Civic technology - Knowledge

521:(CfP), founded in 2013, is a civic technology non-profit organization focused on bridging the gap between government and citizens via harnessing technology for civic and social good. CfP is an executive committee member of Code for All. CfP collaborates with government bodies to develop digital solutions to civic-facing problems, and it provides ways for people in Pakistan to be more civically engages. Notable projects include Civic Innovation Fellowship Programs with the governments of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Gilgit-Baltistan to create human-centered technology solutions for public services — and various open data initiatives that promote transparency and public participation. This includes creating the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Open Data Portal in partnership with the 351:

civic engagement within the context of local issues. U-Report is still active (as of April 2018), with over 240,000 users across Uganda. Support for the initiative primarily came from the aid of the government, NGO's, youth organizations, faith based organizations, and private companies. Users sign up for the program for free by sending a text on their phone, then every week "U-Reporters" answer a question regarding a public issue. Poll results are published in public media outlets such as newspapers, radio, etc. UNICEF takes these responses and provides members of parliament (MP's) a weekly review of these results, acting as a bridge between government and Ugandan youth.

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with regards to water services via multiple channels of technology. The platform allows for communication between citizens and water service providers with the intention to improve service delivery in impoverished areas and user satisfaction. Users are given four options to report their water complaints. They can dial a number and report a complaint, send a text message (SMS) through their cell phone, or login to an online portal through a web browser on their phone or their laptop. One evaluation highlights the citizen engagement achieved after its implementation, from 400 complaints a month to 4000 complaints, and resolution rates from 46 percent to 94 percent.

203:. "Community engagement applied to public-interest technology requires that members of a community participate." With communal participation in civic tech platforms, this enables more informed residents to convene in a more engaged, unified community that seeks to share information, politically and socially, for the benefit of its citizenry and their concerns. This work resulted in the Civic Tech Field Guide, a free, crowdsourced collection of civic technology tools and projects. Individuals from over 100 countries have contributed to the documentation of technology, resources, funding and general information concerning "tech for social good". 265:(OGP). It "is a multilateral initiative that aims to secure concrete commitments from governments to promote transparency, empower citizens, fight corruption, and harness new technologies to strengthen governance". Created in 2011 by eight founding governments (Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, Norway, the Philippines, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States), the OGP gathers every year for a summit. Countries involved are located mainly in America (North and South), Europe and South-Asia (Indonesia, Australia, South Korea). Only a few African countries are part of the OGP, though South Africa is one of the founding countries. 897:, a free and open-source software framework that allows users to create their own website to report street problems. mySociety has many different tools, like parliamentary monitoring ones, that work in many countries for different types of governance. When such tools are integrated into government systems, citizens can not only understand the inner workings of their now transparent government, but also have the means to "exert influence over the people in power". Newspeak House is a community space and venue focused on building a community of civic and political technology practitioners in the United Kingdom. 1178:) is an Argentinean political party using the DemocracyOS open-source software with the goal of electing representatives who vote according to what citizens decide online. Caminos de la Villa is a citizen action platform where citizens can monitor the urbanization of the City of Buenos Aires. Users are able to view detailed information of the work the government is doing in the neighborhoods. Additionally, users are able to download documents, along with photos of what the government is doing. Users can also make reports of issues with public services to the platform. 893:, a UK based civic technology company that works to make online democracy tools for British citizens. FixMyStreet allows citizens in the United Kingdom to report public infrastructure issues (such as potholes, broken streetlights, etc.) to the proper local authority. FixMyStreet became inspiration to many countries around the world that followed suit to use civic technology to better public infrastructure. The website was funded by the Department for Constitutional Affairs Innovation fund and created by mySociety. Along with the platform itself, mySociety released 687:

national ID system allowed Estonians to pay taxes online, vote online, do online banking, access their health care records, as well as process 99% of Estonian public services online 24 hours a day, seven days. Estonia is well known internationally for its e-voting system. Internet voting (where citizens vote remotely with their own equipment) was piloted in Estonia in 2005 and has been in use since then. As of 2016, Estonia's Internet voting system has been implemented in three local elections, two European Parliament elections, and three parliamentary elections.

509:'s civic tech landscape is evolving rapidly, driven by both citizen-led and government-led initiatives. Civic technology in Pakistan is being used to address various socio-economic challenges, enhance governance, and improve public service delivery. The country is experiencing a growing trend of tech-driven solutions aimed at fostering transparency, accountability, and citizen engagement. Key areas of focus include open data initiatives, digital platforms for citizen services, and tools for civic participation. 368:

contact political figures through online channels and publicly voice their political beliefs. New innovations have continued to be made in Taiwan that foster more political participation. The online platform called "Join," for example, was created in 2015 to give Taiwanese citizens a way to discuss, review, and propose governmental policy. Overall, the development of the internet and the emergence of new technologies in Taiwan has shown to increase political participation among its citizens.

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the lives of their citizens and businesses. Local and national governments are funding tens of billions of dollars towards information technology, for the sake of improving the functions and operations of this technology to work for the people and the governments. With more governments attaining a grasp on these technologies, it is paving the way towards more progressive and democratic political systems, for the concerns of future society and for those of the citizens of these nations.

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and other government departments through collaborative meetings. Taiwan has taken on a collaborative approach to civic technology as a way to encourage increased participation from the public. New governmental policies in Taiwan have helped foster technological advancement, such as the Financial Technology Development and Innovative Experimentation Act which passed in 2017 that created a Regulatory Sandbox platform to support the development of

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devices to make life easier. Tasks such as communication, data tracking, and safety are just a few of the topics app developers and communities have tried to make easier. The cheapest way for citizens to get help and information is through neighbors and others around them. By linking people through apps and websites that harbor conversation and promote civil service cities have found an inexpensive way to provide services to its people.

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of this sector. This graph will enable more opportunities for access by governmental institutions and corporations to discover these innovators and use them for progressing society towards the future of technology and civic engagement. To create an informed and insightful community, there needs to be a sense of civic engagement in this community, where there is the sharing of information through civic technology platforms and

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citizens to interact with their government and provide feedback, request forms online, as well as access online to laws and contact information for lawmakers. GovChat is the official citizen engagement platform for the South African Government — accessible via WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, SMS and USSD, it offers information to citizens about a wide-array of services provided by the Government.

139:. There have even been past cases of online voting being a polling option for local elections, which have seen vastly increased turnouts, such as in an Arizona election in 2000 which saw a turnout double that of the previous election. It is asserted though that civic technology in government provides for a good management technique but lacks in providing fair democratic representation. 745:

projects focused on understanding politics, renewing institutions, participating in democracy, and public action. Several open-source, non-profit web platforms have been launched nationwide to support citizen's direct involvement: Communecter.org, Demodyne.org as well as Democracy OS France (derived from the Argentinian initiative).

911:, founded in 2009 to provide British voters with easy access to candidate lists in upcoming elections. Democracy Club uses a network of volunteers to crowdsource information about candidates which is then presented to voters via a postcode search on the website whocanivotefor.co.uk. Democracy Club also works with the 1283:

Preece & Shneiderman discuss the important social aspect of civic technology with a discussion of the "reader-to-leader framework", which follows that users inform readers, who inform communicators, who then inform collaborators, before finally reaching leaders. This chain of communication allows

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Within the Mexican president's office, there is a national digital strategy coordinator who works on Mexico's national digital strategy. The office has created the gob.mx portal, a website designed for Mexican citizen to engage with their government, as well as a system to share open government data.

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platform called Betri Reykjavik had been implemented for citizens to inform each other and vote on issues. Each month the city council formally evaluates the top proposals before issuing an official response to each participant. As of 2017, the number of proposals approved by the city council reached

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The French citizen community for civic tech is gathered in the collective Démocratie ouverte (Open democracy). The main purpose of this collective is to enhance democracy to increase citizen power, improve the way to decide collectively and update the political system. Démocratie ouverte gathers many

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The process of digitalization in Estonia began in 2002, when local and central governments began building an infrastructure that allowed autonomous and interconnected data. That same year in 2002, Estonia launched a national ID system that was fully digitalized and paired with digital signatures. The

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epidemic. Partnering with the Taiwanese government, the civic tech community used open data to create maps available to citizens that visualized the availability of masks to make the distribution of PPE more efficient. Big data analytics and QR code scanning also were used in Taiwan's response to the

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where it provided live broadcasting and a logistics system. The vTaiwan (v for virtual) was created initially by members of g0v and later as a collaboration with the Taiwan's government. vTaiwan is a digital space where participants can discuss controversial topics. It uses a conversation tool called

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As of 2019, approximately 87% of Taiwan's citizens over 12 years old had connectivity to the internet. The widespread use of internet has facilitated online political participation by giving citizens a platform to express their political opinions. Through the internet, Taiwanese citizens can directly

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Technological progress is rampant throughout the nations of the world, but there are dividing efforts and adoption techniques in how rapid certain countries are progressing compared to others. How countries are able to use information pertains to how devoted nations are to integrating technology into

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As civic technology is "just a piece of the $ 25.5 billion that government spends on external information technology (IT)", it is not difficult to see how this sector will grow from here on out towards fostering more innovation in the public and private sectors and towards furthering civic engagement

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In 2011, NOSSAS, a Brazilian organization that helps citizens and groups express their struggles and make change was founded. They have also made their own tech platform, BONDE. It is a platform in which other organizations can use to make their own website and use tools to spread their reach. Apart

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Observatorio de Justicia Fiscal desde las Mujeres (English: The Women's Fiscal Justice Observatory), is an organization that reviews the fiscal policies of the country. They do this by using a system with the same name to process information regarding the spending of the country with a gender focus.

