536:
704:
754:
844:'s Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (DG-ECHO) is in charge of the EU Civil Protection Mechanism to coordinate the response to disasters in Europe and beyond and contributes to at least 75% of the transport and/or operational costs of deployments. Established in 2001, the Mechanism fosters cooperation among national civil protection authorities across Europe. Currently 34 countries are members of the Mechanism; all 27 EU Member States in addition to
535:
168:
31:
821:. Their main task is to prevent, combat and overcome the consequences of disasters, incidents, natural disasters, epidemics, fires and explosions; search, rescue, rescue; forest protection, environmental protection and other civil defense tasks according to the provisions of law. They can be deployed as active military soldiers, as it is one of the three branches of the Armed Forces.
785:
Ministry of
Emergency Situations. It conducts exercises in the territories of industrial enterprises with non-militarized rescue workers, developing tactics in the event of various natural disasters and/or rescue operations. The directorate opened the Center for Emergency Management in January 2011.
406:
was set up May 20, 1941, by
Executive Order 8757, to co-ordinate state and federal measures for protection of civilians in case of war emergency. The Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA) was organized on December 1, 1950, and distributed civil defense information until it was merged with FEMA
1348:
declared that, as of 1986, "Switzerland has the best civil defense system, one that already includes blast shelters for over 85 percent of all its citizens." As of 2006, there were about 300,000 shelters built in private residences, institutions and hospitals, as well as 5,100 public shelters for a
1319:
Swedish civil defense "consists of a diverse range of activities conducted by society to strengthen the ability to cope with a state of heightened alert and war." Sweden's objectives of civil defence are to: protect the civilian population; contribute to peace and security; and strengthen societies
278:
The EMO then became
Emergency Planning Canada in 1974, then Emergency Preparedness Canada in 1986. In February 2001, the Government replaced Emergency Preparedness with the Office of Critical Infrastructure Protection and Emergency Preparedness (OCIPEP), responsible for civilian emergency planning
282:
Among the "Core
Missions" of the Canada First Defence Strategy (under the Canadian Department of National Defence) are to respond to terrorist attacks and other crises such as natural disasters. According to the Emergency Management Act, the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness is
263:
Canada's civil defense measures evolved over time. As with many other matters in Canada, responsibility is shared between the federal and provincial government. The first post-WWII civil defence co-ordinator was appointed in
October 1948 "to supervise the work of federal, provincial and municipal
428:
China continues to construct large public emergency shelters. Not less than three large (maximum capacity of around 8000) shelters are to be completed in the
Shanghai area by 2012, with more planned. The ironic completion date of late 2012 has been dismissed as coincidence, with the true intent
975:
Civil defense in
Finland is a civilian effort, coordinated by the Ministry of Interior through the Civil Defense Act of 1958, to provide shelters in high-risk areas, evacuate civilian populations from threatened areas, and limit damage from natural disasters.
1245:
civil defence troops must retain such a wartime role. Thus they are charged with the organisation and coordination of
Russian military forces for the purpose of civil defence not only during natural and manmade disasters, but also during wartime.
908:(the former Ministry of the Interior) and operates as a specialized second-line service. It is not a first-response service like the fire departments, but is only called upon when specialized assistance is needed. Its main tasks revolve around
835:
744:
There are more than 117,000 air raid shelters in Taiwan, some dating back to the
Japanese colonial period. Many more obsolete shelters as well as military bunkers have been repurposed as commercial, artistic, or public buildings.
131:
organizations dedicated to protecting civilians from military attacks and providing rescue services after widespread disasters. In most countries, civil defense is a government-managed and often volunteer-staffed organization.
930:
The Cyprus Civil
Defense Force was established in 1964 in response to the Turkish bombings of Tilliria in order to protect the civilian population and to help it recover from the immediate effects of hostilities or disasters.
1415:
A number of organisations have been created to try and emulate the work of Civil Defence, but none are government funded or recognised as such. However, Emergency Preparedness is the responsibility of agencies under the
890:(General Directorate of Civil Emergencies), a department within the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Albania. Established in 2001, this Directorate deals with preparedness and response to natural and man-made disasters.
283:
responsible for exercising leadership relating to emergency management in Canada by coordinating, among government institutions and in cooperation with the provinces and other entities, emergency management activities.
1171:, Autoridade Nacional de EmergĂȘncia e Proteção Civil (ANEPC) works in prevention, preparation, response and recovery activities against natural and technological risks, as well as preventing and fighting rural fires.
