:Stenophoricae
6670:
6667:
6663:
6660:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6648:Hirmocystidae
6645:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6626:
6623:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6611:
6607:
6600:
6599:
6594:
6593:Siedleckiidae
6591:
6590:
6588:
6586:
6582:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6514:Diplocystidae
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6497:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6484:
6477:
6476:
6471:
6470:
6469:Selenidioides
6465:
6464:
6459:
6458:
6457:Merogregarina
6453:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6433:
6429:
6426:
6423:
6422:Gregarinasina
6418:
6407:
6406:
6401:
6400:
6399:Myriosporides
6395:
6394:Myriosporidae
6392:
6389:
6388:
6383:
6380:
6377:
6376:
6371:
6370:
6365:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6353:
6352:
6347:
6346:
6341:
6338:
6335:
6334:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6321:
6317:
6310:
6309:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6296:
6292:
6277:
6276:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6264:
6259:
6258:
6253:
6252:
6247:
6246:
6241:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6222:Sarcocystinae
6220:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6214:Sarcocystidae
6211:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6183:
6182:
6177:
6176:
6171:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6127:
6126:
6125:Pseudoklossia
6121:
6120:
6115:
6114:
6109:
6108:
6103:
6102:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6081:
6074:
6073:
6068:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6056:
6055:Klossiellidae
6053:
6050:
6049:
6044:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6032:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6020:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6008:
6007:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5976:
5969:
5968:
5967:Rhytidocystis
5963:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5951:
5950:Gemmocystidae
5948:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5939:
5936:
5933:
5928:
5925:
5922:
5917:
5903:
5902:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5891:
5890:
5887:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5850:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5829:Leucocytozoon
5825:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5765:
5762:
5759:
5754:
5741:
5740:
5735:
5734:Colponemadida
5731:
5729:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5716:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5670:Karyorelictea
5668:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5658:
5657:Climacostomum
5653:
5652:
5647:
5646:Heterotrichea
5644:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5635:
5628:
5627:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5525:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5489:Muranotrichea
5487:
5484:
5483:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5406:
5405:
5400:
5399:Acavomonadida
5396:
5394:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5327:Stramenopiles
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5290:(major groups
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5270:
5266:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5242:
5237:
5235:
5230:
5228:
5223:
5222:
5219:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5187:¹traditional
5186:
5185:
5182:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5166:Mantamonadida
5164:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5150:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5054:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4966:
4965:Heterolobosea
4963:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4957:Discicristata
4954:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4922:
4918:
4913:
4909:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4796:
4788:
4787:Viridiplantae
4784:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4708:Microheliella
4705:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4675:
4649:
4648:Actinophryida
4646:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4559:Stramenopiles
4556:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4435:
4431:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4262:Ichthyosporea
4260:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4210:
4209:Rotosphaerida
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4183:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4171:Apusomonadida
4169:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4030:Stramenopiles
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3993:(major groups
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3952:
3947:
3945:
3940:
3938:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3892:9781891276224
3888:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3838:9781402082382
3834:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3812:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3776:
3767:
3764:
3759:
3747:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3716:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3458:
3456:
3447:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3355:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3170:(2): 475–85.
3169:
3165:
3164:Exp. Cell Res
3158:
3155:
3150:
3144:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3126:9781402082382
3122:
3118:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2880:9781402082382
2876:
2872:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2759:9781483186146
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2597:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2553:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2457:
2445:
2441:
2440:"ITIS Report"
2435:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2411:
2402:
2399:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2351:9789048128006
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2295:(5): e12912.