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was an online platform created by Fundación Ethos during the Mexican electoral process of 2012 to promote responsible voting. An online simulation was created by taking the four presidential candidates in that election cycle and each were given policy issues based on the Mexican national agenda that

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In 2007, Estonia faced a politically motivated, large cyber attack which damaged most of the country's digital infrastructure, and as a result became the home of NATO Cyber Defense Centre of Excellence. The National Security Response was updated and approved in 2010 in response to the cyber attacks,

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movement was created in 2012 with the goal of engaging more citizens in public affairs. It is a grassroots and decentralized civic tech community composed of coders, designers, NGO workers, civil servants and citizens designed to increase transparency of government information. All of g0v's projects

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Taiwan's Digital Minister Audrey Tang has made strides to increase communication and collaboration between the government and the general public. Networks of Participation Officers have been established in each minister to jointly create new governmental policies between the public sector, citizens.

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As the field of civic technology advances further through the coming years it seems as though apps and handheld devices will become a key focus for development as more companies and municipalities reach out to developers to help with specific issues. Apps are being used in conjunction with hand held

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Microsoft's Civic Graph is guiding the developing network of civic innovators, expanding "its visualizations of funding, data usage, collaboration and even influence". It is a new tool that is opening up the access to track the world of civic technology towards improving the credibility and progress

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and a decrease in traditional, in-person social interaction. Technology as a whole may be responsible for this change in social norm, but it also holds potential for turning it around with audio and video communication capabilities. More research needs to be conducted in order to determine if these

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Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic that was happening in Venezuela, programmers have made various apps with civic uses. One of which was Docti.App, it was an app that had a list of locations citizens can go to for emergencies. It had a filterable list to find whatever users needed, including medicine and

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TEDIC is an organization founded in 2012 that defends digital rights of citizens. TEDIC researches information on cybersecurity, copyright, artificial intelligence, and more. They also promote and develop their own software for people to use to make social change. They have worked on topics such as

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based on principles of transparency and civic engagement. This strategy has paved the way for increased governmental transparency within other nations to improve democratically for the citizens' benefit and allow for greater participation within politics from a citizen's perspective. During his run

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Several citizen designed e-democracy platforms have launched in Estonia. In 2013, the online platform People's Assembly (Rahvakogu) was launched for crowdsourcing ideas and proposals to amend Estonia's electoral laws, political party law, and other issues related to democracy. Citizen OS is another

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In 2016, a new migration tool called Shuvayatra (Safe Journey) was launched in Nepal for the migrant workers of Nepal. The Asia Foundation worked with the Non-Residential Nepali Association (NRNA) and software firm, Young Innovations, in order to develop this mobile app that provides Nepali migrant

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The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Information Technology Board (KPITB) is dedicated to the development of the IT sector in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Its major projects include Durshal, a network of co-working spaces and innovation labs across KP to support tech entrepreneurs, and Citizen Facilitation Centers, which

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Regarding elections and online polling, there is the potential for voters to make less informed decisions because of the ease of voting. Although many more voters will turn out, they may only be doing so because it is easy and may not be consciously making a decision based on their own synthesized

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Because of the conveniences provided by civic technology, there are benefits as well as growing concern about the effects it may have on social behavior and civic engagement. New technology allows for connectivity and new communications, as well as changing how we interact with issues and contexts

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Founded in 2016, Movilizatorio was made to encourage and promote citizen participation in democracy. Movilizatorio works on many projects to address various issues in the country including political, social, behavioral, and cultural issues. One of their projects was able to get the local community

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OneBusAway, a mobile app that displays real-time transit info, exemplifies the open data use of civic technology. It is maintained by volunteers and has the civic utility of helping people navigate their way through cities. It follows the idea that technology can be a tool for which government can

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The City of Stockholm has a make-a-suggestion page on stockholm.se and available as an app, allowing citizens to report any ideas for improvement in the city along with a photo and GPS. After receiving a suggestion, it is sent to the appropriate office that can place a work order. During 2016, one

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The Pakistan Citizen's Portal (PCP) is a mobile application launched by the Government of Pakistan to facilitate citizen feedback and resolve public grievances. It features a grievance redressal system that allows citizens to lodge complaints regarding various government services and a performance

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U-Report, a mobile platform introduced by UNICEF Uganda in 2011, is an initiative that runs large scale polls with Ugandan youth on a wide range of issues, ranging from safety to access to education to inflation to early marriage. The goal of the initiative was to have Ugandan youth play a role in

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A Tu Servicio, a civic tech platform, informs users and citizens on the country's public health services so that they are able to make informed decisions on medical providers. The platform was founded in 2015. It features a list users can use to compare 2 different health care providers. The data

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that creates data science and technology internships for undergraduate and graduate students in United States federal agencies. Another example of a civic technology organization is the Chi Hack Night, based in Chicago. The Chi Hack Night is a weekly, volunteer-run event for building, sharing and

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In 2002, MindLab an innovation public sector service design group was established by the Danish ministries of Business and Growth, Employment, and Children and Education. MindLab was one of the world's first public sector design innovation labs and their work inspired the proliferation of similar

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Launched in Kenya in 2014, "MajiVoice" is a joint initiative by the Water Services Regulatory Board (WASREB- the Water Sector Regulator in Kenya) and the World Bank's Water and Sanitation Program. As opposed to walk-in complaint centers, the initiative enables Kenyan citizens to report complaints

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could be considered a form of civic technology. However, Nathaniel Heller, managing director of the Research for Development Institute's Governance Program contends that for-profit platforms definitively fall outside of the scope of civic technology: Heller has said that "while citizen-to-citizen

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Knowledge of how to use computers is equally important when considering factors of accessing civic technology applications online, and is also generally lower in low-income households. According to a study performed by the National Center for Education Statistics, 14% of students between the age

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Pakistan's civic tech ecosystem is characterized by a collaborative approach between citizens, tech communities, and government bodies. The ongoing efforts in this sector aim to empower citizens, improve governance, and address critical societal issues through innovative technological solutions.

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The South African government has a website portal for citizens called www.gov.za — this was created by Center for Public Service Innovation (CPSI) in partnership with the Department of Public Service and Administration and the State Information Technology Agency. The government portal allows the

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is a way to refer to problem solving by programmers, designers, data scientists, communicators, organizers, entrepreneurs, and government employees. A civic hacker may work autonomously and independently from the government but may still coordinate or collaborate with them. For example, in 2008,

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is also becoming a growing aspect of government, towards furthering the communication between the government and its citizenry and towards greater transparency within the governmental sectors. This innovation is facilitating a change towards a more progressive and open government, based on civic

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and affect the choice of voters. An experiment during assembly elections in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh showed that sending villages voice calls and text messages informing them of criminal charges of candidates increased the vote share of clean candidates and decreased the vote shares of

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This is because former in-person practices moved to the digital space in lieu of the coronavirus. The government plans to focus on the digitization aspect of its functions: the implementation of more sophisticated systems in the central and local governments in order to increase the security of

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Fundación para el Desarrollo de la Libertad Ciudadana (English: Foundation for the Development of Citizen Freedom) is an organization founded in 1995. The main goal is to improve democracy in Panama. Ways of achieving this is promoting transparency with the government to prevent corruption and

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In September 2016, Appel wrote a testimony for the Congress House Subcommittee on Information Technology hearing on "Cybersecurity: Ensuring the Integrity of the Ballot Box", suggesting to for Congress to eliminate touchscreen voting machines after the election of 2016, and that it require all