1439:
Australia's State Emergency Service is a fully volunteer organization intended to provide emergency help during and after officially declared disasters. The SES is one of many public safety organizations using the
1112:
deals at national level with the forecast, prevention, management and overcoming of human and natural disasters and in emergency situations. It also deals with sector such as forest fire and hydrogeological risk.
1240:
During the Soviet era, specialized civil defence subunits were maintained in order to provide assistance to the population after bombing raids and nuclear, biological or chemical attacks. And today, by law, the
1012:
The German Federal Agency for Technical Relief (THW Technisches Hilfswerk) is an organization of voluntary experts as an authority in the department of the Federal Ministry of the Interior, founded in 1950.
611:
On September 27, 2010 the "Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010" was passed to strengthen the country's disaster risk reduction and management system in response to Typhoon Ondoy.
372:, which organizes relief efforts after widespread disasters. Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines are also members of the
540:
630:(SCDF) was established by the Civil Defense Act of 1986 as an independent organization under the Ministry of Home Affairs. The SCDF and the Singapore Fire Service were formally merged in 1989.
1463:
1329:
1286:
1280:
1215:
1184:
450:
or loosely translated into English as Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management is the government agency that has the authority of managing disaster in the national scale.
1441:
1404:
in 1949 as the primary organisation for civil defence work, primarily concerned with nuclear war preparations but could respond to civil emergencies; it was supported by the
1459:
1453:
502:
447:
442:
1809:
1153:
The Norwegian Civil Defence support the police, fire departments and health care during larger incidents which those departments do not have the manpower to handle.
2032:
587:
554:
369:
292:
872:. The Mechanism was set up to enable coordinated assistance from the participating states to victims of natural and man-made disasters in Europe and elsewhere.
605:
703:
1467:
604:
The Office of Civil Defense began as the National Civil Defense Administration, established on August 18, 1954 through the Civil Defense Act of 1954. The
1094:, with a wide brief for emergency response, civilian evacuation, flood control, disaster management, emergency communications, and mass decontamination.
2231:
1242:
1235:
575:
252:
48:
994:(Department of Civil Defense and Emergency Preparedness) is the civil defence agency of the French Government, which includes the Sous-Direction des
2450:
916:
and heavy technical assistance. As of 2016, the Belgian Civil Protection employs about 1,100 people, of which 450 professionals and 650 volunteers.
881:
231:
1506:
1204:
1349:
total of 8.6 million places, a level of coverage equal to 114% of the population. Switzerland also has mandatory stockpiling of essential goods.
998:
and the Sous-Direction des opérations de Secours et de la coopération civilo-militaire (Rescue operation and civil-military cooperation branch).
1364:
1981:
1938:
1642:
1568:
1122:
639:
599:
1142:
is a military force, consisting of 135 military personnel and 25 civilian employees, which handles fire-fighting and civil defense duties.
524:
385:
238:
that is commissioned in 2003, to provide measures against threat and any form of attack or disaster against the nation and its citizenry".
2117:
1266:
468:
was created in February 1992 to cope with the variety of military and terrorist threats to the centers of civilian population in Israel.
1162:
408:
275:" were built at rural locations outside major cities across Canada at the height of the Cold War during the infancy of the ICBM threat.
2339:
264:
authorities in planning for public air-raid shelters, emergency food and medical supplies, and the evacuation of likely target areas".
95:
1358:
940:
774:
1332:, is responsible for the coordination of civil defense services. It operates the National Emergency Operations Center (NEOC) and the
67:
2445:
2268:
1471:
1048:
114:
1243:
Ministry of the Russian Federation for Affairs for Civil Defence, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters
135:
Towards the end of the Cold War, a number of civil defense organizations have been disbanded or mothballed (as in the case of the
2181:
1290:
818:
686:
353:
211:, founded in 1875. Its main task is to respond and to protect civilians and animals in case of emergency or natural disasters".
74:
1751:
1294:
1085:
1073:
905:
412:
1813:
670:
661:
578:, it broadly develops environmental legislation and implements activities on disaster prevention and search and rescue work.
204:
52:
1261:
2165:
1336:, which is responsible for weapons of mass destruction research and protection. Switzerland built an extensive network of
1219:
950:
627:
621:
81:
2024:
388:
has the capability of informing and warning citizens of hazardous conditions such as earthquakes, volcanoes, or tsunami.