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2191:balantidiasis
2188:
2187:
2183:to humans is
2182:
2175:Pathogenicity
2174:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2158:Stephanopogon
2154:
2153:hemimastigids
2150:
2146:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2125:Phacodiniidea
2122:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2095:Choreotrichia
2092:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1883:Muranotrichea
1880:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1825:
1821:
1820:Karyorelictea
1817:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1807:Heterotrichea
1804:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1754:
1747:
1746:
1738:
1737:
1729:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1702:
1701:
1693:
1692:
1684:
1683:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:Discotrichida
1521:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:Heterotrichea
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:Karyorelictea
1348:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1296:, related to
1295:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1266:). The class
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:Fossil record
1171:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1133:translocation
1130:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1002:
997:
992:
991:
990:
988:
984:
980:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
945:
944:
940:
938:
935:
931:
927:
923:
918:
916:
912:
908:
907:
902:
901:
896:
892:
888:
884:
877:
876:
853:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
823:
817:
810:
808:
806:
805:
800:
796:
791:
789:
788:chloroviruses
785:
784:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
733:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:
664:
659:
654:
652:
650:
649:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:Food vacuoles
605:
603:
601:
600:
595:
591:
587:
583:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
560:
556:
552:
549:
545:
541:
533:
529:
528:
522:
515:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
494:genus of fish
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
429:
428:opportunistic
425:
421:
420:endosymbiotic
417:
416:ectosymbiotic
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
367:
366:
364:
361:
357:
354:
347:
344:
342:
341:Muranotrichea
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
283:
282:
279:
275:
274:Karyorelictea
272:
270:
269:Heterotrichea
267:
266:
265:
262:
261:
259:
254:
250:
246:
241:
238:
235:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
167:
162:
158:
155:
154:
149:
148:
143:
142:
137:
136:
131:
130:
124:
120:
115:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
47:
43:
33:
30:
23:
19:
18:Ciliate cells
9529:
9500:
9492:
9414:Orthonectida
9409:Gastrotricha
9384:Nematomorpha
9359:Chaetognatha
9349:Hemichordate
9276:Pteridophyta
9145:Malawimonada
9109:
9019:Korarchaeota
8980:Thermotogota
8965:Synergistota
8940:Nitrospirota
8935:Nitrospinota
8880:Deinococcota
8813:Bacteroidota
8671:Heterotrophy
8641:Reproduction
8516:Orthomitosis
8501:Heterokaryon
8448:Mitochondria
8349:Cell surface
8225:organization
8181:Opisthokonta
8004:Micronucleus
7999:Macronucleus
7978:
7901:Pneumatocyst
7717:Glaucophytes
7701:Phragmoplast
7640:Thallophytes
7617:
7567:Protistology
7563:Microbiology
7507:Platyproteum
7505:
7499:
7470:
7467:Chilovoridae
7445:
7411:
7405:
7399:
7393:
7387:
7349:
7343:
7331:
