483:
capabilities, a result of lacking a terminal oxidase complex, and shows a preference for microaerophilic conditions that reflect the oxygen levels of its natural phloem habitat. These specific requirements complicate efforts to culture CLas outside its host, as the replication of these conditions in vitro is challenging. Genetic factors further constrain the cultivation of CLas. The bacteriumâs genome has undergone significant reduction, losing pathways and enzymes crucial for independent growth. For example, the absence of the glyoxalase pathway, necessary for mitigating methylglyoxal toxicity, and the lack of biosynthetic pathways for essential lipids, necessitate the supplementation of culture media with specific nutrients or cofactors. Moreover, the presence of bacteriophage genes within CLas adds complexity, potentially affecting its pathogenicity and culturability. The combination of these unique growth requirements and genetic limitations underscores the inherent challenges in cultivating CLas, necessitating innovative culturing approaches to overcome these hurdles and advance our understanding of citrus greening disease. A report by Zheng et al, (2024) entitle: Towards the completion of Koch's postulates for the citrus
Huanglongbing bacterium,
324:
649:
and tomato plants. The oligonucleotide FANA (2âČ-deoxy-2âČ-fluoro-arabinonucleotide) RNA-targeting technology into citrus trees and potato plants for management of bacterial pathogens and arthropod pests. The FANA ASO technology is a single nucleotide strand of 20â24 nt in length that incorporates 2âČF- chemically modifications of nucleotides, along with a phosphorothioate backbone and modified flanking nucleotides, in their structure called âgapmers,â produced by AUM LifeTech., Inc. These unique modified structures of FANA âtriggersâ enables gymnotic activity that self-delivers into cells, moving systemically in treated plants and insects, with significant suppression of their RNA targets. Reported is the FANA suppression of two plant-infecting bacterium
Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, CLas (in citrus trees), and C. Liberibacter solanacearum, CLso (in potato and tomato) ]
479:
on alternative metabolic routes, including a dependence on the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle for processing organic acidsâa crucial carbon source found abundantly within the phloem sap of its plant hosts The bacterium's nutrient acquisition strategies extend to the assimilation of both proteinogenic and nonproteinogenic amino acids, as well as choline, through specialized transport systems, despite its inability to synthesize all amino acids de novo. This nuanced interaction with its environment highlights an evolved adaptation to extract and utilize host-derived nutrients, even in the face of its reduced genomic capacity. Furthermore, CLasâs exploitation of host nucleotides and cofactors through specific transport proteins underlines its sophisticated survival strategies within the host's microenvironments.
470:
independent cultivation. Attempts to culture CLas on Liber A medium suggested pathogenicity in citrus, yet this claim was met with skepticism and has not been reproducible. Recent efforts involving coculture with phloem-associated microbiota indicated possible growth through DNA quantification, but direct viability measures were lacking. The research underscores the complexity of CLas's nutritional and environmental requirements, suggesting that association with specific microflora is essential for its growth. Despite these advances, the cultivation of CLas remains a challenging frontier, necessitating further studies for reproducible and sustainable culture methods.
242:
off-season flowers (most of which fall off), and produce small, irregularly shaped fruit with a thick, pale peel that remains green at the bottom and tastes very bitter. Common symptoms can often be mistaken for nutrient deficiencies; however, the distinguishing factor between nutrient deficiencies is the pattern of symmetry. Nutrient deficiencies tend to be symmetrical along the leaf vein margin, while HLB has an asymmetrical yellowing around the vein. The most noticeable symptom of HLB is greening and stunting of the fruit, especially after ripening.
465:(CLas), a vasculature-restricted citrus pathogen associated with citrus greening disease, has been a significant challenge in plant pathology. Despite several attempts, CLas has not been successfully established in pure culture, remaining elusive compared to other fastidious bacteria associated with citrus diseases. Over the past decade, transient cultures of CLas have been reported, marking incremental progress toward its sustained cultivation. Notably, cocultivation with
653:
populations by targeting and suppressing the insects endosymbionts, the bacteria which are essential for psyllid survival. Morpholino's must be covalently linked with a charged molecule or peptide, such as a cell-penetrating peptide, CPP, to enter bacteria (both Gram-positive or Gram-negative). After the MOs are conjugated to a carrier, they are referred to as PPMO, CPPMO, PMO, or similar. For more protocols, references at GeneTools, LLC, website (
132:
3874:
3862:
3886:
225:, where it is still widespread. Eventually, it affected the United States, reaching Florida in 2005. Within three years, it had spread to the majority of citrus farms. The rapid increase in this disease has threatened the citrus industry not only in Florida, but the entire US. As of 2009, 33 countries have reported HLB infection in their citrus crop.
503:
allowing researchers to explore CLas physiology and pathogenicity mechanisms in a controlled environment. Moreover, the ability of L. crescens to form biofilms under modified culture conditions provides a unique platform for studying biofilm formation, a critical aspect of CLas's lifecycle in insect vectors.
652:
Morpholino's: These researchers demonstrated that PPMOs moved systemically in plants, fruit trees, and grapevines, such that they could suppress CLas in infected citrus trees and the psyllid vectors. Furthermore, the PPMOs designed to endosymbiotic bacteria of the psyllid vectors, can reduce psyllid
612:
allowed use of streptomycin and oxytetracycline on orchards with citrus fruits like grapefruits, oranges and tangerines in
Florida on an emergency basis, this approval was expanded and broadened to other states for oxytetracycline in December 2018. Further expansion of medically important antibiotics
478:
Unlike many bacteria, CLas demonstrates a specialized metabolic reliance on a diverse range of nutrients directly sourced from its host environments. Remarkably, CLas bypasses traditional glycolytic pathways for energy production, likely due to the absence of key glycolytic enzymes, and instead leans
648:
Researchers from the
Agricultural Research Service, USDA at the U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory in Fort Pierce, FL along with University of Florida Collaborators have developed two types of antisense oilgos (FANA and Morpholino's), and demonstrated efficient delivery into citrus trees, potato
447:
Liberibacter africanus), which is also sensitive to heat. This strain of HLB is reported to occur in Africa, (Burundi, Cameroon, Central
African Republic, Comoros, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Reunion, Rwanda, South Africa, St. Helena (unconfirmed), Swaziland, Tanzania, Zimbabwe),
515:
Some cultural practices can be effective in managing this disease. Cultural methods include antibacterial management, sanitation, removal of infected plants, frequent scouting, and most importantly, crisis declaration. Tracking the disease will help prevent further infection in other affected areas
1217:
Garnier M, Jagoueix-Eveillard S, Cronje PR, Le Roux HF, Bové JM (November 2000). "Genomic characterization of a liberibacter present in an ornamental rutaceous tree, Calodendrum capense, in the
Western Cape Province of South Africa. Proposal of 'Candidatus Liberibacter africanus subsp. capensis'".