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and testing to evolve not just their government projects, but also government organizational structure using ethnographic-inspired user research, creative ideation processes, and visualization and modeling of service prototypes. In Denmark, design within the public sector has been applied to a

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The Punjab Information Technology Board (PITB) is an autonomous body set up by the Government of Punjab to promote IT in governance. Its key projects include e-Rozgaar, which provides digital skills training to youth for freelance work, and the School Information System, which digitizes school

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The mission of citizen-led initiative Code for All is to make data more accessible to the public and to encourage the use of technology for the democratization of governance. The Code for Japan chapter is one of several chapters started by Code for All. Although Code for Japan is a citizen-led

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Technology that is designed to benefit the citizenry places the governments under pressure "to change and innovate the way in which their bureaucracies relate to citizens". E-government initiatives have been established and supported in order to strengthen the democratic values of governmental

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is a crowdfunding platform for civic improvement projects that allows citizens and local groups to propose project ideas such as improving a local park or starting a street market. Projects are then funding by a mix of citizens, companies and government bodies. The platform is used by several

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In 2007 and 2008 documents from the British government explore the concept of "user-driven public services" and scenarios of highly personalized public services. The documents proposed a new view on the role of service providers and users in the development of new and highly customized public

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includes wait times, prices, number of users, workers, and more. DATA Uruguay is an organization that works on issues surrounding data. They work with other organizations and community to create tools with open data. DATA Uruguay promotes open data and transparency of public information.

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In Australia, a platform and proposed political party called MiVote has a mobile app for citizens to learn about policy and cast their vote for the policies they support. MiVote politicians elected to office would then vote in support of the majority position of the people using the app.

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is representative of the country's shift towards a 'techno-democratic statecraft' and positioned them as a new leader in the international sphere for digital infrastructure. Taiwan's handling and early response to the epidemic has gained them international praise, with the country having

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has a department of Citizen Participation that facilitates a platform called Decide Madrid for registered users to discuss topics with others in the city, propose actions for the City Council, and submit ideas for how to spend a portion of the budget on projects voted on through

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is a civic technology company that is in many countries and local governments. Citizen Lab works so citizens are better informed in democracy to make public decisions. In 2019, they expanded to Chile and made teams to support them with engagement, budgeting, planning, and more.

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services, utilizing user involvement. This view has been explored through an initiative in the UK. Under the influence of the European Union, the possibilities of service design for the public sector are being researched, picked up, and promoted in countries such as Belgium.

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sharing is indeed involved, the mission of these companies is focused on maximizing profit for their investors, not any sort of experiment in building social capital." From a goal perspective, civic technology can be understood as "the use of technology for the public good".

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to their scheduled times. It also automatically sends messages to Septa to recommend updates to the train schedule. Septa’s response indicated interest in coordinating with this civic hacker directly to improve the application. Some projects are led by nonprofits, such as

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In 2014, Estonia launched the e-Residency, which allowed users to create and manage a location independent business online from anywhere in the world. That was followed by an immigration visa for digital nomads, which was a novel way of approaching immigration policy.

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Some widely used Ukrainian civic tech projects are donor recruitment platform DonorUA, Ukrainian companies' data and court register monitoring service Open Data Bot, participatory budgeting platform "Громадський проект". The latter accounts for over 3 million users.

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e-democracy platform and is free and open source. The platform was created with the goal of enabling Estonian citizens to engage in collaborative decision-making, encouraging users to initiate petitions and participate in meaningful discussion on issues in society.

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There are four different types of e-government services and civic technology falls within the category of government-to-citizen (or G2C), the other categories include government-to-business (G2B), government-to-government (G2G), and government-to-employees (G2E).

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have taken the lead in ensuring proper technology access and education in the classroom to better prepare children for the high-tech world, but there is still a clear difference between online contributions from those with and without experience on the internet.

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chips and replaced them with modified versions of their own: a version of modified firmware that could throw off the machine's results, subtly altering the tally of votes, never to betray a hint to the voter. It took less than 7 minutes to complete the process.

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beyond one's intimate sphere. Civic technology affords transparency in government with open-government data, and allows more people of diverse socioeconomic levels to be able to build and engage with civic matters in a way that was not possible prior.

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Governance Lab suggests that Grassroot can have important effects on the leadership capacity of community leaders, an effect that is most likely to be achieved through careful design, behavioral incentives, active coaching and iteration.

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Government agencies are also leading large citizen consultation through the Conseil national du numérique (National digital council), for example with the law about the digital republic (Projet de loi pour une république numérique).

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engagement and technology for the people. With social media as a communicating platform, it enables the government to provide information to the constituents and citizens on the legislative processes and what is occurring in the

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A different citizen-led project led by JP-Mirai is working to release an app that allows migrant workers to file complaints and address issues regarding items like visas and taxation. The app currently remains unnamed.

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private and personal information and the transference from the primary use of Hanko –– a seal used in lieu of a signature on printed documents –– to digital verifications and documents in order to increase efficiency.

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workers with financial, education and training resources, as well as reliable employment services. The technology was developed in response to the often exploitative promises of working abroad as a migrant worker.

178:'s Technology & Civic Engagement Team have attempted to produce a precise taxonomy of civic technology through a bottom-up approach. They inventoried the existing initiatives and classified them according to: 1310:

With advanced technologies coming at higher costs and with an increased reliance on civic technologies may leave low-income families in the dark if they cannot afford the platforms for civic technology, such as

1010:. Several cities or regions host civic technology groups with regular meetings (in order from West to East): Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Waterloo Region, Toronto, Ottawa, Fredericton, Saint John, and Halifax. 534:

Shehri Pakistan is dedicated to promoting urban planning and civic awareness around environmental issues. It runs projects that focuses on environmental and heritage conservation through public engagement and

432:, the Civic Tech movement has been rapidly growing since around 2013. Japan's civic tech initiatives have been primarily citizen-led, but more recently, Japan has taken on government-led initiatives as well. 1253:

oxygen bottles. Another example is Javenda, it was a web application used to find nearby hospitals. He gathered data from health centers, added it to a map, and made it accessible for users to locate them.

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Grassroot is a technology platform that supports community organizers to mobilize citizens, built for low-bandwidth, low-data settings that allows for smart-messaging through text message. Research by the

1043:(IDC), an estimated $ 6.4 billion will be spent on civic technology in 2015 out of approximately $ 25.5 billion that governments in the United States will spend on external-facing technology projects. A 57:, an American non-profit, attempts to map different focuses within the civic technology space. It broadly categorizes civic technology projects into two categories: open government and community action. 459:

initiative, it also works closely with the government. Policy Advisor of the Japanese Ministry of Internal Affairs, Naoki Ota, who is a promoter of Code for Japan's civic tech projects. In light of the

3062:"Pakistan-Open-Data-Playbook - PAKISTAN OPEN DATA PLAYBOOK FOR THE GOVERNMENT AND CITIZENS: AN OUTLINE TO MAKE THE GOVERNMENT PROCESSES MORE TRANSPARENT AND TO INTRODUCE THE CULTURE OF OPEN BY DEFAULT" 834:

has an online participatory voting system, open for every citizen to propose changes and solutions. When a proposal receives more than 200 votes, it is delivered to the relevant political committee.

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Although the rapid growth of the civic tech movement in Japan started around 2013, the movement first came about in 2011 after the earthquake, tsunami and nuclear meltdowns that occurred in the

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they had to come up with a solution to. Once each candidate gave their solutions, the platform published it on their website and left it to the Mexican citizens to vote for the best policy.

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elections be subject to sensible auditing after every election to ensure that the systems are functioning properly and to prove to the American people that their votes are counted as cast.

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in Taiwan. This sandbox was created to support industry creativity by enabling entrepreneurs and companies to experiment freely with new technologies without legal constraints for a year.

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monitoring system to track and monitor the performance of government officials in addressing complaints. Code for Pakistan assisted the government in the development of this application.

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is a mobile app for citizens to report to local councils and other authorities quickly and easily. In 2020, 430,000 reports where sent via the app. A January 2021 report in Melbourne's

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supporting government with software built by community-led teams of volunteers, nonprofits, consultants, and private companies as well as embedded tech teams working within government.

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for women in Kathmandu. Since, the organization has evolved to launching open data and civic tech products, as well as organizing conferences and scholarships for young men and women.

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together because an elementary school had not started classes. Shortly after the movement started, after getting signatures and going to the Secretary of Education, classes started.

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The Ugandan government has a website portal created for citizens called Parliament Portal, which gives citizens online access to laws, their constitution, and election related news.