7319:
7281:
7271:Pronoctiluca
7269:
7257:
7240:
7237:Acrocoelidae
7217:
7213:Hematodinium
7211:
7208:Syndiniaceae
7201:Duboscquella
7199:
7187:
7158:
7155:Noctilucales
7135:Symbiodinium
7133:
7127:
7115:
7109:
7103:
7097:
7084:Prorocentrum
7082:
7070:
7064:
7061:Peridiniales
7052:
7046:
7034:
7028:
7022:
7016:
6977:
6965:
6954:Voromonadida
6940:
6929:Colpodellida
6915:
6912:Vitrellaceae
6903:
6900:Chromeraceae
6883:Apicomonadea
6853:
6843:Schizocystis
6841:
6835:
6831:Lymphotropha
6829:
6817:
6811:
6805:
6799:
6795:Farinocystis
6793:
6787:
6775:
6772:Gigaductidae
6700:Monoductidae
6666:Porosporidae
6662:Porosporicae
6644:Gregarinidae
6628:Gregarinicae
6596:
6570:Thiriotiidae
6565:Selenidiidae
6554:Zygocystinae
6538:Monocystinae
6534:Monocystidae
6496:Aseptatorina
6473:
6467:
6461:
6455:
6443:
6403:
6397:
6385:
6373:
6367:
6355:
6351:Defretinella
6349:
6343:
6333:Angeiocystis
6331:
6306:
6273:
6267:
6261:
6257:Hyaloklossia
6255:
6249:
6243:
6231:
6225:
6185:
6179:
6173:
6161:
6143:Barrouxiidae
6129:
6123:
6117:
6111:
6105:
6099:
6096:Aggregatidae
6070:
6067:Legerellidae
6058:
6046:
6043:Karyolysidae
6034:
6031:Hepatozoidae
6022:
6010:
6004:
5965:
5953:
5899:
5892:
5876:
5873:Theileriidae
5864:
5853:Piroplasmida
5839:
5836:Plasmodiidae
5827:
5817:Haemoproteus
5815:
5803:
5783:Aconoidasida
5737:
5728:Colponemadea
5719:Colponemidia
5703:
5697:
5679:
5673:
5661:
5655:
5649:
5624:
5618:
5615:Spirotrichea
5606:
5603:Protocruziea
5594:
5588:
5576:
5564:
5560:Chilodonella
5558:
5546:
5534:
5528:
5522:
5516:
5504:
5492:
5480:
5474:
5471:Litostomatea
5462:
5450:
5438:
5417:
5402:
5393:Acavomonadea
5384:Acavomonidia
5349:Opisthokonta
5204:
5199:paraphyletic
5094:
5075:
5057:
5026:Malawimonada
5006:Anaeromonada
5001:Anaeramoebae
4993:
4969:
4946:Tsukubamonas
4944:
4866:
4859:
4850:Charophyceae
4837:
4830:
4823:Streptophyta
4810:
4794:
4774:
4770:Rhodelphidia
4728:Palpitomonas
4726:
4706:
4695:Pancryptista
4640:
4633:
4570:
4537:
4525:
4506:
4505:
4475:
4470:Foraminifera
4468:
4311:
4254:
4248:Tunicaraptor
4246:
4213:
4187:Opisthokonta
4123:
4052:Opisthokonta
3882:
3855:
3828:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3766:
3734:. Retrieved
3730:the original
3725:
3715:
3706:
3697:
3686:
3681:
3641:
3637:
3571:
3567:
3557:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3469:
3463:
3454:
3446:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3272:
3268:
3242:. Retrieved
3233:
3225:
3220:
3211:
3207:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3116:
3097:
3077:
3021:
3017:
3007:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2925:
2921:
2911:
2870:
2816:
2812:
2802:
2782:
2749:
2745:
2735:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2654:(1): 4–119.
2651:
2647:
2637:
2626:. Retrieved
2622:
2613:
2603:
2596:
2566:(4): 371–8.
2563:
2559:
2552:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2447:. Retrieved
2443:
2434:
2409:
2401:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2332:
2325:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2227:
2223:
2184:
2178:
2162:
2156:
2142:
2119:Oligotrichia
2089:Spirotrichea
2083:Protocruziea
2073:
2046:
2033:
2020:
1981:
1960:Chonotrichia
1936:
1917:
1908:Litostomatea
1898:
1873:
1860:
1854:
1834:
1810:
1790:
1776:
1769:
1658:
1643:
1621:
1590:
1575:
1546:
1524:
1501:Protocruziea
1499:
1477:
1455:Spirotrichea
1453:
1440:Litostomatea
1438:
1423:
1408:
1366:
1351:
1319:
1307:
1278:. The class
1268:Protocruziea
1232:Litostomatea
1224:Spirotrichea