506:
Despite the advances with L. crescens and the theoretical potential of cell culture infection models and bacterial cocultures, the axenic culturing of CLas remains a significant challenge. The development of CLas transformation protocols, which has been successful with L. crescens but not yet with
482:
Environmental conditions also significantly impact CLas's culturability. The bacterium favors slightly acidic conditions, thriving in the naturally low pH found within citrus phloem sap and in vitro media such as commercial grapefruit juice. Additionally, CLas exhibits limited aerobic respiration
502:
has emerged as a valuable model system for studying CLas. Unlike CLas, L. crescens can be cultured axenically and does not require a plant or insect host, offering insights into the genus's early evolutionary stages. This system has been instrumental in functional genomic studies of CLas genes,
657:). Short PPMOs of 14â18nt are used to target bacteria, using a sequence, referred to as the external guide sequence, EGS, that when complexed with the target RNA modifies the shape to resemble a tRNA precursor which renders the target RNA susceptible to cleavage by ribonuclease P (RNase-P).
469:
facilitated CLas growth in vitro, highlighting the potential for mutualistic bacterial relationships in supporting CLas's nutritional and chemical needs. Further experiments achieved viable CLas cultures for weeks using commercial grapefruit juice and biofilms, though these did not constitute
241:
farmers as early as the 1870s); followed by splotchy mottling of the entire leaf, premature defoliation, dieback of twigs, decay of feeder rootlets and lateral roots, and decline in vigor, ultimately followed by the death of the entire plant. Affected trees have stunted growth, bear multiple
531:
No cure for citrus greening disease is known, and efforts to control it have been slow because infected citrus plants are difficult to maintain, regenerate, and study. Ongoing challenges associated with mitigating disease at the field-scale include seasonality of the phytopathogen
507:
CLas, is considered a critical step forward. This approach, whether through direct transformation or leveraging L. crescens as a surrogate, holds promise for unlocking the complexities of CLas biology and ultimately devising effective strategies to combat citrus greening disease.
280:, and some cultivars show greater efficiency in transmitting the disease to the vector than others. Temperature also shows a great influence in the parasite-host relationship between the bacteria and the insect vector, affecting how it is acquired and transmitted by the insects.
438:
The distribution of the
African citrus psyllid includes Africa, Madeira, Saudi Arabia, Portugal, and Yemen. This species is sensitive to high temperatures and will not develop at temperatures greater than 25 °C. It is also a vector of the African strain of
596:
as potential treatments for infected citrus plants based on the positive results that were observed when applied to infected periwinkle. In June 2014, the USDA allocated an additional US$ 31.5 million to expand research combating citrus greening disease.
31:
1127:
Wu F, Qureshi JA, Huang J, Fox EG, Deng X, Wan F, et al. (September 2018). "Host Plant-Mediated
Interactions Between 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' and Its Vector Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae)".
250:
HLB was originally thought to be a viral disease, but was later discovered to be caused by bacteria, carried by insect vectors. HLB infection can arise in various climates and is often associated with different species of
261:, an invasive insect that favors cool and moist conditions for optimal activity. Citrus crops in Asia, however, are often infected under warm conditions as the bacteria are transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid
435:. Prospects are bleak for the ubiquitous backyard citrus orchards of California as residential growers are unlikely to consistently use the pesticides which provide effective control in commercial orchards.
665:
Some success has been reported using a cover crop strategy. The citrus trees were not free of the disease bacteria, yet a healthy soil environment allowed them to produce fruit and remain profitable.
1762:
3847:
1174:
Wu F, Huang J, Xu M, Fox EG, Beattie GA, Holford P, et al. (December 2018). "Host and environmental factors influencing 'Candidatus
Liberibacter asiaticus' acquisition in Diaphorina citri".
1039:"Prospective analysis of the geographic distribution and relative abundance of Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae) and citrus greening disease in North America and the Mediterranean Basin"
217:
Three different types of HLB are currently known: the heat-tolerant Asian form, and the heat-sensitive
African and American forms. The disease was first described in 1929 and first reported in
323:
911:
516:
and help mitigate more local infections if detected early enough. The Asian citrus psyllid has alternative hosts that may attract psyllids to citrus plants in the vicinity such as
47:
HLB, citrus vein phloem degeneration (CVPD), citrus greening disease, yellow shoot disease, yellow dragon disease, leaf mottle yellows in the Philippines, citrus dieback in India
636:
that prevented and treated citrus greening disease in greenhouse trials; as of 2021, it is being tested in field trials. The university entered into an exclusive license with
608:, may be effective in the fight against citrus greening disease and have been used in the United States but have been banned in Brazil and the European Union. In 2016, the
3842:
491:
describes establishing CLas cultures. This opens the door to a wide range of research experiments on effective CLas microbicides that were previously not possible.
3917:
553:
reported in 2012 that incorporating two genes from spinach into citrus trees improved resistance to citrus greening disease in greenhouse trials. Field tests by
2145:
Sandoval-Mojica AF, Altman S, Hunter WB, Pelz-Stelinski KS (September 2020). "Peptide conjugated morpholinos for management of the huanglongbing pathosystem".
315:
is the natural vector of American and Asian citrus greening, either psyllid can in fact transmit either of the greening agents under experimental conditions.
1766:
2409:
2393:
2372:
2312:
618:
774:
1969:
1693:
593:
2012:"Improving Suppression of Hemipteran Vectors and Bacterial Pathogens of Citrus and Solanaceous Plants: Advances in Antisense Oligonucleotides (FANA)"
800:
584:
plants in an effort to study the disease. Periwinkle plants are easily infected with the disease and respond well when experimentally treated with
419:
since 2005, and in several municipalities in Mexico since 2009 On March 30, 2012, citrus greening disease was confirmed in a single citrus tree in
1455:
1298:"Update on the detection of Huanglongbing (Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus) in backyard trees in the States of Yucatan and Quintana Roo, Mexico"
577:
919:
2108:
Hunter WB, Sinisterra-Hunter XH (2018). "Emerging RNA Suppression Technologies to Protect Citrus Trees From Citrus Greening Disease Bacteria".