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Citizens are also now given access to their representatives through social media. They are able to express their concerns directly to government officials through sites like

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learning about civic technology. Civic Hall is a coworking and event space in New York City for people who want to contribute to civic-minded projects using technology. And

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instituted a process for reviewing and redrafting their constitution after the 2008 financial crisis, using social media to gather feedback on twelve successive drafts.

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While civic technology initiatives in Japan had mostly been citizen-led, the inception of the coronavirus pandemic encouraged the Japanese government to transition to

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pandemic, which enabled the government to send out real-time alerts during clinical visits and track citizens' travel history and health symptoms. The response to the

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In 2017, to foster the growth of civic tech initiatives, Ukrainian NGO SocialBoost launched 1991 Civic Tech Center, a dedicated community space in country's capital,

37:, enhances the relationship between the people and government with software for communications, decision-making, service delivery, and political process. It includes 5494: 5210:

Bertot, John Carlo; Jaeger, Paul T.; Hansen, Derek (2012-01-01). "The impact of policies on government social media usage: Issues, challenges, and recommendations".

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Bonsón, Enrique; Torres, Lourdes; Royo, Sonia; Flores, Francisco (2012-04-01). "Local e-government 2.0: Social media and corporate transparency in municipalities".

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range of 3 and 18 do not have access to the internet. Those with a lower socio-economic status tend to cut their budgets by not installing internet in their homes.

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The government of Burkina Faso has a government website portal offering citizens online information about the government structure, their constitution, and laws.

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The Tokyo Metropolitan Government has also made strides in light of the pandemic. Through the use of a copyright that allows for malleable content distribution

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creates software designed to enable public agencies to make data-driven decisions, improve budgeting and planning, and inform elected officials and citizens.

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Canadian Digital Service (CDS) was launched in 2017, as part of an attempt to bring better IT to the Canadian government. The CDS was established within the

591:(OSM). During the 2015 earthquake in Nepal (magnitude of 7.3), organizations responsible for aid relief and reconstruction used OSM to navigate the disaster. 5174: 660:

labs and user-centered design methodologies deployed in many countries worldwide. The design methods used at MindLab are typically an iterative approach of

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Data from reporting app Snap Send Solve also revealed that a 47 per cent in reports of dumped rubbish, including mattresses, up to 36,963 across the state.

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Taiwan is highly ranked internationally for its technological innovations including open data, digital inclusivity, and widespread internet participation.

5237: 1293:

opinion. It's suggested that if online voting becomes more common, so should constituent-led discussions regarding the issues or candidates being polled.

6334: 4404: 3768: 932:, major civic tech movement started out with open data reform in 2014. As for now, public data are available on data.gov.ua, national open data portal. 4493: 3290: 38: 1346: 6110: 5704: 5626: 5380: 1297:

helps voters find candidates and parties closest to their preferences, with studies suggesting that the use of these applications tend to increase

575:

is growing, and has been utilized for tasks like mapping, migrant work technology, digital literacy and open data understanding in Nepal thus far.

3388: 2306:

Actas del III Congreso Internacional Move.net sobre Movimientos Sociales y TIC 14 y 15 de noviembre de 2019 – Universidad de Sevilla, COMPOLITICAS

2198: 875: 6282: 4841: 2222: 1044: 2934: 3639: 3609: 3537: 2784: 2436: 1047:

survey of the civic technology field found that the number of civic technology companies grew by roughly 23% annually between 2008 and 2013.

912: 325: 3241: 2825: 2040: 2092: 866:

to try to improve British government policy, services and save money. As of 2014, BIT became a decentralized, semi-privatized company with

498:, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government has allowed other collaborators to add to the data and code of the project created by Code for Japan. 151:

The definition of what constitutes civic technology is contested to a certain extent, especially with regards to companies engaged in the

4588: 4285: 4379: 1059:, a not-for-profit based in San Francisco, working toward addressing the gap between the government and citizens. College students from 1392: 4140: 2157: 1473: 452: 4091: 609:

Another civic tech non-profit called Open Knowledge Nepal has also been working to make data open and accessible to Nepali residents.

6283:

George, S., Gupta, S., & Neggers, Y. (2020). Coordinating Voters against Criminal Politicians: Experimental Evidence from India.

4006: 3979: 3743: 815: 2983: 2365:"Online political participation, civic talk, and media multiplexity: how Taiwanese citizens express political opinions on the Web" 1696: 1937: 4613: 3599: 1553:

Criado, J. Ignacio; Sandoval-Almazan, Rodrigo; Gil-Garcia, J. Ramon (2013-10-01). "Government innovation through social media".

5601: 3695: 987: 732:

In France, public data are available on data.gouv.fr by the Etalab mission, located under the authority of the Prime Minister.

4281:

Thoelen and Cleeren (ed.), Public Service Design. A guide for the application of service design in public organisations, 2015

3629: 3363: 5951: 2959: 1901: 1852: 1040: 991: 795:, an Italian political party has a tool called Rousseau which gives members a way to communicate with their representatives. 788:

A consortium made by TOP-IX, FBK and RENA created the Italian civic tech school. The first edition was in May 2016 in Turin.

5782: 394:

are open-source and created by citizens. The g0v community has participated in a variety of social movements, including the

5432: 4514: 748:

LaPrimaire.org organizes open primaries to allow the French to choose the candidates they wish to run for public elections

4691: 2861: 1412: 464: 4334: 1640: 2591:

Lee, Shin Haeng (2017-01-02). "Digital democracy in Asia: The impact of the Asian internet on political participation".

2329: 669:

waste management, improving social interactions between convicts and guards in Danish prisons, transforming services in

5258: 1668: 2564: 416: 399: 262: 4189: 3515: 2247:"UNICEF's U-Report: using mobile technology for youth participation in policymaking - Centre for Public Impact (CPI)" 1955: 6165:"Why We Engage: How Theories of Human Behavior Contribute to Our Understanding of Civic Engagement in a Digital Era" 1922: 4258: 1872: 1032: 908: 395: 208: 4872:"Inside the Canadian Digital Service – how the transformation agency began life 'on the corner of someone's desk'" 2509: 1055:

Civic technology is built by a variety of companies, organizations and volunteer groups. One prominent example is

5903: 5457:"Personal Affidavit from Andrew Appel for the Superior Court of New Jersey in New Jersey Voting Machines Lawsuit" 5185: 4768: 1622: 1341: 1294: 915:

to provide data for a national polling station finder at wheredoivote.co.uk and on the commission's own website.

859: 1083:

set out to prove how easy it was to hack into a voting machine. On February 3, 2007, he and a graduate student,

455:, citizen-led initiative Safecast, which allows citizens to collect and distribute radiation data, was created. 6339: 6329: 4896: 4216: 979: 491: 5679: 1275:

The importance of face-to-face interactions has also been called to question with the increase in e-mails and

3656: 2074: 6136: 5456: 3571: 1583: 1361: 862:(also known as Nudge) was originally part of the British cabinet and was founded in 2010, in order to apply 809: 5552:

Cesar, Max; Chaia, Alberto; de Oliveira Vaz, Andre; Garcia-Muñoz, Gonzalo; Haugwitz, Philipp (2018-11-01).

467:

that informs the public about the number of coronavirus cases and reductions in metropolitan subway usage.

3266:"Shuvayatra - An Android App For Nepali Migrant Workers - Brings Rewards System For Taking Online Courses" 804: 772: 145: 3489: 2885: 2004:

Corrales, Javier; Westhoff, Frank (2006-01-01). "Information Technology Adoption and Political Regimes".

232:

web application that publicly displayed a comparison of the actual arrival times of Philadelphia’s local

6324: 5634: 5149:"Engaging the Public in Open Government: Social Media Technology and Policy for Government Transparency" 982:

the Canadian agency that oversees spending within departments and the operations of the public service.

584: 212: 1111: 518: 5238:"Civic tech in 2015: $ 6.4 billion to connect citizens to services, and to one another - TechRepublic" 3461: 4418: 4224:

Public Administration Select Committee, The House of Commons, London: The Stationery Office Limited

3851: 2246: 764: 167:. For example, Airbnb's ability to provide New York residents with housing during the aftermath of 6294: 6189: 4029: 1396: 6265: 3215: 3061: 2755: 2616: 2491: 2442: 2392: 2102: 2021: 1789: 1526:

Cavanaugh, John W. (2000). "E-Democracy: Thinking About The Impact Of Technology On Civic Life".

1060: 792: 522: 1831: 1002:

As in other countries, the Canadian civic technology movement is home to several organizations.

4995: 2910: 1036:

for president, Obama was "tied directly to the extensive use of social media by the campaign".

