50:
1990:) due to excessive nervous stimulation. Other competing theories around the turn of the century included one penned by Malcom in 1907, in which the assertion was that prolonged vasoconstriction led to the pathophysiological signs and symptoms of shock. In the following World War I, research concerning shock resulted in experiments by Walter B. Cannon of Harvard and William M. Bayliss of London in 1919 that showed that an increase in permeability of the capillaries in response to trauma or toxins was responsible for many clinical manifestations of shock. In 1972 Hinshaw and Cox suggested the classification system for shock which is still used today.
1100:
1931:
1341:
1943:, especially septic shock where treatment is delayed or the antimicrobial drugs are ineffective, however has a mortality rate between 30% and 80%; cardiogenic shock has a mortality rate of up to 70% to 90%, though quick treatment with vasopressors and inotropic drugs, cardiac surgery, and the use of assistive devices can lower the mortality.
1779:
1356:
loop. Poor blood supply leads to cellular damage, which results in an inflammatory response to increase blood flow to the affected area. Normally, this causes the blood supply level to match with tissue demand for nutrients. However, if there is enough increased demand in some areas, it can deprive
999:
Consensus
Conference Committee defined septic shock: " ... sepsis-induced hypotension (systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg or a reduction of 40 mmHg from baseline) despite adequate fluid resuscitation along with the presence of perfusion abnormalities that may include, but are not
1368:
failure, where the usual corrective mechanisms relating to oxygenation of the body no longer function in a stable way. When it occurs, immediate treatment is critical in order to return an individual's metabolism into a stable, self-correcting trajectory. Otherwise the condition can become
1635:, and laboratory tests. Many signs and symptoms are not sensitive or specific for shock, thus many clinical decision-making tools have been developed to identify shock at an early stage. A high degree of suspicion is necessary for the proper diagnosis of shock.
49:
1808:
There is no evidence of substantial benefit of one vasopressor over another; however, using dopamine leads to an increased risk of arrhythmia when compared with norepinephrine. Vasopressors have not been found to improve outcomes when used for
4139:
4124:
3926:
1348:
There are four stages of shock. Shock is a complex and continuous condition, and there is no sudden transition from one stage to the next. At a cellular level, shock is the process of oxygen demand becoming greater than oxygen supply.
406:
may be useful in certain cases. Shock is both common and has a high risk of death. In the United States about 1.2 million people present to the emergency room each year with shock and their risk of death is between 20 and 50%.
3965:
1734:
appear to be equally effective with respect to outcomes., Balanced crystalloids and normal saline also appear to be equally effective in critically ill patients. If the person remains in shock after initial resuscitation,
1526:
The
Progressive stage (stage 3) results if the underlying cause of the shock is not successfully treated. During this stage, compensatory mechanisms begin to fail. Due to the decreased perfusion of the cells in the body,
623:(heart rate divided by systolic blood pressure) is a stronger predictor of the impact of blood loss than heart rate and blood pressure alone. This relationship has not been well established in pregnancy-related bleeding.
1421:
The
Compensatory stage (Stage 2) is characterised by the body employing physiological mechanisms, including neural, hormonal, and bio-chemical mechanisms, in an attempt to reverse the condition. As a result of the
1332:. It can be divided into four main types based on the underlying cause: hypovolemic, distributive, cardiogenic, and obstructive. A few additional classifications are occasionally used, such as endocrinologic shock.
1235:
treatment without tapering the dosage. However, surgery and intercurrent disease in patients on corticosteroid therapy without adjusting the dosage to accommodate for increased requirements may also result in this
3345:
Wu MC, Liao TY, Lee EM, Chen YS, Hsu WT, Lee MG, Tsou PY, Chen SC, Lee CC (November 2017). "Administration of
Hypertonic Solutions for Hemorrhagic Shock: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Clinical Trials".
1938:
The prognosis of shock depends on the underlying cause and the nature and extent of concurrent problems. Low volume, anaphylactic, and neurogenic shock are readily treatable and respond well to medical therapy.
5090:
2596:
Cheatham, Michael L.; Malbrain, Manu L. N. G.; Kirkpatrick, Andrew; Sugrue, Michael; Parr, Michael; De Waele, Jan; Balogh, Zsolt; Leppäniemi, Ari; Olvera, Claudia; Ivatury, Rao; D'Amours, Scott (June 2007).
1829:, has been found not to improve survival and is associated with a number of complications. Activated protein C was withdrawn from the market in 2011, and clinical trials were discontinued. The use of
1967:.) In this text he describes "choc" as a reaction to the sudden impact of a missile. However, the first English writer to use the word shock in its modern-day connotation was James Latta, in 1795.
1907:
of 65–95 mmHg. In trauma the goal is to stop the bleeding which in many cases requires surgical interventions. A good urine output indicates that the kidneys are getting enough blood flow.
1678:
in adults. However, the pathophysiology of shock in children appears to be similar so treatment methodologies have been extrapolated to children. Management may include securing the airway via
1369:
increasingly difficult to correct, surprisingly quickly, and then progress to a fatal outcome. In the particular case of anaphylactic shock, progression to death might take just a few minutes.
5004:
427:, those who are athletic, and in 30% of cases of those with shock due to intra abdominal bleeding, heart rate may be normal or slow. Specific subtypes of shock may have additional symptoms.
4635:
1008:
or vasopressor agents may have a normalized blood pressure at the time that perfusion abnormalities are identified. The pathophysiology behind septic shock is as follows: 1) Systemic
5083:
3065:
Mbaruku, Godfrey; Therrien, Michelle Skaer; Tillya, Robert; Mbuyita, Selemani; Mtema, Zacharia; Kinyonge, Iddajovana; Godfrey, Ritha; Temu, Silas; Miller, Suellen (December 2018).
1619:. Because cells can only produce adenosine at a rate of about 2% of the cell's total need per hour, even restoring oxygen is futile at this point because there is no adenosine to
1038:
criteria. The most generally accepted treatment for these patients is early recognition of symptoms, and early administration of broad spectrum and organism specific antibiotics.
1918:(a form of distributive shock) is the most common form of shock. Shock from blood loss occurs in about 1–2% of trauma cases. Overall, up to one-third of people admitted to the
809:
and severe abdominal trauma. This increased pressure reduces blood flow back to the heart, thereby reducing blood flow to the body and resulting in signs and symptoms of shock.
1714:
as well as adequately manage pain and anxiety as these can increase oxygen consumption. Negative impact by shock is reversible if it's recognized and treated early in time.
5076:
4395:
415:
The presentation of shock is variable, with some people having only minimal symptoms such as confusion and weakness. While the general signs for all types of shock are
3241:"Balanced crystalloids versus normal saline for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis"
2780:
1872:(IABP) – a device inserted into the aorta that mechanically raises the blood pressure. Use of Intra-aortic balloon pumps is not recommended in cardiogenic shock.
4041:
4037:
2170:
Olaussen A, Blackburn T, Mitra B, Fitzgerald M (June 2014). "Review article: shock index for prediction of critical bleeding post-trauma: a systematic review".
1599:
and cell death are occurring, and death will occur imminently. One of the primary reasons that shock is irreversible at this point is that much of the cellular
3311:
4673:
3973:
2989:"Sensitivity and Specificity of SIRS, qSOFA and Severe Sepsis for Mortality of Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department With Suspected Infection"
1922:(ICU) are in circulatory shock. Of these, cardiogenic shock accounts for approximately 20%, hypovolemic about 20%, and septic shock about 60% of cases.
1746:
For those with hemorrhagic shock, the current evidence supports limiting the use of fluids for penetrating thorax and abdominal injuries allowing mild
3742:
Cecconi M, De Backer D, Antonelli M, Beale R, Bakker J, Hofer C, Jaeschke R, Mebazaa A, Pinsky MR, Teboul JL, Vincent JL, Rhodes A (December 2014).
4501:
1035:
852:
1662:
as the result. While many laboratory tests are typically performed, there is no test that either conclusively makes or excludes the diagnosis. A
1710:) can be used to prevent further blood loss and concentrate fluid in the body's head and core. It is important to keep the person warm to avoid
1878:(VAD) – A mechanical pump that helps pump blood throughout the body. Commonly used in short term cases of refractory primary cardiogenic shock.