1495:
1469:. (EPPO/ CABI) European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization/Centre for Agricultural Bioscience International. 1979. Archived from
2129:
1662:
1531:
542:, adverse impacts of broad-spectrum treatments on plant-beneficial microbiota, and potential implications on public and ecosystem health.
255:. For example, citrus crops in Africa become infected under cool conditions as the bacteria are transmitted by the African citrus psyllid
1255:"Transmission de la bactérie associée à la forme africaine de la maladie du" greening" par le psylle asiatique Diaphorina citri KuWayama"
1007:
1593:"Challenges for Managing Candidatus Liberibacter spp. (Huanglongbing Disease Pathogen): Current Control Measures and Future Directions"
3912:
1973:
1561:
2459:
1361:"Detection of Huanglongbing (Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus) in the Municipalities of Mazatlan and Escuinapa, Sinaloa, Mexico"
1636:
1430:
832:"Phytoene desaturase-silenced citrus as a trap crop with multiple cues to attract Diaphorina citri, the vector of Huanglongbing"
299:
L. asiaticus is heat tolerant. This means the greening symptoms can develop at temperatures up to 35 °C. The African form,
1828:
1824:
431:. The first report of HLB in Texas occurred on January 13, 2012, from a Valencia sweet orange tree in a commercial orchard in
307:
L. americanus, are heat sensitive, thus symptoms only develop when the temperature is in the range 20â25 °C. Although
573:
546:
2401:
756:
679:
614:
564:
called 'Bingo' has been bred at the University of Florida. Other varieties can have a partial tolerance to the disease.
214:, also known as the two-spotted citrus psyllid. It has no known cure. It has also been shown to be graft-transmissible.
2249:
2224:
3878:
3764:
1340:"Detection of Huanglongbing (Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus) in the Municipality of Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico"
3769:
2891:
1277:"Detection of Huanglongbing (Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus) in the municipality of Tizimin, Yucatan, Mexico"
3922:
2696:
629:
1794:
74:
3754:
3734:
3663:
2681:
550:
68:
62:
3081:
3729:
3706:
2936:
2916:
2911:
1319:"Update on the detection of Huanglongbing (Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus) in backyard trees in Mexico"
808:
549:
citrus may be a possible solution, but questions of its acceptability to consumers exist. A researcher at
335:
Distribution of the Asian citrus psyllid that is a vector of the citrus greening disease, is primarily in
288:
3759:
3827:
3681:
3454:
3449:
3066:
2377:
2309:
2274:
1381:
185:
1470:
1038:
3557:
3483:
2569:
2452:
2189:
2064:
1922:
1863:
843:
709:
Bové JM (March 2006). "Huanglongbing: a destructive, newly-emerging, century-old disease of citrus".
554:
138:
2053:"Antibacterial FANA oligonucleotides as a novel approach for managing the Huanglongbing pathosystem"
1852:"A stable antimicrobial peptide with dual functions of treating and preventing citrus Huanglongbing"
1506:
3791:
3774:
3633:
3420:
2686:
2010:
Hunter WB, Cooper WR, Sandoval-Mojica AF, McCollum G, Aishwarya V, Pelz-Stelinski KS (2021-07-08).
1539:
589:
581:
888:
3890:
3832:
3696:
3494:
3395:
3259:
3205:
3177:
3016:
2886:
2591:
2530:
1799:
1715:
1199:
1153:
1015:
869:
718:
538:
spp.) and associated disease symptoms, limitations for therapeutics to contact the phytopathogen
424:
339:
and subtropical Asia. It has been reported in all citrus-growing regions in Asia except mainland
2367:
1670:
1014:. University of Florida's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS). Archived from
3812:
3797:
3744:
3671:
3653:
3531:
3526:
3410:
3076:
2901:
2871:
2701:
2691:
2495:
2385:
2205:
2162:
2125:
2090:
2033:
1950:
1891:
1614:
1569:
1254:
1235:
1191:
1145:
974:
861:
674:
3802:
3686:
3567:
3478:
3436:
3425:
3415:
3400:
3264:
3172:
2851:
2756:
2345:
2197:
2154:
2117:
2080:
2072:
2023:
1988:
1940:
1930:
1881:
1871:
1604:
1227:
1183:
1137:
1053:
964:
954:
851:
637:
420:
328:
276:
263:
204:
157:
98:
3866:
3822:
3807:
3739:
3608:
3547:
3509:
3488:
3348:
3295:
3279:
3269:
3195:
3187:
3162:
3149:
3139:
3134:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3061:
2966:
2956:
2896:
2866:
2836:
2826:
2776:
2746:
2706:
2646:
2606:
2510:
2485:
2445:
2051:
Sandoval-Mojica AF, Hunter WB, Aishwarya V, Bonilla S, Pelz-Stelinski KS (February 2021).
684:
605:
561:
432:
257:
210:
104:
36:
2414:
Lists general information and resources for citrus greening and the Asian citrus psyllid.
1850:
Huang CY, Araujo K, SĂĄnchez JN, Kund G, Trumble J, Roper C, et al. (February 2021).
621:, primarily as antibiotic resistance can be expected to develop and affect human health.
2193:
2068:
1926:
1867:
847:
3724:
3562:
3405:
3274:
3254:
3200:
3071:
3036:
2946:
2856:
2846:
2806:
2801:
2791:
2731:
2564:
2520:
2085:
2052:
1945:
1910:
1886:
1851:
969:
942:
654:
380:
1795:"Citrus Farmers Facing Deadly Bacteria Turn to Antibiotics, Alarming Health Officials"
1382:"Citrus Disease Huanglongbing Detected in Hacienda Heights Area of Los Angeles County"
889:"Observation on yellow shoot on citrus. Etiological studies of yellow shoot on Citrus"
3906:
3676:
3373:
3157:
3109:
2996:
2976:
2906:
2781:
2736:
2616:
2541:
2515:
2330:"Towards the completion of Koch's postulates for the citrus Huanglongbing bacterium,
1407:
943:"Controlling Citrus Huanglongbing: Green Sustainable Development Route Is the Future"
873:
416:
234:
1989:"FANA and Morpholino's, Novel Molecules for Gene-Targeting in Plants and Arthropods"
1203:
1157:
131:
3749:
3701:
3587:
3582:
3465:
3319:
3309:
3129:
2941:
2751:
2666:
2626:
2559:
1360:
1339:
1318:
1297:
1276:
856:
831:
601:
534:
388:
292:
222:
194:
56:
2201:
1741:
1609:
1592:
830:
Killiny N, Nehela Y, George J, Rashidi M, Stelinski LL, Lapointe SL (July 2021).