6257: 6082: 4398: 4383: 4282: 4002: 3975: 3874: 3776: 3635: 3605: 3572:"How a tiny country bordering Russia became one of the most tech-savvy societies in the world" 3146: 3108: 2833: 2780: 2747: 2739: 2698: 2680: 2608: 2483: 2432: 2384: 2339: 2153: 2088: 1811:"Frustrated Over Late SEPTA Trains, Software Developer Creates App Proposing Better Schedules" 1469: 1280:

are appropriate substitutes for in-person interaction, or if any substitute is even feasible.

1064: 661: 525:

government, and publishing Pakistan's first Open Data Playbook. CfP regularly organizes civic

200: 54: 2298: 1196:

from BONDE, NOSSAS also provides support and programs to those who want to become activists.

1087:, purchased a voting machine, and Halderman picked the lock in 7 seconds. They removed the 4 6249: 6164: 5219: 2729: 2688: 2672: 2600: 2473: 2424: 2376: 2080: 2013: 1753: 1562: 1535: 1316: 1056: 1007: 603: 448: 238: 225: 168: 6215: 5524:"National Academies panel on securing the vote includes Princeton computer scientist Appel" 4815:"As Some Bail, Denis Gursky Sees Ukraine as Land of Opportunity, and Thinks You Should Too" 2718:"Response to COVID-19 in Taiwan: Big Data Analytics, New Technology, and Proactive Testing" 2462:"Does Internet usage inspire offline political participation? Analyzing the Taiwanese case" 440:

The purpose of civic tech initiatives are to educate the population to use technology as a

410:

Civic technology in Taiwan was a key component of the country's successful response to the

4289: 3680: 3191: 3159: 3121: 1366: 1351: 1122: 1003: 949: 886: 867: 632: 441: 152: 5123: 4718:"DonorUA: How the Synergy of the Civil Society, Business and IT Saves Thousands of Lives" 3921:"Civic Tech Platform La Primaire Wants To Help French Voters Bypass Traditional Parties" 5405: 3631:

Case Studies in Information Warfare and Security for Researchers, Teachers and Students

2801:"Why Taiwan Has Just 42 Coronavirus Cases while Neighbors Report Hundreds or Thousands" 2693: 1371: 1084: 1028: 957: 599: 4842:"Canadian Digital Service takes startup approach to building better IT for government" 4116: 1492: 1138: 6318: 6269: 6216:"The Reader-to-Leader Framework: Motivating Technology-Mediated Social Participation" 5148: 3996: 2759: 2620: 2495: 2446: 2428: 2396: 2334: 2122: 2017: 1433: 1320: 1298: 1088: 588: 107: 2635: 2412:"Towards a Model of Online Petition Signing Dynamics on the Join Platform in Taiwan" 6062:

Centro Virtual para la transparencia y la rendición de cuentas de la sociedad civil

3315: 2199:"Getting to the Grassroot, Leadership Development through Storytelling on WhatsApp" 2174: 1356: 1328: 1276: 1080: 1024: 983: 871: 863: 851: 602:, a non-profit organization that began in the United States, provided workshops in 480: 140: 88: 6253: 5806: 4073: 3413: 2604: 17: 5928:"Fundación para el Desarrollo de la Libertad Ciudadana - Otro sitio de WordPress" 3174:"About KPITB | KPITB | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Information Technology Board" 2380: 2147: 1463: 827:

hundred thousand requests were recorded. This e-service began in September 2013.

6237: 6058:"Datos Abiertos Transparencia y Acceso a la Información (DATA Uruguay) archivos" 5099: 4794:"Trend 2021–civic tech. What you need to know about public technology – Rubryka" 4301: 2776:

The strategic communications of techno-democratic statecraft: the case of Taiwan

2223:"A Novel Approach to Civic Pedagogy: Training Grassroots Organizers on WhatsApp" 894: 818:

uses a reddit called Plaza Podemos where anybody can propose and vote on ideas.

229: 6295:"More than 9 million children lack internet access at home for online learning" 5729: 5577: 5433:"Georgia's new voting system actually decreases election security, say experts" 4793: 2661:"Legal preparedness as part of COVID-19 response: the first 100 days in Taiwan" 2411: 2364: 1416: 5223: 4494:"Mayor of London Sadiq Khan Invests Over £400,000 as Part of Crowdfund London" 3972:

Gnarr! How I Became the Mayor of a Large City in Iceland and Changed the World

3490:"MindLab: The evolution of a public innovation lab - The Governance Lab @ NYU" 3437: 3216:"Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team | Disaster Activation: Nepal Earthquake 2015" 2676: 2565:"The logic of communitive action: A case study of Taiwan's Sunflower Movement" 2478: 2461: 1757: 1566: 1235:

personal data, freedom of expression, gender and digital inclusion, and more.

1204: 831: 775:

uses the crowdsourcing platform Píratar for members to create party policies.

724:, French civic tech is "already a reality" but lacks investments to scale up. 666: 637: 526: 463:

pandemic, Code for Japan also developed stopcovid19.metro.tokyo.lg.jp for the

6261: 3780: 2837: 2743: 2684: 2612: 2487: 2417:

2021 Eighth International Conference on eDemocracy & eGovernment (ICEDEG)

2410:

Hsin-Ying, Huang; Mate, Kovacs; Victor, Kryssanov; Uwe, Serdült (July 2021).

2388: 2343: 1772: 3538:"Estonia's digitised society is a worthy lesson for an independent Scotland" 1465:

E-Government: Implementation, Adoption and Synthesis in Developing Countries

1312: 1175: 900: 890: 242: 175: 73: 5469: 2774: 2751: 2734: 2717: 2702: 529:

to address civic issues within Pakistan with the help of community members.

5282: 2862:"Strength in numbers: A more open approach to tracking the virus in Japan" 245:. The work often includes paid staff and the contributions of volunteers. 5830: 5306: 3242:"New App Provides Nepali Migrant Workers with Safe Migration Information" 2660: 2270: 721: 506: 460: 411: 148:, for the sake of the citizens' concerns with the government procedures. 136: 6190:"'Civic tech' efforts open up government data for the great public good" 5075: 1876: 1284:

for the interests of the masses to be communicated to the implementers.

1187:

This is done to have better equality in the expenditure of the country.

6163:

Baldwin-Philippi, Jesse; Balestra, Martina; Gordon, Eric (2013-10-27).

6036: 3291:"Nepal: Protect Nepalese migrants from 'false promises' of work abroad" 2025: 1832:"This app shows you how often SEPTA Regional Rail is late (with fixes)" 1069: 929: 717: 378: 132: 6001: 5705:"Crean plataforma y observatorio de justicia fiscal desde las mujeres" 4589:"Democracy Club Finally Lets Brits Know Who Is Running for Parliament" 4443: 4092:"This Is How People Power Wins an Election: The Story of Ahora Madrid" 1539: 1405:"Nick Bilton: New York Times: Changing Government and Tech With Geeks" 5927: 5878: 5554:"How Mexico can become Latin America's digital-government powerhouse" 1980: 1226:

engaging with citizens to increase democratic citizen participation.

670: 495: 404: 219: 164: 27:

How government use of telecom and computers interacts with the people

3100: 2123:"Maji Voice Kenya: Better complaint management at public utilities" 1923:"The Future of Civic Tech: 8 Localities Showcase Their Initiatives" 1319:. This causes an increase in the gap between lower and middle/high 6111:"¿Buscar hospital? ¿Oxígeno? Apps contra el covid-19 en Venezuela" 6024: 5854: 4053: 2826:"Japan's new prime minister drags government into the digital era" 2149:

The Innovative CIO and E-participation in E-government Initiatives

2084: 1597: 713: 572: 429: 233: 5602:"Con esta herramienta, descubre con cuál candidato eres más afín" 4922: 4614:"Why are British voters in the dark about this week's elections?" 3173: 5655: 4539: 3719: 3389:"MiVote wants to bring remote control politicians to the Senate" 3138: 2984:"Japan passes laws to set up digital policy agency in September" 2563:

Chen, Bo-yu; Liao, Da-chi; Wu, Hsin-che; Hwang, San-yih (2014).

1434:"Building Social Capital in the Digital Age of Civic Engagement" 953: 945: 160: 156: 3516:"Look to Government—Yes, Government—for New Social Innovations" 3007: 4692:"Can open data grow Ukraine's economy by 1-Billion In 7 years" 4217:"User Involvement in Public Services, Sixth Report of Session" 3826: 3043: 2539: 1133: 855: 390: 5252:"The Emergence of Civic Tech: Investments in a Growing Field" 5050: 4743: 3601:

Real-World Electronic Voting: Design, Analysis and Deployment

691:

and recognizes the growing threat of cyber crime in Estonia.