1021:
2919:
2599:"Results from the International Conference of Experts on Intra-abdominal Hypertension and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. II. Recommendations"
1571:
increase, causing sludging of the micro-circulation. The prolonged vasoconstriction will also cause the vital organs to be compromised due to
975:
on their surface that produces adverse biochemical, immunological and occasionally neurological effects which are harmful to the body), other
4388:
4245:
3805:
3289:
3174:
2952:
2756:
2411:
2303:
2275:
2229:
1833:
is controversial as it has not been shown to improve outcomes. If used at all it should only be considered if the blood pH is less than 7.0.
4008:
2655:
2091:
2042:
1963:'s 1740 text, Traité ou Reflexions Tire'es de la Pratique sur les Playes d'armes à feu (A treatise, or reflections, drawn from practice on
992:
813:
Many of the signs of obstructive shock are similar to cardiogenic shock, however treatments differ. Symptoms of obstructive shock include:
805:
defined as an increase in intra-abdominal pressure to > 20 mmHg with organ dysfunction. Increased intraabdominal pressure can be due to
4596:
4581:
4521:
1887:
3028:"Temporal physiologic patterns of shock and circulatory dysfunction based on early descriptions by invasive and noninvasive monitoring"
3067:"Implementation project of the non-pneumatic anti-shock garment and m-communication to enhance maternal health care in rural Tanzania"
2128:
1959:
to signify a state of being "drained of blood". Shock or "choc" was first described in a trauma victim in the
English translation of
4994:
4691:
4065:
3389:
Gamper, Gunnar; Havel, Christof; Arrich, Jasmin; Losert, Heidrun; Pace, Nathan Leon; MĂĽllner, Marcus; Herkner, Harald (2016-02-15).
2708:
2659:
996:
640:
is caused by the failure of the heart to pump effectively. This can be due to damage to the heart muscle, most often from a large
5751:
4381:
1703:
1651:
792:
4837:
4696:
4629:
2220:
Guyton, Arthur; Hall, John (2006). "Chapter 24: Circulatory Shock and
Physiology of Its Treatment". In Gruliow, Rebecca (ed.).
4968:
4303:
1647:
1138:
1061:
802:
2820:
Cocchi MN, Kimlin E, Walsh M, Donnino MW (August 2007). "Identification and resuscitation of the trauma patient in shock".
4475:
4458:
3744:"Consensus on circulatory shock and hemodynamic monitoring. Task force of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine"
3071:
867:
1726:
bolus over 10 minutes or 20 mL/kg in a child) which is usually instituted as the person is being further evaluated.
1483:
5756:
5513:
4452:
3166:
2791:
2662:) (June 1992). "Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis".
1951:
There is no evidence of the word shock being used in its modern-day form prior to 1743. However, there is evidence that
1707:
60:
5677:
3795:
1646:, Unfortunately, the measurement of cardiac output requires an invasive catheter, such as a pulmonary artery catheter.
1514:
production. However, the effects of the renin–angiotensin axis take time and are of little importance to the immediate
5718:
4878:
4812:
3826:
1790:
3593:
Boyd JH, Walley KR (August 2008). "Is there a role for sodium bicarbonate in treating lactic acidosis from shock?".
4470:
4415:
1163:
589:
5485:
3331:
1435:
1357:
other areas of sufficient supply, which then start demanding more. This then leads to an ever escalating cascade.
4999:
4795:
4790:
4741:
4238:
3901:
1960:
1875:
1869:
796:
787:
757:
1654:(ScvO2) as measured via a central line correlates well with SmvO2 and is easier to acquire. If shock progresses
947:
is the most common cause of distributive shock. It is caused by an overwhelming systemic infection resulting in
5761:
5241:
4154:
1837:
1691:
1390:
1386:
1013:
657:
356:
1034:
which causes intense dilation of the blood vessels. People with septic shock will also likely be positive for
4019:(8). Medical Research Committee, Special Investigation Committee on Surgical Shock and Allied Conditions: 19.
2542:
5341:
5203:
4893:
4736:
4721:
4404:
3891:
1900:
1759:
684:
352:
4973:
5566:
5404:
5198:
4775:
4000:
3961:
2829:
2380:
1904:
1755:
1751:
1736:
1695:
1600:
1499:
1094:
901:
665:
395:
77:
31:
5671:
5181:
5068:
4978:
4899:
2867:"Mechanisms of critical illness – classifying microcirculatory flow abnormalities in distributive shock"
1540:
1406:
1240:
1224:
1146:
967:
641:
480:
439:
359:) or a fast heart rate raises concerns. The heart rate divided by systolic blood pressure, known as the
3495:
Diez C, Varon AJ (December 2009). "Airway management and initial resuscitation of the trauma patient".
1789:
may be used if blood pressure does not improve with fluids. Common vasopressors used in shock include:
2988:
1099:
5697:
5604:
5508:
5413:
5226:
5208:
4830:
4650:
4285:
4231:
2440:
1655:
1632:
1611:. Adenosine easily perfuses out of cellular membranes into extracellular fluid, furthering capillary
1608:
1536:
1487:
767:
719:
661:
344:
321:
166:
2834:
1450:
resulting from large amounts of blood being redirected to distant tissues, and cause the release of
479:
are more common causes in children. Other causes include burns, as well as excess urine loss due to
5724:
5553:
5441:
5426:
5220:
4873:
4780:
4591:
4586:
4576:
4446:
4430:
4143:
3636:
Vincent, Jean-Louis; De Backer, Daniel (2013-10-31). Finfer, Simon R.; Vincent, Jean-Louis (eds.).
1919:
1822:
1687:
1117:
1017:
962:
907:
715:
645:
391:
64:
5436:
5712:
5645:
5623:
5617:
5388:
5232:
5215:
5164:
5103:
5099:
4922:
4753:
4686:
4603:
4564:
4539:
4464:
4362:
4280:
4262:
4053:
3724:
3675:
3618:
3543:"Human recombinant protein C for severe sepsis and septic shock in adult and paediatric patients"
3520:
3371:
3143:
2636:
2578:
2523:
2336:
2195:
1830:
1329:
1309:
1244:
1228:
1070:
915:
893:
846:
773:
612:
484:
423:, and confusion, these may not always be present. While a fast heart rate is common, in those on
364:
297:
258:
178:
124:
84:
57:
5707:
5431:
3239:
Liu, C; Lu, G; Wang, D; Lei, Y; Mao, Z; Hu, P; Hu, J; Liu, R; Han, D; Zhou, F (November 2019).
1543:
predominates. As anaerobic metabolism continues, the arteriolar smooth muscle and precapillary
1166:
and warm skin due to dilation of the peripheral blood vessels. (This term can be confused with
1158:, which is commonly classified as a subset of distributive shock. The classic symptoms include
743:
of the systemic or pulmonary circulation. Several conditions can result in this form of shock.
5504:
5378:
5373:
5296:
5191:
5186:
5159:
5025:
4771:
4571:
4549:
4534:
4425:
4347:
4295:
4194:
4165:
4087:
4079:
4071:
4061:
3904:
3873:
3865:
3801:
3773:
3716:
3667:
3659:
3610:
3572:
3512:
3477:
3428:
3410:
3363:
3323:
3285:
3262:
3221:
3170:
3135:
3100:
3047:
3039:
3008:
2948:
2898:
2847:
2762:
2752:
2714:
2704:
2681:
2628:
2620:
2570:
2562:
2515:
2507:
2468:
2407:
2299:
2271:
2225:
2187:
2149:
2124:
2087:
2038:
1810:
1731:
1699:
1650:(SmvO2) is one of the methods of calculating cardiac output with a pulmonary artery catheter.
1398:
1382:
1353:
1321:
1305:
1213:
1195:
770:
Through increased intrathoracic pressure, bloodflow to the heart is prevented (venous return).
747:
736:
731:
705:
672:
637:
632:
585:
460:
455:
387:
317:
313:
309:
293:
289:
285:
216:
189:
162:
154:
120:
116:
72:
2115:
5609:
5580:
5421:
5336:
5308:
5301:
5286:
5129:
4883:
4554:
4275:
4045:
3982:
3943:
3855:
3842:
Bloch, Jack H.; Dietzman, Ronald H.; Pierce, Charles H.; Lillehei, Richard C. (April 1966).
