1055:
1919:
1107:
1620:
1901:
1884:
882:
1865:
959:
1079:
983:
858:
1007:
1131:
1803:
49:
1031:
71:
688:
906:
834:
1791:
1779:
1815:
1555:(Leguminosae) as their larval host plants. The Baronninae and the extinct subfamily Praepapilioninae share many external similarities and are traditionally considered to be the most primitive subfamilies and sister to the rest of the swallowtails. Recent research suggests that this may not be the case, the Baroniinae being closely related to only the Parnassiinae, and
3231:
2096:. Species differ in whether one or both sexes is mimetic, and whether the mimicry is monomorphic or polymorphic. A phenomenon which has received particular attention is female-limited polymorphism, in which only the females of a species are mimetic and polymorphic, often mimicking different, distantly-related
2138:-looking females and then mellowed their behavior into sexual behavior when they were close enough to identify them as females. In the male avoidance hypothesis, female butterflies disguise themselves in an attempt to evade male harassment, as courtship can be harmful, time-consuming, and attract predators.
1732:. Variable in form but most often curved backwards. It is angulate, with the head truncate or rounded and the back of abdomen is smooth or tuberculate. It is attached by the tail, normally in a perpendicular position, and further secured by a silken girth round the middle. In
2146:
did lead to equal success for all three alternative strategies: the
Batesian females suffered the fewest predators but their fitness was reduced the most by sexual harassment, while the other two faced lower sexual harassment but also lost fitness from predators' attacks.
2118:, a black-and-yellow pattern that resembles the males of the species, and a pattern with orange patches that resembles the elderly males of the species. Given that the males of the species, which do not have Batesian mimicry, are preyed upon much more frequently by
1574:. The majority of swallowtail species and the greatest diversity are found in the tropics and subtropical regions between 20°N and 20°S, particularly Southeast Asia, and between 20°N and 40°N in East Asia. Only 12 species are found in Europe and only one species,
453:
1722:. Stout, smooth or with a series of fleshy tubercles on the dorsum: sometimes with a raised fleshy protuberance (the so-called hood or crest) on the fourth segment. The second segment has a transverse opening, out of which the larva protrudes at will and an
2163:
produce a glue-like substance that is used to seal the female genital opening and prevent other males from mating. They lay individual eggs on the underside of the leaves of their food plants. There is no parental investment once the eggs have been laid.
1918:
1900:
1513:
The
Parnassinae, like the Papilioninae, were also believed to be monophyletic based on morphological studies but recent studies based on both morphological and molecular characteristics suggest that this is not the case. Of the
1567:
As of 2005, 552 extant species have been identified which are distributed across the tropical and temperate regions. Various species inhabit altitudes ranging from sea level to high mountains, as in the case of most species of
2141:
One study recorded male responses to females of each morphs and found that the males consistently favored the
Batesian mimics, then the black and yellow, and then the morph with orange patches. The scientists concluded that
1846:– in swallowtails, the second anal vein, 2A, extends up to the wing margin and does not link with the first anal vein, 1A. These veins are fused in other butterfly families and 2A does not reach the wing margin.
1054:
2133:
for this phenomenon were made, the two noteworthy being the pseudosexual selection hypothesis and the male avoidance hypothesis. In the pseudosexual hypothesis, male butterflies aggressively approached the
1883:
454:
455:
1542:, have been found to be closely related through analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, and, though they share no morphological similarities, have now been united in the tribe Luehdorfiini.
1744:. Wings extraordinarily variable in shape. Hindwing very frequently has a tail, which may be slender, or broad and spatulate, but is always an extension of the termen at vein 4. In one genus,
2080:
residing in the same regional area. Studies support this theory; in the southeastern United States, the relative abundance of melanic females has been found to geographically correlate with
1106:
790:
of China and Japan. These two tribes have evolved to change their food plants, while the third tribe, Zerynthiini, has retained the archetypical papilionid food plant, the lowland vine
457:
2122:
than the females, an ongoing question is why females would exhibit the non-mimetic wing pattern, which would seemingly lower their fitness compared to the mimicry form. The
1864:
2354:
Salmon, Michael A., Marren, Peter, Harley, Basil. The
Aurelian Legacy: British Butterflies and Their Collectors. page 252. Publisher: University of California Press. 2001.
172:
1673:
for protection from predators. Swallowtail tribes
Zerynthiini (Parnassiinae), Luehdorfiini (Parnassiinae) and Troidini (Papilioninae), almost exclusively use the family
958:
517:
on its prothorax. The osmeterium normally remains hidden, but when threatened, the larva turns it outward through a transverse dorsal groove by inflating it with fluid.
3838:
1078:
2047:, normally found on the wings' background, is suppressed. Without the pigmentation, the butterfly appears mostly black (the melanic form) and is a Batesian mimic of
881:
3707:
3463:
2441:
520:
The forked appearance in some of the swallowtails' hindwings, which can be seen when the butterfly is resting with its wings spread, gave rise to the common name
982:
3746:
2551:
Aubert, J.; Legal, L.; Descimon, H.; Michel, F. (1999). "Molecular phylogeny of swallowtail butterflies of the tribe
Papilionini (Papilionidae, Lepidoptera)".
1950:
in which the butterflies' appearance closely resemble that of distasteful species that prevents predation. Swallowtails differ from many animals that practice
1006:
1130:
857:
2064:
The different polymorphisms (wild-type, melanic, and the 'sooty' intermediate) depend upon the geographical distribution and abundance of its mimic, the
2872:
456:
3681:
628:. In swallowtails, besides morphological characteristics, the choice of food plants and ecological lifestyle reflect phylogeny and classification.