3817:
3613:
3324:
3292:
3167:
3056:
3031:
3026:
3011:
2981:
2881:
2831:
2816:
2641:
2601:
2500:
2121:
1970:"UC Riverside discovers first effective treatment for citrus-destroying disease"
1406:
Da Graça JV, Kunta M, Sétamou M, Rascoe J, Li W, Nakhla MK, et al. (2015).
1098:
585:
392:
368:
218:
2076:
1915:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1856:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1231:
3638:
2921:
2726:
2721:
2661:
2631:
2621:
2549:
2028:
2011:
737:
428:
396:
3086:
2037:
1408:"Huanglongbing in Texas: Report on the first detections in commercial citrus"
959:
545:
No naturally immune citrus cultivars have been identified; however, creating
3304:
3046:
3006:
2931:
2771:
2656:
2611:
1935:
1876:
400:
360:
352:
252:
112:
3552:
2418:
2209:
2166:
2094:
1954:
1895:
1618:
1363:. North American Plant Protection Organization's Phytosanitary Alert System
1342:. North American Plant Protection Organization's Phytosanitary Alert System
1321:. North American Plant Protection Organization's Phytosanitary Alert System
1300:. North American Plant Protection Organization's Phytosanitary Alert System
1279:. North American Plant Protection Organization's Phytosanitary Alert System
1239:
1195:
1149:
978:
865:
448:
Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. The disease was not reported in the EU as of 2004
30:
1072:
3837:
3643:
3623:
3618:
3592:
3572:
3334:
3314:
3228:
3223:
2991:
2926:
2876:
2796:
2651:
2596:
2583:
2350:
2329:
2328:
Zheng D, Armstrong CM, Yao W, Wu B, Luo W, Powell C, et al. (2024).
1993:
Proceedings of the XXV International Plant & Animal Genome Conference
1141:
1057:
525:
408:
376:
372:
356:
336:
238:
189:
2305:"FE983/FE983: Impact of Citrus Greening on Citrus Operations in Florida"
1911:"A promising plant defense peptide against citrus Huanglongbing disease"
738:"FE983/FE983: Impact of Citrus Greening on Citrus Operations in Florida"
722:
237:
and adjacent tissues (hence the "yellow dragon" name given by observing
3648:
3577:
3329:
3238:
3215:
3041:
3021:
2986:
2861:
2711:
2676:
2636:
2505:
2477:
1763:"$ 31.5mn allocated by USDA for research to fight citrus fruit disease"
633:
412:
364:
199:
580:
have used lemon trees infected with citrus greening disease to infect
3628:
3101:
3051:
3001:
2971:
2961:
2951:
2841:
2821:
2811:
2786:
2766:
2761:
2741:
2716:
2671:
2525:
2490:
2468:
404:
284:
181:
165:
153:
86:
2158:
1742:"Periwinkle Plants Provide Ammunition in the War on Citrus Greening"
1187:
2554:
384:
348:
344:
340:
322:
137:
Citrus greening was first found in 2005 in the US and has cut the
2304:
1220:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
3091:
1825:"Antibiotic Use on Oranges Gets Trump Administration's Approval"
233:
HLB is distinguished by the common symptoms of yellowing of the
2441:
1387:. California Department of Food and Agriculture. March 30, 2012
270:
The young larval stage is the most suitable for acquisition of
2430:
609:
3848:
University of California, Riverside Citrus Variety Collection
221:
in 1943. The African variation was first reported in 1947 in
1694:"After A Sour Decade, Florida Citrus May Be Near A Comeback"
1079:. Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International (CABI)
2180:
Altman S (January 2014). "Antibiotics present and future".
640:
to develop an enhanced injectable version of the product.
557:
of oranges with the spinach genes in Florida are ongoing.
2437:
2423:
Center for Invasive Species Research and Citrus Greening
1716:"Promising new citrus varieties for greening tolerance"
1431:"Threat to California Citrus May Finish Backyard Trees"
757:"Researchers Find Possible Answer to Citrus Greening"
395:. Areas outside Asia have also reported the disease:
311:
is the natural vector of African citrus greening and
655:
http://www.gene-ools.com/morpholino_antisense_oligos
198:
spp. The disease is transmitted by the Asian citrus
3783:
3717:
3662:
3601:
3540:
3508:
3463:
3434:
3382:
3360:
3347:
3288:
3247:
3237:
3214:
3186:
3148:
3100:
2580:
2539:
2475:
121:
111:
93:
82:
51:
43:
23:
3843:University of California Citrus Experiment Station
1591:Blaustein RA, Lorca GL, Teplitski M (April 2018).
996:. Food & Fertilizer Technology Center: 2001â2.
912:"Can Genetic Engineering Save the Florida Orange?"
742:Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS)
1637:"A Race to Save the Orange by Altering Its DNA"
1663:"Spinach genes may stop deadly citrus disease"
2453:
941:Li X, Ruan H, Zhou C, Meng X, Chen W (2021).
8:
2406:National Invasive Species Information Center
2390:National Invasive Species Information Center
1253:Lallemand J, Fos A, Bové JM (January 1986).
192:. The causative agents are motile bacteria,
2433:. Philadelphia, PA, USA.: AUM BioTech, LLC.
2410:United States National Agricultural Library
2394:United States National Agricultural Library
2373:Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
2313:Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
1630:
1628:
1562:"UF/IFAS Citrus Extension: Plant Pathology"
1532:"UF/IFAS Citrus Extension: Plant Pathology"
3357:
3244:
2460:
2446:
2438:
1999:(Paper25794). January 14-18, San Diego,CA.
1073:"Trioza erytreae (African citrus psyllid)"
779:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
613:is proposed by the EPA but opposed by the
29:
2349:
2084:
2027:
1944:
1934:
1885:
1875:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1608:
992:Su HJ (2001). "Citrus greening disease".
968:
958:
855:
594:biocide 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide
274:L. asiaticus by the Asian citrus psyllid
2402:"Species Profile â Asian Citrus Psyllid"
588:. Researchers are testing the effect of
130:
2248:Popenoe J, Diepenbrock L (2019-04-02).
2223:Popenoe J, Diepenbrock L (2019-04-02).
1037:Gutierrez AP, Ponti L (December 2013).
696:
578:United States Department of Agriculture
2486:Australian and Papuan wild limes group
1819:
1817:
1765:. canadianbusiness.com. Archived from
20:
16:Bacterial disease of citrus, bug-borne
3918:Bacterial tree pathogens and diseases
2419:"CISR: Huanglongbing/Citrus Greening"
1169:
1167:
1122:
1120:
7:
3885:
2303:Singerman A, Useche P (2019-02-26).