3763:
3755:
3706:
3649:
3602:
3562:
3554:
3504:
3467:
3459:
3418:
3402:
3355:
3252:
3211:
3203:
3190:
Lewis SR, Pritchard MW, Evans DJ, Butler AR, Alderson P, Smith AF, Roberts I (August 2018).
3127:
3090:
3080:
3000:
2888:
2878:
2839:
2673:
2610:
2554:
2499:
2487:
2458:
2448:
2179:
1881:
1818:
1814:
1682:
if necessary to decrease the work of breathing and for guarding against respiratory arrest.
1459:
1427:
1184:
1155:
1044:
957:
931:
887:
817:
701:
692:
578:
431:
399:
382:
should be established. Any ongoing bleeding should be stopped, which may require surgery or
333:
254:
3913:
5598:
5542:
5535:
4909:
4807:
4681:
4004:
2664:
2348:
1979:
1975:
1849:
1410:
1209:
1001:
988:
783:
619:
The severity of hemorrhagic shock can be graded on a 1–4 scale on the physical signs. The
368:
274:
262:
98:
5665:
5637:
5518:
5480:
5446:
2444:
2427:
Pacagnella RC, Souza JP, Durocher J, Perel P, Blum J, Winikoff B, GĂĽlmezoglu AM (2013).
1490:(anti-diuretic hormone) is released to conserve fluid by reducing its excretion via the
5476:
5471:
5394:
5346:
5020:
4863:
4640:
4148:
4031:
3768:
3743:
3567:
3542:
3472:
3447:
3423:
3390:
3216:
3191:
3095:
3066:
2893:
2866:
2463:
2428:
1899:
The goal of treatment is to achieve a urine output of greater than 0.5 mL/kg/h, a
1683:
1643:
1479:
1455:
1361:
1232:
1217:
1199:
1191:
1123:
649:
348:
278:
266:
102:
3947:
3446:
Gamper G, Havel C, Arrich J, Losert H, Pace NL, MĂĽllner M, Herkner H (February 2016).
5745:
5702:
5658:
5631:
5256:
5169:
5119:
4748:
4731:
4357:
4329:
3986:
1964:
1841:
1794:
1723:
1722:
Aggressive intravenous fluids are recommended in most types of shock (e.g. 1–2 liter
1620:
1592:
1560:
1439:
1378:
1304:
Shock is a common end point of many medical conditions. Shock triggered by a serious
976:
952:
740:
195:
150:
4205:
3622:
3524:
3375:
3147:
2640:
2582:
2527:
2199:
5547:
5466:
5324:
5176:
5149:
5141:
5057:
4958:
4825:
4817:
4763:
4701:
4665:
4655:
4559:
4516:
4352:
4270:
3728:
3679:
3558:
3463:
3406:
3207:
1987:
1940:
1915:
1826:
1786:
1675:
1612:
1596:
1580:
1552:
1475:
1325:
1167:
984:
948:
944:
938:
919:
680:
464:
424:
420:
403:
383:
305:
220:
146:
138:
2324:. National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health (UK). April 2009
1579:, bacteria may enter the blood stream, resulting in the increased complication of
1567:
into the surrounding tissues. As this fluid is lost, the blood concentration and
4159:
4036:. Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, October 1–2, 1971.
3895:
3606:
3508:
3359:
2558:
2453:
1978:
of shock. Of the various theories, the most well regarded was a theory penned by
830:
Cool, clammy, mottled skin, often due to low blood pressure and vasoconstriction.
17:
5495:
5457:
5383:
5281:
5276:
5246:
5040:
4963:
4544:
4324:
4211:
4189:
3004:
1971:
1952:
1747:
1711:
1663:
1659:
1639:
1548:
1515:
1467:
1451:
1447:
1434:) since it indirectly acts to acidify the blood; the body attempts to return to
1402:
1365:
1313:
1203:
1171:
1159:
1074:
1048:
1025:
1004:, oliguria, or an acute alteration in mental status. Patients who are receiving
980:
927:
821:
761:
751:
710:
696:
653:
620:
598:
572:
468:
451:
435:
416:
360:
329:
112:
92:: Weakness, fast heart rate, fast breathing, sweating, anxiety, increased thirst
4170:
3257:
3240:
3192:"Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill people"
2429:"A systematic review of the relationship between blood loss and clinical signs"
2381:"Shock: A Common Pathway For Life-Threatening Pediatric Illnesses And Injuries"
2319:
1930:
1328:, etc. Shock itself is a life-threatening condition as a result of compromised
5353:
5111:
5047:
5030:
4942:
4858:
4802:
4608:
4319:
4208:
4049:
3934:
3759:
3085:
2920:"Definition, classification, etiology, and pathophysiology of shock in adults"
2843:
2615:
2598:
2503:
1986:, that shock was quintessentially defined as a state of circulatory collapse (
1853:
1802:
1740:
1679:
1544:
1471:
1463:
1317:
991:. Septic shock also includes some elements of cardiogenic shock. In 1992, the
877:
250:
211:
4075:
4057:
3869:
3663:
3414:
3043:
3012:
2718:
2677:
2654:
Bone RC, Balk RA, et al. (The ACCP/SCCM Consensus
Conference Committee.
2624:
2566:
2511:
1666:
or emergency department ultrasound may be useful to determine volume status.
5329:
5035:
4917:
4853:
4200:
4133:
3811:
3541:
MartĂ-Carvajal AJ, SolĂ I, Gluud C, Lathyris D, Cardona AF (December 2012).
2766:
2224:(11th ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Elsevier Inc. pp. 278–88.
2183:
1857:
1763:
1616:
1604:
1568:
1556:
1532:
1090:
1031:
1009:
972:
602:
442:, weak peripheral pulses, and cold extremities can be early signs of shock.
379:
227:
3860:
3843:
3777:
3720:
3671:
3614:
3576:
3516:
3481:
3432:
3367:
3327:
3266:
3225:
3139:
3104:
3027:
2902:
2851:
2745:
Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; Mitchell, Richard N. (2007).
2632:
2574:
2519:
2472:
2191:
2153:
1890:(ECMO) – an external device that completely replaces the work of the heart.
1401:, resulting in its accumulation. The accumulating pyruvate is converted to
1093:
which causes widespread vasodilation, leading to hypotension and increased
463:
is the most common type of shock and is caused by insufficient circulating
300:. Hypovolemic shock, also known as low volume shock, may be from bleeding,
4373:
4091:
3877:
3711:
3694:
3654:
3637:
3051:
2685:
1030:
The main manifestations of septic shock are due to the massive release of
5652:
5154:
4937:
4888:
4868:
4726:
4645:
4420:
2746:
1845:
1798:
1767:
1727:
1702:
added if blood loss is severe. In select cases, compression devices like
1576:
1572:
1423:
1394:
1248:
1142:
1131:
1127:
1078:
1056:
1005:
833:
593:
476:
472:
337:
301:
270:
182:
2144:
Smith, N; Lopez, RA; Silberman, M (January 2019). "Distributive Shock".
2086:(10 ed.). American College of Surgeons. 2018. pp. 43–52, 135.
1340:
5052:
4932:
2751:(8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 102–103.
1631:
The diagnosis of shock is commonly based on a combination of symptoms,
1564:
1082:
776:
is the result of a thromboembolic incident in the blood vessels of the
571:
A rapid, weak, thready pulse due to decreased blood flow combined with
4116:
3282:
Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice 7th edition
3131:
1510:. The lack of blood to the renal system causes the characteristic low
5589:
5559:
5124:
4511:
4506:
4128:
1528:
1495:
1443:
1106:
Signs typically occur after exposure to an allergen and may include:
923:
806:
375:
325:
284:
Shock is divided into four main types based on the underlying cause:
174:
615:), especially extremities, due to insufficient perfusion of the skin
374:
Treatment of shock is based on the likely underlying cause. An open
273:, anxiety, and increased thirst. This may be followed by confusion,
67:
in treating a trauma training mannequin to prevent hypovolemic shock
2972:(2nd ed.). In: Alexander, M.F., Fawcett, J.N., Runciman, P.J.
2883:
1183:
Although not officially classified as a subcategory of shock, many
5268:
5251:
1929:
1778:
1777:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1491:
1110:
1098:
1825:(Xigris), while once aggressively promoted for the management of
795:
is overly thick ventricular muscle that dynamically occludes the
5689:
4927:
4613:
4083:
3908:
3800:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia & London.