3720:
1750:, the termen of the hindwing is prolonged into tails at the apices of veins 2 and 3 as well as at vein 4. Forewing (except in the aberrant genera
1030:
1637:
The caterpillars of various swallowtail butterfly species feed on a wide range of different plants, most depending on only one of five families:
905:
833:
3471:
3304:
3256:
2778:
2553:
2449:
2359:
1482:. The swallowtail butterflies in the nominate tribe Papilionini number about 225 species and studies have been made on their host plant
1661:
which renders both the caterpillars and the butterflies of some of these as toxic, thus protecting them from predators. Similarly, the
1490:. Old morphological classifications were also found to be valid in that they formed clusters. Species belonging to the groups that use
1854:
1530:
were found to be extremely close based on molecular studies and are now considered to be part of the tribe
Parnassiini. The two taxa,
687:
2725:
2339:
2662:
Häuser, Christoph L.; de Jong, Rienk; Lamas, Gerardo; Robbins, Robert K.; Smith, Campbell; Vane-Wright, Richard I. (28 July 2005).
3350:
Die GroĂź-Schmetterlinger der Erde. I. Abteilung (Die GroĂźschmetterlinge des
Palaeakrtischen Faunengebietes). 1. Band: Tagfalter.
2690:
3081:"Mate Choice in the Polymorphic African Swallowtail Butterfly, Papilio dardanus: male-like females may avoid sexual harassment"
3385:
Warren, A.D., Davis, K.J., Grishin, N.V., Pelham, J.P., Stangeland, E.M. (2012). Interactive
Listing of American Butterflies.
1758:) with all 12 veins present and in addition a short internal vein, vein 1 a, that invariably terminates on the dorsal margin.
3428:
2968:
Scriber, Mark; Hagen, Robert; Lederhouse, Robert (February 1996). "Genetics of
Mimicry in the Tiger Swallowtail Butterflies,
2663:
2250:
3725:
3733:
2332:
Imms' General Textbook of Entomology: Volume 1: Structure, Physiology and Development Volume 2: Classification and Biology
2143:
1857:(membranous neck between the head and thorax) are fused beneath the neck where the muscles for head movement are anchored.
766:(the Apollos), a distinctive group of many species, all of which are alpine and capable of living at high altitudes. Most
3440:
2373:"Jamaica's Critically Endangered Butterfly: A Review of the Biology and Conservation Status of the Homerus Swallowtail (
28:
70:
3833:
3590:
3557:
965:
2234:
3660:
3307:
1619:
3751:
3673:
2807:
2529:
2242:
147:
2371:
Lehnert, Matthew S.; Kramer, Valerie R.; Rawlins, John E.; Verdecia, Vanessa; Daniels, Jaret C. (10 July 2017).
3450:
2597:
2068:, whose wing color varies depending on its geographical location. In order to be successfully confused for the
723:, can be found in mountain habitats. Parnassiinines can also be found in other habitats such as "arid deserts (
240:
3800:
2933:
2836:
1802:
543:
395:
3828:
3497:
3128:
Vane-Wright, R.; C.R. Smith (1991). "Phylogenetic Relationships of Three African Swallowtail Butterflies,
2923:
2876:
2101:
1961:
1702:
1087:
993:
916:
3370:
Tuzov V., Bogdanov P., Devyatkin A., Kaabak L., Korolev V., Murzin V., Samodurov G., Tarassov E. (1997).
3220:
Les Insectes – Petit cours illustré d'entomologie(The Insects – A short illustrated course in Entomology)
2801:
von Euw, J.; Reichstein, T. & Rothschild, M. (1968). "Aristolochic acid in the swallowtail butterfly
3823:
3782:
2847:
2199:
Since swallowtail butterflies are large, colorful, and attractive, they have been targeted by butterfly
1870:
1141:
1037:
3595:
3183:
Conrad, K.F.; G Pritchard (1989). "Female Dimorphism and Physiological Colour Change in the Damselfly
2837:"The roles of temperature and host plant interactions in larval development and population ecology of
1790:
1690:, but they also eat garden plants in the carrot family, including carrots, parsley, dill, and fennel.
3761:
3629:
3544:
3149:
3032:
2562:
2254:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1912:. Second anal vein, 2A, extends up to the wing margin and does not link with the first anal vein, 1A.
1663:
694:
318:
297:
3323:
Rothschild, L.W. (1895). A revision of the Papilios of the Eastern Hemisphere, exclusive of Africa.
2207:
butterflies are particularly sought after and are cultured in butterfly farms to supply collectors.
2927:
1830:
The key characteristics that differentiate the Papilionidae from the other butterfly families are:
1593:
1547:
1526:
1237:
646:
613:
557:
2530:"Butterflies from the middle Eocene: the earliest occurrence of fossil Papilionidae (Lepidoptera)"
1778:
1368:
3457:
3338:
3165:
3103:
3058:
2993:
2644:
2609:
2435:
2230:
1966:
1623:
1607:
1532:
840:
283:
219:
65:
3787:
3080:
1712:. "Dome-shaped, smooth or obscurely facetted, not as high as wide, somewhat leathery, opaque." (
48:
3535:
3769:
3616:
3467:
3300:
3252:
3050:
3001:
2774:
2768:
2721:
2636:
2578:
2445:
2408:
2355:
2335:
2266:
2200:
2057:
that are not wholly black; several possess an intermediate "sooty" color and are sensitive to
1890:
1764:
1682:
1669:
1658:
3712:
3480:
1814:
1701:
The detailed descriptions of morphological characteristics of the Papilionidae, as quoted in
3774:
3572:
3196:
3157:
3095:
3040:
2985:
2816:
2626:
2618:
2570:
2398:
2388:
2115:
2106:
1990:
1943:
1674:
1638:
1159:
892:
868:
651:
609:
432:
3444:
3432:
2431:
2219:
2123:
2049:
2015:
1956:
1908:
1713:
1576:
1117:
1065:
1017:
637:
625:
572:
552:
57:
2694:
640:
subfamily, restricted to a very small region in Mexico and are considered to be the most
3153:
3036:
2566:
3668:
3655:
3161:
2403:
2372:
2262:
1998:
1994:
1598:
1559:
to only the Papilionini and neither taxa being sister to the rest of the swallowtails.