1417:
753:
520:
514:
208:
2415:
1558:
1345:
1314:
712:
698:
397:
271:
handed authority for civilian defense to the Emergency Measures Organisation (EMO). Large fallout shelters, known as "
235:
144:
1210:
The concept of centralized civil defence was established by law in 1933, through the Royal Decree 433, to which Col.
63:
1139:
1133:
465:
403:
2055:
41:
2455:
1392:
to supplement existing emergency services and create wartime specialist services. This service, later called the
1302:
1255:
1043:
In 1995, the Civil defense was institutionally established with the establishment of the General Secretariat for
649:
2393:
1033:
970:
899:
477:
373:
365:
147:), while others have changed their focuses into providing rescue services after natural disasters (as for the
2387:
2235:
1864:
1434:
1298:
1231:
1069:
739:
459:
430:
148:
2420:
2138:
1405:
1091:
869:
494:
488:
317:
220:
957:. The DEMA is also capable of deploying abroad on request from other states. It evolved from the wartime
1872:
1393:
1065:
1060:
563:
345:
1893:
First batch of self-protection squads in Damascus Countryside finishes training, SANA, 13th August 2013
1510:
991:
985:
727:
1271:
are responsible for civil defence, as well as tax collection, domestic security, and traffic control.
561:
in June 2003. It was established with the duty to conduct nationwide post-disaster activities. All 21
88:
2399:
2377:
1783:
1409:
1389:
1200:
925:
136:
2430:
1702:
2113:
1397:
1379:
1196:
1022:
946:
841:
810:
798:
361:
301:
1971:
1836:
1672:
1650:
1616:
1150:
953:
chiefly tasked with preparing for and responding to natural disasters and national emergencies in
1841:
1585:
558:
498:
2304:
2109:
2264:
1977:
1934:
1930:
1564:
1341:
1188:
1109:
1103:
913:
724:
1363:
Formerly a munisterial level agency, today the State Emergency Service of Ukraine is part of
961:(Civil Defense Agency), and the general public still often refer to it as the Civil Defense.
723:. It is also known as The People's Army. Directors-General of the organisation have included
2343:
2086:"Turkmenistan opens Emergency Management Center under Ministry of Defence | Turkmenistan.ru"
1385:
1337:
1333:
794:
766:
682:
678:
268:
2287:
2169:
1597:
1491:
1211:
857:
1301:
also have their own civil defence plans. Also, since 2006 there is a military unit, the
995:
140:
2185:
167:
2439:
1923:
1401:
1214:
made essential contributions. It continues to be part of various ministries, such as
716:
272:
128:
20:
2085:
1759:
1999:"Taiwan to create site listing 117,000 air raid shelters in case of Chinese attack"
1293:
has existed to develop the government policy on civil protection. In addition, the
909:
778:
674:
551:
1954:
1905:
836:
Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations
2162:
1998:
1203:
in the area. IGSU is accountable for the construction and maintenance of public
757:
Personnel of the General Directorate of Civil Defense and Rescue at a parade in
572:
568:
349:
30:
1068:, established in 1950 in response to the threat of nuclear disaster following "
407:
in 1979. Between 1979 and 2001, the duties of Civil Defense were served by the
2328:
861:
544:
341:
251:
States and some cities have their own civil defense measures, overseen by the
2209:
1533:
2291:
1752:"National Emergency Management Agency - Mongolia (NEMA) | PreventionWeb.net"
1408:, National Health Service Reserve, Industrial Civil Defence Service and the
667:
152:
2234:. Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport. Archived from
2063:
1285:
Spain started the civil defence policies in the 1940s and since 1960s, the
1195:) is the governmental body responsible for nationwide civil defence. Each
685:. It evolved from the "Home Guards" created in response to attacks by the
523:
is mainly in charge of disaster relief efforts. A separate department the
505:. It provides search and rescue, fire-fighting and pre-hospital services.
1168:
758:
357:
321:
309:
297:
2258:
2056:"On January 27, Turkmenistan celebrates Defender of the Fatherland Day"
1180:
954:
845:
648:
held its largest civil defense drill in since 1975, in response to the
337:
325:
305:
2025:"Taiwanese repurpose old bunkers into sheds, parks and photo-op sites"
1786:. Republic of the Philippines Office of Civil Defense. Archived from
865:
853:
849:
782:
539:
Personnel of the Emergency Management Department with members of the
329:
313:
2342:. Ministry of Civil Defence and Emergency Management. Archived from
1044:
2381:
2373:
752:
720:
702:
645:
608:
exercises executive supervision over the Office of Civil Defense.
