51:
60:
1089:
1052:
1067:
1125:
1109:
777:
116:
634:
91:
995:
if she lands, she will flap her wings quickly and deliberately all while raising her abdomen until the male flies away. In this way, courtship is primarily a female's choice. Furthermore, it has been observed that females also produce a pheromone that aids males in determining whether a female has already mated or not.
1047:
has been seen in addition to two males upon one female. Very rarely do females accept a mate from a different species or genus, and if they do, it is usually because they are too immature to realize the correct sexual cues of males from their own species. However, these "incorrect" matings do occur
994:
from different structures, such as that of the anal fold of the hindwing, that cause the females to perform the appropriate response. Sometimes, however, a female can choose to reject a male's attempt at mating, often because she has already mated. She can do so by either avoiding his approach or,
989:
Courtship is more or less the same in all
Papilionidae. Once a female enters the visual field of a male, the male moves quickly to hover over her so that his wings beat rapidly. The female is then induced to land so that the male can attempt to mate with her. There are various ways in which the
1030:
is transferred to the female's bursa. The spermatophore is then absorbed and its nutrient (protein) contents are given to the female's eggs as a food source. For this reason, the male makes an indirect investment to his offspring, given that he offers them a food source, being beneficial to the
1007:
system, in which there are aggregations of males on small mating territories. When the female reaches the lek, she changes her behavior so that she helps the males to detect her by performing a long and obvious circular flight. The species operates on a
1031:
female given that she risks less of her own well-being to bear her offspring. Therefore, a male is considered more fit with a larger ejaculation, given that he allows his offspring to feed so that his own genes may be passed on efficiently.
1088:
1026:, which prevents other males from mating with the female, ensuring that only the sperm from this male fertilizes the eggs. The physical act of copulation takes between one half hour to two hours. During this time, the male
1043:, so that mating requires that males and females recognize and mate with individuals of the appropriate sex and species, as indicated by the appropriate chemical and visual cues that are made. Sometimes,
1066:
1627:
1048:
so that there is diversity in the species, as seen through the different larval patterns that have evolved in the species, depending on the type of plant the eggs are laid upon.
765:. They remain in the pupal form for two to three weeks before emerging as adults.It is dormint for four months in the pupa from May to August. Pupa will amerge in September
1124:
1476:
1223:
990:
male entices the female, including visual, olfactory, tactile, and auditory cues. Of particular interest is the use of olfactory cues. Male butterflies produce
1515:
805:
is generally the most rational approach to control of infestations, paying due attention to avoiding destruction of the populations of enemies. In particular
1592:
50:
1450:
1022:
sights helped to support the idea of mating system based on polygyny. The females are prevented from mating with other males when the male emits a
59:
1617:
1199:
1018:, that which is of the same genus of this species, the lack of male-male competition, strong rapid flight, dispersed abundant food, and
1622:
1602:
1502:
1108:
749:. The organ emits a strong smell which acts as a discouragement to the predator. The larvae are sometimes known as 'orange dogs'.
773:
Adult butterflies have black and yellow markings with red and blue eyespots. Female butterflies tend to be larger than males.
1612:
1607:
1044:
1051:
1632:
1099:
226:
1398:
1520:
802:
722:, as they resemble bird droppings. They grow to a length of 10 or 15 mm before changing into mature larvae.
706:
Female butterflies lay their eggs singly on citrus leaves. After about six days, the egg hatches into an immature
115:
1569:
1239:
1341:
1507:
1379:
1403:
1177:
917:
663:
210:
177:
1424:
1263:
Scoble, M. J. The
Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity. : Natural History Museum, 1995. Print.
1009:
937:
927:
80:
1203:
776:
718:
The immature larvae are black, yellow, and white with spikes. Their coloration provides effective
1012:
system in which one male has the ability to mate with several females in one breeding season. In
957:
667:
235:
110:
1494:
1481:
1541:
1411:
731:
675:
1556:
1597:
1546:
1172:
907:
31:
633:
1528:
1154:
1076:
1014:
30:"Citrus swallowtail" redirects here. For the other butterfly with this common name, see
806:
1586:
1489:
1163:
1027:
887:
868:
100:
95:
68:
1416:
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859:
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72:
17:
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167:
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991:
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846:
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671:
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1437:
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745:
or other predator, they produce a forked, orange-coloured organ known as an
147:
127:
1325:
Clarke, C. A., C.G.C. Dickson, and P.M. Sheppard. "Larval Color
Pattern in
741:
lack the camouflage of their immature state. Instead, when threatened by a
698:
Citrus swallowtails pass through approximately three generations per year.