1213:
1197:
1185:
1175:
1165:
1152:
1144:
1142:
1122:
1116:
1100:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1075:
1065:micronucleus
1057:macronucleus
1050:
1009:
1007:
1000:
978:
976:
949:
934:mating types
919:
910:
906:strobilation
904:
898:
894:
886:
880:
873:
827:
824:Reproduction
802:
792:
781:
780:The ciliate
779:
775:kleptoplasty
765:, combining
760:
756:polykinetids
755:
752:membranelles
740:heterotrophs
737:
712:mitochondria
703:
697:
685:microtubules
680:
676:
666:
662:
660:
658:
646:
615:phagocytosis
609:
597:
593:
589:
578:
562:macronucleus
551:micronucleus
537:
525:
489:
468:, including
457:
451:
409:
380:
378:
352:
331:Spirotrichea
326:Protocruziea
291:Litostomatea
248:
239:
223:
210:
197:
184:
151:
145:
139:
133:
127:
29:
9657:iNaturalist
9554:Wikispecies
9469:Brachiopoda
9444:Cycliophora
9389:Onychophora
9364:Kinorhyncha
9286:Ginkgophyta
9281:Cycadophyta
9246:Chlorophyta
9236:Glaucophyta
8930:Myxococcota
8848:Chlorobiota
8843:Chlamydiota
8701:Necrotrophy
8686:Saprotrophy
8676:Phagotrophy
8664:Phototrophy
8657:Nutrition:
8646:Life cycles
8637:Development
8611:Ecology and
8479:Nucleomorph
8433:Pseudopodia
8234:Unicellular
8118:Euglenoidea
8102:Kinetoplast
7886:Brown algae
7854:Mastigoneme
7792:Mastigoneme
7782:Cryptophyta
7692:green algae
7650:Slime molds
7459:Chilovorida
7442:Algovoridae
7425:Myzomonadea
7395:Ellobiopsis
7376:Ellobiopsea
7351:Rastrimonas
7333:Phagodinium
7328:Phagodinida
7316:Perkinsidae
7299:Perkinsozoa
7278:Psammosidae
7189:Amoebophyra
7180:Syndiniales
7117:Karlodinium
7105:Gymnodinium
7099:Amphidinium
7004:Dinokaryota
6850:Syncystidae
6837:Machadoella
6696:Leidyanidae
6652:Metameridae
6610:Septatorina
6575:Urosporidae
6529:Lecudinidae
6524:Ganymedidae
6387:Mackinnonia
6369:Coelotropha
6345:Coelotropha
6295:Ixorheorida
6233:Sarcocystis
6084:Eimeriorina
6012:Dactylosoma
6006:Babesiosoma
5955:Gemmocystis
5921:Conoidasida
5901:Nephromyces
5769:Apicomplexa
5663:Blepharisma
5626:Stylonychia
5608:Protocruzia
5585:Prostomatea
5573:Plagiopylea
5530:Tetrahymena
5501:Nassophorea
5494:Muranothrix
5476:Balantidium
5090:Chitinozoan
5016:Parabasalia
4868:Embryophyta
4832:Chlorokybus
4812:Chlorophyta
4760:Glaucophyta
4734:Cryptophyta
4624:Pirsoniales
4591:Bicosoecida
4572:Platysulcus
4545:Perkinsozoa
4527:Apicomplexa
4500:Colponemida
4267:Pluriformea
4136:Archamoebea
4125:Eumycetozoa
3754:|work=
3736:3 September
3644:: 382–389,
2470:Protoplasma
2449:11 December
2149:flagellates
2113:Licnophoria
2107:Hypotrichia
2070:Prostomatea
2064:Plagiopylea
2043:Peritrichia
2022:Tetrahymena
2005:Apostomatia
1966:Cyrtophoria
1948:Nassophorea
1938:Balantidium
1862:Saprodinium
1660:Plagiopylea
1645:Prostomatea
1577:Nassophorea
1264:Prostomatea
1260:Plagiopylea
1252:Nassophorea
1101:Tetrahymena
1092:Tetrahymena
968:chonotrichs
941:Conjugation
930:conjugation
771:phototrophy
767:phagotrophy
763:mixotrophic
720:Apicomplexa
700:cell cortex
689:spirotrichs
673:kinetosomes
599:conjugation
594:Tetrahymena
586:chromosomes
482:Alfred Kahl
370:Perty, 1852
316:Plagiopylea
311:Prostomatea
301:Nassophorea
9574:Ciliophora
9560:Ciliophora
9530:Ciliophora
9502:Parakaryon
9464:Entoprocta
9399:Arthropoda
9394:Tardigrada
9374:Priapulida
9369:Loricifera
9354:Echinoderm
9324:Ctenophora
9296:Gnetophyta
9251:Charophyta
9241:Rhodophyta
9213:Ascomycota
9208:Zygomycota
9150:Metamonada
9125:Euglenozoa
9110:Ciliophora
8818:Balneolota
8793:Aquificota
8715:Auxotrophy
8710:Mixotrophy
8691:Parasitism
8681:Osmotrophy
8659:Autotrophy