1168:, includes two species of extinct butterflies, each member being described from single
388:
3045:
3020:
2901:
3817:
3549:
3328:
2002:
1840:
is a forked, fleshy eversible organ found in the prothoracic segment of caterpillars.
1687:
1581:
1185:
525:
402:
168:
132:
3562:
3169:
3107:
3062:
2648:
2179:
girdle. The Apollos, however, pupate in debris on the ground and also build a loose
3358:
3295:
3277:
2110:, the African swallowtail butterfly, whose females have three different morphs for
2044:
1986:
1515:
1507:
1351:
1327:
1305:
1257:
934:
816:
792:
757:
752:
744:
621:
617:
547:
546:
of the genus, Linnaeus applied the names of Greek figures to the swallowtails. The
498:
416:
360:
276:
270:
212:
206:
3425:
2667:
2027:
replaces the yellow background). This genetic difference stems from the fact that
3621:
2019:(eastern tiger swallowtail), Y-linkage determines whether the females are either
3738:
3694:
3529:
3377:
3373:
3289:
2211:
2097:
2058:
1843:
1510:
were found to form another cluster which includes both Asian and American taxa.
1483:
1401:
1289:
1273:
1221:
1164:
942:
771:
740:
736:
671:
656:
641:
584:
506:
505:
Swallowtails have a number of distinctive features; for example, the papilionid
439:
409:
332:
122:
3284:
James, D.G. & Nunnallee, D. (2011). Life Histories of Cascadia Butterflies.
2130:
2013:
Not all individuals in some species are identical in appearance. For example,
1874:
1836:
1746:
1734:
1723:
1642:
1570:
1538:
1520:
1095:
804:
786:
781:
762:
719:
588:
535:
514:
489:
367:
325:
254:
247:
226:
191:
156:
3019:
Koch, Bernhardt; Behnecke, Bettina; ffrench-Constant, Richard H. (May 2000).
3642:
3451:
Natural History Museum, London web site on "Afrotropical Kite Swallowtails".
2929:
The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma: Butterflies Volume I
2184:
2172:
2020:
1925:
1894:
larva applying one horn of the evaginated osmeterium to an offending finger.
1646:
1602:
1503:
1495:
1487:
1479:
810:
798:
714:
561:
485:
469:
346:
311:
261:
233:
102:
82:
17:
3520:
3333:
Rothschild, W. and Jordan, K. (1906). A revision of the American Papilios.
3215:
3099:
3054:
3005:
2820:
2640:
2582:
2574:
2412:
2393:
1545:
The subfamily Baroniinae is represented by the sole representative species
2953:
The vein is since named 2A or second anal vein in modern venation systems.
3603:
3582:
3514:
3437:
3362:
2270:
2258:
2246:
2215:
2204:
2188:
2119:
2036:
2028:
1964:
for Batesian mimicry and others, such as the Canadian tiger swallowtail (
1947:
1850:
1654:
1650:
1631:
1627:
1552:
1499:
1491:
1417:
1173:
938:
493:
481:
353:
304:
3795:
3459:
Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World: The IUCN Red Data Book
3249:
Swallowtail Butterflies, Biology & Ecology of a few Indian Species.
3079:
Cook, S. E.; Jennifer G. Vernon; Melissa Bateson; Tim Guilford (1994).
3021:"The molecuar basis of melanism and mimicry in a swallowtail butterfly"
2997:
2622:
2437:
Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World: The IUCN Red Data Book
2304:
2093:
2024:
1951:
1584:. North America has 40 species, including several tropical species and
530:
510:
477:
423:
381:
374:
339:
197:
2631:
3699:
3608:
3281:
and their early stages . 2 vols. – Tokyo, Kodansha, 218 pp., 357 pls.
2466:
2238:
2223:
2156:
2040:
1169:
776:
666:
112:
92:
3686:
3491:
3200:
2989:
608:
The genera of extant swallowtails are usually classified into three
3647:
3386:
2742:
1657:. By eating some of these toxic plants, the caterpillars sequester
2664:"Papilionidae – revised GloBIS/GART species checklist (2nd draft)"
1924:
Papilionid chrysalis are typically attached to a substrate by the
1693:
Adult swallowtails sip nectar, but also mud and sometimes manure.
1618:
592:
577:
566:
451:
290:
3407:
3397:
2502:
3481:
Photoset and description of lesser known species of swallowtails
2180:
2176:
2168:
2111:
2032:
1929:
1726:
that emits a strong, penetrating, and somewhat unpleasant odor.
1611:, have been found at altitudes of 6,000 meters above sea level.
492:. The family includes the largest butterflies in the world, the
3495:
3488:
Papilionidae of the World: a pictorial summary. Comprehensive.
3372:
Guide to the butterflies of Russia and adjacent territories (
3313:
Catalogue of the Butterflies of the United States and Canada.
27:
This article is about the insect family. For other uses, see
3634:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
3485:
1738:, the pupa is placed in a loose silken web between leaves.
3367:
Taylor & Francis, London; xxix, 600 pp., 3 pls, 1 map.
2773:. Volume 4 of Series entomologica. Springer. p. 530.
2596:
Katoh, T.; Chichvarkhin, A.; Yagi, T.; Omoto, K. (2005).
2528:
Durden, C. J.; Rose, H. & Rothschild, Miriam (1978).
3341:(and as pdf) (Facsimile edition ed. P.H. Arnaud, 1967).
2602:: Inferences from mitochondrial 16S and ND1 sequences"
1601:, at altitudes of 1500 meters above sea level. In the
1478:
It is now accepted that the subfamily Papilioninae is
3140:: a cladistic analysis (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)".