1744:. USDA Agricultural Research Service
1467:EPPO Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests
1105:. University of California Riverside
1103:Center for Invasive Species Research
343:. The disease has affected crops in
283:The causative agents are fastidious
2431:"AUMsilence RNA silencing platform"
2386:"Species Profile â Citrus Greening"
704:
702:
700:
2315:Electronic Data Information Source
1974:University of California Riverside
801:"The Disease: Huanglongbing (HLB)"
600:Certain antibiotics, specifically
208:, and the African citrus psyllid,
14:
524:, and other plants in the family
463:Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus
303:L. africanus, and American form,
3884:
3873:
3872:
3861:
3860:
489:Horticulture Research 11(3):1-7,
487:Liberibacter asiaticus. in
135:Orange juice prices 1973 - 2022
2380:– via Creatures Web Site.
1829:Center for Biological Diversity
1669:. Texas A&M. Archived from
1503:Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests
781:. U.S. Department of Agricultur
755:Nosowitz D (14 February 2021).
1130:Journal of Economic Entomology
910:Voosen P (13 September 2014).
857:10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110930
170:
1:
3125:Fingered citron/Buddha's hand
2202:10.1016/j.febslet.2013.10.048
2110:Advances in Insect Physiology
893:Acta Phytopathological Sinica
632:scientists have discovered a
574:Agricultural Research Service
3563:Dried lime tea (noomi basra)
1968:Bernstein J (July 7, 2020).
1661:Santaana R (26 March 2012).
1610:10.1094/phyto-07-17-0260-rvw
1099:"CISR: Asian Citrus Psyllid"
680:Olive quick decline syndrome
2122:10.1016/bs.aiip.2018.08.001
1692:Allen G (4 December 2016).
1429:Lovett I (April 17, 2012).
1412:Journal of Citrus Pathology
125:Asia, Africa, United States
35:Citrus greening disease on
3939:
2275:"Citrus Industry Magazine"
2250:"Citrus Industry Magazine"
2225:"Citrus Industry Magazine"
2077:10.1038/s41598-021-82425-8
1635:Harmon M (July 27, 2013).
1232:10.1099/00207713-50-6-2119
947:Frontiers in Plant Science
711:Journal of Plant Pathology
644:Antisense oligonucleotides
3913:Bacterial citrus diseases
3856:
3770:Johann Christoph Volkamer
3479:Orange-flowered oxanthera
2902:Myrtle-leaved orange tree
2892:Midknight Valencia Orange
2029:10.3389/fagro.2021.675247
1793:Jacobs A (May 17, 2019).
1496:Citrus greening bacterium
161:
28:
2279:Citrus Industry Magazine
2254:Citrus Industry Magazine
2229:Citrus Industry Magazine
1909:Wang N (February 2021).
1740:O'Brien D (2010-04-26).
1505:(Report). Archived from
1012:UF/IFAS Citrus Extension
960:10.3389/fpls.2021.760481
744:. University of Florida.
630:University of California
3755:Walter Tennyson Swingle
3735:Lena B. Smithers Hughes
3426:Brown River finger lime
2334:Liberibacter asiaticus"
2147:Pest Management Science
1936:10.1073/pnas.2026483118
1877:10.1073/pnas.2019628118
1176:Pest Management Science
736:Singerman A, Useche P.
560:A resistant variety of
555:Southern Gardens Citrus
551:Texas AgriLife Research
467:Propionibacterium acnes
295:clade. The Asian form,
146:Citrus greening disease
24:Citrus greening disease
3730:Robert Willard Hodgson
3421:Australian finger lime
2937:Palestinian sweet lime
2917:New Zealand grapefruit
2368:"Asian citrus psyllid"
807:. 2011. Archived from
461:The effort to culture
332:
289:Gram-negative bacteria
142:
3828:List of citrus fruits
3401:Australian round lime
3067:Variegated pink lemon
2338:Horticulture Research
2310:University of Florida
2273:Neff E (2019-11-18).
2116:. Elsevier: 163â197.
2016:Frontiers in Agronomy
922:on September 15, 2014
805:Citrus Research Board
500:Liberibacter crescens
326:
150:yellow dragon disease
134:
3484:Large-leaf oxanthera
3396:New Guinea wild lime
1077:CABI Digital Library
1058:10.1653/024.096.0417
1046:Florida Entomologist
547:genetically modified
3792:The Citrus Industry
3775:Herbert John Webber
3634:Orange flower water
3489:Wavy-leaf oxanthera
2687:Fairchild tangerine
2194:2014FEBSL.588....1A
2069:2021NatSR..11.2760S
1927:2021PNAS..11826483W
1868:2021PNAS..11819628H
1831:. December 10, 2018
1226:(Pt 6): 2119â2125.
916:National Geographic
848:2021PlnSc.30810930K
590:penicillin G sodium
572:Researchers at the
522:Severinia buxifolia
141:production in half
3833:Mother Orange Tree
3495:Oxanthera brevipes
3455:Clymenia polyandra
3450:Clymenia platypoda
3411:Maiden's wild lime
3406:Russell River lime
3158:Cleopatra mandarin
3017:Smith Red Valencia
2737:Indian wild orange
2351:10.1093/hr/uhae011
2057:Scientific Reports
1921:(6): e2026483118.
1862:(6): e2019628118.
1800:The New York Times
1641:The New York Times
1572:on 2 December 2020
1435:The New York Times
1142:10.1093/jee/toy182
811:on 17 January 2011
518:Murraya paniculata
425:Los Angeles County
333:
180:) is a disease of
143:
3900:
3899:
3813:Cold-hardy citrus
3798:Citrus production
3532:Trifoliate orange
3504:
3503:
3472:
3443:
3389:
3367:
3343:
3342:
3255:Hong Kong kumquat
3201:Mountain "citron"
3178:Willowleaf orange
2927:Orangelo/Chironja
2872:Melanesian papeda
2692:Florentine citron
2573:
2131:978-0-12-815079-5
1987:Hunter W (2017).
1566:Crec.ifas.ufl.edu
1536:Crec.ifas.ufl.edu
1182:(12): 2738â2746.