1533:
1390:
1312:
Krebs, Robert A. "The Mating
Behavior of Papilio glaucus (Papilionidae)."
1358:
1131:
863:
790:
683:
1564:
1455:
973:
187:
1468:
1200:"Afrotropical Butterflies: File C – Papilionidae - Tribe Papilionini"
687:
638:
157:
137:
1335:
1442:
1050:
891:
850:) are parasitoids of the pupae. Predatory insects such as certain
814:
775:
707:
632:
1329:." Evolution 17.2 (June 1963): 130-37. JSTOR. Web.17 Sept. 2013.
762:
758:
742:
1429:
1339:
730:
Mature larvae are green with white or pink markings and
682:
feed on various native plants of especially the family
1134:, the colour pattern of adult visible through the skin
734:. They grow to a maximum length of about 45 mm.
1299:
Boggs, Carol L., Ward B. Watt, and Paul R. Ehrlich.
826:
eggs. Other parasitoidal wasps in families such as
757:
The caterpillars attach themselves to branches with
1348:
1178:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T122527216A122602926.en
686:, but have also taken to the leaves of cultivated
1283:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1986. Print.
1102:secretion with one "horn" to the hand holding it.
1301:Butterflies: Ecology and Evolution Taking Flight
1039:Mate assessment involves the discrimination of
1303:. Chicago: University of Chicago, 2003. Print.
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1628:Taxa named by Eugenius Johann Christoph Esper
8:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
666:which commonly occurs over the entirety of
1336:
89:
58:
49:
40:
1316:(1988): 27-31. Google.Web. 17 Sept. 2013.
1176:
1145:
1062:
780:An adult visiting ixoras in the garden
1003:This species primarily mates via the
7:
1570:8E1DCA18-3D80-4DB0-B961-9AE5BD31B52D
1593:IUCN Red List least concern species
1164:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1314:Journal of Research on Lepidoptera
789:As with most butterflies, various
25:
858:known as assassin bugs, and some
1123:
1107:
1087:
1079:, sucking blood from a larva of
1065:
114:
872:attack both larvae and adults.
862:attack the larvae, and certain
813:, such as some species of the
1:
1618:Butterflies described in 1798
954:Papilio demodocus demodocus
477:Papilio demodocus demodocus
465:Papilio demodocus demodocus
453:Papilio demodocus demodocus
441:Papilio demodocus demodocus
381:Papilio demodocus demodocus
369:Papilio demodocus demodocus
357:Papilio demodocus demodocus
345:Papilio demodocus demodocus
333:Papilio demodocus demodocus
257:Papilio demodocus decusdemo
1649:
1171:: e.T122527216A122602926.
967:Papilio demodocus bennetti
803:integrated pest management
265:Papilio demodocus albicans
29:
1623:Lepidoptera of Cape Verde
1603:Agricultural pest insects
840:) attack the larvae, and
241:
234:
216:
209:
111:Scientific classification
109:
87:
78:
66:
57:
48:
43:
1281:The Lives of Butterflies
1244:Learn about Butterflies
1228:, Site of Markku Savela
674:, besides the southern
1072:An ectoparasitic fly,
1055:
1035:Mistakes and diversity
781:
646:
1613:Butterflies of Africa
1608:Fauna of Rivers State
1153:Westrip, JRS (2022).
1054:
1045:homosexual copulation
918:Papilio erithonioides
779:
664:swallowtail butterfly
636:
1279:Douglas, Matthew M.
1094:Final instar larva,
797:and diseases attack
761:, transforming into
27:Species of butterfly
1633:Butterflies of Asia
1098:extended, applying
938:Papilio morondavana
928:Papilio grosesmithi
883:is a member of the
844:(for example genus
834:(for example genus
660:Christmas butterfly
81:Conservation status
44:Citrus swallowtail
1056:
958:sub-Saharan Africa
782:
668:sub-Saharan Africa
656:citrus swallowtail
647:
18:Citrus swallowtail
1580:
1579:
1542:Open Tree of Life
1380:Papilio demodocus
1350:Papilio demodocus
1342:Taxon identifiers
1327:Papilio demodocus
1238:Hoskins, Adrian.