534:
333:
2426:
Committee of Emergency Situations and Civil Defense of Tajikistan
376:, which may also provide assistance during national emergencies.
1328:
The Swiss Federal Office for Civil Protection (FOCP), under the
1072:", is operated at local authority level in conjunction with the
2263:. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory. pp. 6â10.
1090:
Established in 1949, the IOMCDC is an emergency service of the
1007:
162:
24:
1904:
British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service (1981).
1892:
1320:
ability to prevent and manage severe peacetime emergencies.
541:
Seoul Metropolitan Fire and Disaster Management Headquarters
1837:"Amid Tension, South Korea Holds Nationwide Air-Raid Drill"
1560:
An Emergency Management Framework for Canada Second Edition
2431:
Official Website of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine
1787:
1649:. National Defence and the Canadian Forces. Archived from
1370:
Before 2005, in Ukraine existed the Civil Defense Troops.
1330:
Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sports
840:
In addition to providing funding to humanitarian aid, the
527:
is in charge of the fire and rescue services in Malaysia.
2425:
1727:
1679:. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. 3 August 2007
2410:
1287:
Directorate-General for Civil Protection and Emergencies
1281:
Directorate-General for Civil Protection and Emergencies
433:, "as a precaution against possible natural disasters".
2368:
179:
1728:"Mongolia National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA)"
1492:"The Egyptian General Administration of Civil Defense"
1412:. The CDC, AFS, NHSR and ICDS were disbanded in 1968.
571:
have a NEMA division and department. Similarly to the
1865:"Seoul Holds Largest Civil Defense Drill In 35 Years"
1442:
Australasian Inter-Service Incident Management System
1400:
was a civilian volunteer organisation established in
765:
The General Directorate of Civil Defense and Rescue (
2405:
234:"is a para-military agency of the Government of the
904:The Belgian Civil Protection is coordinated by the
55:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2294:, 23 October 2009 (page visited on 5 August 2015).
1922:
1563:. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. 2011.
1454:National Emergency Management Agency (New Zealand)
1163:Autoridade Nacional de EmergĂȘncia e Proteção Civil
1420:, with professional emergency planners in place.
503:Ministry of Interior and Municipalities (Lebanon)
443:Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management
1193:Inspectoratul General pentru SituaĆŁii de UrgenĆŁÄ
2369:National Emergency Management Agency (Mongolia)
1925:Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East
1784:"About Us: Philippines Office of Civil Defense"
1703:"Shelters part of long-term civil defense plan"
730:. The forces are divided into units or squads.
707:Japanese colonial period bomb shelter in Taiwan
1611:
1609:
1607:
1462:is the public civil defense department of the
888:Drejtoria e PĂ«rgjithshme e Emergjencave Civile
886:Civil Protection in Albania is coordinated by
370:Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency
293:Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency
2031:. The Japan Times. Reuters. 10 January 2020.
1185:General Inspectorate for Emergency Situations
992:Direction de la Défense de la Sécurité Civile
715:, also known as Self-Protection Squads, is a
590:provides civil defence services in Pakistan.
8:
1907:Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa
945:The Danish Emergency Management Agency is a
2402:(originally a Civil Defence team in the UK)
2309:Federal office for national economic supply
1929:. University of California Press. pp.
1468:Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002
1466:in New Zealand. The agency administers the
1460:National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA)
1470:in its duties. NEMA's child agency is the
771:RaĂœat goranmak we halas ediĆ baĆ mĂŒdirligi
2411:Armenian Ministry of Emergency Situations
2204:
2202:
1236:Ministry of Emergency Situations (Russia)
267:In 1959, the Government of Canada, under
115:Learn how and when to remove this message
2406:Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations
1696:
1694:
1534:"Ministério do Desenvolvimento Regional"
1464:Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet
882:General Directorate of Civil Emergencies
809:Vietnam Militia and Self-Defence Force (
781:that is similar organizationally to the
232:Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps
1970:Andrew Beattie; Timothy Pepper (2001).
1778:
1776:
1483:
205:General Administration of Civil Defense
1593:
1583:
1262:Civil Protection Service of San Marino
1997:Everington, Keoni (4 November 2020).