1008:"Plant Pathology"
775:"Citrus greening"
675:Citrus black spot
129:
128:
44:Common names
3930:
3888:
3887:
3876:
3875:
3864:
3863:
3803:Citrus rootstock
3760:ChĆzaburĆ Tanaka
3718:Citrus botanists
3568:Grapefruit juice
3470:
3441:
3416:Mount White lime
3387:
3365:
3358:
3353:wild limes group
3289:Kumquat hybrids
3245:
3150:Mandarin oranges
2997:Satsuma mandarin
2757:Jamaican tangelo
2567:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2439:
2434:
2426:
2413:
2397:
2381:
2355:
2353:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2153:(9): 3217â3224.
2142:
2136:
2135:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2031:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1938:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1889:
1879:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1790:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1673:on 16 April 2012
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1612:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1568:. Archived from
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1542:on 13 April 2021
1538:. Archived from
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1512:on March 9, 2016
1511:
1500:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1475:
1464:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1386:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1171:
1162:
1161:
1136:(5): 2038â2045.
1124:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1052:(4): 1375â1391.
1043:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1018:on 14 April 2021
1004:
998:
997:
994:Plant Protection
989:
983:
982:
972:
962:
938:
932:
931:
929:
927:
918:. Archived from
907:
901:
900:
884:
878:
877:
859:
827:
821:
820:
818:
816:
797:
791:
790:
788:
786:
771:
765:
764:
752:
746:
745:
733:
727:
726:
706:
421:Hacienda Heights
329:Diaphorina citri
277:Diaphorina citri
264:Diaphorina citri
205:Diaphorina citri
174:
163:
99:Diaphorina citri
37:mandarin oranges
33:
21:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3923:Candidatus taxa
3903:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3852:
3823:Japanese citrus
3808:Citrus taxonomy
3779:
3765:Ikuro Takahashi
3740:David Mabberley
3713:
3658:
3609:Calcium citrate
3597:
3548:Calamansi juice
3536:
3514:
3512:
3500:
3471:(former genera)
3469:
3459:
3442:(former genera)
3440:
3430:
3388:(former genera)
3386:
3378:
3366:(former genera)
3364:
3352:
3350:
3339:
3296:Citrofortunella
3290:
3284:
3280:Malayan kumquat
3275:Jiangsu kumquat
3248:Kumquat species
3233:
3210:
3182:
3144:
3140:Yemenite citron
3135:Moroccan citron
3120:Diamante citron
3115:Corsican citron
3096:
3062:Valencia orange
2957:Ponderosa lemon
2827:Kobayashi mikan
2697:Forbidden fruit
2647:Cara cara navel
2607:Bergamot orange
2582:
2581:True and hybrid
2576:
2535:
2531:Ryukyu mandarin
2521:Mountain citron
2511:Mandarin orange
2471:
2466:
2429:
2417:
2400:
2384:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2327:
2319:
2317:
2302:
2298:
2296:Further reading
2293:
2292:
2283:
2281:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2258:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2233:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2159:10.1002/ps.5877
2144:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1792:
1791:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1747:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1476:on 13 July 2010
1473:
1462:
1458:Trioza erytreae
1454:
1453:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1385:(Press release)
1384:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1324:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1303:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1282:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1188:10.1002/ps.5060
1173:
1172:
1165:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1006:
1005:
1001:
991:
990:
986:
940:
939:
935:
925:
923:
909:
908:
904:
887:Lin KH (1956).
886:
885:
881:
829:
828:
824:
814:
812:
799:
798:
794:
784:
782:
773:
772:
768:
754:
753:
749:
735:
734:
730:
708:
707:
698:
693:
685:Plant pathology
671:
663:
646:
627:
606:oxytetracycline
570:
562:mandarin orange
513:
497:
476:
459:
454:
433:San Juan, Texas
321:
258:Trioza erytreae
253:psyllid insects
248:
231:
211:Trioza erytreae
136:
105:Trioza erytreae
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3936:
3934:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3905:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3882:
3870:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3787:
3785:
3784:Related topics
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3745:Clément Rodier
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3725:Clara H. Hasse
3721:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3668:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3522:
3520:
3510:Related genera
3506:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3473:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3355:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3196:Celebes papeda
3192:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3106:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3082:XĂŁ ÄoĂ i orange
3079:
3074:
3072:Volkamer lemon
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2947:Pixie mandarin
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2847:Lemonade fruit
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2807:Kinkoji unshiu
2804:
2799:
2794:
2792:Kawachi bankan
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2732:Imperial lemon
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2506:Kumquats group
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2427:
2415:
2398:
2382:
2362:
2361:External links
2359:
2357:
2356:
2325:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2265:
2240:
2215:
2172:
2137:
2130:
2100:
2043:
2002:
1979:
1960:
1901:
1842:
1813:
1780:
1769:on 4 July 2015
1754:
1732:
1707:
1684:
1667:Agrilife Today
1653:
1624:
1603:(4): 424â435.
1597:Phytopathology
1583:
1553:
1523:
1487:
1447:
1421:
1398:
1373:
1352:
1331:
1310:
1289:
1268:
1245:
1209:
1163:
1116:
1090:
1063:
1029:
999:
984:
933:
902:
879:
822:
792:
766:
747:
728:
695:
694:
692:
689:
688:
687:
682:
677:
670:
667:
662:
659:
645:
642:
626:
623:
569:
566:
512:
509:
496:
493:
475:
472:
458:
455:
453:
450:
381:Ryukyu Islands
320:
317:
247:
244:
230:
227:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
115:
109:
108:
95:
91:
90:
84:
80:
79:
53:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3935:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3893:
3892:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3511:
3507:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3346:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3270:Round kumquat
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:Meiwa kumquat
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3206:Ichang papeda
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3110:Balady citron
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3037:Sweet limetta
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2977:Rhobs el Arsa
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2907:Nagpur orange
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2852:LimĂłn de Pica
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2617:Bitter orange
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2579:
2571:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2516:Mangshanyegan
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2496:Ichang papeda
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2333:
2326:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2266:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1843:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1695:
1688:
1685:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1584:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1459:
1451:
1448:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1399:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1265:(5): 341â343.