2037:(8 ed.). Pearson Education Limited. 2018. pp. 172–73.
1174:
after injury and does not refer to the hemodynamic instability.)
1086:
872:<36 °C (96.8 °F) or >38 °C (100.4 °F)
777:
5072:
4377:
4227:
2987:
Lembke, Kelly; Parashar, Sanjay; Simpson, Steven (2017-10-01).
906:<4x10/L (<4000/mm), >12x10/L (>12,000/mm), or ≥10%
739:
is a form of shock associated with physical obstruction of the
343:
The diagnosis is generally based on a combination of symptoms,
2035:
International Trauma Life
Support for Emergency Care Providers
3828:
The Nature and
Treatment of Wound Shock and Allied Conditions
2117:
High Risk
Emergencies, An Issue of Emergency Medicine Clinics
3312:"Traumatic Hemorrhagic Shock: Advances In Fluid Management"
2084:
ATLS – Advanced Trauma Life Support – Student Course Manual
1603:(the basic energy source for cells) has been degraded into
1352:
One of the key dangers of shock is that it progresses by a
922:
within the body. This can be caused by systemic infection (
363:(SI), of greater than 0.8 supports the diagnosis more than
5005:
European Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care
3118:
Nolan JP, Pullinger R (March 2014). "Hypovolaemic shock".
1836:
People with anaphylactic shock are commonly treated with
1494:
system. These hormones cause the vasoconstriction of the
4223:
1607:
in the absence of oxygen as an electron receptor in the
754:
prevents inflow of blood into the heart (venous return).
4013:
Special Report Series, Medical Research Council, London
1860:, normal saline, and steroids are also commonly given.
1187:
disturbances in their severe form can result in shock.
137:: Severe bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, or
4030:
Hinshaw, Lerner B.; Cox, Barbara G. (1 October 1971).
3163:
ATLS, Advanced Trauma Life Support Program for Doctors
1762:
of 70–90 mmHg, or until the patient has adequate
1389:. Since oxygen, the terminal electron acceptor in the
951:
leading to hypotension. Septic shock can be caused by
4636:
Critical illness–related corticosteroid insufficiency
2781:"Surviving Sepsis Campaign Responds to ProCESS Trial"
1974:, there were several competing hypotheses behind the
149:(especially of the left or right ventricles), severe
4106:
2298:. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies. pp. 174–75.
2270:. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies. pp. 165–72.
1478:
tone; the combined effect results in an increase in
1198:) in people who are critically ill patients reduces
5688:
5588:
5579:
5527:
5494:
5455:
5412:
5403:
5364:
5317:
5267:
5140:
5110:
5013:
4987:
4951:
4908:
4846:
4762:
4714:
4664:
4622:
4491:
4484:
4439:
4340:
4312:
4294:
4261:
4180:
4110:
4040:. Vol. 23. United States Navy Project THEMIS,
3794:Irwin, Richard S.; Rippe, James M. (January 2003).
1531:ions build up within the intracellular space while
544:
very fast heart rate, low blood pressure, confusion
236:
226:
210:
202:
188:
130:
108:
83:
71:
42:
3536:
3534:
3284:. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby/Elsevier. p. 2467.
261:. Initial symptoms of shock may include weakness,
3927:"The condition of the blood vessels during shock"
1502:, and other organs to divert blood to the heart,
1377:During the Initial stage (Stage 1), the state of
567:Signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock include:
304:, or vomiting. Cardiogenic shock may be due to a
2947:. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies. p. 168.
2914:
2912:
1344:Effects of inadequate perfusion on cell function
764:shrinks and hardens, is similar in presentation.
467:. The most common cause of hypovolemic shock is
3966:"The Course of Events in Secondary Wound Shock"
2974:Nursing Practice. Hospital and Home. The Adult.
2945:Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide
2404:Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide
2296:Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide
2268:Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide
1385:. Due to the lack of oxygen, the cells perform
1170:which is a recoverable loss of function of the
398:, is often given. Efforts to maintain a normal
1674:The best evidence exists for the treatment of
1430:in order to rid the body of carbon dioxide (CO
5084:
4389:
4239:
4042:University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
4038:Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
3789:
3787:
1984:An Experimental Research into Surgical Shock"
1298:Abnormal flow within the small blood vessels
987:, and certain fungi as well as Gram-positive
780:and hinders the return of blood to the heart.
257:of the body as a result of problems with the
8:
4009:"Note on Muscle Injury in Relation to Shock"
3897:An Experimental Research Into Surgical Shock
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
1658:will begin to occur with an increased blood
1393:, is not abundant, this slows down entry of
1251:are insufficient to meet the higher demands.
1231:) is frequently the result of discontinuing
1089:, or foreign protein causing the release of
644:. Other causes of cardiogenic shock include
608:Thirst and dry mouth, due to fluid depletion
27:Medical condition of insufficient blood flow
3974:Journal of the American Medical Association
3588:
3586:
3547:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3452:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3395:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3196:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2822:Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
2815:
2813:
2811:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1290:Blood flow to or from the heart is blocked
1247:) in critically ill patients where present
516:min. fast heart rate, normal blood pressure
5585:
5409:
5091:
5077:
5069:
4488:
4396:
4382:
4374:
4246:
4232:
4224:
4107:
3245:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2289:
2287:
2165:
2163:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
48:
39:
3859:
3767:
3710:
3653:
3566:
3471:
3422:
3256:
3215:
3094:
3084:
2892:
2882:
2833:
2614:
2462:
2452:
2261:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
1595:and the shock can no longer be reversed.
1591:At Refractory stage (stage 4), the vital
1012:adhesion to endothelial cells 2) Reduced
3693:Vincent JL, De Backer D (October 2013).
3305:
3303:
3301:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2123:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 58.
1339:
1282:Ineffective pumping due to heart damage
1274:Fluid loss such as bleeding or diarrhea
1259:
850:
530:fast heart rate, min. low blood pressure
489:
2114:Tabas, Jeffrey; Reynolds, Teri (2010).
1999:
1438:by removing that acidifying agent. The
853:Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
786:hinders circulation by obstructing the
2344:
2334:
1982:who suggested in his 1899 monograph, "
1535:ions leak out. Due to lack of oxygen,
1458:. Norepinephrine causes predominately
1022:disseminated intravascular coagulation
558:critical blood pressure and heart rate
3925:Malcolm, John D (23 September 1905).
3844:"Theories of the Production of Shock"
3161:American College of Surgeons (2008).
2790:. Survivingsepsis.org. Archived from
2385:Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice
1770:may also be an option in this group.
1547:relax such that blood remains in the
1324:, shock caused by sepsis is known as
7:
4884:Recombinant activated protein C
3448:"Vasopressors for hypotensive shock"
3391:"Vasopressors for hypotensive shock"
2656:American College of Chest Physicians
2541:Cheatham, Michael Lee (April 2009).
1575:. If the bowel becomes sufficiently
1470:predominately causes an increase in
347:, and laboratory tests. A decreased
4597:Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
4582:Acute respiratory distress syndrome
4522:Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
4033:The Fundamental mechanisms of shock
3699:The New England Journal of Medicine
2976:: Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
2486:Pich, H.; Heller, A.R. (May 2015).
2406:. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies.
1888:Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
1739:should be administered to keep the
1642:speaking, inadequate blood flow or
581:and stimulation of vasoconstriction
324:. Distributive shock may be due to
1409:. The accumulating lactate causes
1113:, itching, flushing, and swelling.
25:
4995:Society of Critical Care Medicine
4692:Ventilator-associated lung injury
2703:. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
2660:Society of Critical Care Medicine
1704:non-pneumatic anti-shock garments
1555:will increase and, combined with
471:(internal or external); however,
3987:10.1001/jama.1919.02610290016008
3825:Cannon, Walter Bradford (1918).
3595:Current Opinion in Critical Care
3497:Current Opinion in Critical Care
2547:Current Opinion in Critical Care
2543:"Abdominal compartment syndrome"
1856:are also commonly administered.
1652:Central venous oxygen saturation
955:bacteria such as (among others)
896:<32 mmHg (4.3 kPa)
793:Hypertrophic sub-aortic stenosis
4697:Ventilator-associated pneumonia
4630:Critical illness polyneuropathy
3831:. American Medical Association.