253:

within these sectors and with these platforms of technology.

6238:"Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Voting Advice Applications" 5757: 5331: 4030:"The world watches Reykjavik's digital democracy experiment" 3026:"Code for All - The Largest Civic Tech Network in the World" 2716:

Wang, C. Jason; Ng, Chun Y.; Brook, Robert H. (2020-04-14).

904:

councils including the Mayor of London to co-fund projects.

407:

that leverages machine learning to scale online discussion.

4946: 4283:

http://designvlaanderen.be/publicatie/public-service-design

3859: 1720: 4355: 3894: 3800: 3364:"Can Direct Democracy Be Revived Through New Voting Apps?" 720:, a neighborhood known for being a tech hub. According to 5976: 5355: 4769:"The First Forum on Participatory Budgeting Held in Kyiv" 3025: 2935:"Japan turns to tech to help foreign blue-collar workers" 1898:"Is Civic Hacking Becoming 'Our Pieces, Loosely Joined'?" 874:, referred to as the 'US Nudge Unit,' working within the 641:

noted an increased number of reports for dumped rubbish.

420:

significantly fewer COVID-19 cases than their neighbors.

261:

A worldwide organization that supports civic tech is the

3769:"Les nouvelles ambitions de la " Civic Tech " française" 1956:"The future of civic technology | Brookings Institution" 5952:"Fundación para el Desarrollo de la Libertad Ciudadana" 1150: 1006:

is a non-profit group, following somewhat the model of

6236:

Munzert, Simon; Ramirez-Ruiz, Sebastian (2021-11-02).

5175:"Open data: an international comparison of strategies" 5025: 4970: 4666: 4327:"Executive Order Formally Establishes US 'Nudge Unit'" 4248:"Policy Review, Building on progress: Public services" 4190:"12 Reasons Why Gothenburg is an Amazing Sharing City" 3433:"Why mattresses are being dumped on Melbourne streets" 3079: 1853:"SEPTA rider creates app proposing 'better schedules'" 1468:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 31–32. 854:

was set up to strengthen the voice of patients in the

5932:

Fundación para el Desarrollo de la Libertad Ciudadana

4468: 3696:"Global lessons from Estonia's tech-savvy government" 712:

The most dynamic French city regarding civic tech is

6037:"Sobre DATA Uruguay, misión y visión – DATA Uruguay" 6002:"TEDIC | Association for Progressive Communications" 3339: 2886:"How To Build A Civic Tech Community | Code for All" 2572:

Internet, Politics and Policy Conference, Oxford, UK

948:. The space opened following a $ 480,000 grant from 398:

where it provided a crowdsourcing platform, and the

6083:"Venezuela: Freedom on the Net 2021 Country Report" 5470:"How I bought used voting machines on the Internet" 5003: 952:, the philanthropic investment firm established by 876:

White House Office of Science and Technology Policy

5381:"A Coworking Site For Civic Tech In New York City" 5734:Observatorio de Justicia Fiscal Desde las Mujeres 3514:Bason, Christian; Colligan, Philip (2014-11-20). 2960:"8 Months Later — Civic Tech Takes on a Pandemic" 2593:Journal of Information Technology & Politics 2363:Hsieh, Yuli Patrick; Li, Meng-Hao (2014-01-02). 1669:"Civic Graph Charts the New World of Civic Tech" 3744:"Paris, bientôt capitale des Civic Tech ?" 3178:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Information Technology Board 2073:Tiago, Peixoto; L., Sifry, Micah (2017-08-21). 1578: 1576: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1262:Effects on social behavior and civic engagement 5184:. European Journal of Practice. Archived from 3998:Better Reykjavik — Open Municipal Policymaking 2175:"GovChat ready to 'assist SASSA where needed'" 1774:Civic Hacking - Open Government Data: The Book 1462:Bwalya, Kelvin J.; Mutula, Stephen M. (2014). 558:provide one-stop digital services to citizens. 5459:. Princeton University. Retrieved 2019-09-24. 4188:Kollaborativ Ekonomi Göteborg (5 July 2017). 8: 5783:"How Can Civic Technology Transform Brazil?" 5502:House Subcommittee of Information Technology 3879:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3593: 3591: 3484: 3482: 3080:"Shehri - Citizens for a Better Environment" 2107:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1900:. Tech President. 2012-07-25. Archived from 1393:"Civic Tech: Entrepreneurship Opportunities" 3598:Hao, Feng; Ryan, Peter Y. A. (2016-11-30). 1794:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3084:Shehri - Citizens for a Better Environment 552:records and improves education management. 3681:"Rahvakogu, Estonia – From ideas to laws" 3623: 3621: 2733: 2692: 2477: 2460:Chang, Alex Chuan-hsien (December 2019). 1493:"Knight Foundation: Trends in Civic Tech" 665:variety of projects including rethinking 39:information and communications technology 6137:"Acceso a Mapa de Centros Asistenciales" 3466:Stanford Social Innovation Review (SSIR) 2855: 2853: 2369:Information, Communication & Society 1641:"Towards a taxonomy of civic technology" 1347:Comparison of civic technology platforms 988:president of the Canadian Treasury Board 758:Icelandic constitutional reform, 2010–13 215:and a more democratic political system. 59: 6104: 6102: 5752: 5750: 4639:"Electoral Administration Bulletin 220" 2510:"Taiwan Fintech Regulatory Development" 2330:"Inside Taiwan's new digital democracy" 2299:"Inside Taiwan's New Digital Democracy" 1623:"The Sharing Economy is Not Civic Tech" 1383: 889:.com is a website and app developed by 673:for mentally disabled adults and more. 494:, and open-source development platform 444:tool and to access public information. 6158: 6156: 6135:I, José Miguel Avendaño (2021-04-15). 5547: 5545: 5543: 5495:"Written testimony of Andrew W. Appel" 5147:Bertot, John Carlo (August 12, 2010). 4865: 4863: 4861: 4521:. Greater London Authority. 2016-06-21 4403:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4396: 4242: 4240: 4211: 4209: 3872: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3536:Docherty-Hughes, Martin (2020-09-09). 3531: 3529: 3155: 3144: 3117: 3106: 2323: 2321: 2292: 2290: 2100: 2041:"Why Civic Tech Is The Next Big Thing" 1787: 1039:According to a study conducted by the 990:, launched CDS and was Canada's first 716:, with many initiatives moving in the 4302:"'Nudge unit' privatisation unveiled" 3462:"Design-Led Innovation in Government" 3455: 3453: 3451: 2466:Japanese Journal of Political Science 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 1691: 1689: 1663: 1661: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1449: 7: 5493:Appel, Andrew (September 28, 2016). 4667:"Open Data in Ukraine - data.gov.ua" 4564:"Democracy? There's an app for that" 3414:"2020 Data Report – Snap Send Solve" 2173:Mzekandaba, Simnikiwe (2020-09-29). 1487: 1485: 5173:Huijboom, Noor (March–April 2011). 3136:Punjab Information Technology Board 3048:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Open Data Portal 1851:Metro Magazine Staff (2014-01-22). 2514:International Trade Administration 2271:"UNICEF Uganda - Youth - U-report" 185:the social processes they involved 25: 6335:Information technology consulting 3570:Schulze, Elizabeth (2019-02-08). 3240:Dawoodbhoy, Zahara (2016-05-25). 3101:https://web.citizenportal.gov.pk/ 2779:. European University Institute. 1936:Feldman, Amy (21 December 2010). 816:Podemos (Spanish political party) 5212:Government Information Quarterly 3945:Landemore, Hélène (2014-07-31). 3634:. 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Archived from 4257:. March 2007. Archived from 2634:Megill, Colin (2016-05-25). 2381:10.1080/1369118X.2013.833278 1076:act as a society-equalizer. 194:the depth of the technology. 4080:(in Italian). 17 June 2016. 3850:Niculita, Desvigne, Dobre. 3066:Pakistan Open Data Playbook 2328:Tang, Audrey (2019-03-12). 1985:Open Government Partnership 1784:– via opengovdata.io. 1598:"Airbnb.org - Get Involved" 417:COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan 400:Hong Kong Umbrella Movement 263:Open Government Partnership 79:Peer-to-peer local sharing 68:Community action includes: 6356: 1295:Voting advice applications 1105:Government-led initiatives 1033:Open Government Initiative 1019:Government-led initiatives 974:Government-led initiatives 924:Government-led initiatives 909:community interest company 843:Government-led initiatives 728:Government-led initiatives 682:Government-led initiatives 655:Government-led initiatives 540:Government-led initiatives 492:Creative Commons licensing 475:Government-led initiatives 396:Sunflower Student Movement 372:Government-led initiatives 338:Government-led initiatives 310:Government-led initiatives 283:Government-led initiatives 209:transparency in government 95:Visualization and mapping 65:Open government includes: 6214:Preece, Jennifer (2009). 5224:10.1016/j.giq.2011.04.004 3827:"Réseau sociétal citoyen" 3460:Bason, Christian (2013). 2677:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002608 2479:10.1017/S1468109919000070 2162:– via Google Books. 1758:10.1016/j.giq.2011.10.001 1567:10.1016/j.giq.2013.10.003 1478:– via Google Books. 1342:Collaborative e-democracy 1306:Effects on socioeconomics 188:their users and customers 5076:"CIVIC TECH FREDERICTON" 4646:The Electoral Commission 3494:The Governance Lab @ NYU 2773:Insisa, Aurelio (2021). 1721:"Civic Tech Field Guide" 1701:www.knightfoundation.org 1497:www.knightfoundation.org 1432:Mandarano, Lynn (2011). 980:Treasury Board of Canada 125:Participatory budgeting 6242:Political Communication 5855:"About us - CitizenLab" 5100:"Civic Tech Saint John" 4419:"mysociety/fixmystreet" 3947:"We, All of the People" 3520:Harvard Business Review 3098:Pakistan Citizen Portal 1645:Microsoft on the Issues 1627:www.globalintegrity.org 1362:Government by algorithm 1118:Citizen-led initiatives 1051:Citizen-led initiatives 998:Citizen-led initiatives 936:Citizen-led initiatives 882:Citizen-led initiatives 830:The city government of 810:participatory budgeting 784:Citizen-led initiatives 740:Citizen-led initiatives 699:Citizen-led initiatives 624:Citizen-led initiatives 579:Citizen-led initiatives 513:Citizen-led initiatives 436:Citizen-led initiatives 385:Citizen-led initiatives 346:Citizen-led initiatives 319:Citizen-led initiatives 296:Citizen-led initiatives 122:Public decision-making 53:A 2013 report from the 5684:Engineering For Change 5558:McKinsey & Company 5504:. Princeton University 5287:www.codeforamerica.org 5080:CIVIC TECH FREDERICTON 4923:"Civic Tech Vancouver" 3683:. Citizens Foundation. 2735:10.1001/jama.2020.3151 1725:Civic Tech Field Guide 1413:"But What Is "Civic"?" 1112:McKinsey & Company 773:Pirate Party (Iceland) 6064:(in European Spanish) 5711:(in European Spanish) 5703:Jemio, Miriam Telma. 5680:"Caminos de la Villa" 5656:"Caminos de la villa" 5406:"What is Civic Tech?" 4927:civictechvancouver.ca 3720:"Vision · Citizen OS" 3468:. Stanford University 3418:www.snapsendsolve.com 3295:Amnesty International 3196:Kathmandu Living Labs 1528:National Civic Review 585:Kathmandu Living Labs 213:direct representation 117:Community organizing 6171:. Harvard University 6169:Berkman Klein Center 5660:caminosdelavilla.org 5528:Princeton University 5474:www.cs.princeton.edu 5191:on December 20, 2016 5182:epracticejournal.edu 5124:"Halifax Civic Tech" 5026:"Civic Tech Toronto" 5006:on 28 September 2017 4876:PublicTechnology.net 4331:Behavioral Scientist 4165:"Göteborgsförslaget" 3919:Guerrini, Federico. 2423:. pp. 199–204. 2146:Obi, Toshio (2010). 2127:www.researchgate.net 1938:"Intelligent Cities" 913:Electoral Commission 907:Democracy Club is a 571:Civic technology in 98:Neighborhood forums 5627:"Partido de la Red" 5051:"Ottawa Civic Tech" 4078:Technologie Civiche 3970:Gnarr, Jón (2014). 3831:www.communecter.org 3246:The Asia Foundation 1697:"Knight Foundation" 1174:Partido de la Red ( 805:Madrid City Council 765:Citizens Foundation 598:In its beginnings, 61: 6109:AFP (2021-05-28). 5240:. 6 February 2015. 5030:Civic Tech Toronto 4515:"Crowdfund London" 4288:2017-01-07 at the 4117:"More Information" 4096:Commons Transition 3420:. 7 February 2021. 2636:"pol.is in Taiwan" 2039:Montgomery, Mike. 1149:. You can help by 1061:Harvard University 793:Five Star Movement 523:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 453:Fukushima disaster 114:Resident feedback 60: 18:Civic technologist 6223:Theory and Review 6194:news and observer 5859:www.citizenlab.co 5311:Coding it Forward 5055:Ottawa Civic Tech 4903:. Code for Canada 3641:978-1-909507-06-7 3611:978-1-4987-1471-6 3154:Missing or empty 3116:Missing or empty 3012:Code for Pakistan 2786:978-92-9084-991-9 2728:(14): 1341–1342. 2665:BMJ Global Health 2438:978-1-6654-2512-4 1675:. 19 October 2015 1540:10.1002/ncr.89305 1167: 1166: 1065:Coding it Forward 1045:Knight Foundation 662:rapid prototyping 519:Code for Pakistan 129: 128: 76:and transparency 55:Knight Foundation 16:(Redirected from 6347: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6291: 6285: 6280: 6274: 6273: 6233: 6227: 6226: 6220: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6176: 6160: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6147: 6132: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6122: 6106: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6069: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6033: 6027: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6012: 5998: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5988: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5962: 5956:onthinktanks.org 5948: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5914: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5890: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5865: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5817: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5754: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5716: 5709:lapublica.org.bo 5700: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5690: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5652: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5642: 5633:. 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Archived from 4376: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4366: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4342: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4313: 4298: 4292: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4269: 4263: 4252: 4244: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4231: 4221: 4213: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4200: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4175: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4127: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4103: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4074:"Prima Edizione" 4070: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4060: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4040: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4015: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3957: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3878: 3870: 3868: 3867: 3858:. Archived from 3856:www.demodyne.org 3847: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3837: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3812: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3787: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3754: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3730: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3706: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3667: 3655:Heller, Nathan. 3652: 3646: 3645: 3625: 3616: 3615: 3595: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3582: 3567: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3548: 3533: 3524: 3523: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3501: 3486: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3473: 3457: 3446: 3445: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3400: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3375: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3350: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3326: 3316:"Code for Nepal" 3312: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3302: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3277: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3252: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3227: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3202: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3157: 3152: 3150: 3142: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3119: 3114: 3112: 3104: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2994: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2945: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2921: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2897: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2872: 2857: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2844: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2812: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2737: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2696: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2646: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2578: 2569: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2551: 2550: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2516:. July 1, 2020. 