8613:physiology
8489:Plasmodium
8415:Locomotion
8351:structures
8315:Coenocytic
8059:Phytomyxea
8030:Apicoplast
7958:Dinokaryon
7937:Trichocyst
7808:Haptophyte
7696:Phycoplast
7664:Morphology
7635:Cryptogams
7501:Filipodium
7496:Squirmidae
7488:Squirmidea
7434:Algovorida
7242:Acrocoelus
7147:Noctilucea
7124:Suessiales
7072:Peridinium
7066:Pfiesteria
7024:Histioneis
7018:Dinophysis
6967:Alphamonas
6942:Colpodella
6892:Chromerida
6819:Menzbieria
6807:Lipocystis
6801:Lipotropha
6777:Gigaductus
6704:Monoicidae
6622:Fusionidae
6618:Fusionicae
6598:Siedleckia
6475:Veloxidium
6445:Exoschizon
6405:Myriospora
6364:Grelliidae
6303:Ixorheidae
6275:Toxoplasma
6175:Cyclospora
6170:Eimeriidae
6113:Merocystis
6107:Grasseella
6060:Klossiella
6048:Karyolysus
6036:Hepatozoon
5988:Adeleorina
5861:Babesiidae
5841:Plasmodium
5705:Myrionecta
5699:Mesodinium
5694:Mesodiniea
5578:Plagiopyla
5536:Vorticella
5524:Paramecium
5435:Armophorea
5418:Ciliophora
5404:Acavomonas
5171:Rigifilida
5070:Acritarchs
4995:Barthelona
4986:Metamonada
4971:Euglenozoa
4839:Mesostigma
4795:sensu lato
4776:Rhodophyta
4635:Ochrophyta
4596:Placidozoa
4507:Ciliophora
4477:Radiolaria
4394:Haptophyta
4289:Filasterea
4201:Holomycota
3921:Ciliophora
3455:Paramecium
3244:2009-01-16
2628:2017-12-22
2197:References
2181:pathogenic
2164:Multicilia
2145:Opalinidae
2048:Vorticella
2035:Paramecium
1991:Synhymenia
1972:Rhynchodia
1845:Armophorea
1792:Mesodinium
1787:Mesodiniea
1425:Armophorea
1321:Mesodiniea
1308:Ciliophora
1298:Armophorea
1228:Armophorea
1216:Mesodiniea
1199:Vorticella
1178:tintinnids
1162:DNA damage
1145:Paramecium
1119:spirotrich
1109:epigenetic
1105:small RNAs
1059:" and the
979:Paramecium
972:suctorians
956:cytoplasms
922:cell cycle
893:half (the
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728:alveolates
716:extrusomes
668:dikinetids
648:Paramecium
635:exocytosis
559:ampliploid
546:: a tiny,
540:eukaryotes
527:Paramecium
458:Ciliophora
439:colpodeans
405:life cycle
397:undulating
385:alveolates
286:Armophorea
240:Ciliophora
153:Paramecium
129:Lacrymaria
9582:AlgaeBase
9419:Dicyemida
9291:Pinophyta
9170:Telonemia
9105:Cryptista
9095:Breviatea
9080:Amoebozoa
9075:Alveolata
9056:Eukaryote
8808:Bacillota
8696:Biotrophy
8569:Extrusome
8559:Cytostome
8423:Flagellum
8380:Cell wall
8339:/histonal
8319:Siphonous
8310:Syncytial
8278:Coenobial
8274:Sarcinoid
8223:Levels of
8162:Macrocyst
8142:Amoebozoa
8107:Glycosome
8035:Microneme
7915:Alveolata
7823:Haptonema
7818:Coccolith
7797:Periplast
7743:Red algae
7727:Cyanelles
7614:Infusoria
7472:Chilovora
7321:Perkinsus
7308:Perkinsea
7219:Syndinium
7160:Noctiluca
7129:Polarella
7054:Gonyaulax
7036:Oxyphysis
6979:Voromonas
6855:Syncystis
6789:Apicystis
6251:Hammondia
6245:Besnoitia
6227:Frenkelia
6101:Aggregata
6072:Legerella
5996:Adeleidae
5878:Theileria
5800:Garniidae
5739:Colponema
5596:Holophrya
5566:Tokophrya
5344:Amoebozoa
5322:Alveolata
5310:Cryptista
5285:Eukaryota
5256:Alveolata
5248:Eukaryota
5011:Fornicata
4917:Excavates
4719:Cryptista
4642:Oomycetes
4619:Developea
4601:Sagenista
4488:Alveolata
4424:Telonemia
4299:Choanozoa
4176:Breviatea
4119:Tubulinea
4106:Amoebozoa
4047:Amoebozoa
4025:Alveolata
4013:Cryptista
3988:Eukaryota
3958:Eukaryote
3847:272311632
3756:ignored (
3746:cite book
3658:1055-7903
3598:1091-6490
3549:129584945
3143:cite book
3135:272311632
2897:cite book
2889:272311632
2833:0146-0749
2752:: 4–115.
2668:1550-7408
2490:1615-6102
2317:247677842
2252:2045-2322
2230:: 24874.