3642:New England Journal of Medicine
2321:Assessing dehydration and shock
1615:, and then is transformed into
1154:High spinal injuries may cause
1041:Signs of septic shock include:
926:), a severe allergic reaction (
918:is low blood pressure due to a
334:injury to the upper spinal cord
4304:Abdominal compartment syndrome
3848:British Journal of Anaesthesia
3559:10.1002/14651858.CD004388.pub6
3464:10.1002/14651858.CD003709.pub4
3407:10.1002/14651858.CD003709.pub4
3208:10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub7
2943:Tintinalli, Judith E. (2010).
2701:Wilderness and rescue medicine
2402:Tintinalli, Judith E. (2010).
2294:Tintinalli, Judith E. (2010).
2266:Tintinalli, Judith E. (2010).
2222:Textbook of Medical Physiology
2172:Emergency Medicine Australasia
1648:Mixed venous oxygen saturation
1206:and respiratory insufficiency.
803:Abdominal compartment syndrome
1:
4476:Geriatric intensive-care unit
4459:Pediatric intensive care unit
3948:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)69075-X
3032:New Horizons (Baltimore, Md.)
3026:Shoemaker, W. C. (May 1996).
1194:(can be considered a form of
249:is the state of insufficient
206:Based on the underlying cause
4879:Neuromuscular-blocking drugs
4822:Nutritional supplementation
4453:Neonatal intensive care unit
3607:10.1097/MCC.0b013e3283069d5c
3509:10.1097/MCC.0b013e328331a8a7
3360:10.1213/ANE.0000000000002451
2559:10.1097/MCC.0b013e3283297934
2454:10.1371/journal.pone.0057594
2379:Silverman, Adam (Oct 2005).
1708:military anti-shock trousers
1312:, shock triggered by severe
5719:superior vena cava syndrome
4979:Water-electrolyte imbalance
4813:Early goal-directed therapy
3316:Emergency Medicine Practice
3310:Cherkas, David (Nov 2011).
3005:10.1016/j.chest.2017.08.427
1743:greater than 100 g/L.
1474:with a small effect on the
1426:, the person will begin to
281:, as complications worsen.
63:trainees and firemen using
5778:
4831:Total parenteral nutrition
4764:Life-supporting treatments
4471:Critical illness insurance
3902:J. B. Lippincott & Co.
3258:10.1016/j.ajem.2019.02.045
2865:Elbers PW, Ince C (2006).
1216:) may induce a reversible
1014:contractility of the heart
936:
930:), or spinal cord injury (
844:
729:
630:
590:sympathetic nervous system
449:
29:
5632:radial artery sufficiency
5000:Surviving Sepsis Campaign
4796:Ventricular assist device
4791:Intra-aortic balloon pump
4742:Pulmonary artery catheter
4411:
4050:10.1007/978-1-4615-9014-9
3760:10.1007/s00134-014-3525-z
3086:10.1186/s12978-018-0613-5
2844:10.1016/j.emc.2007.06.001
2788:Surviving Sepsis Campaign
2616:10.1007/s00134-007-0592-4
2504:10.1007/s00101-015-0031-9
1876:Ventricular assist device
1870:Intra-aortic balloon pump
1782:Epinephrine auto-injector
1522:Progressive/decompensated
920:dilation of blood vessels
797:ventricular outflow tract
788:ventricular outflow tract
758:Constrictive pericarditis
561:aggressive interventions
240:1.2 million per year (US)
56:
47:
5242:Pericardial friction rub
3348:Anesthesia and Analgesia
3322:(11): 1–19, quiz 19–20.
3167:Amer College of Surgeons
2968:Armstrong, D.J. (2004).
2678:10.1378/chest.101.6.1644
1903:of 8–12 mmHg and a
1698:) should be started and
1462:with a mild increase in
1391:electron transport chain
1387:lactic acid fermentation
1024:4). Increased levels of
658:congestive heart failure
605:and evaporation of sweat
527:15–30% (0.75–1.5 L)
357:diastolic blood pressure
5752:Intensive care medicine
5678:Nicoladoni–Branham sign
5342:Jugular venous pressure
5204:Pulmonary insufficiency
4894:Stress ulcer prevention
4838:Therapeutic hypothermia
4737:Central venous catheter
4405:Intensive care medicine
3797:Intensive Care Medicine
3748:Intensive Care Medicine
2748:Robbins Basic Pathology
2603:Intensive Care Medicine
2184:10.1111/1742-6723.12232
1901:central venous pressure
1766:and peripheral pulses.
1760:systolic blood pressure
1162:due to loss of cardiac
827:Reduced blood pressure.
685:jugular venous pressure
611:Cold and mottled skin (
547:fluids and packed RBCs
353:systolic blood pressure
232:Risk of death 20 to 50%
5567:Gallavardin phenomenon
5405:Cardiovascular disease
4969:Level of consciousness
4776:mechanical ventilation
4674:Methicillin-resistant
1935:
1905:mean arterial pressure
1783:
1756:mean arterial pressure
1752:permissive hypotension
1737:packed red blood cells
1696:Trendelenburg position
1684:Oxygen supplementation
1559:release, will lead to
1500:gastrointestinal tract
1484:renin–angiotensin axis
1345:
1109:Skin changes, such as
1104:
1095:capillary permeability
1073:is caused by a severe
1057:Decreased urine output
1053:Reduced blood pressure
1045:Abnormal heart rhythms
834:Decreased urine output
818:Abnormal heart rhythms
750:in which fluid in the
711:Reduced blood pressure
693:Abnormal heart rhythms
666:valvular heart disease
555:>40% (>2 L)
396:packed red blood cells
78:Critical care medicine
32:Shock (disambiguation)
5672:arteriovenous fistula
5486:Bracht–Wachter bodies
4676:Staphylococcus aureus
3712:10.1056/NEJMra1208943
3655:10.1056/NEJMra1208943
2699:Isaac, Jeff. (2013).
2488:"Obstruktiver Schock"
2146:StatPearls (Internet)
1961:Henri-François LeDran
1933:
1817:but may be of use in
1781:
1754:). Targets include a
1750:to persist (known as
1436:acid–base homeostasis
1407:lactate dehydrogenase
1403:lactate (lactic acid)
1343:
1241:adrenal insufficiency
1225:adrenal insufficiency
1147:loss of consciousness
1102:
1075:anaphylactic reaction
1062:Altered mental status
1016:3) Activation of the
968:Klebsiella pneumoniae
642:myocardial infarction
541:30–40% (1.5–2 L)
513:<15% (0.75 L)
481:diabetic ketoacidosis
440:capillary refill time
5509:Pericardial effusion
5414:Aortic insufficiency
5227:Mitral insufficiency
5209:Graham Steell murmur
4651:Stress hyperglycemia
4492:Organ system failure
4426:Medical specialities
4286:Toxic shock syndrome
3900:. Philadelphia, PA:
3861:10.1093/bja/38.4.234
1656:anaerobic metabolism
1633:physical examination
1609:mitochondrial matrix
1553:hydrostatic pressure
1541:anaerobic metabolism
1537:cellular respiration
1518:mediation of shock.
1488:arginine vasopressin
1360:As such, shock is a
1103:Signs of anaphylaxis
1018:coagulation pathways
768:Tension pneumothorax
720:pulmonary congestion
689:Weak or absent pulse
662:myocardial contusion
402:are also important.
345:physical examination
322:tension pneumothorax
167:tension pneumothorax
65:IV fluid replacement
30:For other uses, see
5757:Medical emergencies
5442:Austin Flint murmur
5221:Carey Coombs murmur
5014:Related specialties
4974:Acid–base imbalance
4910:ICU scoring systems
4781:Tracheal intubation
4592:Respiratory failure
4587:Acute liver failure
4577:Acute renal failure
4447:Intensive care unit
4431:Respiratory therapy
3695:"Circulatory shock"
3638:"Circulatory Shock"
3072:Reproductive Health
2445:2013PLoSO...857594P
1920:intensive care unit
1823:Activated protein C
1758:of 60 mmHg, a
1706:(or the deprecated
1692:passive leg raising
1551:. Due to this, the
1118:shortness of breath
855:
716:Shortness of breath
533:intravenous fluids
499:Blood loss (liters)
492:
491:Hemorrhage classes
194:Based on symptoms,
5713:Trendelenburg test
5646:pseudohypertension
5624:Right heart strain
5618:pulmonary embolism
5233:Presystolic murmur
5104:circulatory system
5100:Signs and symptoms
4923:Glasgow Coma Scale
4874:Intravenous fluids
4754:Screening cultures
4722:Arterial blood gas
4687:Refeeding syndrome
4604:Neonatal infection
4565:Vasodilatory shock
4540:Distributive shock
4465:Coronary care unit
4363:Vasodilatory shock
4281:Anaphylactic shock
4181:External resources
3126:(mar07 1): g1139.
