Cinema of the Middle East - Knowledge (XXG)

1429:. This film was also the first to be completely created in an Arab country (including film development). After a five-year pause in progress, studios such as Studio Al-Arz and Studio Haroun started and had all the necessary equipment to make movies in the 1950s. Although the 50s, was when these films included countryside locations and the Lebanese dialect, they flopped commercially. As a result, studios started create films that were similar to the Egyptian melodramatic and bedouin films, which were doing well commercially at the time. Moreover, at this time, Egyptian filmmakers started going to Lebanon to film especially after the Egyptian revolution of 1952 and the political stability of Lebanon at the time. This led to films that did not have a distinct Lebanese identity since Lebanese filmmakers were trying to imitate the success of Egyptian films while Egyptian filmmakers were creating their same old Egyptian films in Lebanon. Between 1963 and 1970 there were 100 films produced in Lebanon, and from them 54 were in the Egyptian dialect. 170:

growing interest in film, Italian investors opened STICA film company in the city that was to be the hub of film, Alexandria, in 1917. Eventually, they shut down due to their low-quality films and the unfamiliarity of the producers with the Egyptian environment. One of the three films they created featured verses from the Muslim Qur'an vertically inverted which led it to being banned by government officials. Furthermore, their films had Italian actors and directors which did not help their case. With time, more films and newsreels were created. In 1926, the Lebanese Lama brothers came back from Argentina with their cameras and began creating Western-styled films in the deserts of Egypt. Up until that point, Egyptians had not been happy that most of the films that were created were not done by Egyptians and featured Western actors in an Egyptian setting.

1670: 1452:, cinema infrastructure and many of the film reels were destroyed. The Egyptian filmmakers went back to Egypt since it was more politically stable especially following the end of the film ideology set by the public film sector. The Civil War in Lebanon brought more complications to filmmaking, especially when it came to resources. There, the focus was creating commercial films for television. This included entertainment shows for comedy, news reels, political documentaries (which were read by viewers differently depending on which political party they supported), and melodramas that were usually knock-offs of popular films. One film medium that became incredibly popular during the war was the viewing and creation of films through home video. This led the film 166:' first film screening in Europe. In 1896, their film was taken to Egypt and was screened exclusively to a group of Egyptians in the Schneider Baths, Alexandria. A year later in the same city, the Cinematographe Lumière, was opened and had recurring screenings of the films. Egypt was one of the few countries of the Arab world and Middle East to be able to establish a film industry during their colonization. However, the types of films that were shot in Egypt at the time were more direct-cinema-styled documentaries or news reels. Eventually, they did more news reels and also began creating short films. In 1906, Felix Mesguich, who worked for the Lumière Brothers, went to Egypt to film a short film on his camera for them. 19: 943: 149: 2091:, at the time. This led to the building of projector screens in residential buildings in the 1930s. The cinemas went on to screen Egyptian films of the golden era and in 1959, almost 70% of the films made in Egypt that year, were exported in 16mm film to Saudi Arabia. However, these films were censored and were only supposed to be screened privately. Later on, this move was blocked for concerns that cinema would interfere with religious public and private life, therefore leading in a total cinema blackout during the 1990s and early 2000s. the exception being the 244:. Following the censorship in Egypt, there was an increased sense of morality and modesty on screen (from the late 1960s to the 80s). These constraints led a change in film movements from romance and love stories to new realist and melodramatic realism. This wave impacted many of the films from today. According to Ibrahim Farghali, an Egyptian journalist, "To me, the Egypt of today seems influenced by the ’68 movement in its call for change, the surmounting of traditional values, and liberation from oppression, whether political, social, ethical, or religious". 952: 219:, and features a narrative that was familiar to most Egyptian audiences. Therefore, this film was considered by many the first Egyptian film (even though it was directed by a Turkish director) and was the first film to be produced by a woman. This marked the beginning of the national cinema in Egypt. Following this there was a peak in Egyptian film production. "From 1927 to 1930 two full-length films were produced a year, five films were released in 1931 and six in both 1933 and 1934". Although all these films were created independently, in 1935, 5770: 824:

traditional symbols that Jews could relate to, such as the Star of David and the Menorah. Between the end of World War II and the declaration of the Jewish state, Israeli films portrayed holocaust survivors and their journey to escape their tragic past of persecution, homelessness, and desolation to become true Israelis and fulfill their "duty" to claim the land, build settlements, and begin a new life. Post-1948 films shifted from the Holocaust theme and started to highlight the new Israeli 'heroes', mainly the soldiers and the '

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female love interest, Maria, says, "As long as I am by you I feel like I am home." The male love interest, Atif, replies "you are truly home," and then Maria says, "It's true, I was born in Jordan". It was directed by the Jordanian director, Wasif Al-Shaikh and was filmed by the Palestinian refugee, Ibrahim Hassan Sirhan, who created many documentary-styled films in Palestine in the years before. Historians disagree over whether this was documentary or narrative film, because it uses elements of both. In 1964,

907: 1701:(1911) made by Morey Rosenberg and was used to present Zionist awareness and the idea of Palestine being a "a land without people for a people without land". As for actual first Palestinian films, similar to the rest of the Arab world, they were direct-cinema-styled documentaries or travelogues. In the theaters, there was a law issued by the government in 1929 called The Moving Pictures Act, which censored films that contained immoral actions and behaviors that may in any way negatively impact the audience. 1433: 5572: 1470:, Al Mawred (government), and Zoomal (crowd funding), and more. As for film festivals, Lebanon hosts the annual Beirut International Film Festival alongside less notable film festivals. As a result, by 2016 Lebanon has been one of the leading countries in cinema production. Though, due to a lack of mainstream infrastructure and bodies which support more independent cinema, it leads on independent movies front by producing 20% of Arab independent cinema a year. 1945:'s initiative in 2010 to primarily foster a film culture and industry for Qatar's 2030 vision of a knowledge based economy but also to alternatively enhance the region's film industry. It does so primarily through grants, workshops, labs and development activities which aims at the local Qatari talent's development but is also open to regional MENA talent. For its first initiatives, Doha Film Institute partnered with the Tribeca Enterprise to launch the 1171: 429:, was recorded by the French director André Shatan, and released in 1948. In 1951, the Sawda’i family moved to Israel. For the next three years, various Iraqi's from abroad took over control until it was sold to Iraqi's who lived abroad in 1954. The studio still made movies for the next 12 years, until it was sold to the Coca-Cola Company in 1966, who wanted to turn the land and buildings into a new factory. 1697:(1897). This film was simply observational footage of people living their everyday lives in Palestine. In 1900, the films of the Lumière brothers were screened in Europa Hotel in the city of Jerusalem and in 1908, Egyptian Jews opened a cinema in Jerusalem called, Oracle. Similar to Egypt and Lebanon, the first film made in Palestine was actually not made by Palestinians at all. It was called 248: 179: 5558: 1753:. This introduced post-revolutionary filmmaking that contained more experimental and fiction films (and elements). Unfortunately, even then, Palestine did not possess the resources and infrastructure to create nor to distribute their films to their native audiences. To this very day, the industry is slowly growing and more recently, two of their films have been nominated for an 916: 889:

and native Israeli Jews; they criticized Israeli militarism, and they exposed the colonialist side of the Zionist mission in Palestine. Another important aspect of this new cinematic wave was that it questioned the Israeli identity and it did so by altering the traditional characteristics of the protagonists; for instance, the former 'Sabra hero' of the

1425:(1929). With the arrival of sound came many developments in Lebanese film production. In 1933, Lumar Film Company, the first ever-film production company opened and was funded by Herta Gargour. The technicians of the company were trained by Pathé Studios in France. By 1934, Lumar Film Company created the first Arabic-speaking Lebanese film, In the 188: 1462:, 1998) to become a very popular feature film among Lebanese people at the time. The film highlighted the war through a narrative that combined clips and elements of home video with a conventional film (in a Lebanese dialect). This kickstarted Lebanese cinema into a renaissance period and helped solve the identity crisis. 2100:

However, there have been reports of secret cinemas operating in recent years, with organizers denying that it promotes un-Islamic values. There are also reports of many Saudi citizens traveling to neighboring states to go to the cinema, or watching films online. Furthermore, the film industry is receiving support from

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became the first fully Saudi funded feature film. It also starred a Saudi actress. here have been several additional signs of relaxation, for example, Jeddah has started hosting a European Film Festival since 2006, and a single Saudi film festival was held in Dammam in 2008, though this did not meet

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With the rise of digital and social network, pressure was mounting on Saudi Arabia in regards to the permissibility of cinemas as many were watching films online anyway. In 2005, an improvised cinema in Riyadh was officially opened though limited to men and children only to prevent gender mixing in a

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Initially, Saudi Arabia did not refute the idea of movie theaters and allowed independent improvised cinemas which functioned outside of government oversight. Similar to many of the other Arab countries, cinema was introduced into Saudi Arabia by westerners, who were working for oil and gas companies

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publicly projected their first film in December 1885 (Paris, France), they began sending traveling representatives to tour different countries to show their movies. One of the cities that they visited was Lebanon's capital city, Beirut. Several years later, in 1909, the first movie theater was opened

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and was a romance film (especially with the success of such films were in Egypt at the time). To this day, this film is used as a reference to how Jordan and Palestine looked like in the 1950s. This film also tried to introduce the idea of Jordanian nationalism. In fact, at one point in the film, the

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which was a documentary about the Egyptian Revolution of 2011. It was also nominated for an Academy Award as Best Foreign Film. Although Egypt's film industry is not as powerful as it was before due to growing financial issues, it still dominates the Arab Cinema output especially in mainstream cinema

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Qatar's current exhibition and distribution scheme is encouraged by a high demand of film viewing in theaters in addition to widespread online viewing, with the latter encourage theatrical visits from entertainment seekers in Qatar In 2017 only, there was a surge of 50 cinemas across Qatar in only 6

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was formed in 1964. Still, most of the film-related operations of Palestinian filmmakers were happening outside the country. In 1968, the Palestinian Film Unit was founded in Jordan and the some films were being created in exile in Lebanon where many Palestinians found refuge. The first film created

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of the 1980s was the way in which Israeli filmmakers showed their opposition to the new right-wing government and protested against the political and social reality in Israel. The themes handled in these films were varied; they portrayed the complexity of the relationship between Holocaust survivors

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cinema, also labeled as personal cinema or the Israeli New Wave. This current was characterized by low production budget films with urban scenery, debutant actors or non-actors as protagonists, experimental cinematic techniques, open-ended plots, and unconventional narrative strategies. However, the

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made it less stable politically in Egypt. Second, the nationalization of the film industry (1962) in Egypt slowly brought more restrictions to the films until the film censorship laws that were issued in 1976. The Egyptian presence in Lebanon impacted the Lebanese film output. Between 1963 and 1970,

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During this time, Egypt was the strongest Arab and Middle Eastern country that made films, which many other countries in the Middle East looked up to. Some of the Arab countries would attempt to copy the Egyptian melodramatic formulas and would make the film in the Egyptian dialect. With time, there

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which aimed to foster a grass root film industry but was ended after four years to make way to other initiatives such as the annual Qumra (five editions) and the Ajyal Film Festival (seven editions). The Doha Film Institute's new trajectory with its new initiatives is to focus its efforts fostering

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does not have the necessary governmental or private support to sustain its own film industry and therefore the few Palestinian filmmakers heavily rely on regional and international institutions which they most of the time have access to because of their dual nationality. Nonetheless, as a result of

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Jews, which generally was resolved by means of the consummation of a mixed marriage. The ingenuity of Bourekas filmmakers was, on one hand, their ability to use comedy and sentimentalism as a way to avoid serious involvement with more problematic issues and, on the other, their effort to legitimize

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dominated the industry until the 1950s. The films of this cinematic current were part of the material used by Zionist organizations during the pre-statehood period to encourage the migration of European Jews to their homeland, and emphasized the agricultural way of living in the Israel and featured

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The film-viewing audience in Egypt kept growing until in 1908 there were a total of eleven movie theaters in the country. One of the French theaters brought in a camera and photographer to create local news reels to play exclusively in their own theater to compete with the other theaters. With this

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Each Middle Eastern country has a different and distinctive culture of cinema which differs in both history and infrastructure. The historical component includes key events and trigger points which led to the inception or emergence of cinema in the Middle East. The infrastructural component defines

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which only displayed scientific and religious oriented content. A potential explanation to why the religious scholars were not fans of cinema, according to Shafik, could be because film is seen as bringing inanimate objects to life, which was something that seemed to compete with the power of God.