1123:Unione Nazionale Protezione Antiaerea
640:Republic Of Korea Civil Defense Corps
600:Office of Civil Defense (Philippines)
448:Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana
127:Many countries around the world have
7:
2416:Directorate General of Civil Defense
1810:"SCDF Website â GENERAL: Milestones"
777:. It is the civil defense agency of
588:Directorate General of Civil Defence
555:National Emergency Management Agency
525:Malaysian Fire and Rescue Department
386:Panama Civil Defense Seismic Network
53:adding citations to reliable sources
2184:. Sanmarinosite.com. Archived from
2182:"San Marino Military Organizations"
1959:. Economic Features, Limited. 1977.
1835:McDonald, Mark (15 December 2010).
1340:during the cold war, including the
775:Ministry of Defense of Turkmenistan
411:(FEMA). FEMA was absorbed into the
409:Federal Emergency Management Agency
2054:Dolgova, Elena (27 January 2016).
1359:State Emergency Service of Ukraine
941:Danish Emergency Management Agency
14:
2139:"Decreto-Lei 45/2019, 2019-04-01"
1472:National Crisis Management Centre
1388:, the United Kingdom called upon
1384:During the inter-war period, and
16:Non-military engineering services
687:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
576:Ministry of Emergency Situations
493:The Directorate General for the
429:claimed to be a response to the
354:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
253:Ministry of Regional Development
166:
29:
2451:Emergency management by country
2120:from the original on 2015-03-10
2110:"EU Civil Protection Mechanism"
2035:from the original on 2020-01-10
1086:Isle of Man Civil Defence Corps
906:Federal Public Service Interior
413:Department of Homeland Security
40:needs additional citations for
2143:DiĂĄrio da RepĂșblica EletrĂłnico
1921:Patrick Seale (January 1990).
719:organisation that operates in
662:Sri Lanka Civil Security Force
606:Department of National Defense
557:(NEMA) was established by the
1:
2212:. Swedish Ministry of Defence
1976:. Rough Guides. pp. 2â.
1647:Canada First Defence Strategy
1396:, was disbanded in 1945. The
819:Vietnam People's Armed Forces
628:Singapore Civil Defense Force
622:Singapore Civil Defense Force
1701:Xinzhu, Li (18 March 2010).
1418:Civil Contingencies Act 2004
1365:Ministry of Internal Affairs
914:search and rescue operations
677:force which is tasked as an
671:Department of Civil Security
521:Malaysia Civil Defence Force
515:Malaysia Civil Defence Force
209:Ministry of Interior (Egypt)
2260:Nuclear War Survival Skills
1956:ARR: Arab Report and Record
1346:Nuclear War Survival Skills
1315:Swedish Civil Defence Board
713:Syrian Civil Defence Forces
699:Syrian Civil Defence Forces
501:and is administered by the
398:United States civil defense
236:Federal Republic of Nigeria
145:United States civil defense
2472:
2257:Kearny, Cresson H (1986).
1732:UN-SPIDER Knowledge Portal
1673:"Emergency Management Act"
1507:"History of NSCDC â NSCDC"
1451:
1432:
1377:
1356:
1312:
1278:
1253:
1229:
1199:has a bureau in charge of
1160:
1140:Corps des Sapeurs-Pompiers
1134:Corps des Sapeurs-Pompiers
1131:
1120:
1101:
1083:
1058:
1031:
1020:
1005:
983:
968:
938:
923:
897:
879:
833:
737:
696:
659:
637:
619:
597:
567:as well as the capital of
512:
486:
475:
466:Israeli Home Front Command
457:
440:
404:Office of Civilian Defense
395:
290:
218:
64:"Civil defense by country"
18:
1621:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1540:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
1303:Military Emergencies Unit
1260:The Civil Police and the
1256:Civil Police (San Marino)
650:Bombardment of Yeonpyeong
2446:Civil defense by country
1973:The Rough Guide to Syria
1291:Ministry of the Interior
1049:Ministry of the Interior
1034:Civil defense of the GDR
971:Civil defense in Finland
900:Belgian Civil Protection
478:Volunteer Fighting Corps
431:2008 Sichuan earthquakes
374:Regional Security System
366:Turks and Caicos Islands
2421:Norwegian Civil Defence
2400:SEBEV Search and Rescue
1435:State Emergency Service
1232:Civil defense in Russia
1151:Norwegian Civil Defence
740:Civil defense in Taiwan
460:Civil defense in Israel
279:in both peace and war.
