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the events. A small body of empirical research from different research groups does, indeed, point to a high prevalence of drug use among people who attend circuit events during the course of the events and raises questions about an association between drug use and risky sex practices among gay and bisexual men
Circuit parties frequently host celebrity performers or headliners, usually gay icons.
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468:. The central focus was to determine why thousands of men spend multi-thousands of dollars to travel to this yearly event. Taken from the viewpoint of an experienced (female) raver, this gave the mainstream a view into what makes Circuit Parties so compelling for many and highlighted many of the changes taking place in these commercial events.
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In the early 1990s, as more and more gay men became attracted to these mega dance-events, the real modern-day circuit party scene emerged and expanded into ever-larger productions, featuring superstar DJs and performers. Promoters sometimes turned events from one party into a major series of parties
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Circuit parties are often perceived by outsiders as highly superficial; moreover those who attend them are often the target of broad and negative judgments by others in the gay community, usually because of the high amount of promiscuous sex and drug use that is often perceived to be associated with
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In the early 2000s, promoters became worried as attendance decreased dramatically at many circuit events. This decline in attendance was attributed to several factors. The original circuit audience that began attending the circuit parties of the '80s and '90s had grown older and no longer had such
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Circuit parties seem to have gained widespread popularity again. This resulted in the annually organized
Circuit Festival by the Matinée Group since 2008. Circuit Festival is currently the biggest international gay and lesbian event, hosting more than 50 DJs every year during twelve days of circuit
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events, like Black and Blue in
Montreal, and events that have more than just a circuit party to offer, such as Southern Decadence weekend in New Orleans. Also, all-gay cruises that carry upwards of 2,000 passengers on week-long excursions to popular travel destinations continue to be very popular.
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mechanism that projected a starscape onto the dome above the dance floor. While open every weekend beginning in
September, The Saint's once monthly parties became marathon events that drew gay men from around the world. These parties created the concept of a single disco party being the focal point
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Much had been said about the decline of the
Circuit in recent years. Some parties have disappeared from the landscape. But the scene continues to thrive in many places with attendance rebounding from the dip that occurred after the new Millennium. This is especially true at the better produced
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Circuit parties are known to attract a broad range of ages, from young gay men in their early 20s to those in their 40s, 50s and even 60s, and both single gay men and couples in long-term relationships. The parties are described by attendees as very important social events, analogous to a major
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The Red Party proved to be so successful, and drew so many outside visitors, that it filled the Valley Dale Dance Hall to capacity and became an annual event, outliving the closure of the bar in the early 1980s. Reynolds was a true artist, creating complete party-scapes all in red. On the 25th
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an active interest in multi-day partying. The communal experience of HIV/AIDS changed in the context of the availability of more effective treatments. In addition, all-gay cruises, which attract upwards of 1,500 passengers, have had a dramatic impact on the attendance at circuit parties.
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One economic reality of a well-run circuit party is that the event can bring large amounts of tourist dollars to the locality where the event is held. Because of their economic impact, Circuit parties have been welcomed in some of the more liberal cities where they are held.
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While open to anyone, the parties are generally viewed as social events primarily for physically fit and masculine-identified white gay men. Circuit parties charge admission, with some being run for-profit and others benefiting charities, generally those that benefit the
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anniversary of the Red Party, the theme of which was to have been "Rome", Mr. Reynolds died. Those in charge of his estate thought about how, if at all, to continue the event and, in the end, decided to retire the concept of the "Red Party" and leave it to history.
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To keep putting together these increasingly elaborate and costly productions, the prices (cover charge) of circuit parties increased greatly, so that it was not uncommon for a ticket covering the full weekend of parties to cost $ 400 or more.
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The start of the circuit has been attributed to many different parties that sprang up during the late 1970s and early 1980s. These proto-circuit parties in the late 1970s, the precursors of what later became circuit parties, were called
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Having reached its peak around 1999–2000 (as evidenced by the total number of events during those years, and the steady decline in the number of events since), the
Circuit found itself a smaller part of a much larger whole. In 2004,
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owner in the late 1970s. Initially, Reynolds envisioned a one-night party-to-end-all-parties, designed around the theme of the color Red (hence the name "Red Party"), which was to be held at
Reynolds' nightclub, “Rudely Elegant.”