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1030:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1003:
1000:
995:
988:
985:
980:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
952:
948:
944:
937:
934:
921:
917:
913:
906:
903:
898:
894:
890:
883:
880:
875:
871:
867:
863:
858:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
836:Plant Science
833:
826:
823:
810:
806:
802:
796:
793:
780:
776:
770:
767:
762:
761:Modern Farmer
758:
751:
748:
743:
739:
732:
729:
724:
720:
716:
712:
705:
703:
701:
697:
690:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
672:
668:
666:
660:
658:
656:
650:
643:
641:
639:
635:
631:
624:
622:
620:
616:
611:
607:
603:
598:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
567:
565:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
536:
529:
527:
523:
519:
510:
508:
504:
501:
494:
492:
490:
486:
480:
473:
471:
468:
464:
456:
451:
449:
446:
442:
441:huanglongbing
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
331:
330:
325:
318:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
287:-restricted,
286:
281:
279:
278:
273:
268:
266:
265:
260:
259:
254:
245:
243:
240:
236:
228:
226:
224:
220:
215:
213:
212:
207:
206:
201:
197:
196:
191:
188:-transmitted
187:
183:
179:
175:
173:
172:huĂĄnglĂłngbĂŹng
167:
159:
155:
151:
147:
140:
133:
124:
120:
116:
114:
110:
107:
106:
101:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:
81:
77:
76:
75:L. americanus
71:
70:
65:
64:
59:
58:
54:
52:Causal agents
50:
46:
42:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3889:
3877:
3865:
3790:
3750:Robert Soost
3702:Phytophthora
3691:
3682:CTV/Tristeza
3588:Yuja-hwachae
3583:Orange juice
3525:
3516:
3493:
3464:
3435:
3383:
3361:
3320:Mandarinquat
3310:Citrangequat
3265:Oval kumquat
3130:Greek citron
2942:Persian lime
2802:Khasi papeda
2752:Jaffa orange
2667:Coorg orange
2627:Blood orange
2570:sweet orange
2422:
2405:
2389:
2371:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2318:. Retrieved
2308:
2282:. Retrieved
2278:
2268:
2257:. Retrieved
2253:
2243:
2232:. Retrieved
2228:
2218:
2185:
2182:FEBS Letters
2181:
2175:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2019:
2015:
2005:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1963:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1833:. Retrieved
1804:. Retrieved
1798:
1771:. Retrieved
1767:the original
1757:
1746:. Retrieved
1735:
1723:. Retrieved
1720:ScienceDaily
1719:
1710:
1698:. Retrieved
1687:
1675:. Retrieved
1671:the original
1666:
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1640:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1574:. Retrieved
1570:the original
1565:
1556:
1544:. Retrieved
1540:the original
1535:
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1507:the original
1502:
1490:
1478:. Retrieved
1471:the original
1466:
1457:
1450:
1438:. Retrieved
1434:
1424:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1389:. Retrieved
1376:
1365:. Retrieved
1355:
1344:. Retrieved
1334:
1323:. Retrieved
1313:
1302:. Retrieved
1292:
1281:. Retrieved
1271:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1179:
1175:
1133:
1129:
1107:. Retrieved
1102:
1093:
1081:. Retrieved
1076:
1066:
1049:
1045:
1032:
1020:. Retrieved
1016:the original
1011:
1002:
993:
987:
950:
946:
936:
924:. Retrieved
920:the original
915:
905:
896:
892:
882:
839:
835:
825:
813:. Retrieved
809:the original
804:
795:
785:21 September
783:. Retrieved
778:
769:
760:
750:
741:
731:
714:
710:
664:
651:
647:
628:
602:streptomycin
599:
571:
559:
544:
539:
535:Liberibacter
533:
530:
521:
517:
514:
505:
499:
498:
495:Model system
488:
484:
481:
477:
466:
462:
460:
444:
440:
437:
389:Saudi Arabia
334:
327:
319:Distribution
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
293:gracilicutes
282:
275:
271:
269:
262:
256:
249:
246:Transmission
232:
223:South Africa
216:
209:
203:
195:Liberibacter
193:
184:caused by a
177:
171:
169:
149:
145:
144:
122:Distribution
103:
97:
73:
69:L. africanus
67:
63:L. asiaticus
61:
57:Liberibacter
55:
18:
3818:Hesperidium
3614:Citric acid
3384:Microcitrus
3374:Desert lime
3362:Eromocitrus
3325:Procimequat
3168:Nanfengmiju
3077:Winged lime
3057:Tsunonozomi
3032:Sweet lemon
3027:Suruga yuko
3012:Shonan Gold
2982:Rough lemon
2882:Meyer lemon
2817:Kishu mikan
2777:Kakadu lime
2702:Ginger lime
2602:Assam lemon
2501:Kaffir lime
2344:(3): 1â17.
2063:(1): 2760.
1700:10 February
815:29 November
717:(1): 7â37.
661:Cover crops
586:antibiotics
568:Antibiotics
474:Limitations
393:Afghanistan
369:Philippines
309:T. erytreae
219:South China
139:Orange tree
3907:Categories
3879:Production
3672:Black spot
3639:Orange oil
3351:and Papuan
3349:Australian
2727:Hyuganatsu
2722:Heen naran
2662:Clementine
2632:Byeonggyul
2622:Blood lime
2550:Grapefruit
2332:Candidatus
2320:2021-02-16
2284:2024-08-17
2259:2022-07-17
2234:2022-07-17
2188:(1): 1â2.
1748:2014-05-18
1725:5 December
1367:2010-10-02
1346:2010-10-02
1325:2010-10-02
1304:2010-10-02
1283:2010-10-02
1071:Arengo E.
953:: 760481.
842:: 110930.
691:References
582:periwinkle
485:Candidatus
445:Candidatus
429:California
3707:citricola
3697:Mal secco
3687:Exocortis
3515:properly
3466:Oxanthera
3305:Calamansi
3173:Tachibana
3047:Tangerine
3007:Shangjuan
2932:Oroblanco
2887:Micrantha
2772:Kaji Nemu
2657:Citrumelo
2612:Bizzarria
2584:cultivars
2038:2673-3218
1677:1 October
1440:April 18,
1418:(1): 1â6.