2598:"Phylogeny and evolution of butterflies of the genus
1591:
The northernmost swallowtail is the Siberian Apollo (
1188:
of the Papilionidae based on Nazari (2007) is given:
3382:
Sofia-Moscow: Pensoft-Press, 480 p., 79 col. plates.
3287:
Korolev V.A. (2014). Cataloges on the collection of
3074:
3072:
2043:
BAS, which assists dopamine in producing the yellow
3504:
3426:
Revised GloBIS/GART Papilionidae species checklist.
3357:The Fauna of British India. Butterflies. Volume 1.
2963:
2961:
2959:
1494:as host plants formed two groups corresponding to
735:)". The tribes recognized in the Parnassiinae are
717:butterflies. The vast majority of species, mostly
2770:Ecology and Biogeography of High Altitude Insects
654:species, and shares features with a fossil taxon
713:The Parnassiinae are a subfamily of essentially
2841:Doubleday, the Rocky Mountain Apollo butterfly"
2171:are typically attached to the substrate by the
1707:
2501:Nazari, Vazrick; Sperling, Felix A.H. (2006).
2303:Reed, Robert D.; Sperling, Felix A.H. (2006).
2218:, making some of these attractive butterflies
2092:Only certain subsets of swallowtails practice
1680:For example, the eastern black swallowtail's (
1597:), found in the Arctic Circle in northeastern
933:The tribes recognized in the Papilioninae are
3456:Collins, N. Mark; Morris, Michael G. (1985).
2534:Pearce-Sellards Series, Texas Memorial Museum
2114:color pattern: a black-and-white pattern for
2009:Biological basis for polymorphisms in mimicry
774:. The tribe Luehdorfiini contains the genera
8:
2426:
2424:
2422:
624:, the latter two being further divided into
2896:
2894:
2187:regions, the winters are passed in a pupal
2053:, the pipevine swallowtail. There are also
1763:Stages of development of a papilionid, the
1667:sequesters sarmentosin from its host plant
1551:. They are unique in the family to use the
664:is unique among papilionidae' as having an
186:There are 31 genera and about 600 species:
3492:
3476:– via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
2454:– via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
2076:background wing color matches that of the
47:
38:
3216:"Les Papilionides, une famille en beauté"
3044:
2630:
2402:
2392:
1176:, United States (Durden and Rose, 1978).
3251:Desh Prashan, Kolkata, India. – 134 pp.
2866:
2864:
2503:"Parnassiinae Duponchel, [1835]"
595:is an AgehachĹŤ (swallowtail butterfly).
2693:. butterfly-guide.co.uk. Archived from
2282:
1860:
1774:
954:
829:
750:Tribe Parnassiini contains two genera,
683:
3269:Guppy, C.S. and Shepard, J.H. (2001).
2932:. London: Taylor and Francis. p.
2330:Richards, O. W.; Davies, R.G. (1977).
2214:, feed on plants of the citrus family
1970:) do not display any form of mimicry.
796:. Zerynthiini comprises four genera –
770:have two small reddish spots on their
484:, members of the family inhabit every
3352:pp. 8–15. F. Lehmann, Stuttgart.
2716:Brock, Jim P.; Kaufman, Kenn (2003).
2554:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1724:erect, forked, glandular fleshy organ
7:
3839:Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille
3801:8ED4370D-E291-4DB1-AFD0-82D7BCF433E6
3762:49724c20-e7a8-4b07-86c5-d1dd10d03dd3
3674:5b4fedd8-c470-406a-92f1-39457f067b37
2023:(yellow and black) or melanic (dark
1172:found in a middle Eocene deposit in
3346:Gattung Papilio, Schwalbenschwänze.
3299:. – Moscow, 387 p., 20 color tabs,
2689:Coombs, Simon (30 September 2010).
2126:exhibits Batesian mimicry as well.
1954:. The tiger swallowtail butterfly (
1392:
1342:
1334:
1264:
1252:
1212:
1200:
3162:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1991.tb00689.x
542:is Latin for "butterfly". For the
34:Butterflies of family Papilionidae
25:
2743:"Parnassius arctica Eisner, 1968"
1942:Swallowtail butterflies practice
1686:) main host plant in the wild is
1605:, various Apollo species such as
3271:Butterflies of British Columbia.
3187:Hagen Odonata: Coenagrionidae".
1917:
1899:
1882:
1863:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1129:
1105:
1077:
1053:
1029:
1005:
981:
957:
904:
880:
856:
832:
686:
69:
3264:Butterflies through Binoculars.
2210:Many members of the family, as
1938:Special adaptations and defense
1162:, consisting of a single genus
576:is named after the Greek poet,
2976:(Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)".
2691:"European Butterfly checklist"
2309:– The Swallowtail Butterflies"
2035:, which controls the level of
1826:Distinguishing characteristics
1194:Phylogeny of the Papilionidae
1:
3046:10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00494-2
2434:; Morris, Michael G. (1985).
2144:frequency-dependent selection
1960:), exhibits a female-limited
3319:The Butterflies of Cascadia.
2720:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
2718:Butterflies of North America
2203:. The largest of these, the
731:) and even lowland meadows (
3189:Canadian Journal of Zoology
2873:"Eastern Black Swallowtail"
2808:Israel Journal of Chemistry
2375:Papilio (Pterourus) homerus
2175:but with head up held by a
1928:and with head up held by a
3855:
3247:Chattopadhyay, J. (2007).
2803:Pachlioptera aristolochiae
2269:is the state butterfly of
2031:is controlled by a single
524:. As for its formal name,
480:. Though the majority are
26:
3462:. Gland & Cambridge:
2902:"Swallowtail Butterflies"
2440:. Gland & Cambridge:
2243:eastern tiger swallowtail
1873:caterpillar everting its
1414:
1398:
1390:
1365:
1348:
1340:
1332:
1302:
1286:
1270:
1262:
1250:
1234:
1218:
1210:
1158:An additional subfamily,
1113:Western tiger swallowtail
184:
179:
162:
155:
66:Scientific classification
64:
55:
46:
41:
3431:9 September 2010 at the
3327:2(3):167–463 and plates
2904:. University of Michigan
2465:Nazari, Vazrick (2006).