2506: 2500: 2499: 2481: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2422: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2350: 2325: 2316: 2315: 2313: 2312: 2303: 2294: 2285: 2284: 2282: 2281: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2257: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2233: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2210: 2209: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2185: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2134: 2133: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2106: 2098: 2094:978-0-9964142-27 2070: 2055: 2054: 2052: 2051: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1991: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1967: 1952: 1946: 1945: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1910: 1909: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1885: 1884: 1875:. Archived from 1869: 1863: 1862: 1860: 1859: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1839: 1838: 1827: 1821: 1820: 1818: 1817: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1793: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1732: 1731: 1717: 1711: 1710: 1708: 1707: 1693: 1684: 1683: 1681: 1680: 1665: 1656: 1655: 1653: 1652: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1629:. December 2013. 1619: 1613: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1580: 1571: 1570: 1550: 1544: 1543: 1523: 1508: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1489: 1480: 1479: 1459: 1444: 1441: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1415:. Archived from 1408: 1400: 1395:. Archived from 1388: 1323:class families. 1162: 1159: 1141: 1134: 1057:Code for America 1008:Code for America 604:digital literacy 239:Code for America 226:William Entriken 169:Superstorm Sandy 62: 31:Civic technology 21: 6355: 6354: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6345: 6344: 6340:Open government 6330:Information Age 6315: 6314: 6313: 6312: 6303: 6301: 6293: 6292: 6288: 6281: 6277: 6235: 6234: 6230: 6218: 6213: 6212: 6208: 6199: 6197: 6188: 6187: 6183: 6174: 6172: 6162: 6161: 6154: 6145: 6143: 6134: 6133: 6129: 6120: 6118: 6108: 6107: 6100: 6091: 6089: 6081: 6080: 6076: 6067: 6065: 6056: 6055: 6051: 6042: 6040: 6035: 6034: 6030: 6023: 6019: 6010: 6008: 6000: 5999: 5995: 5986: 5984: 5974: 5973: 5969: 5960: 5958: 5950: 5949: 5945: 5936: 5934: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5912: 5910: 5904:"Movilizatorio" 5902: 5901: 5897: 5888: 5886: 5877: 5876: 5872: 5863: 5861: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5839: 5837: 5829: 5828: 5824: 5815: 5813: 5805: 5804: 5800: 5791: 5789: 5787:Omidyar Network 5780: 5779: 5775: 5766: 5764: 5756: 5755: 5748: 5739: 5737: 5728: 5727: 5723: 5714: 5712: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5688: 5686: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5664: 5662: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5640: 5638: 5625: 5624: 5620: 5611: 5609: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5586: 5584: 5582:Arena Electoral 5576: 5575: 5571: 5562: 5560: 5551: 5550: 5541: 5532: 5530: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5507: 5505: 5497: 5492: 5491: 5487: 5478: 5476: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5455:Appel, Andrew. 5454: 5450: 5441: 5439: 5430: 5429: 5425: 5415: 5413: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5389: 5387: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5364: 5362: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5340: 5338: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5315: 5313: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5291: 5289: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5254: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5236: 5235: 5231: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5194: 5192: 5188: 5177: 5172: 5171: 5167: 5157: 5155: 5146: 5145: 5141: 5132: 5130: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5108: 5106: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5084: 5082: 5074: 5073: 5069: 5059: 5057: 5049: 5048: 5044: 5034: 5032: 5024: 5023: 5019: 5009: 5007: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4979: 4977: 4971:"Beta City YEG" 4969: 4968: 4964: 4955: 4953: 4945: 4944: 4940: 4931: 4929: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4894: 4893: 4889: 4880: 4878: 4869: 4868: 4859: 4850: 4848: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4824: 4822: 4821:. 24 April 2018 4813: 4812: 4808: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4777: 4775: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4752: 4750: 4744:"Open Data Bot" 4742: 4741: 4737: 4727: 4725: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4701: 4699: 4698:. 27 April 2018 4690: 4689: 4685: 4675: 4673: 4671:www.data.gov.ua 4665: 4664: 4660: 4651: 4649: 4641: 4637: 4636: 4632: 4623: 4621: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4598: 4596: 4587: 4586: 4582: 4573: 4571: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4548: 4546: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4524: 4522: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4499: 4497: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4477: 4475: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4452: 4450: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4427: 4425: 4417: 4416: 4412: 4395: 4389: 4387: 4380:"Archived copy" 4378: 4377: 4373: 4364: 4362: 4354: 4353: 4349: 4340: 4338: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4311: 4309: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4290:Wayback Machine 4280: 4276: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4250: 4246: 4245: 4238: 4229: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4214: 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3298: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3275: 3273: 3270:sharesansar.com 3264: 3263: 3259: 3250: 3248: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3225: 3223: 3222:. 27 April 2015 3214: 3213: 3209: 3200: 3198: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3153: 3143: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3115: 3105: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2992: 2990: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2968: 2966: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2943: 2941: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2919: 2917: 2915:www.swissre.com 2909: 2908: 2904: 2895: 2893: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2870: 2868: 2866:The Japan Times 2859: 2858: 2851: 2842: 2840: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2810: 2808: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2787: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2644: 2642: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2576: 2574: 2567: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2548: 2546: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2523: 2521: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2439: 2420: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2348: 2346: 2327: 2326: 2319: 2310: 2308: 2301: 2296: 2295: 2288: 2279: 2277: 2269: 2268: 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Hack Night 5323: 5298: 5274: 5243: 5229: 5202: 5165: 5139: 5115: 5091: 5067: 5042: 5017: 4987: 4962: 4938: 4914: 4887: 4857: 4832: 4806: 4785: 4760: 4735: 4709: 4683: 4658: 4630: 4605: 4593:ThechPresident 4580: 4555: 4544:Democracy Club 4531: 4506: 4496:. 30 July 2017 4485: 4460: 4434: 4410: 4371: 4347: 4318: 4293: 4274: 4236: 4205: 4180: 4156: 4132: 4108: 4083: 4065: 4045: 4020: 4007: 3987: 3980: 3962: 3937: 3911: 3886: 3842: 3817: 3792: 3759: 3735: 3711: 3686: 3672: 3661:The New Yorker 3647: 3640: 3617: 3610: 3587: 3553: 3525: 3506: 3478: 3447: 3423: 3405: 3380: 3355: 3331: 3320:Code for Nepal 3307: 3282: 3257: 3232: 3220:www.hotosm.org 3207: 3183: 3165: 3127: 3089: 3071: 3053: 3035: 3017: 2999: 2975: 2950: 2926: 2902: 2890:codeforall.org 2877: 2849: 2832:. 2021-01-02. 2817: 2807:. 4 March 2020 2792: 2785: 2765: 2708: 2671:(5): e002608. 2651: 2626: 2583: 2555: 2531: 2501: 2472:(4): 191–208. 2452: 2437: 2402: 2355: 2317: 2286: 2275:www.unicef.org 2262: 2238: 2214: 2190: 2165: 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CRC Press. 3603: 3602: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3577: 3573: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3510: 3507: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3467: 3463: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3427: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3409: 3406: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3381: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3356: 3345: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3321: 3317: 3311: 3308: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3283: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3258: 3247: 3243: 3236: 3233: 3221: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3161: 3148: 3140: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3123: 3110: 3102: 3099: 3093: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3057: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3039: 3036: 3031: 3027: 3021: 3018: 3013: 3009: 3003: 3000: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2951: 2940: 2936: 2930: 2927: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2903: 2891: 2887: 2881: 2878: 2867: 2863: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2830:The Economist 2827: 2821: 2818: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2788: 2782: 2778: 2777: 2769: 2766: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2712: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2655: 2652: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2587: 2584: 2573: 2566: 2559: 2556: 2545: 2541: 2535: 2532: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2505: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2456: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2419: 2418: 2413: 2406: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2359: 2356: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2336: 2335:The Economist 2331: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2307: 2300: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2276: 2272: 2266: 2263: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2239: 2228: 2224: 2218: 2215: 2204: 2200: 2194: 2191: 2180: 2176: 2169: 2166: 2161: 2155: 2151: 2150: 2142: 2139: 2128: 2124: 2118: 2115: 2110: 2104: 2096: 2090: 2086: 2085:10.1596/27947 2082: 2078: 2077: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2046: 2042: 2035: 2032: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2000: 1997: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1973: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1932: 1929: 1924: 1918: 1915: 1904:on 2017-10-11 1903: 1899: 1893: 1890: 1879:on 2011-01-24 1878: 1874: 1868: 1865: 1854: 1847: 1844: 1833: 1826: 1823: 1812: 1805: 1802: 1797: 1791: 1776: 1775: 1767: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1740: 1737: 1726: 1722: 1716: 1713: 1702: 1698: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1674: 1670: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1646: 1642: 1636: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1618: 1615: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1590: 1586:. 2001-11-30. 1585: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1549: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1498: 1494: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1471: 1467: 1466: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1407:. 2010-07-06. 1406: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1387: 1384: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1324: 1322: 1321:socioeconomic 1318: 1314: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1296: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1278: 1271:Communication 1270: 1268: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1247: 1245: 1238: 1236: 1229: 1227: 1220: 1218: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1199: 1197: 1190: 1188: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1169: 1161: 1152: 1148: 1145:This section 1143: 1140: 1136: 1135: 1130:Latin America 1129: 1127: 1124: 1117: 1115: 1113: 1110:According to 1104: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1050: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1018: 1014:United States 1013: 1011: 1009: 1005: 997: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 973: 968: 964:North America 963: 961: 959: 955: 951: 947: 942: 935: 933: 931: 923: 918: 916: 914: 910: 905: 902: 898: 896: 892: 888: 881: 879: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 842: 837: 835: 833: 828: 821: 819: 817: 813: 811: 806: 798: 796: 794: 789: 783: 778: 776: 774: 769: 766: 761: 759: 751: 749: 746: 739: 737: 733: 727: 725: 723: 719: 715: 707: 705: 701: 700: 696: 692: 688: 681: 676: 674: 672: 668: 663: 654: 649: 644: 642: 640: 639: 634: 630: 623: 618: 613: 608: 605: 601: 597: 593: 590: 589:OpenStreetMap 586: 583: 582: 578: 576: 574: 566: 564: 556: 555: 550: 549: 544: 543: 539: 533: 532: 528: 524: 520: 517: 516: 512: 510: 508: 501: 499: 497: 493: 488: 484: 482: 474: 472: 468: 466: 462: 456: 454: 451:. 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