2828:(3): 623–42, vii.
1936:
1864:Mechanical support
1831:sodium bicarbonate
1784:
1700:blood transfusions
1688:intravenous fluids
1593:organs have failed
1486:is activated, and
1346:
1310:anaphylactic shock
1245:distributive shock
1229:distributive shock
1105:
1071:Anaphylactic shock
916:Distributive shock
851:
847:Distributive shock
774:Pulmonary embolism
613:livedo reticularis
490:
485:diabetes insipidus
417:low blood pressure
411:Signs and symptoms
365:low blood pressure
298:distributive shock
259:circulatory system
198:, laboratory tests
179:spinal cord injury
5739:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5698:Friedreich's sign
5605:Cardarelli's sign
5575:
5574:
5505:Cardiac tamponade
5297:Pulsus bisferiens
5187:Functional murmur
5066:
5065:
5026:Internal medicine
4772:Airway management
4710:
4709:
4550:Obstructive shock
4535:Cardiogenic shock
4371:
4370:
4221:
4220:
3942:(4282): 922–923.
3807:978-0-7817-3548-3
3291:978-0-323-05472-0
3176:978-1-880696-31-6
3132:10.1136/bmj.g1139
2954:978-0-07-148480-0
2758:978-1-4160-2973-1
2413:978-0-07-148480-0
2305:978-0-07-148480-0
2277:978-0-07-148480-0
2231:978-0-7216-0240-0
1811:hemorrhagic shock
1573:reduced perfusion
1354:positive feedback
1322:hypovolemic shock
1306:allergic reaction
1302:
1301:
1214:cardiogenic shock
1196:cardiogenic shock
1160:a slow heart rate
1137:Lightheadedness,
913:
912:
748:Cardiac tamponade
737:Obstructive shock
732:Obstructive shock
683:due to increased
673:cardiogenic shock
638:Cardiogenic shock
633:Cardiogenic shock
601:due to decreased
586:shallow breathing
577:Cool skin due to
565:
564:
461:Hypovolemic shock
456:Hypovolemic shock
388:Intravenous fluid
318:cardiac tamponade
314:Obstructive shock
310:cardiac contusion
244:
243:
217:Intravenous fluid
190:Diagnostic method
163:Cardiac tamponade
155:cardiac contusion
37:Medical condition
18:Circulatory shock
16:(Redirected from
5769:
5725:Pemberton's sign
5586:
5581:Vascular disease
5427:De Musset's sign
5422:Collapsing pulse
5410:
5309:Pulsus alternans
5302:Pulsus bigeminus
5287:Pulsus paradoxus
5102:relating to the
5093:
5086:
5079:
5070:
4787:Cardiac devices
4641:Decubitus ulcers
4555:Neurogenic shock
4489:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4375:
4276:Neurogenic shock
4248:
4241:
4234:
4225:
4108:
4096:
4095:
4027:
4021:
4020:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3970:
3964:(19 July 1919).
3958:
3952:
3951:
3931:
3922:
3916:
3912:
3892:Crile, George W.
3888:
3882:
3881:
3863:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3810:. Archived from
3791:
3782:
3781:
3771:
3754:(12): 1795–815.
3739:
3733:
3732:
3714:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3657:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3590:
3581:
3580:
3570:
3553:(12): CD004388.
3538:
3529:
3528:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3475:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3426:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3330:. Archived from
3307:
3296:
3295:
3280:Marx, J (2010).
3277:
3271:
3270:
3260:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3219:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3098:
3088:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3023:
3017:
3016:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2916:
2907:
2906:
2896:
2886:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2837:
2817:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2796:
2785:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2742:
2723:
2722:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2618:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2492:Der Anaesthesist
2483:
2477:
2476:
2466:
2456:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2376:
2353:
2352:
2346:
2342:
2340:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2263:
2236:
2235:
2217:
2204:
2203:
2167:
2158:
2157:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2122:
2111:
2098:
2097:
2093:978-78-0-9968267
2080:
2049:
2048:
2044:978-1292-17084-8
2031:
1934:Sepsis mortality
1882:Artificial heart
1819:neurogenic shock
1768:Hypertonic fluid
1561:leakage of fluid
1460:vasoconstriction
1330:body circulation
1260:
1202:and can lead to
1185:endocrinological
1164:sympathetic tone
1156:neurogenic shock
989:bacterial toxins
958:Escherichia coli
932:neurogenic shock
888:Respiratory rate
856:
702:Pulsus paradoxus
592:stimulation and
579:vasoconstriction
493:
400:body temperature
392:Ringer's lactate
52:
40:
21:
5777:
5776:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5762:Causes of death
5742:
5741:
5740:
5731:
5708:Kussmaul's sign
5684:
5599:aortic aneurysm
5571:
5543:Anitschkow cell
5536:rheumatic fever
5523:
5490:
5451:
5432:Duroziez's sign
5399:
5360:
5313:
5263:
5136:
5106:
5097:
5067:
5062:
5009:
4983:
4947:
4904:
4864:Antithrombotics
4842:
4826:Enteral feeding
4808:Kidney dialysis
4758:
4706:
4682:Oxygen toxicity
4660:
4618:
4480:
4435:
4407:
4402:
4372:
4367:
4336:
4308:
4290:
4257:
4252:
4222:
4217:
4216:
4176:
4175:
4119:
4105:
4100:
4099:
4068:
4029:
4028:
4024:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3968:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3929:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3808:
3793:
3792:
3785:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3705:(18): 1726–34.
3692:
3691:
3687:
3648:(18): 1726–34.
3635:
3634:
3630:
3592:
3591:
3584:
3540:
3539:
3532:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3458:(2): CD003709.
3445:
3444:
3440:
3401:(2): CD003709.
3388:
3387:
3383:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3309:
3308:
3299:
3292:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3251:(11): 2072–78.
3238:
3237:
3233:
3202:(8): CD000567.
3189:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3025:
3024:
3020:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2928:
2926:
2918:
2917:
2910:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2835:10.1.1.688.9838
2819:
2818:
2809:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2759:
2744:
2743:
2726:
2711:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2378:
2377:
2356:
2343:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2265:
2264:
2239:
2232:
2219:
2218:
2207:
2169:
2168:
2161:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2120:
2113:
2112:
2101:
2094:
2082:
2081:
2052:
2045:
2033:
2032:
2001:
1996:
1980:George W. Crile
1976:pathophysiology
1965:gun-shot wounds
1949:
1928:
1913:
1897:
1895:Treatment goals
1866:
1850:diphenhydramine
1776:
1720:
1672:
1640:hemodynamically
1629:
1589:
1581:endotoxic shock
1539:diminishes and
1524:
1433:
1419:
1411:lactic acidosis
1375:
1338:
1336:Pathophysiology
1258:
1181:
1049:fast heart rate
1020:, resulting in
1002:lactic acidosis
979:cocci, such as
971:(which have an
941:
849:
843:
822:fast heart rate
784:Aortic stenosis
760:, in which the
734:
728:
697:fast heart rate
635:
629:
458:
450:Main articles:
448:
432:mucous membrane
413:
378:and sufficient
369:fast heart rate
275:unconsciousness
263:fast heart rate
169:
157:
141:
99:unconsciousness
93:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5775:
5773:
5765:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5744:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5694:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5680:
5668:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5649:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5594:
5592:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5531:
5529:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5516:
5500:
5498:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5483:
5477:Janeway lesion
5474:
5462:
5460:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5418:
5416:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5395:Template:Shock
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5370:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5347:Cannon A waves
5339:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5273:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5206:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5192:Still's murmur
5189:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5146:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5122:
5116:
5114:
5108:
5107:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5088:
5081:
5073:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5023:
5021:Anesthesiology
5017:
5015:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4918:APACHE II
4914:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4768:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4749:Blood cultures
4746:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4724:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4670:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4498:Shock sequence
4495:
4493:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4462:
4456:
4450:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4416:Health science
4412:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4378:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4322:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4300:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4267:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4228:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4197:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4162:
4151:
4136:
4120:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:Classification
4104:
4103:External links
4101:
4098:
4097:
4066:
4022:
4005:Bayliss, W. M.