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Qatar's current contemporary cinema infrastructure includes its national film center charged of local and regional development of the film scene along with a competitive distribution and growing theatrical distribution landscape. Qatar does not have many feature films made by local talent, on the

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The history of Israeli cinema is so closely related to the history of the state of Israel itself since some of the wars and international conflicts that the country was inevitably drawn into by the war torn Middle East, inspired Israeli film directors and gave rise to the different periods of the

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The first cinema to be established in Bahrain consisted of a makeshift cinema set up in a cottage in 1922, with the first official cinema set up in 1937. Several more were established in the 1950s and 1960s, and the Bahrain Cinema and Film Distribution Company began operating in 1967, which was

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was produced in 1972 by Khalid al Siddiq, which tells the story of a pearl diver who is hunting for a large pearl so that he can marry a woman from a rich family. The film is set in Kuwait's pre-oil days and is critical of society and its treatment of women and religion. (See

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that saw its rise in the 1960s. Today, it includes leading regional players such as the distribution company MAD solutions. In addition to that, Egypt hosts a variety of film festivals which help sustain the local film culture, including notable regional festivals such as the

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in Europe and the United States, many people assumed that cinema in the Middle East arrived much later than Western Cinema. However, it was found that cinema was brought into most of the Arab countries by the beginning of the 20th century, particularly in Egypt in 1896, by

1421:. These events helped cultivate a film-viewing culture into the country. Eventually, Jordano Pidutti, who was Italian driver to a well-known Lebanese family (who was fluent in Arabic and spent several years in the country) directed the first-ever silent film in Lebanon – 1928:

Qatar has little known cinema history. The Qatar Cinema Company was founded in 1970, which built a number of movie theaters showing foreign films. There has been little development of the Qatari film industry, though that may be set to change since the founding of the

462:. In the same year, the National Film Archives in Iraq was bombed by the U.S. army and almost all of its celluloid collection was wiped away. Following from this, the Iraqi Independent Film Centre (IIFC) became active, which was formally established in 2009 by founder 860:(1964), which was the first Israeli film nominated for an Oscar award and a turning point in the Israeli film industry's history due to its combination of elements from the new and modern Israeli cinema. The second genre to appear during these decades was the 1954:

months as there was a rise of 35% in moviegoers across the nation. The exhibition landscape is competitively shared between worldwide exhibitors such as Novo, Vox and Gulf Media but also locally based theaters such as Landmark and Doha cinema (Souq Waqif).

1167:'s silent films. As opposed to Egypt and Lebanon, Jordan joined the film industry much later, with their first films being released in the 1950s. The reason was most likely due to the fact that Jordan gained independence from the British mandate in 1946. 417:

Post-independence period, more cinemas began to appear. A milestone was achieved in 1957 when 137 cinemas were established with a total capacity of 70,000 seats. After 1940, studios slowly began to appear in Iraq where Iraqi-made films would be produced.

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was founded and was followed by six more studios from 1936 to 1948. Studio Misr did not dominate the industry, but was one of the big factors that launched Egyptian cinema (including their decision to move production from Alexandria to Cairo).

1745:(1974). Regardless, by 1982, there were more than sixty movies that were created and almost all of them were documentaries. However, in 1987, the first feature-length fiction film that was filmed in historic Palestine was released called, 1198:

Since then, only four new films were made. Instead, there were more Western studios that were filming in Jordan to use Wadi Rum and other desert-like areas as locations for many of their films. Some of the more famous examples include,

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The kingdoms filmography started in 2004 with an approval from the Ministry of Culture for a location shoot in the UAE. What followed was a small string of local talent counting on foreign exhibitions to showcase their work:

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of 1948 and the declaration of the state of Israel, many Palestinians started to leave Palestine and there were no records of any Palestinian films at the time. However, there was an Egyptian film that was made called

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Lebanon's modern film industry has only become more developed and more productive since then. Its current infrastructure (2019) includes some of the biggest and most numerous film institutions and funding bodies such

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Some authors consider 1948 as the year in which the Israeli film industry was born along with the establishment of the state of Israel, others hold that its trajectory dates back to the 1920s when the silent films of

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interest from an early in the local community, thus the children based judging for the Ajyal Film Festival. It is also to strengthen the making and appeal of its annually granted projects through the Qumra projects.

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most important thing connecting these films was a strong motivation to break with the political subordination of films to Zionist ideology and a sense of fight for the recognition of film maker's artistic autonomy.

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as a whole through a grants program, support for local filmmakers and an established series of workshops. Increasingly, Jordan has been capitalizing on its unique landscapes as ideal film location (especially

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was then established in 1954, with the first cinema located in the Sharq area. It now runs the Cinescape cinema chain, the only theatre chain available to Kuwaiti cinema goers. The well-known Kuwaiti film

1730:(1968). After creating a few films in Jordan, there were some tensions between Jordanian Authorities and the Palestinian resistance movement, that lead to the film unit to be relocated to Lebanon. 832:, these films were one way in which the new state forged a nationalist narrative and portrayed how the perfect Hebrew Israeli men should be This branch of the Zionist Realism genre is called the 1777:

the Palestinian diaspora around the world, there have been numerous film festivals dedicated to the Palestinian theme which are located in foreign cities such as London, Doha, and even Chicago.

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was established that was also an attempt to encourage the production of Jordanian films. As a result, more Jordanian films were being produced including, the 2014 Academy Award nominee,

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by the Egyptian director, Farooq Ajrama was created. This film was a collaboration between the film industries of Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Italy, and was distributed internationally.