1502:taxa. Those that fed on
3443:5 November 2013 at the
2245:is the state insect of
1705:(1905) are as follows:
570:. Further, the species
476:, and include over 550
466:Swallowtail butterflies
180:Subfamilies and genera
3262:Glassberg, J. (2001).
3100:10.1006/anbe.1994.1053
2821:10.1002/ijch.196800084
2575:10.1006/mpev.1998.0605
2394:10.3390/insects8030068
1973:Predators include the
1760:
1677:as their host plants.
1634:
1088:Ornithoptera euphorion
994:Teinopalpus imperialis
917:Bhutanitis lidderdalii
756:, largely confined to
650:is considered to be a
462:
42:Swallowtail butterfly
3783:Paleobiology Database
3408:"Family Papilionidae"
3344:Seitz, A. (1907). 1.
3275:Igarashi, S. (1979).
3142:Systematic Entomology
2848:University of Alberta
2039:in the organism. The
1871:Old World swallowtail
1622:
1142:Iphiclides podalirius
1061:Old World swallowtail
1038:Spicebush swallowtail
674:) as its food plant.
636:The Baroniinae are a
560:, one of the sons of
461:Swallowtail butterfly
460:
3669:Fauna Europaea (new)
3447:Includes type images
3348:In: Seitz, A. (ed).
3335:Novitates Zoologicae
3325:Novitates Zoologicae
2839:Parnassius smintheus
2767:Mani, M. S. (1968).
2334:. Berlin: Springer.
2124:pipevine swallowtail
1979:Pennsylvania firefly
1975:red-winged blackbird
1664:Parnassius smintheus
1018:Trogonoptera trojana
695:Short-horned baronia
644:of the subfamilies.
494:birdwing butterflies
468:are large, colorful
3355:Talbot, G. (1939).
3317:Pyle, R.M. (2002).
3311:Pelham, J. (2008).
3232:English translation
3154:1991SysEn..16..275V
3037:2000CBio...10..591K
2879:on 1 September 2016
2747:Russian-Insects.com
2670:on 9 September 2010
2567:1999MolPE..12..156A
1769:Papilio cresphontes
1594:Parnassius arcticus
1548:Baronia brevicornis
1471:after Nazari (2007)
971:Eurytides marcellus
700:Baronia brevicornis
647:Baronia brevicornis
564:, mentioned in the
3834:Butterfly families
3398:"Papilionidae" on
2623:10.2108/zsj.22.343
2610:Zoological Science
2231:Oregon swallowtail
2100:butterflies. This
2072:by predators, the
1967:Papilio canadensis
1906:Adult forewing of
1635:
1624:Scarce swallowtail
1608:Parnassius epaphus
1147:tribe Leptocircini
1137:Scarce swallowtail
999:tribe Teinopalpini
975:tribe Leptocircini
874:tribe Luehdorfiini
727:), humid forests (
463:
3811:
3810:
3770:Open Tree of Life
3498:Taxon identifiers
3473:978-2-88032-603-6
3305:978-5-00077-163-1
3257:978-81-905719-1-3
2780:978-90-6193-114-0
2451:978-2-88032-603-6
2360:978-0-520-22963-1
2267:black swallowtail
2074:Papilio glaucus's
1891:Papilio demodocus
1765:giant swallowtail
1688:Queen Anne's lace
1683:Papilio polyxenes
1670:Sedum lanceolatum
1659:aristolochic acid
1476:
1475:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1446:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1428:
1427:
1379:
1378:
1316:
1315:
1123:tribe Papilionini
1099:
1085:Cairns birdwing (
1071:tribe Papilionini
1047:tribe Papilionini
966:Zebra swallowtail
922:tribe Zerynthiini
898:tribe Zerynthiini
850:tribe Parnassiini
846:Parnassius apollo
544:specific epithets
513:organ called the
458:
450:
449:
151:
16:(Redirected from
3846:
3804:
3803:
3791:
3790:
3778:
3777:
3765:
3764:
3755:
3754:
3742:
3741:
3739:NBNSYS0000160624
3729:
3728:
3716:
3715:
3703:
3702:
3690:
3689:
3677:
3676:
3664:
3663:
3651:
3650:
3638:
3637:
3625:
3624:
3612:
3611:
3599:
3598:
3586:
3585:
3576:
3575:
3566:
3565:
3553:
3552:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3493:
3477:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3130:Papilio dardanus
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3088:Animal Behaviour
3085:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3048:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2965:
2954:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2875:. Archived from
2868:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2845:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2697:on 16 March 2017
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2666:. Archived from
2659:
2653:
2652:
2634:
2606:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2498:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2432:Collins, N. Mark
2428:
2417:
2416:
2406:
2396:
2368:
2362:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2300:
2151:Mating and young
2116:Batesian mimicry
2107:Papilio dardanus
1991:goldenrod spider
1983:five-lined skink
1944:Batesian mimicry
1921:
1903:
1886:
1867:
1817:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1675:Aristolochiaceae
1649:, Umbelliferae (
1639:Aristolochiaceae
1580:is found in the
1393:
1343:
1335:
1265:
1253:
1222:Praepapilioninae
1213:
1201:
1191:
1190:
1160:Praepapilioninae
1154:Praepapilioninae
1133:
1109:
1093:
1081:
1057:
1033:
1013:Palawan birdwing
1009:
985:
961:
937:, Teinopalpini,
908:
893:Zerynthia rumina
884:
869:Archon apollinus
860:
836:
690:
670:species (family
459:
433:Praepapilioninae
146:
74:
73:
51:
39:
21:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3799:
3794:
3786:
3781:
3773:
3768:
3760:
3758:
3750:
3745:
3737:
3732:
3724:
3719:
3711:
3706:
3698:
3693:
3685:
3680:
3672:
3667:
3659:
3654:
3646:
3641:
3633:
3628:
3620:
3615:
3607:
3602:
3594:
3589:
3581:
3579:
3571:
3569:
3561:
3556:
3548:
3543:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3500:
3474:
3455:
3445:Wayback Machine
3438:GloBIS Database
3433:Wayback Machine
3416:
3414:
3406:
3394:
3244:
3242:Further reading
3239:
3238:
3224:
3222:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3201:10.1139/z89-044
3182:
3181:
3177:
3138:P. constantinus
3127:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3083:
3078:
3077:
3070:
3025:Current Biology
3018:
3017:
3013:
2990:10.2307/2410795
2970:Papilio glaucus
2967:
2966:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2936:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2882:
2880:
2870:
2869:
2862:
2852:
2850:
2843:
2835:Doyle, Amanda.