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Men who frequent circuit parties and embody stereotypes affiliated with the typical attendee are often referred to as "circuit queens." The term can be used in a derogatory or humorous manner depending on the context.
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The early 1980s saw the start of the AIDS crisis, and entire communities were affected. Several benefit parties sprang up around the country, which were run by volunteer organizations that donated their proceeds to
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communities or HIV/health related programs. Circuit parties can be expensive and lavish affairs with elaborate lighting, music, productions, decor, and are held in venues that can accommodate large crowds.
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The Saint, which was constructed inside the renovated space that had once housed the renowned
Fillmore East theatre, featured a dome-covered dance floor, the dome being suspended in mid-air, and a complete
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holiday for some in the gay community. They can be described as a "celebration" of gay life and gay sexuality, an expression of freedom, and as a statement of the power and strength of the gay community.
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Nonetheless, the downward trend continued through the entire decade, with the downfall of a dozen events such as The Red Party, FireBall, Hotlanta, The
Morning Party, Hell Ball, Reunion, and Motorball.
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in some respects, but differ in that circuit parties are highly publicized and professionally produced, and tend to attract people from a wider age range and a broader geographic area.
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Mattison, A.M., Ross, M.W., Wolfson, T., & Franklin, D. (2001). Circuit party attendance, club drug use, and unsafe sex in gay men. Journal of
Substance Abuse, 13(1-2), 119-126.
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Lee, S.J., Galanter, M., Dermatis, H., & McDowell, D. (2003). Circuit Parties and Patterns of Drug Use in a Subset of Gay Men. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 22(4), 47-60.
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Observers within the gay and medical communities have published concerns about the culture of circuit parties, particularly the high use of drugs and mood changers including:
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420:. Dance parties provided an environment in which gay men processed the experience of HIV/AIDS and served to build particular forms of communal response to the epidemic
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Circuit parties are currently organized in many international cities, each of them having another leading company, such as Matinee in Barcelona and WE Party Madrid.
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The success of these early parties gave way to other events hosted in other cities, with each party having its own theme. Many were named after colors, such as
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Ghaziani, Amin; Cook, Thomas D. (2005), "Reducing HIV Infections at Circuit Parties: From Description to Explanation and Principles of Intervention Design",
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Westhaver, R. 2006. "Flaunting and Empowerment: Thinking about Circuit Parties, the Body, and Power." Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 35(6):611-644.
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at various venues, transforming a weekend into a three-day or longer continuous party. For example, a pool party might go from noon to 5PM, a "
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Circuit parties in the United States experienced a notable resurgence in the 2010s and consistently attract large crowds of gay men. In 2017,
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held in multiple cities across the USA, including Palm Springs, Los Angeles, San Francisco, New York, Chicago, Provincetown, and Dallas.
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during an event. Also observers point to the risks of overdose and impaired judgment leading to more condomless sex and transmission of
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Wethaver, R. 2005. "'Coming out of your skin': Circuit Parties, Pleasure, and the Subject." Sexualities 8(3):367-394.
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travel section featured an in-depth look at The White Party in Palm Springs in conjunction with staff members of
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What was to become another circuit party was founded during the same time period by Corbett Reynolds, a
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clubs that had theme-centered gay parties, these nightclubs were eclipsed by the opening of
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A Select Body: The gay dance party subculture and the HIV/AIDS pandemic
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parties, bringing together all leading international circuit brands in
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They lasted one evening only, and were held in various large venues in
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Circuit parties were first developed in connection with the early
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described them as parties "where gay men seek sex and freedom."
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with large gay populations. Although Flamingo and 12 West were
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1238:"Circuit queen brawl captured on video. It's not a cute look"
876:"Barcelona Circuit Festival and Girlie Circuit 2017: Top 5"
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847:"40+ Gay Circuit Parties & Festivals Around the World"
817:"2 men on gay cruise arrested in Dominica for having sex"
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Pleasure Consuming Medicine: The queer politics of drugs
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1211:"Why Every Gay Man Should Aspire to be a Circuit Queen"
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788:"JOURNEYS; On Gay Circuit, The Party Never Ends"
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1501:List of electronic dance music festivals
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1491:List of electronic music festivals
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709:List of electronic music festivals
645:List of electronic music festivals
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1071:"Worries crash 'circuit parties'"
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745:Durham: Duke University Press.