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The first known cinema in Jordan was the Petra Cinema in 1935. However, it is said that there was a cinema called 'Abu Siyah' in the 1920s and one of the first films it screened were

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By simply reading the titles of the films that the Palestinians were making at the time, the revolutionary mindsets and intentions were very clear. Some examples include,

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Iraq has a long history of cinema since their independence in 1921. In the course of 82 years, from 1921 to 2003, 100 films have been produced and released in Iraq.

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renamed the Bahrain Cinema Company in 1976. There are now a number of modern-style cinemas in Bahrain, including the 20-screen complex in Bahrain City Centre. (See

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was screened in Riyadh in 2009, although women were banned from attending. Finally, in 2017, efforts led by the King's son and Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia,

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Lebanon's modern film industry has only become more developed and more productive since then. In recent years, two Lebanese films have been nominated for an

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Until 1991, Iraq was home to 275 cinemas across the nation, even though during the era of Saddam Hussein many theaters were slowly closed down. When the

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other hand, Qatari film companies have funded many films which won prestigious awards. The following is a list of notable films financed by Qatar.

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was founded in 1989 to help cultivate a cinema culture of Arab films in an attempt to establish the film industry in Jordan. Moreover, in 2003 the

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of West Asia and part of North Africa. By definition, it encompasses the film industries of Egypt, Iran, Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon,

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The cinema of Oman is reportedly small, with only one major film having been released. It hosts the Muscat Film Festival annually since 2005.

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and Middle Eastern film industry and this led to many other Middle Eastern countries incorporating Egyptian conventions into their own films.

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the current institution and/or systems in place which facilitate the financing/development/exhibition of cinema, locally or internationally.

2756:"Pelle Valentin Olsen, "Al-Qahira-Baghdad: The Transnational and Transregional History of Iraq's Early Cinema Industry" (New Texts Out Now)" 2682: 5742: 5183: 3650: 3947: 1220: 5942: 5856: 5811: 4960: 3822: 3106: 2439: 2219: 1207: 432:

The government of Iraq established a department of cinema in 1959, which only produced a couple documentaries and two films per year.

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began, film-making equipment and celluloids were banned from entering the country because of an international embargo put on Iraq.

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to Jerusalem and Jaffa. Such work solidifying Zionist reality, specifically news reels, continued until the late 1960s. With the

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Because a great part of the Palestinian population is scattered around the world, and due to political turmoil in the country,

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in 2010, which aims to bring together all of the country's film making initiatives and projects. Qatar also hosted an annual

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party in the country's political arena created the perfect environment for the birth of a new cinematic trend: films of the

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were many changes that led many Egyptian filmmakers to start gradually making their movies in Lebanon instead. First, the

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Nominated for Academy Award. Highest-grossing Arab and Middle-Eastern movie of all-time with over US$ 65 million.

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The History of Lebanese Cinema 1929–1979: An Analytical Study of The Evolution and the Development of Lebanese Cinema

148: 5806: 5794: 5541: 5150: 5067: 4991: 4243: 2914: 2101: 1946: 1934: 843:, named after a popular local pastry, were comedies and melodramas that depicted the inter-ethnic conflict between 3675: 3651:"History of Kuwait Cinema – Banana Kuwait Blog | Entertainment | Food | Fashion | Electronics" 829: 5799: 5603: 5305: 5218: 4792: 1704:

In 1935, Ibrahim Hassan Sirhan (who would later go and become the cinematographer of Jordan's first feature film

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In 2014, the Al-Nahj festival was founded, a film festival which was focused on short films and documentaries.

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sought out to receive 'exotic' shots of Palestine as the proclaimed 'Holy Land' they used this in their film

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Mizrahim as part of the Jewish-Israeli society through the marriage plot. The most famous of these films was

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Potter, George (2016-01-02). "(De)constructing Nationalist Imagery: Jordanian Cinema in Times of Crisis".

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The Commission fund is central to Jordan's contemporary film infrastructure and serves as a backdrop for

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Bouzid, Nouri; El Ezabi, Shereen (1995). "New Realism in Arab Cinema: The Defeat-Conscious Cinema".

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cinema was now presented as a physically impotent, mentally damaged, weak, or frustrated soldier.

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with a favorable response from some of the more extreme religious leaders. Furthermore, the film

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where it outputs up to 77% of the films. That is because of an already established ecosystem for

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One of the first studios in Iraq was opened in 1946 by the wealthy Sawda’i family in Baghdad.

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There is an expanding film industry in the United Arab Emirates, strengthened by the annual

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N. Kimchi, Rami (2011). "A Turn towards Modernity: The Ideological Innovation of Shallah".

2732: 2108:, which some see as an encouraging sign for the reestablishment of cinema in Saudi Arabia. 819:

and other Israeli film directors made their appearance, but what they all agree on is that

5687: 5498: 5421: 5366: 5245: 5198: 5160: 4965: 4950: 4940: 4767: 4732: 4710: 4670: 4655: 4650: 4630: 4620: 4615: 4565: 4560: 4550: 4488: 4432: 4422: 4407: 4371: 4346: 4305: 4300: 4270: 4223: 4201: 3133:"From Jew to Hebrew: The 'Zionist narrative' in the Israeli cinema of the 1940s and 1950s" 2241: 2208: 2197: 2178: 1918: 1893: 1721:(1948) that discussed this issue. Following the political instabilities in Palestine, the 1437: 1164: 1126: 964: 783: 683: 479: 316: 267: 234: 138: 88: 33: 2308: 1170: 5531: 5521: 5488: 5441: 5356: 5250: 4930: 4898: 4893: 4782: 4700: 4690: 4675: 4665: 4533: 4478: 4447: 3763: 2257: 2052: 2019: 1980: 1875: 1857: 1766: 1750: 1641: 1327: 1016: 873: 869: 853: 848: 825: 733: 723: 626: 599: 436: 401: 378: 362: 303: 196: 75: 64: 41: 5936: 4908: 4720: 4685: 3983:"50 new cinemas to open in 6 months as 35% rise in cinemagoers in Qatar over 3 years" 3569: 3531:"Department of arts screens the first Jordanian narrative film (Struggles in Jerash)" 3418: 3300: 3273: 3198: 3052: 2965: 2875: 2834: 2555: 1998: 1842: 1616: 996: 840: 763: 743: 609: 349: 322: 56: 3629: 5727: 5576: 4715: 4660: 4645: 4259: 2287: 2105: 2088: 1899: 1863: 1762: 1586: 1459: 1086: 1076: 844: 713: 673: 571: 517: 154: 37: 4139:"Cinema returns to Saudi Arabia after 35 years, first theatre to open on April 18" 3561: 3317:"The Death Mask of the Moderns: A Genealogy of "New Sensibility" Cinema in Israel" 440: 215:(1927) was vastly popular because it was produced by an Egyptian theater actress, 4216: 4194: 2671:

List of Egyptian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

5619: 5562: 5516: 4725: 4211: 2550: 1758: 1351: 1243: 1235: 1116: 1056: 581: 537: 220: 92: 45: 3713:(Revised and updated ed.). Cairo: The American University of Cairo Press. 2392:(Revised and updated ed.). Cairo: The American University of Cairo Press. 2336: 5706: 4035: 3923: 3257: 3149: 1136: 1096: 1046: 1036: 928: 773: 216: 200: 3902: 3728: 3607: 3470: 3333: 2956: 2939: 2866: 2849: 2825: 2808: 2683:"Iraqi cinema finds new direction – Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East" 2527: 2407: 5714: 4742: 3832: 3755: 3383: 3132: 3116: 2449: 1345: 1260: 1106: 1066: 1006: 986: 924: 251: 247: 178: 4070:"Secret cinema gently subverts Saudi Arabia's puritanism | World news" 2112:

public space. This was not the only attempt to bring back cinema; in 2006,

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The history of film in Lebanon goes back to the 1880s. Two years after the

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In 2017, the first Iraqi-made film was released after 27 years in Baghdad.

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being released eleven years later in 1957. The film was set in Jordan and

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from 1979 to 2003, the cinema industry in Iraq was mainly filled with pro-

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relied on specialists from Europe and Egypt to function. Its first movie,

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First feature-length fiction film that was filmed in historic Palestine.

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Abed Suleiman, Ahmad; Eid Haddad, Ghassan; Fayyd Alrabaat, Ali (2015).

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is a psychological thriller film directed by Mohammed Al-Daradji with

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The Hindu newspaper article covering the filming of 'A Bahraini Tale'

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In the 1960s-70s, two new film genres were born. The first one, the

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Often mentioned to highlight the start of the New Realist movement.

5759: 5732: 5722: 5645: 2058: 1678: 1431: 1333: 1239:(2016) which was a recipient of the Royal Film Commission's Fund. 1225: 1175: 877: 147: 23: 17: 4093: 2466:

Elnaccash, Ataa (1968). "Egyptian Cinema: A Historical Outline".

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showcasing cinematic productions from the region, as well as the

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was the first movie shot in Kuwait, in 1939 by Alan Villier. The

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After uniqueness: a history of film and video art in circulation

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by the Palestinian Film Unit in Jordan was a documentary called

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Companion encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African film

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Companion Encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African Film

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Companion encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African film

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Companion encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African film

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half of the movies that were produced in Lebanon were in the

2733:"Iraqi Cinema Beyond the Screen and the Archives of Leisure" 1808:

First film made in Palestine, but was not by a Palestinian.

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Egypt's history of film started a few months following the

2783:"After dark years, lights coming back on for Iraqi cinema" 344:

Marks a significant phase for Egyptian cinematic romance.

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Marks a significant phase for Egyptian cinematic realism.

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History of Cinema in Saudi Arabia: rise, fall and rebirth

2893:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 149–50. 2561:. New York: I.B. Tauris & Company, Limited. pp. 275:, which boasts an impressive lineup of stars every year. 240:

Eventually, the Egyptians moved back to Egypt due to the

1708:) documented a 20-minute film on the visit of the Saudi 414:

The first theater in Iraq opened its doors before 1920.

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In 2003, film production in Iraq halted because of the

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Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies

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Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies

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Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies

3948:"Films by Qatar-based talents screened at Qumra 2019" 3592:. Lippard, Chris. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. 2512:. Lippard, Chris. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. 3676:"The history of cinema and the film industry KUWAIT" 5882: 5842: 5777: 5626: 5507: 5474: 5397: 5330: 5323: 5266: 5171: 5088: 5015: 5006: 4974: 4859: 4816: 4758: 4596: 4541: 4532: 4502: 4456: 4400: 4324: 4288: 4279: 3879:"The history of cinema and the film industry QATAR" 2557:

Lebanese Cinema: Imagining the Civil War and Beyond

1436:An unfinished movie theater from the 1960s, called 3315: 3164: 3131: 1943:Sheikha Al-Mayassa bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani 4008:"Revival of Cinema Sparks Debate in Saudi Arabia" 1870:First film to be nominated for an Academy Award. 1611:First film to be nominated for an Academy Award. 1340:First film to be nominated for an Academy Award. 1174:Al Hussein Cinema, an abandoned movie theater in 389:First film to be nominated for an Academy Award. 373:Marks the highest ever grossing film in history. 3924:"Training and Development | Doha Film Institute" 3855:Palestinian Cinema: Landscape, Trauma and Memory 3711:Arab cinema : history and cultural identity 3384:"The National and the Popular in Israeli Cinema" 2708:"Bringing Cinema Back to Iraq | DW | 20.08.2004" 2390:Arab cinema : history and cultural identity 828:' (newborn Israelis). After the outbreak of the 2335:. BahrainCinema.com. 2007-03-30. Archived from 1937:launched in 2009 but was discontinued in 2012. 1677:, an early movie theater built in the 1930s in 1550:First film made completely in an Arab country. 3590:Historical dictionary of Middle Eastern cinema 3212:Morag, Raya; S. Harris, Rachel (26 May 2016). 3004:"First Iraqi-made film in 25 years in cinemas" 2644:1968: Memories and Legacies of a Global Revolt 2510:Historical dictionary of Middle Eastern cinema 5604: 4244: 3742:Livingston, David (2008). "Lebanese Cinema". 3029:"Israeli Cinema Studies: Mapping Out a Field" 8: 3166:"Gender and Space in the New Israeli Cinema" 1755:Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film 1475:Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film 3434:"Petra...The First Cinema in Amman in 1935" 2601:. Columbus, OH, USA: Ohio State University. 1182:The first film to be created in Jordan was 5611: 5597: 5589: 5327: 5012: 4538: 4285: 4251: 4237: 4229: 4169:. Ansamed.info. 2010-01-03. Archived from 4088: 4086: 2777: 2775: 3857:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 3550:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 2955: 2865: 2824: 2095:system instated by Khalid in the city of 3486:"Photo Essay: Amman's Forgotten Cinemas" 2938:Silvia Battaglia, Laura (Sep 10, 2018). 2848:Silvia Battaglia, Laura (Sep 10, 2018). 2807:Silvia Battaglia, Laura (Sep 10, 2018). 2131: 1965: 1784: 1735:Why We Plant Roses, Why We Carry Weapons 1668: 1496: 1270: 1169: 972: 641: 489: 288: 246: 3455:. New York: Columbia University Press. 3066:Yosef, Raz; Hagin, Boaz (30 Nov 2015). 2891:Independent Filmmaking Around the Globe 2299: 4161: 4159: 3897: 3895: 3853:Gertz, Nurith; Kheifi, George (2008). 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3092: 3090: 3088: 2731:Olsen, Pelle Valentin (Oct 30, 2021). 152:Publicity still for the Egyptian film 4029: 4027: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 1468:AFAC (Arab Fund for Arts and Culture) 91:was and still is the main dominating 7: 5743:Turkish occupation of northern Syria 2637:"Egypt: From Romanticism to Realism" 2614:Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2461: 2459: 1962:Notable directors and films (funded) 1101:Director, screenwriter and producer 3966:"Media Use In The Middle East 2017" 3027:Chyutin, Dan; Mazor, Yael (2020). 2220:Cinema of the United Arab Emirates 2064:Oscar Nominated and BAFTA Winning 1533:First film with Lebanese Funding. 1208:Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade 872:in 1973, the electoral victory of 14: 2230:Dubai International Film Festival 2104:, owner of entertainment company 1723:Palestine Liberation Organization 1689:Film in Palestine began when the 5768: 5570: 5556: 2047:Caesar Winning, Oscar nominated 2032:Nominated for an Academy Award. 1888:Nominated for an Academy Award. 967:(actress, director and producer) 950: 941: 914: 905: 897:Notable people in Israeli cinema 186: 177: 26:, Tunisia for the Egyptian film 4115:"Saudi Arabia to allow cinemas" 4044:from the original on 2021-12-14 3678:. Filmbirth.com. Archived from 1515:The Adventures of Elias Mabrouk 1423:The Adventures of Elias Mabrouk 1294:First narrative film in Jordan 1131:Actress, director and producer 3653:. Bananaq8.com. Archived from 3626:Abdul Hameed Shoman Foundation 3484:Boer, René (2 December 2015). 2706:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. 1739:The Guns Will Never Keep Quiet 1565:First Lebanese-directed film. 1450:Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) 1217:Abdul Hameed Shoman Foundation 486:Notable people in Iraqi cinema 1: 4096:. Artsfreedom.org. 2012-06-13 3562:10.1080/13530194.2015.1060152 3512:Jordanian Journal of the Arts 3355:Leaman, Oliver (2003-12-16). 2915:"The rebirth of Iraqi cinema" 1531:Second film made in Lebanon. 963:(actor and screenwriter) and 876:in 1977, and the rise of the 638:Notable people in Iran cinema 311:First Egyptian feature film. 87:. Eventually since the 1950s 3778:"Muscat film festival opens" 1520:First film made in Lebanon. 2737:Revue des Arts du Spectacle 2273:List of cinema of the world 1803:The First Film of Palestine 1699:The First Film of Palestine 1567:Contains Egyptian dialect. 230:Egyptian revolution of 1952 67:, or in the case of Egypt, 55:collectively refers to the 22:Cinematic street poster in 5974: 4068:David Batty (2012-10-15). 2889:Erickson, Mary P. (2015). 2743:: 130 – via Regards. 2635:Farghali, Ibrahim (2009). 2313:guides.library.cornell.edu 2239: 2217: 2206: 2195: 2184:Baraka Meets Baraka (2016) 2102:Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal 2074: 1947:Doha Tribeca Film Festival 1935:Doha Tribeca Film Festival 1916: 1906:Won the Cannes Jury Prize 1657: 1639: 1400: 1367: 1151: 1081:Director and screenwriter 798: 630: 624: 522:Director and screenwriter 504:Director and screenwriter 399: 282: 136: 125: 106: 5943:Cinema of the Middle East 5766: 5550: 4266: 4072:. London: theguardian.com 3928:www.dohafilminstitute.com 3258:10.2979/ISR.2008.13.2.122 3150:10.1080/13537129808719487 3055:– via Project MUSE. 2646:: 105–109. Archived from 2146:Shadow of Silence (2004) 2087:in Saudi Arabia, such as 2005:Where Do We Go Now (2011) 1765:(2005) (both by director 1585: 1526:The Adventures of Abu Abd 1510: 834:Heroic-Nationalist Cinema 4474:Central African Republic 4034:Arab News (2017-12-21), 3588:Terri, Ginsberg (2010). 