2834:
2833:
2829:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2749:
2741:Stumpe, Felix.
2740:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2700:
2698:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2673:
2671:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2604:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2500:
2499:
2486:
2476:
2474:
2471:Latreille 1804"
2464:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2430:
2429:
2420:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2302:
2301:
2284:
2279:
2251:state butterfly
2197:
2153:
2090:
2066:Battus philenor
2055:Papilio glaucus
2050:Battus philenor
2016:Papilio glaucus
2011:
1957:Papilio glaucus
1940:
1933:
1922:
1913:
1909:Graphium agetes
1904:
1895:
1887:
1878:
1868:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1809:
1806:
1797:
1794:
1785:
1782:
1699:
1617:
1577:Papilio machaon
1565:
1472:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1380:
1317:
1182:
1156:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1118:Papilio rutulus
1114:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1092:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1066:Papilio machaon
1062:
1058:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1043:Papilio troilus
1040:
1034:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1001:
1000:
998:
990:
986:
977:
976:
974:
968:
962:
931:
924:
923:
921:
913:
909:
900:
899:
897:
889:
888:Spanish festoon
885:
876:
875:
873:
865:
861:
852:
851:
849:
843:
841:Mountain Apollo
837:
711:
704:
703:
697:
691:
634:
606:
601:
573:Papilio homerus
553:Papilio machaon
452:
175:
166:
145:
68:
58:Papilio machaon
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3852:
3850:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3816:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3792:
3779:
3766:
3756:
3743:
3730:
3717:
3704:
3691:
3678:
3665:
3656:Fauna Europaea
3652:
3639:
3626:
3613:
3600:
3587:
3577:
3567:
3554:
3541:
3526:
3510:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3453:
3448:
3435:
3423:
3404:
3393:
3392:External links
3390:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3368:
3353:
3342:
3331:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3285:
3282:
3273:
3267:
3260:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3214:Ramel, Alain.
3206:
3195:(2): 298–304.
3175:
3148:(3): 275–291.
3120:
3094:(2): 389–397.
3068:
3011:
2984:(1): 222–236.
2955:
2946:
2924:Bingham, C. T.
2915:
2890:
2860:
2827:
2793:
2779:
2759:
2733:
2726:
2708:
2681:
2654:
2617:(3): 343–351.
2588:
2561:(2): 156–167.
2543:
2520:
2484:
2457:
2450:
2418:
2363:
2347:
2340:
2322:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2263:South Carolina
2196:
2193:
2152:
2149:
2089:
2086:
2010:
2007:
1999:fiery searcher
1995:Chinese mantis
1939:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1905:
1898:
1896:
1888:
1881:
1879:
1869:
1862:
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1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:
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1435:
1434:
1431:
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1413:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1397:
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1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1373:
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1360:
1357:
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1323:
1322:
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1318:
1314:
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1310:
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1301:
1298:
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1278:
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1245:
1242:
1241:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1181:
1178:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1126:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1102:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1074:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1036:
1035:
1028:
1026:
1023:tribe Troidini
1012:
1011:
1004:
1002:
988:
987:
980:
978:
964:
963:
956:
930:
927:
926:
925:
911:
910:
903:
901:
887:
886:
879:
877:
863:
862:
855:
853:
839:
838:
831:
784:and the genus
760:and the genus
710:
707:
706:
705:
693:
692:
685:
633:
630:
605:
602:
600:
597:
472:in the family
448:
447:
446:
445:
444:
443:
429:
428:
427:
420:
413:
406:
399:
392:
389:Pharmacophagus
385:
378:
371:
364:
357:
350:
343:
336:
329:
322:
315:
308:
301:
294:
287:
280:
267:
266:
265:
258:
251:
244:
237:
230:
223:
216:
203:
202:
201:
182:
181:
177:
176:
167:
160:
159:
153:
152:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
62:
61:
53:
52:
44:
43:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3851:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3829:Papilionoidea
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3802:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3753:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3400:Tree of Life
3396:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3337:13: 411–752.
3336:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3233:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3121:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3031:(10): 591–4.
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2974:P. canadensis
2971:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2878:
2874:
2871:Moran, Mark.
2867:
2865:
2861:
2849:
2842:
2840:
2831:
2828:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2797:
2794:
2782:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2763:
2760:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2727:0-618-15312-8
2723:
2719:
2712:
2709:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2682:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2601:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2547:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2521:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2472:
2470:
2461:
2458:
2453:
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2003:striped skunk
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1518:, the genera
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989:Kaiser-i-hind
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541:
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533:
532:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
511:repugnatorial
508:
503:
501:
500:
496:of the genus
495:
491:
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483:
479:
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403:Protographium
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165:
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158:
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149:
144:
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138:
137:
134:
133:Papilionoidea
131:
129:Superfamily:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
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94:
91:
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81:
78:
77:
72:
67:
63:
60:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
30:
19:
3824:Papilionidae
3573:Papilionidae
3563:Papilionidae
3550:Papilionidae
3536:Papilionidae
3506:Papilionidae
3505:
3486:Swallowtails
3458:
3415:. Retrieved
3411:
3402:web project.