3992:
3953:
3917:
3883:
3834:
3817:
3814:on 2005-11-07.
3806:
3783:
3734:
3685:
3628:
3582:
3530:
3487:
3438:
3381:
3354:(5): 1549–57.
3337:
3334:on 2012-01-18.
3297:
3290:
3272:
3231:
3182:
3175:
3169:. p. 58.
3153:
3110:
3057:
3018:
2979:
2960:
2953:
2935:
2908:
2884:10.1186/cc4969
2857:
2807:
2772:
2757:
2724:
2709:
2691:
2672:(6): 1644–55.
2646:
2588:
2533:
2478:
2419:
2412:
2394:
2354:
2345:|website=
2311:
2304:
2283:
2276:
2237:
2230:
2205:
2159:
2136:
2130:978-1455700257
2129:
2099:
2092:
2050:
2043:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1955:used the word
1948:
1945:
1927:
1924:
1912:
1909:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1865:
1862:
1842:Antihistamines
1791:norepinephrine
1775:
1772:
1719:
1716:
1671:
1668:
1644:cardiac output
1628:
1625:
1588:
1585:
1523:
1520:
1480:blood pressure
1456:norepinephrine
1431:
1428:hyperventilate
1418:
1415:
1374:
1371:
1337:
1334:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1249:hormone levels
1237:
1233:corticosteroid
1221:
1218:cardiomyopathy
1210:Thyrotoxicosis
1207:
1200:cardiac output
1192:Hypothyroidism
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1135:
1124:Abdominal pain
1121:
1114:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1039:
937:Main article:
911:
910:
904:
898:
897:
892:>20/min or
890:
884:
883:
880:
874:
873:
870:
864:
863:
860:
845:Main article:
842:
839:
838:
837:
831:
828:
825:
811:
810:
800:
790:
781:
771:
765:
755:
730:Main article:
727:
724:
723:
722:
713:
708:
699:
690:
687:
650:cardiomyopathy
631:Main article:
628:
625:
617:
616:
609:
606:
596:
582:
575:
563:
562:
559:
556:
553:
549:
548:
545:
542:
539:
535:
534:
531:
528:
525:
521:
520:
517:
514:
511:
507:
506:
503:
500:
497:
447:
444:
412:
409:
371:in isolation.
349:pulse pressure
316:may be due to
279:cardiac arrest
267:fast breathing
242:
241:
238:
234:
233:
230:
224:
223:
214:
208:
207:
204:
200:
199:
192:
186:
185:
132:
128:
127:
110:
106:
105:
103:cardiac arrest
87:
81:
80:
75:
69:
68:
54:
53:
45:
44:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5774:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5720:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5703:Caput medusae
5701:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5687:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5673:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5660:
5659:Lines of Zahn
5657:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5610:Oliver's sign
5608:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5578:
5568:
5565:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5454:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5437:MĂĽller's sign
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5396:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5337:CĹ“ur en sabot
5335:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5310:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5197:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5171:
5170:Gallop rhythm
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5131:
5130:Levine's sign
5128:
5127:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5120:Referred pain
5118:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5089:
5087:
5082:
5080:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4988:Organisations
4986:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4938:SAPS III
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4839:
4836:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4732:Arterial line
4730:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4623:Complications
4621:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4572:Organ failure
4570:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4512:Severe sepsis
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4440:General terms
4438:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4406:
4399:
4394:
4392:
4387:
4385:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4358:Cryptic shock
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4331:
4330:Osmotic shock
4328:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4249:
4244:
4242:
4237:
4235:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4172:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4113:
4109:
4102:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4067:9780306390234
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4026:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
4001:Cannon, W. B.
3996:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3967:
3963:
3962:Cannon, W. B.
3957:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3928:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3887:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3854:(4): 234–49.
3853:
3849:
3845:
3838:
3835:
3830:
3829:
3821:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3799:
3798:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3632:
3629:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3601:(4): 379–83.
3600:
3596:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3503:(6): 542–47.
3502:
3498:
3491:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3385:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3341:
3338:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3183:
3178:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3061:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3038:(2): 300–18.
3037:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2936:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2871:Critical Care
2868:
2861:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2797:on 2015-09-24
2793:
2789:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2710:9780763789206
2706:
2702:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2609:(6): 951–62.
2608:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2553:(2): 154–62.
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2498:(5): 403–19.
2497:
2494:(in German).
2493:
2489:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2439:(3): e57594.
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2415:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2338:
2323:
2322:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2178:(3): 223–28.
2177:
2173:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2119:
2118:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1795:phenylephrine
1792:
1788:
1780:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1724:normal saline
1717:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1621:phosphorylate
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1440:baroreceptors
1437:
1429:
1425:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:hypoperfusion
1372:
1370:
1367:
1364:condition of
1363:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1342:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1295:Distributive
1294:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:Wheezing and
1115:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
977:Gram-positive
974:
970:
969:
964:
960:
959:
954:
953:Gram negative
950:
946:
943:
942:
940:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
909:
905:
903:
900:
899:
895:
891:
889:
886:
885:
881:
879:
876:
875:
871:
869:
866:
865:
861:
858:
857:
854:
848:
840:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
819:
816:
815:
814:
808:
804:
801:
798:
794:
791:
789:
785:
782:
779:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
759:
756:
753:
749:
746:
745:
744:
742:
741:great vessels
738:
733:
725:
721:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
703:
700:
698:
694:
691:
688:
686:
682:
681:jugular veins
678:
677:
676:
674:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
634:
626:
624:
622:
614:
610:
607:
604:
600:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
580:
576:
574:
570:
569:
568:
560:
557:
554:
551:
550:
546:
543:
540:
537:
536:
532:
529:
526:
523:
522:
518:
515:
512:
509:
508:
504:
501:
498:
495:
494:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
457:
453:
445:
443:
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
410:
408:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
336:, or certain
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
239:
235:
231:
229:
225:
222:
218:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:physical exam
193:
191:
187:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
151:heart failure
148:
144:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
104:
100:
97:: Confusion,
96:
91:
88:
86:
82:
79:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
59:
55:
51:
46:
41:
33:
19:
5717:
5670:
5666:Adson's sign
5651:
5644:
5638:Allen's test
5630:
5616:
5597:
5552:
5548:Aschoff body
5534:
5519:Ewart's sign
5514:Beck's triad
5503:
5481:Osler's node
5467:endocarditis
5465:
5447:Mayne's sign
5393:See further
5389:Distributive
5365:
5325:Palpitations
5291:
5225:
5177:Heart murmur
5150:Heart sounds
5142:Auscultation
5058:Traumatology
4959:Hemodynamics
4933:SAPS II
4900:Vasopressors
4818:Induced coma
4675:
4666:Iatrogenesis
4656:Stress ulcer
4560:Spinal shock
4529:
4517:Septic shock
4353:Spinal shock
4271:Septic shock
4263:Distributive
4254:
4199:
4188:
4164:
4153:
4138:
4123:
4032:
4025:
4016:
4012:
3995:
3978:
3972:
3956:
3939:
3933:
3920:
3896:
3886:
3851:
3847:
3837:
3827:
3820:
3812:the original
3796:
3751:
3747:
3737:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3645:
3641:
3631:
3598:
3594:
3550:
3546:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3455:
3451:
3441:
3398:
3394:
3384:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3332:the original
3319:
3315:
3281:
3275:
3248:
3244:
3234:
3199:
3195:
3185:
3162:
3156:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3076:
3070:
3060:
3035:
3031:
3021:
2996:
2992:
2982:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2944:
2938:
2927:. Retrieved
2923:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2825:
2821:
2799:. Retrieved
2792:the original
2787:
2775:
2747:
2700:
2694:
2669:
2663:
2649:
2606:
2602:
2591:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2403:
2397:
2388:
2384:
2326:. Retrieved
2320:
2314:
2295:
2267:
2221:
2175:
2171:
2145:
2139:
2116:
2083:
2034:
1988:vasodilation
1983:
1969:
1956:
1950:
1941:Septic shock
1937:
1916:Septic shock
1914:
1911:Epidemiology
1898:
1835:
1827:septic shock
1807:
1787:Vasopressors
1785:
1745:
1732:crystalloids
1721:
1676:septic shock
1673:
1637:
1630:
1613:vasodilation
1597:Brain damage
1590:
1525:
1420:
1417:Compensatory
1376:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1326:septic shock
1320:is known as
1308:is known as
1303:
1287:Obstructive
1279:Cardiogenic
1182:
1168:spinal shock
1000:limited to:
985:streptococci
966:
956:
949:vasodilation
945:Septic shock
939:Septic shock
924:septic shock
914:
841:Distributive
812:
735:
671:Symptoms of
670:
646:dysrhythmias
636:
618:
566:
459:
438:, prolonged
429:
421:urine output
419:, decreased
414:
404:Vasopressors
384:embolization
373:
342:
306:heart attack
283:
246:
245:
221:vasopressors
171:Distributive
170:
158:
147:heart attack
142:
139:pancreatitis
134:
125:distributive
94:
89:
5496:Pericardium
5472:Roth's spot
5458:endocardium
5384:Hypovolemic
5379:Obstructive
5374:Cardiogenic
5282:Bradycardia
5277:Tachycardia
5247:Heart click
5041:Pulmonology
4964:Hypotension
4859:Antibiotics
4702:Dialytrauma
4545:Anaphylaxis
4348:Cardiogenic
4325:Hypovolemia
4296:Obstructive
4190:MedlinePlus
2999:(4): A401.