3432:Suleiman, Walid (2014). 3334:10.2979/ISR.1999.4.1.100 2957:10.1177/0306422018800402 2867:10.1177/0306422018800402 2826:10.1177/0306422018800402 2508:Ginsberg, Terri (2010). 1483:(Ziad Doueiri 2017) and 1417:in the same city by the 811:nation's film industry. 258:More recently, the film 3813:Leaman, Oliver (2001). 3764:10.1525/fq.2008.62.2.34 3756:10.1525/fq.2008.62.2.34 3097:Leaman, Oliver (2001). 2430:Leaman, Oliver (2001). 1924:History of the industry 1665:History of the Industry 1548:First film with sound. 1543:In the Ruins of Baalbak 1489:(Nadine Labaki, 2018). 1408:History of the Industry 1159:History of the Industry 1031:Actor and screenwriter 931:(director and producer) 806:History of the industry 614:Actress and playwright 407:History of the industry 285:Category:Egyptian films 144:History of the industry 74:Since the inception of 5738:North Syria Federation 5184:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3709:Shafik, Viola (1961). 3529:Hassan, Najeh (2009). 3451:Erika, Balsom (2017). 3314:Ne'eman, Judd (1999). 3163:Gertz, Nurith (2003). 3130:Gertz, Nurith (1998). 2388:Shafik, Viola (1961). 2283:Southeast Asian cinema 2263:Cinema of Central Asia 2077:Cinema of Saudi Arabia 1686: 1445: 1179: 1041:Director and producer 1001:Director and producer 821:Zionist Realism Cinema 354:The Bus Driver (1983) 319:(also the lead actor) 273:El Gouna Film Festival 255: 159: 49: 29:Saladin the Victorious 4494:São Tomé and Príncipe 4143:www.thenewsminute.com 3987:thepeninsulaqatar.com 3905:. Doha Film Institute 3817:. London: Routledge. 3403:10.1353/sho.2005.0173 3382:Avisar, Ilan (2005). 3301:10.5703/shofar.29.4.1 3237:Peleg, Yaron (2008). 3218:Oxford Bibliographies 3183:10.1353/sho.2003.0088 3101:. London: Routledge. 3072:Oxford Bibliographies 3045:10.1353/sho.2020.0005 2434:. London: Routledge. 2143:Abdullah Al-Muheisen 1819:No Peaceful Solution! 1728:No Peaceful Solution! 1672: 1435: 1379:Kuwait Cinema Company 1221:Royal Film Commission 1173: 868:The aftermath of the 830:Arab-Israeli conflict 748:Director and actress 678:Director and actress 482:in the leading role. 454:Post-invasion of Iraq 250: 203:, Egyptian film stars 151: 53:Middle Eastern cinema 21: 5755:United Arab Emirates 4961:United Arab Emirates 4217:IMDB entry for Yemen 4195:IMDB entry for Egypt 2597:Arabi, Afif (1996). 2368:on November 4, 2010. 2214:United Arab Emirates 2038:Abderrahmane Sissako 1743:The Guns are Unified 1695:La Palestina en 1896 1261:Star Wars: Rogue One 501:Mohammed Al-Daradji 435:During the reign of 368:Watch Out for ZouZou 334:Ezz El-Dine Zulficar 254:, Egyptian film star 242:civil war in Lebanon 5510:& transnational 4212:IMDB entry for Oman 3490:Failed Architecture 2944:Index on Censorship 2854:Index on Censorship 2813:Index on Censorship 2754:جدلية, Jadaliyya-. 2333:"BahrainCinema.com" 1939:Doha Film Institute 1931:Doha Film Institute 1848:Divine Intervention 1781:Directors and films 1719:Girl from Palestine 1683:Mandatory Palestine 1660:Cinema of Palestine 1493:Directors and films 1267:Directors and films 1184:Struggle in Jerash, 1061:Actor and producer 974: 694:Golshifteh Farahani 464:Mohammed Al-Daradji 279:Directors and films 32:(1963) directed by 5862:Metropolitan areas 5362:Dominican Republic 4222:2007-03-21 at the 4200:2009-12-03 at the 3421:– via JSTOR. 3344:– via JSTOR. 3276:– via JSTOR. 3201:– via JSTOR. 2984:www.al-monitor.com 2687:www.al-monitor.com 2278:South Asian cinema 2226:Gulf Film Festival 2135:Notable Directors 2123:Mohamed Bin Salman 1969:Notable Directors 1832:Wedding in Galilee 1788:Notable Directors 1747:Wedding in Galilee 1706:Struggle in Jerash 1687: 1500:Notable Directors 1446: 1289:Struggle in Jerash 1274:Notable Directors 1253:Lawrence of Arabia 1202:Lawrence of Arabia 1180: 973: 528:Hassan Abdulrazzak 292:Notable Directors 256: 209:Finally, the film 160: 50: 5930: 5929: 5586: 5585: 5470: 5469: 5319: 5318: 5002: 5001: 4528: 4527: 4119:www.aljazeera.com 3989:. 17 January 2017 3864:978-0-7486-3407-1 3368:978-1-134-66252-4 3008:www.aljazeera.com 2900:978-1-4426-2683-6 2760:Jadaliyya – جدلية 2268:East Asian cinema 2189: 2188: 2165:Haifaa al-Mansour 2068: 2067: 1910: 1909: 1714:Palestinian Nakba 1633: 1632: 1403:Cinema of Lebanon 1361: 1360: 1215:Years later, the 1145: 1144: 792: 791: 704:Zar Amir Ebrahimi 664:Behrouz Vossoughi 618: 617: 393: 392: 339:The River of Love 116:Cinema of Bahrain 109:Cinema of Bahrain 5965: 5817:Modern conflicts 5772: 5613: 5606: 5599: 5590: 5577:World portal 5575: 5574: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5508:Intercontinental 5328: 5151:Northern Ireland 5013: 4539: 4286: 4253: 4246: 4239: 4230: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4178: 4163: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4150: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4125: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4101: 4090: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4077: 4065: 4052: 4051: 4050: 4049: 4031: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3994: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3954:. 17 March 2019. 3944: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3934: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3910: 3899: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3886: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3850: 3837: 3836: 3810: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3793: 3784:. 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2616:(15): 242–250. 2611: 2610: 2606: 2596: 2595: 2580: 2573: 2549: 2548: 2535: 2520: 2507: 2506: 2495: 2480:10.2307/3334315 2465: 2464: 2457: 2442: 2429: 2428: 2415: 2400: 2387: 2386: 2373: 2362:www.ameinfo.com 2356: 2355: 2351: 2342: 2340: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2317: 2315: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2249: 2244: 2242:Cinema of Yemen 2238: 2222: 2216: 2211: 2209:Cinema of Syria 2205: 2200: 2198:Cinema of Sudan 2194: 2179:Mahmoud Sabbagh 2157:How's It Going? 2114:How's It Going? 