3399:
3371:
3359:Papilionidae
3356:
3349:
3345:
3334:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3296:Papilionidae
3294:
3288:
3278:Papilionidae
3276:
3270:
3263:
3248:
3223:. Retrieved
3219:
3209:
3192:
3188:
3185:Argia vivida
3184:
3178:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3113:15 September
3111:. Retrieved
3091:
3087:
3028:
3024:
3014:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2949:
2937:. Retrieved
2928:
2918:
2906:. Retrieved
2881:. Retrieved
2877:the original
2851:. Retrieved
2838:
2830:
2812:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2784:. Retrieved
2769:
2762:
2750:. Retrieved
2746:
2736:
2717:
2711:
2699:. Retrieved
2695:the original
2684:
2672:. Retrieved
2668:the original
2657:
2614:
2608:
2599:
2591:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2511:. Retrieved
2507:Tree of Life
2506:
2475:. Retrieved
2468:
2460:
2436:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2366:
2350:
2331:
2325:
2313:. Retrieved
2307:Papilionidae
2306:
2235:state insect
2228:
2209:
2198:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2140:
2135:
2128:
2105:
2102:polymorphism
2091:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2048:
2045:pigmentation
2014:
2012:
1987:green darner
1972:
1965:
1962:polymorphism
1955:
1941:
1907:
1889:
1835:
1829:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1756:Hypermnestra
1755:
1751:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1719:
1718:
1709:
1708:
1700:
1692:
1681:
1679:
1668:
1662:
1636:
1606:
1592:
1590:
1585:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1563:Distribution
1556:
1546:
1544:
1537:
1531:
1527:Hypermnestra
1525:
1519:
1516:Parnassiinae
1512:
1508:Magnoliaceae
1480:monophyletic
1477:
1415:
1399:
1369:Teinopalpini
1366:
1352:Leptocircini
1349:
1328:Papilioninae
1326:
1306:Luehdorfiini
1303:
1287:
1271:
1258:Parnassiinae
1256:
1235:
1219:
1206:Papilionidae
1205:
1204:
1183:
1163:
1157:
1140:
1116:
1086:
1064:
1042:
1016:
992:
970:
950:Papilioninae
949:
947:
935:Leptocircini
932:
929:Papilioninae
915:
912:Bhutan glory
891:
867:
864:False Apollo
845:
825:Parnassiinae
824:
822:
817:Allancastria
815:
809:
803:
797:
793:Aristolochia
791:
785:
775:
767:
761:
758:central Asia
753:Hypermnestra
751:
749:
745:Luehdorfiini
732:
728:
725:Hypermnestra
724:
718:
712:
709:Parnassiinae
699:
678:
676:
665:
661:
655:
645:
635:
622:Papilioninae
618:Parnassiinae
607:
582:
571:
565:
551:
548:type species
539:
529:
521:
519:
504:
499:Ornithoptera
497:
474:Papilionidae
473:
465:
464:
438:
422:
417:Trogonoptera
415:
408:
401:
394:
387:
380:
373:
366:
361:Ornithoptera
359:
352:
345:
338:
331:
324:
317:
310:
303:
296:
289:
282:
277:Atrophaneura
275:
271:Papilioninae
260:
253:
246:
241:Hypermnestra
239:
232:
225:
218:
213:Allancastria
211:
207:Parnassiinae
196:
185:
163:
143:Papilionidae
142:
56:
36:
18:Papilionidae
3695:iNaturalist
3530:Wikispecies
3412:Insecta.pro
3378:Rhopalocera
3374:Lepidoptera
3293:. Part II.
3290:Lepidoptera
2853:13 November
2815:: 659–670.
2701:11 November
2377:Fabricius)"
2161:Parnassines
2159:, the male
2104:is seen in
2082:B. philenor
2078:B. philenor
2070:B. philenor
2059:temperature
1877:in defense.
1557:Praepapilio
1484:coevolution
1402:Papilionini
1290:Zerynthiini
1274:Parnassiini
1165:Praepapilio
948:Subfamily:
943:Papilionini
823:Subfamily:
741:Zerynthiini
737:Parnassiini
677:Subfamily:
672:Leguminosae
657:Praepapilio
610:subfamilies
604:Subfamilies
522:swallowtail
507:caterpillar
470:butterflies
440:Praepapilio
431:Subfamily â€
410:Teinopalpus
396:Protesilaus
333:Lamproptera
123:Lepidoptera
29:Swallowtail
3818:Categories
3417:7 February
3380:). Vol. 1.
3225:8 November
3134:P. phorcas
2939:7 November
2908:19 October
2883:19 October
2786:9 November
2752:9 November
2674:8 November
2632:2115/14485
2600:Parnassius
2540:(5): 1–25.
2513:7 November
2477:7 November
2469:Parnassius
2315:7 November
2277:References
2226:orchards.
2201:collectors
2195:In culture
2131:hypotheses
2098:aposematic
1875:osmeterium
1837:osmeterium
1752:Parnassius
1735:Parnassius
1697:Life cycle
1643:Annonaceae
1586:Parnassius
1571:Parnassius
1539:Luehdorfia
1521:Parnassius
1238:Baroniinae
1096:G. R. Gray
805:Bhutanitis
787:Luehdorfia
782:Asia minor
768:Parnassius
763:Parnassius
729:Luehdorfia
720:Parnassius
632:Baroniinae
614:Baroniinae
589:Taira clan
536:type genus
515:osmeterium
490:Antarctica
368:Pachliopta
326:Iphiclides
269:Subfamily
255:Parnassius
248:Luehdorfia
227:Bhutanitis
205:Subfamily
192:Baroniinae
190:Subfamily
157:Type genus
103:Arthropoda
3266:The West.