1972:World War I
1953:Hippocrates
1838:epinephrine
1774:Medications
1748:hypotension
1712:hypothermia
1664:chest X-ray
1660:lactic acid
1549:capillaries
1516:homeostatic
1468:epinephrine
1452:epinephrine
1448:hypotension
1446:detect the
1399:Krebs cycle
1366:homeostatic
1314:dehydration
1271:Low volume
1204:hypotension
1172:spinal cord
1026:neutrophils
981:pneumococci
928:anaphylaxis
882:>90/min
868:Temperature
762:pericardium
752:pericardium
726:Obstructive
704:in case of
654:myocarditis
627:Cardiogenic
621:shock index
599:Hypothermia
573:tachycardia
452:Hypovolemia
436:skin turgor
361:shock index
330:anaphylaxis
294:obstructive
290:cardiogenic
286:hypovolemic
159:Obstructive
143:Cardiogenic
121:obstructive
117:cardiogenic
5746:Categories
5354:Hyperaemia
5216:Continuous
5112:Chest pain
5048:Pediatrics
5031:Cardiology
4952:Physiology
4854:Analgesics
4803:Chest tube
4632:/ myopathy
4609:Polytrauma
4485:Conditions
4320:Hemorrhage
4313:Low-volume
4166:DiseasesDB
3981:(3): 174.
3935:The Lancet
3079:(1): 177.
2929:2019-02-22
2877:(4): 221.
2801:2015-03-25
2328:2019-05-09
1994:References
1854:ranitidine
1844:, such as
1803:dobutamine
1741:hemoglobin
1680:intubation
1670:Management
1638:Shock is,
1623:into ATP.
1587:Refractory
1545:sphincters
1472:heart rate
1466:, whereas
1464:heart rate
1318:blood loss
1236:condition.
1047:, often a
878:Heart rate
820:, often a
695:, often a
679:Distended
668:problems.
584:Rapid and
505:Treatment
469:hemorrhage
446:Low volume
434:, reduced
425:β-blockers
390:, such as
251:blood flow
212:Medication
181:, certain
135:Low volume
113:Low volume
5330:Apex beat
5199:Diastolic
5036:Neurology
4889:Sedatives
4869:Inotropes
4715:Diagnosis
4212:emerg/533
4206:emerg/531
4201:eMedicine
4076:0065-2598
4058:2214-8019
3870:0007-0912
3664:0028-4793
3415:1469-493X
3044:1063-7389
3013:0012-3692
2830:CiteSeerX
2719:785442005
2625:0342-4642
2567:1531-7072
2512:0003-2417
2347:ignored (
2337:cite book
1970:Prior to
1926:Prognosis
1858:Albuterol
1764:mentation
1627:Diagnosis
1617:uric acid
1605:adenosine
1569:viscosity
1557:histamine
1533:potassium
1397:into the
1239:Relative
1179:Endocrine
1143:headaches
1139:confusion
1091:histamine
1032:histamine
1010:leukocyte
1006:inotropic
973:endotoxin
965:species,
718:, due to
706:tamponade
675:include:
603:perfusion
380:breathing
338:overdoses
237:Frequency
228:Prognosis
203:Treatment
183:overdoses
145:: severe
73:Specialty
5653:thrombus
5590:Arterial
5182:Systolic
5155:Split S2
4727:Catheter
4646:Fungemia
4421:Medicine
4084:72077225
4007:(1919).
3909:99000784
3894:(1899).
3778:25392034
3721:24171518
3672:24171518
3623:22613993
3615:18614899
3577:23235609
3525:19918811
3517:19713836
3482:26878401
3433:26878401
3376:39310937
3368:28930937
3328:22164397
3267:30852043
3226:30073665
3148:45691590
3140:24609389
3105:30340602
2924:UpToDate
2903:16879732
2852:17826209
2767:69672074
2641:10770608
2633:17377769
2583:42407737
2575:19276799
2528:39461027
2520:25994928
2473:23483915
2433:PLOS ONE
2200:19881753
2192:24712642
2154:29261964
2121:(E-book)
1846:Benadryl
1799:dopamine
1728:Colloids
1577:ischemic
1476:vascular
1444:arteries
1424:acidosis
1395:pyruvate
1132:vomiting
1128:diarrhea
1079:allergen
594:acidosis
519:minimal
502:Response
477:diarrhea
473:vomiting
302:diarrhea
271:sweating
85:Symptoms
5292:doubled
5257:carotid
5053:Surgery
4209:med/285
4160:D012769
3914:Alt URL
3878:5328405
3769:4239778
3729:6900105
3680:6900105
3568:6464614
3473:6516856
3424:6516856
3217:6513027
3096:6194579
3052:8774804
2894:1750971
2686:1303622
2464:3590203
2441:Bibcode
1947:History
1565:protein
1496:kidneys
1442:in the
1383:hypoxia
1381:causes
1373:Initial
1362:runaway
1083:antigen
963:Proteus
859:Finding
660:(CHF),
588:due to
255:tissues
253:to the
90:Initial
58:US Navy
5690:Venous
5560:J wave
5456:Other
5125:Angina
4528:Other
4507:Sepsis
4461:(PICU)
4455:(NICU)
4195:000039
4149:785.50
4092:549969
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1815:trauma
1801:, and
1718:Fluids
1529:sodium
1482:. The
1266:Cause
1223:Acute
1130:, and
1077:to an
862:Value
807:sepsis
465:volume
376:airway
355:minus
326:sepsis
296:, and
175:Sepsis
131:Causes
5528:Other
5366:Shock
5318:Other
5269:Pulse
5252:Bruit
4896:drugs
4847:Drugs
4530:shock
4467:(CCU)
4449:(ICU)
4341:Other
4255:Shock
4171:12013
4054:eISSN
3969:(PDF)
3930:(PDF)
3725:S2CID
3676:S2CID
3619:S2CID
3521:S2CID
3372:S2CID
3144:S2CID
2993:Chest
2970:Shock
2795:(PDF)
2784:(PDF)
2665:Chest
2637:S2CID
2579:S2CID
2524:S2CID
2391:(10).
2196:S2CID
1884:(TAH)
1852:) or
1813:from
1694:(not
1512:urine
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1504:lungs
1492:renal
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1256:Cause
1111:hives
908:bands
894:PaCO2
778:lungs
664:, or
496:Class
367:or a
320:or a
277:, or
247:Shock
109:Types
95:Later
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4943:SOFA
4928:PIM2
4774:and
4614:Coma
4502:SIRS
4155:MeSH
4144:9-CM
4088:OCLC
4080:LCCN
4072:ISSN
4062:ISBN
3905:LCCN
3874:PMID
3866:ISSN
3802:ISBN
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3717:PMID
3668:PMID
3660:ISSN
3611:PMID
3573:PMID
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454:and
430:Dry
5554:EKG
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4134:R57
4125:ICD
4046:doi
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3856:doi
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