1391:April 18,
874:235203508
540:in planta
452:Culturing
401:Mauritius
361:Indonesia
353:Sri Lanka
113:EPPO Code
3867:Category
3838:Orangery
3692:Greening
3664:Diseases
3644:Orangeat
3624:Limonene
3619:Lemonene
3602:Products
3593:Yuja tea
3573:Lemonade
3527:Poncirus
3513:(perhaps
3437:Clymenia
3335:Yuzuquat
3315:Limequat
3239:Kumquats
3229:Dangyuja
3224:Banpeiyu
3163:ShÄ«kwÄsÄ
2992:Sanbokan
2912:Nasnaran
2877:Melogold
2797:Key lime
2652:Citrange
2642:Cam sĂ nh
2597:Amanatsu
2210:24252220
2167:32358830
2095:33531619
1955:33526706
1896:33526689
1646:July 28,
1619:28990481
1516:March 6,
1240:11155987
1204:19098533
1196:29726075
1158:51628267
1150:30010958
979:34868155
866:34034878
723:41998278
669:See also
625:Peptides
526:Rutaceae
409:Paraguay
377:Thailand
373:Pakistan
357:Malaysia
337:tropical
313:D. citri
239:Chaozhou
229:Symptoms
190:pathogen
3891:Commons
3649:Succade
3578:Limeade
3558:Curaçao
3330:Sunquat
3216:Pomelos
3188:Papedas
3102:Citrons
3042:Tangelo
3022:Sudachi
2987:Samuyao
2967:Rangpur
2922:Ćgonkan
2897:Murcott
2867:Mandora
2862:Mandelo
2837:Komikan
2712:Hassaku
2677:Dekopon
2637:Biasong
2542:hybrids
2478:species
2190:Bibcode
2086:7854585
2065:Bibcode
1946:8017718
1923:Bibcode
1887:8017978
1864:Bibcode
1835:June 6,
1806:June 5,
1773:12 June
1576:17 June
1546:17 June
1480:17 June
1109:17 June
1083:17 June
1022:17 June
970:8636133
926:17 June
899:: 1â42.
844:Bibcode
634:peptide
576:of the
511:Control
457:History
415:in the
413:Florida
397:RĂ©union
365:Myanmar
291:in the
200:psyllid
158:Chinese
94:Vectors
3677:Canker
3629:Neroli
3553:Chƫhai
3541:Drinks
3517:Citrus
3052:Tangor
3002:Setoka
2972:Reikou
2962:Ponkan
2952:Pompia
2842:Laraha
2822:Kiyomi
2812:Kinnow
2787:Kanpei
2767:Kabosu
2762:Kabbad
2747:Jabara
2742:Iyokan
2717:Hebesu
2707:Haruka
2682:Encore
2672:Daidai
2592:Alemow
2565:Orange
2540:Major
2526:Pomelo
2491:Citron
2469:Citrus
2208:
2165:
2128:
2093:
2083:
2036:
1953:
1943:
1894:
1884:
1617:
1259:Fruits
1238:
1202:
1194:
1156:
1148:
977:
967:
872:
864:
721:
638:Invaio
411:, and
405:Brazil
391:, and
379:, the
367:, the
285:phloem
186:vector
182:citrus
176:abbr.
168::
166:pinyin
160::
154:calque
117:1LIBEG
87:citrus
60:spp. (
3241:group
2857:Lumia
2782:Kalpi
2555:Lemon
2476:True
1696:. NPR
1510:(PDF)
1499:(PDF)
1474:(PDF)
1463:(PDF)
1200:S2CID
1154:S2CID
1042:(PDF)
870:S2CID
719:JSTOR
385:Nepal
349:India
345:China
341:Japan
235:veins
89:trees
83:Hosts
3654:Zest
3092:Yuzu
3087:YĆ«kĆ
2832:Koji
2560:Lime
2206:PMID
2163:PMID
2126:ISBN
2091:PMID
2034:ISSN
1951:PMID
1892:PMID
1837:2019
1808:2019
1775:2014
1727:2019
1702:2017
1679:2012
1648:2013
1615:PMID
1578:2017
1548:2017
1518:2022
1482:2017
1442:2012
1393:2012
1236:PMID
1192:PMID
1146:PMID
1111:2017
1085:2017
1024:2017
975:PMID
928:2017
862:PMID
817:2010
787:2023
617:and
604:and
592:and
417:U.S.
2346:doi
2198:doi
2186:588
2155:doi
2118:doi
2081:PMC
2073:doi
2024:doi
1941:PMC
1931:doi
1919:118
1882:PMC
1872:doi
1860:118
1605:doi
1601:108
1228:doi
1184:doi
1138:doi
1134:111
1054:doi
965:PMC
955:doi
852:doi
840:308
619:CDC
615:FDA
610:EPA
305:ca.
301:ca.
297:ca.
272:ca.
178:HLB
162:é»éŸç
156:of
148:or
3909::
2421:.
2408:.
2404:.
2392:.
2388:.
2378:UF
2376:.
2370:.
2342:11
2340:.
2336:.
2307:.
2277:.
2252:.
2227:.
2204:.
2196:.
2184:.
2161:.
2151:76
2149:.
2124:.
2114:55
2112:.
2089:.
2079:.
2071:.
2061:11
2059:.
2055:.
2032:.
2022:.
2018:.
2014:.
1997:25
1995:.
1991:.
1972:.
1949:.
1939:.
1929:.
1917:.
1913:.
1890:.
1880:.
1870:.
1858:.
1854:.
1827:.
1816:^
1797:.
1783:^
1718:.
1665:.
1639:.
1627:^
1613:.
1599:.
1595:.
1564:.
1534:.
1501:.
1465:.
1433:.
1414:.
1410:.
1263:41
1261:.
1257:.
1234:.
1224:50
1222:.
1198:.
1190:.
1180:74
1178:.
1166:^
1152:.
1144:.
1132:.
1119:^
1101:.
1075:.
1050:96
1048:.
1044:.
1010:.
973:.
963:.
951:12
949:.
945:.
914:.
895:.
891:.
868:.
860:.
850:.
838:.
834:.
803:.
777:.
759:.
740:.
715:88
713:.
699:^
528:.
520:,
427:,
423:,
407:,
403:,
399:,
387:,
383:,
375:,
371:,
363:,
359:,
355:,
351:,
347:,
267:.
202:,
164:;
102:,
72:,
66:,
3530:/
3519:)
3298:)
3293:Ă
3291:(
2572:)
2568:(
2461:e
2454:t
2447:v
2425:.
2412:.
2396:.
2354:.
2348::
2323:.
2287:.
2262:.
2237:.
2212:.
2200::
2192::
2169:.
2157::
2134:.
2120::
2097:.
2075::
2067::
2040:.
2026::
2020:3
1976:.
1957:.
1933::
1925::
1898:.
1874::
1866::
1839:.
1810:.
1777:.
1751:.
1729:.
1704:.
1681:.
1650:.
1621:.
1607::
1580:.
1550:.
1520:.
1484:.
1460:"
1456:"
1444:.
1416:2
1395:.
1370:.
1349:.
1328:.
1307:.
1286:.
1242:.
1230::
1206:.
1186::
1160:.
1140::
1113:.
1087:.
1060:.
1056::
1026:.
981:.
957::
930:.
897:2
876:.
854::
846::
819:.
789:.
763:.
725:.
532:(
443:(
152:(
78:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