1157:Papilio demodocus
1116:Papilio demodocus
971:
943:
942:Grose-Smith, 1891
933:
923:
922:Grose-Smith, 1891
913:
903:
899:Papilio demodocus
881:Papilio demodocus
799:Papilio demodocus
676:Arabian Peninsula
651:Papilio demodocus
643:Papilio demodocus
631:
630:
625:
617:
609:Papilio demodocus
605:
597:Papilio demodocus
593:
585:Papilio demodocus
581:
573:Papilio demodocus
569:
561:Papilio demodocus
557:
549:Papilio demodocus
545:
537:Papilio demodocus
533:
525:Papilio demodocus
521:
513:Papilio demodocus
509:
501:Papilio demodocus
497:
489:Papilio demodocus
485:
473:
461:
449:
437:
429:Papilio demodocus
425:
417:Papilio demodocus
413:
405:Papilio demodocus
401:
393:Papilio demodocus
389:
377:
365:
353:
341:
329:
321:Papilio demodocus
317:
309:Papilio demodocus
305:
297:Papilio demodocus
293:
285:Papilio demodocus
281:
273:Papilio demodocus
269:
261:
253:
245:Papilio demodocus
220:Papilio demodocus
202:P. demodocus
104:
16:(Redirected from
1640:
1573:
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1310:
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1264:
1261:
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1254:
1252:
1250:
1240:"Adrian Hoskins"
1235:
1229:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1202:. Archived from
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1180:
1150:
1127:
1111:
1091:
1069:
969:
941:
932:Rothschild, 1926
931:
921:
911:
908:Papilio demoleus
901:
854:, in particular
623:
621:Papilio bennetti
615:
603:
591:
579:
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531:
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252:Capronnier, 1881
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53:
41:
33:Papilio demoleus
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1529:Observation.org
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1103:
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1083:
1077:Ceratopogonidae
1070:
1061:
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1015:Papilio glaucus
1001:
987:
982:
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878:
807:parasitic wasps
787:
785:Natural enemies
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945:
944:
934:
924:
914:
912:Linnaeus, 1758
904:
877:
874:
866:such as genus
809:in the family
786:
783:
770:
767:
754:
751:
727:
724:
715:
714:Immature larva
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629:
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306:
304:Schultze, 1914
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26:
24:
14:
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10:
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3:
2:
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1270:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1206:on 2014-02-22
1205:
1201:
1195:
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1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1149:
1146:
1139:
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1121:
1117:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1100:repugnatorial
1097:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:spermatophore
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1006:
998:
996:
993:
984:
980:Mating system
979:
975:
968:
965:
963:
959:
955:
952:
951:
947:
940:
939:
935:
930:
929:
925:
920:
919:
915:
910:
909:
905:
900:
897:
896:
895:
894:members are:
893:
889:
888:species group
886:
882:
875:
873:
871:
870:
869:Sphodromantis
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
848:
843:
839:
838:
833:
829:
825:
821:
820:
816:
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808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
784:
778:
774:
768:
766:
764:
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748:
744:
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735:
733:
725:
723:
721:
713:
711:
709:
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691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:
644:
640:
635:
622:
619:
614:
610:
607:
604:Storace, 1963
602:
601:pseudopraeses
598:
595:
592:Storace, 1963
590:
586:
583:
580:Storace, 1963
578:
574:
571:
568:Storace, 1963
566:
562:
559:
556:Storace, 1963
554:
550:
547:
544:Storace, 1963
542:
541:atromaculatus
538:
535:
532:Storace, 1963
530:
526:
523:
520:Storace, 1963
518:
514:
511:
506:
502:
499:
494:
490:
487:
484:Dufrane, 1946
482:
478:
475:
472:Dufrane, 1946
470:
466:
463:
460:Dufrane, 1946
458:
454:
451:
448:Dufrane, 1946
446:
442:
439:
434:
430:
427:
422:
418:
415:
410:
406:
403:
398:
394:
391:
388:Dufrane, 1936
386:
382:
379:
376:Dufrane, 1936
374:
370:
367:
364:Dufrane, 1936
362:
358:
355:
352:Dufrane, 1936
350:
346:
343:
340:Dufrane, 1936
338:
334:
331:
328:Le Cerf, 1927
326:
322:
319:
314:
310:
307:
302:
298:
295:
292:Le Cerf, 1913
290:
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283:
278:
274:
271:
268:Suffert, 1904
266:
263:
260:Suffert, 1904
258:
255:
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246:
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240:
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233:
228:
223:
221:
215:
212:
211:Binomial name
208:
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139:
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133:
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126:
123:
122:
117:
112:
108:
102:
97:
96:Least Concern
86:
82:
77:
74:
70:
69:KwaZulu Natal
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
42:
39:
35:
34:
19:
1349:
1326:
1321:
1313:
1308:
1300:
1280:
1259:
1247:. Retrieved
1243:
1233:
1224:
1219:
1208:. Retrieved
1204:the original
1194:
1182:. Retrieved
1168:
1162:
1156:
1148:
1115:
1081:P. demodocus
1080:
1073:
1041:conspecifics
1038:
1013:
1002:
988:
966:
960:, including
953:
936:
926:
916:
906:
898:
884:
880:
879:
867:
860:Pentatomidae
845:
842:Pteromalidae
835:
823:
817:
798:
788:
772:
756:
739:caterpillars
736:
729:
726:Mature larva
717:
705:
697:
680:caterpillars
670:, including
659:
655:
650:
649:
648:
642:
620:
612:
608:
600:
596:
588:
584:
576:
572:
564:
560:
552:
548:
540:
536:
529:bennettoides
528:
524:
516:
512:
508:Berger, 1950
504:
500:
496:Berger, 1950
492:
488:
480:
476:
468:
464:
456:
452:
444:
440:
432:
428:
420:
416:
408:
404:
400:Krüger, 1937
396:
392:
384:
380:
372:
368:
360:
356:
348:
344:
336:
332:
324:
320:
316:Strand, 1914
312:
308:
300:
296:
288:
284:
280:Strand, 1911
276:
272:
264:
256:
248:
244:
219:
217:
201:
200:
188:
178:Papilionidae
73:South Africa
38:
32:
1464:iNaturalist
1374:Wikispecies
1020:oviposition
970:Dixey, 1898
902:Esper, 1799
852:Heteroptera
828:Chalcididae
822:develop in
795:parasitoids
624:Dixey, 1898
589:latevittata
577:flavocincta
436:Berio, 1941
424:Berio, 1941
412:Berio, 1941
168:Lepidoptera
1587:Categories
1210:2012-05-09
1184:9 December
1140:References
1130:Pupa near
1114:Mid-stage
1096:osmeterium
1010:polygynous
992:pheromones
962:Madagascar
948:Subspecies
856:Reduviidae
847:Pteromalus
832:Braconidae
819:Ooencyrtus
811:Encyrtidae
801:, so that
747:osmeterium
720:camouflage
694:Life cycle
672:Madagascar
616:Vári, 1976
469:aurantiaca
361:semijuncta
325:epunctatus
148:Arthropoda
1495:122527216
985:Courtship
837:Apanteles
791:predators
517:confluens
505:overlaeti
445:vreuricki
409:oblongula
397:longsdoni
301:tessmanni
196:Species:
134:Kingdom:
128:Eukaryota
1503:LepIndex
1482:10958320
1388:BioLib:
1359:Wikidata
1249:27 March
1132:eclosion
1024:sphragis
885:demoleus
876:Taxonomy
864:Mantodea
732:eyespots
684:Rutaceae
613:belonota
565:deminuta
553:continua
493:dufranei
385:houzeaui
373:mathieui
236:Synonyms
174:Family:
144:Phylum:
138:Animalia
124:Domain:
101:IUCN 3.1
67:Both in
1598:Papilio
1565:ZooBank
1557:7688730
1456:1938125
1365:Q133397
1225:Papilio
1059:Gallery
974:Socotra
824:Papilio
737:Mature
690:trees.
662:, is a
457:duboisi
421:viginta
313:conflua
189:Papilio
184:Genus:
164:Order:
158:Insecta
154:Class:
99: (
1554:uBio:
1547:586642
1534:152999
1521:262651
1508:168320
1443:PAPIDD
1430:130850
1391:399702
999:Mating
890:. The
688:citrus
678:. The
654:, the
639:instar
637:Early
481:ochrea
349:juncta
289:cariei
277:karema
249:nubila
229:, 1798
1477:IRMNG
1469:68469
1417:75M9V
1404:27419
892:clade
815:genus
769:Adult
763:pupae
708:larva
645:larva
337:minor
247:var.
227:Esper
1516:NCBI
1490:IUCN
1451:GBIF
1438:EPPO
1399:BOLD
1251:2020
1186:2022
1169:2022
1118:pupa
830:and
759:silk
753:Pupa
743:bird
702:Eggs
611:ab.
503:ab.
491:ab.
479:ab.
467:ab.
455:ab.
443:ab.
433:adla
383:ab.
371:ab.
359:ab.
347:ab.
335:ab.
311:ab.
299:ab.
287:ab.
275:ab.
1425:EoL
1412:CoL
1173:doi
1074:cf.
1005:lek
658:or
641:of
599:f.
587:f.
575:f.
563:f.
551:f.
539:f.
527:f.
515:f.
431:f.
419:f.
407:f.
395:f.
323:f.
1589::
1567::
1544::
1531::
1518::
1505::
1492::
1479::
1466::
1453::
1440::
1427::
1414::
1401::
1376::
1361::
1288:^
1268:^
1242:.
1167:.
1161:.
972:—
956:—
793:,
710:.
71:,
1253:.
1213:.
1188:.
1175::
1159:"
1155:"
103:)
36:.
20:)
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