2084: 2079: 2073: 2043:Timbuktu (2014) 1964: 1941:was created by 1926: 1921: 1919:Cinema of Qatar 1915: 1894:Annemarie Jacir 1828:Michel Khleifi 1783: 1675:Alhambra cinema 1667: 1662: 1656: 1644: 1638: 1495: 1410: 1405: 1399: 1372: 1366: 1269: 1165:Charlie Chaplin 1161: 1156: 1150: 1127:Natalie Portman 971: 970: 969: 968: 965:Natalie Portman 957: 956: 955: 947: 946: 935: 934: 933: 932: 921: 920: 919: 911: 910: 899: 891:Zionist Realism 862:New Sensibility 817:Ya'akov Ben-Dov 808: 803: 797: 784:Dariush Mehrjui 684:Parviz Shahbazi 640: 635: 629: 623: 509:Zaraa Ghandour 488: 480:Zahraa Ghandour 456: 427:‘Aliya wa ‘Isam 409: 404: 398: 287: 281: 268:Egyptian cinema 207: 206: 205: 204: 193: 192: 191: 183: 182: 146: 141: 139:Cinema of Egypt 135: 130: 124: 111: 105: 89:Egyptian cinema 57:film industries 34:Youssef Chahine 12: 11: 5: 5971: 5969: 5961: 5960: 5955: 5953:Cinema of Asia 5950: 5945: 5935: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5874: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5848: 5846: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5836: 5834:Water conflict 5831: 5829:Water politics 5826: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5804: 5803: 5802: 5792: 5787: 5785:Climate change 5781: 5779: 5775: 5774: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5746: 5745: 5740: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5711: 5697: 5692: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5632: 5630: 5624: 5623: 5618: 5616: 5615: 5608: 5601: 5593: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5580: 5566: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5532:Kurdish cinema 5529: 5524: 5522:Balochi cinema 5519: 5513: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5480: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5403: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5336: 5334: 5325: 5321: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5297: 5296: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5270: 5268: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5243: 5238: 5237: 5236: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5146:United Kingdom 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5063:Russian Empire 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5033:Czech Republic 5030: 5025: 5019: 5017: 5010: 5004: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4987:Russian Empire 4978: 4976: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4968: 4963: 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4267: 4264: 4263: 4258: 4256: 4255: 4248: 4241: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4190: 4189:External links 4187: 4184: 4183: 4155: 4145:. 6 April 2018 4130: 4106: 4082: 4053: 4023: 3999: 3974: 3957: 3939: 3915: 3891: 3870: 3863: 3838: 3824:978-0415187039 3823: 3798: 3769: 3744:Film Quarterly 3734: 3719: 3692: 3667: 3642: 3613: 3598: 3575: 3540: 3521: 3495: 3476: 3461: 3443: 3424: 3397:(1): 135–136. 3374: 3367: 3347: 3322:Israel Studies 3306: 3279: 3252:(2): 122–145. 3246:Israel Studies 3229: 3214:"Israeli Film" 3204: 3177:(1): 110–116. 3155: 3144:(3): 175–199. 3138:Israel Affairs 3122: 3108:978-0415187039 3107: 3084: 3058: 3019: 2995: 2971: 2930: 2906: 2899: 2881: 2840: 2799: 2771: 2746: 2723: 2698: 2674: 2663: 2627: 2604: 2578: 2571: 2533: 2518: 2493: 2455: 2441:978-0415187039 2440: 2413: 2398: 2371: 2349: 2324: 2307:Houissa, Ali. 2298: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2258:Cinema of Asia 2255: 2248: 2245: 2240:Main article: 2237: 2234: 2218:Main 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Cinema 874:Menachen Begin 870:Yom Kippur War 858:Sallah Shabati 854:Ephraim Kishon 841:Bourekas films 807: 804: 799:Main article: 796: 793: 790: 789: 786: 780: 779: 776: 770: 769: 766: 760: 759: 756: 750: 749: 746: 740: 739: 736: 734:Saeed Roustayi 730: 729: 726: 724:Asghar Farhadi 720: 719: 716: 710: 709: 706: 700: 699: 696: 690: 689: 686: 680: 679: 676: 670: 669: 666: 660: 659: 656: 650: 649: 646: 639: 636: 627:Cinema of Iran 625:Main article: 622: 619: 616: 615: 612: 606: 605: 602: 600:Yasmine Hanani 596: 595: 592: 588: 587: 584: 578: 577: 574: 568: 567: 564: 560: 559: 556: 555:Mohanad Hayal 552: 551: 548: 544: 543: 540: 534: 533: 530: 524: 523: 520: 514: 513: 510: 506: 505: 502: 498: 497: 494: 487: 484: 455: 452: 448:First Gulf War 437:Saddam Hussein 423:Studio Baghdad 408: 405: 402:Cinema of Iraq 400:Main article: 397: 394: 391: 390: 387: 381: 379:Jehane Noujaim 375: 374: 371: 365: 363:Hassan El Imam 359: 358: 355: 352: 346: 345: 342: 336: 330: 329: 326: 320: 317:Yousef Chahine 313: 312: 309: 308:Zeinab (1930) 306: 304:Mohammed Karim 300: 299: 296: 295:Notable Films 293: 280: 277: 197:Salah Zulfikar 195: 194: 185: 184: 176: 175: 174: 173: 172: 145: 142: 137:Main article: 134: 131: 126:Main article: 123: 120: 107:Main article: 104: 101: 42:Salah Zulfikar 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5970: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5923: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5881: 5873: 5870: 5869: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5852:Ethnic groups 5850: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5808: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5771: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5717: 5716: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5662: 5659: 5658: 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4333: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4249: 4247: 4242: 4240: 4235: 4234: 4231: 4225: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4173:on 2016-03-04 4172: 4168: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4144: 4140: 4134: 4131: 4120: 4116: 4110: 4107: 4095: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4071: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4013: 4009: 4003: 4000: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3975: 3967: 3961: 3958: 3953: 3952:The Peninsula 3949: 3943: 3940: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3916: 3904: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3866: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3788:on 2013-07-03 3787: 3783: 3782:Oman Observer 3779: 3773: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3738: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3720:9789774166907 3716: 3712: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3693: 3682:on 2011-04-06 3681: 3677: 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