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1101:"OUT ON THE CIRCUIT"
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43:This article
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2118:Social dance
2108:Dance events
2057:Rock concert
2052:Concert tour
1857:Technoparade
1826:
1720:Experimental
1522:Sound system
1465:Technoparade
1434:
1281:. Retrieved
1273:LGBTQ Nation
1272:
1262:
1250:. Retrieved
1241:
1231:
1219:. Retrieved
1205:
1193:. Retrieved
1185:LGBTQ Nation
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1113:. Retrieved
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1009:. Retrieved
1001:www.vice.com
1000:
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829:. Retrieved
820:
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800:, retrieved
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769:. Retrieved
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701:LGBTQ portal
651:Bal en Blanc
631:, a book by
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217:LGBT culture
203:technoparade
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2017:New Zealand
1953:Netherlands
1922:South Korea
1753:Heavy metal
1460:Squat party
1371:Peach Party
1322:White Party
1313:White Party
676:Rat Parties
623:White Party
555:dehydration
547:party drugs
400:Black Party
396:White Party
358:planetarium
294:Long Island
286:Fire Island
263:dance event
261:is a large
165:house music
137:disco party
110:August 2019
2082:Categories
1847:Industrial
1814:Electronic
1558:demo party
1532:Club drugs
1455:Free party
1349:BRÜT Party
1085:August 25,
861:2022-02-20
725:References
308:Background
278:tea dances
80:newspapers
2012:Australia
1912:Indonesia
1880:by region
1789:Christian
1782:Religious
1768:Punk rock
1692:Classical
1633:Bluegrass
1527:Freetekno
1340:Halloween
1075:USA Today
523:marijuana
501:VICE News
494:Barcelona
404:Blue Ball
370:nightclub
352:in 1980.
346:The Saint
342:Manhattan
178:Worldwide
1862:Teknival
1822:Algorave
1794:Carnatic
1758:Jam band
1665:Maritime
1655:Hawaiian
1617:by genre
1470:Teknival
1450:Algorave
1355:Loveball
1277:Archived
1246:Archived
1215:Archived
1189:Archived
1109:Archived
1079:archived
1056:25137569
1048:16103025
1005:Archived
970:Archived
940:Archived
936:HuffPost
910:Archived
884:Archived
855:Archived
825:Archived
796:archived
765:Archived
687:See also
666:Real Bad
535:ketamine
465:Noizemag
416:and the
388:HIV/AIDS
334:parties.
221:clubbing
199:teknival
175:Location
2113:Parties
2005:Oceania
1989:Chicago
1943:Estonia
1894:Nigeria
1842:Hip hop
1804:Pow wow
1710:Chamber
1510:Culture
1242:Queerty
714:Gay bar
608:Circuit
531:ecstasy
519:alcohol
441:t-dance
348:in the
282:gay men
94:scholar
2035:Brazil
1979:Canada
1936:Europe
1927:Taiwan
1917:Israel
1887:Africa
1867:Trance
1799:Reggae
1715:Choral
1680:Reggae
1650:Celtic
1517:Deejay
1283:Jan 6,
1252:Jan 6,
1221:Jan 6,
1195:Jan 6,
1115:Jan 6,
1054:
1046:
1011:Jan 6,
976:Jan 6,
946:Jan 6,
916:27 May
890:27 May
851:wolfyy
831:27 May
821:nj.com
771:27 May
406:, and
169:techno
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2067:Lists
1948:Italy
1773:Squat
1763:K-pop
1725:Opera
1700:Early
1670:World
1638:Blues
1052:S2CID
582:LGBTQ
565:(see
557:, or
332:disco
157:disco
101:JSTOR
87:books
1904:Asia
1852:Rave
1832:Doof
1748:Goth
1743:Free
1735:Rock
1660:Jazz
1625:Folk
1475:Doof
1445:Rave
1285:2021
1254:2021
1223:2021
1197:2021
1117:2021
1087:2017
1044:PMID
1013:2021
978:2021
948:2021
918:2018
892:2018
833:2018
804:2017
773:2018
288:and
191:rave
73:news
1342:in
1333:in
1324:in
1315:in
1036:doi
539:GHB
292:on
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