2978:Evolution
2387:(3): 68.
2185:temperate
2183:. In the
2173:cremaster
2120:predators
2021:wild-type
1926:cremaster
1851:sclerites
1647:Lauraceae
1603:Himalayas
1504:Lauraceae
1496:Old World
1488:phylogeny
1186:phylogeny
1180:Phylogeny
811:Zerynthia
799:Sericinus
772:hindwings
733:Zerynthia
715:Holarctic
679:Baroniene
638:monotypic
562:Asclepius
486:continent
347:Meandrusa
312:Eurytides
262:Sericinus
234:Doritites
148:Latreille
89:Kingdom:
83:Eukaryota
3604:BugGuide
3580:BioLib:
3570:BAMONA:
3515:Wikidata
3441:Archived
3429:Archived
3363:Pieridae
3170:85401171
3108:53186308
3063:21556770
3055:10837223
3006:28568864
2926:(1905).
2649:23898737
2641:15795497
2583:10381318
2413:28698508
2271:Oklahoma
2259:Delaware
2249:and the
2247:Virginia
2216:Rutaceae
2205:birdwing
2189:diapause
2129:Several
2037:dopamine
2029:melanism
1948:behavior
1844:Venation
1747:Armandia
1655:Rutaceae
1651:Apiaceae
1632:Adriatic
1628:lavender
1553:Fabaceae
1500:American
1492:Rutaceae
1418:Troidini
1396:
1354:
1346:
1338:
1268:
1216:
1174:Colorado
939:Troidini
599:Taxonomy
556:honored
534:for the
526:Linnaeus
509:bears a
482:tropical
354:Mimoides
319:Graphium
305:Euryades
298:Cressida
169:Linnaeus
139:Family:
99:Phylum:
93:Animalia
79:Domain:
3796:ZooBank
3150:Bibcode
3033:Bibcode
2998:2410795
2563:Bibcode
2404:5620688
2381:Insects
2255:Georgia
2233:is the
2191:stage.
2094:mimicry
2088:Mimicry
2025:melanin
1952:mimicry
1932:girdle.
1853:of the
1714:Doherty
1703:Bingham
1630:, near
1599:Yakutia
1170:fossils
662:Baronia
587:of the
558:Machaon
540:papilio
531:Papilio
488:except
478:species
424:Troides
382:Parides
375:Papilio
340:Losaria
198:Baronia
164:Papilio
119:Order:
113:Insecta
109:Class:
3788:134830
3775:661439
3759:NZOR:
3726:117268
3713:100870
3648:1PAPIF
3521:Q59905
3470:
3339:online
3303:
3255:
3168:
3136:, and
3106:
3061:
3053:
3004:
2996:
2777:
2724:
2647:
2639:
2581:
2448:
2411:
2401:
2358:
2338:
2265:. The
2261:, and
2241:. The
2239:Oregon
2224:citrus
2212:larvae
2181:cocoon
2157:mating
2155:After
2041:enzyme
2001:, and
1855:cervix
1653:) and
1533:Archon
1416:
1400:
1367:
1350:
1304:
1288:
1272:
1236:
941:, and
777:Archon
743:, and
667:Acacia
652:relict
626:tribes
620:, and
528:chose
284:Battus
220:Archon
3708:IRMNG
3700:47223
3583:17300
3166:S2CID
3104:S2CID
3084:(PDF)
3059:S2CID
2994:JSTOR
2844:(PDF)
2645:S2CID
2605:(PDF)
2220:pests
2169:pupae
1820:Imago
1796:Larva
1742:Imago
1720:Larva
1098:1852)
642:basal
593:Japan
578:Homer
567:Iliad
538:, as
291:Byasa
3752:7143
3747:NCBI
3721:ITIS
3687:9417
3682:GBIF
3661:6945
3643:EPPO
3591:BOLD
3468:ISBN
3464:IUCN
3419:2020
3361:and
3301:ISBN
3253:ISBN
3227:2010
3115:2013
3051:PMID
3002:PMID
2972:and
2941:2010
2910:2013
2885:2013
2855:2017
2788:2010
2775:ISBN
2754:2010
2722:ISBN
2703:2010
2676:2010
2637:PMID
2579:PMID
2515:2010
2479:2010
2446:ISBN
2442:IUCN
2409:PMID
2356:ISBN
2336:ISBN
2317:2010
2229:The
2177:silk
2167:The
2136:male
2112:wing
2033:gene
1946:, a
1930:silk
1849:The
1834:The
1808:Pupa
1754:and
1730:Pupa
1615:Food
1536:and
1524:and
1506:and
1498:and
1486:and
1220:(†)
814:and
583:The
173:1758
3734:NBN
3635:884
3630:EoL
3622:DX5
3617:CoL
3609:156
3596:489
3558:AFD
3545:ADW
3329:pdf
3197:doi
3158:doi
3096:doi
3041:doi
2986:doi
2934:519
2817:doi
2805:".
2627:hdl
2619:doi
2571:doi
2399:PMC
2389:doi
2253:of
2237:of
2222:in
1784:Egg
1716:.)
1710:Egg
780:of
591:of
585:Mon
3820::
3798::
3785::
3772::
3749::
3736::
3723::
3710::
3697::
3684::
3671::
3658::
3645::
3632::
3619::
3606::
3593::
3560::
3547::
3532::
3517::
3466:.
3410:.
3376:,
3218:.
3193:67
3191:.
3164:.
3156:.
3146:16
3144:.
3132:,
3102:.
3092:47
3090:.
3086:.
3071:^
3057:.
3049:.
3039:.
3029:10
3027:.
3023:.
3000:.
2992:.
2982:50
2980:.
2958:^
2893:^
2863:^
2846:.
2811:.
2745:.
2643:.
2635:.
2625:.
2615:22
2613:.
2607:.
2577:.
2569:.
2559:12
2557:.
2538:29
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