2129:Subclass
2123:Subclass
2117:Subclass
2111:Subclass
2105:Subclass
2099:Subclass
2093:Subclass
2054:Subclass
2041:Subclass
2030:Peniculia
2028:Subclass
2015:Subclass
2011:Astomatia
2009:Subclass
2003:Subclass
1989:Subclass
1983:Podophyra
1976:Subclass
1970:Subclass
1964:Subclass
1958:Subclass
1931:Subclass
1925:Subclass
1912:Subclass
1513:CONthreeP
1276:CONthreeP
1236:CONthreeP
1210:Phylogeny
1180:from the
1129:inversion
1124:Oxytricha
1112:chromatin
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970:and some
911:palintomy
891:posterior
875:Colpidium
830:asexually
631:anal pore
619:lysosomes
606:Cytoplasm
566:phenotype
510:Alveolata
470:Chromista
431:parasites
230:Alveolata
178:Eukaryota
42:Ediacaran
9783:Ciliates
9777:Category
9594:BioLib:
9539:Wikidata
9479:Annelida
9474:Mollusca
9454:Phoronid
9449:Nemertea
9424:Rotifera
9404:Flatworm
9379:Nematoda
9344:Chordate
9334:Cnidaria
9329:Placozoa
9160:Rhizaria
9135:Haptista
9115:Cercozoa
8775:Bacteria
8589:Axostyle
8584:Pyrenoid
8564:Fimbriae
8496:Dikaryon
8461:Mitosome
8390:Skeleton
8375:Frustule
8365:Mucilage
8337:tissular
8261:Colonial
8244:Amoeboid
8239:Monadoid
8167:Sorocarp
8082:Excavate
8049:Rhizaria
7979:Ciliates
7963:Dinocyst
7924:General:
7875:Frustule
7846:General:
7772:Hacrobia
7623:Sporozoa
7618:Ciliates
7607:Heliozoa
7587:Protozoa
7571:Protists
7447:Algovora
7283:Psammosa
7259:Oxyrrhis
7172:Syndinea
7048:Ceratium
6813:Mattesia
6676:Acutidae
6308:Ixorheis
6269:Neospora
6187:Isospora
6131:Selysina
5932:Coccidia
5620:Euplotes
5482:Dileptus
5459:Colpodea
5339:Amorphea
5317:Rhizaria
5305:Hacrobia
5295:Excavata
5280:Bacteria
5193:protists
5189:kingdoms
5077:Grypania
5039:Imasidae
4940:Jakobida
4464:Endomyxa
4459:Cercozoa
4451:Rhizaria
4381:Haptista
4313:Animalia
4256:Bicellum
4131:Variosea
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4092:Amorphea
4042:Amorphea
4020:Rhizaria
4008:Hacrobia
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2544:19121402
2508:28875267
2309:35325496
2270:27126745
2169:opalines
2101:Euplotia
1978:Suctoria
1919:Didinium
1914:Haptoria
1895:Colpodea
1548:Colpodea
1272:Ventrata
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1240:Ventrata
1149:autogamy
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946:Overview
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883:anterior
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708:pellicle
677:kineties
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478:Protozoa
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437:in some
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401:Suctoria
381:ciliates
368:Ciliata
360:Synonyms
296:Colpodea
236:Phylum:
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147:Dileptus
9747:4907719
9649:7765738
9545:Q106345
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8214:General
8025:Rhoptry
7932:Alveoli
7865:Diatoms
7602:Testate
7111:Karenia
6375:Grellia
6181:Eimeria
6119:Ovivora
5866:Babesia
5758:Myzozoa
5675:Loxodes
5651:Stentor
5506:Nassula
5464:Colpoda
5440:Metopus
5354:Animals
5275:Archaea
4928:Discoba
4793:Plants
4765:Picozoa
4611:Gyrista
4518:Myzozoa
4371:Provora
4277:Filozoa
4233:Holozoa
4141:Cutosea
4057:Animals
3978:Archaea
3802:2570149
3674:5032558
3607:3529092
3576:Bibcode
3529:Bibcode
3506:8127914
3474:Bibcode
3430:3091993
3371:Bibcode
3362:Science
3338:3553762
3290:3746294
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2990:7486100
2969:Bibcode
2922:Protist
2851:8078435
2677:6492006
2499:5756292
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2151:(e.g.,
1900:Colpoda
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1053:somatic
987:sessile
964:haploid
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627:diffuse
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9744:uBio:
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9708:NZOR:
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9636:1CILIP
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5590:Coleps
5332:Plants
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2068:Class
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722:, and
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249:emend.
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9755:WoRMS
9688:46211
9670:IRMNG
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8400:Theca
8370:Scale
7968:Theca
7630:Algae
7230:Other
5359:Fungi
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693:cirri
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9701:5878
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