149:State Emergency Service
1623:. HISTORICA FOUNDATION
1406:Auxiliary Fire Service
1192:
1092:Isle of Man Government
959:Civilforsvarsstyrelsen
870:Bosnia and Herzegovina
814:
770:
762:
708:
644:On December 15, 2010,
547:
495:Lebanese Civil Defense
489:Lebanese Civil Defense
318:British Virgin Islands
221:Algerian Civil Defence
2390:Italian Civil Defense
2288:"Ă chacun son bunker"
2003:www.taiwannews.com.tw
1873:National Public Radio
1756:www.preventionweb.net
1394:Civil Defence Service
1289:, a component of the
1074:Department of Defence
1066:Civil Defence Ireland
1061:Civil Defence Ireland
756:
706:
538:
368:, are members of the
346:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2394:Dublin Civil Defence
2378:Ministry of Interior
2340:"About the Ministry"
2029:www.japantimes.co.jp
1863:Xaykaothao, Doulay.
1816:on 27 September 2011
1677:Justice Laws Website
1410:Royal Observer Corps
1390:Air Raid Precautions
1201:emergency management
926:Cyprus Civil Defence
497:works alongside the
207:"is a department of
137:Royal Observer Corps
49:improve this article
2114:European Commission
2090:www.turkmenistan.ru
1643:"Six Core Missions"
1398:Civil Defence Corps
1380:Civil Defence Corps
1023:Technische Nothilfe
951:Ministry of Defence
947:governmental agency
842:European Commission
799:Dubai Civil Defence
362:Trinidad and Tobago
302:Antigua and Barbuda
2168:2013-03-14 at the
2163:IGSU: organization
1842:The New York Times
1653:on 21 October 2012
763:
709:
559:State Great Khural
548:
499:Lebanese Red Cross
178:. You can help by
2388:Protezione Civile
2286:Daniele Mariani,
1983:978-1-85828-718-8
1940:978-0-520-06976-3
1570:978-1-100-17186-9
1342:Sonnenberg Tunnel
1104:Protezione Civile
817:) is part of the
773:) is part of the
728:Abdel-Chani Jamal
725:Brigadier General
196:
195:
125:
124:
117:
99:
2463:
2456:Lists by country
2374:Civil Protection
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2336:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2301:
2295:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2178:
2172:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2062:. Archived from
2060:Turkmenistan.gov
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1994:
1988:
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1386:Second World War
1344:. The reference
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1334:Spiez Laboratory
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815:DĂąn quĂąn tá»± vá»
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2005:. Taiwan News
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60:Find sources:
54:
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38:This article
36:
32:
27:
26:
22:
21:Civil defense
2350:19 September
2348:. Retrieved
2344:the original
2334:
2324:
2312:. Retrieved
2308:
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2279:
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2252:
2240:. Retrieved
2236:the original
2226:
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2190:. Retrieved
2186:the original
2176:
2158:
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2142:
2133:
2122:. Retrieved
2104:
2093:. Retrieved
2089:
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2064:the original
2059:
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2028:
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2007:. Retrieved
2002:
1992:
1972:
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1955:
1949:
1924:
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1888:
1876:. Retrieved
1868:
1858:
1846:. Retrieved
1840:
1830:
1820:18 September
1818:. Retrieved
1814:the original
1804:
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1788:the original
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1760:the original
1755:
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1731:
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1706:
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1676:
1667:
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1651:the original
1646:
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1625:. Retrieved
1620:
1574:. Retrieved
1559:
1553:
1542:. Retrieved
1537:
1532:Central IT.
1527:
1517:18 September
1515:. Retrieved
1511:the original
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1017:Nazi Germany
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779:Turkmenistan
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675:paramilitary
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180:adding to it
175:
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105:October 2022
102:
92:
85:
78:
71:
59:
47:Please help
42:verification
39:
2284:(in French)
1707:China Daily
1448:New Zealand
1324:Switzerland
1265: [
1080:Isle of Man
634:South Korea
594:Philippines
573:Post-Soviet
569:Ulaanbaatar
350:Saint Lucia
2440:Categories
2192:2012-06-18
2149:2021-01-25
2124:2021-07-28
2095:2021-01-25
2070:25 January
2039:5 November
2009:5 November
1766:2021-01-25
1737:2021-01-25
1544:2021-01-25
1478:References
1250:San Marino
1207:shelters.
949:under the
862:Montenegro
811:Vietnamese
638:See also:
545:Ulanbaatar
364:, and the
342:Montserrat
75:newspapers
19:See also:
2292:Swissinfo
2216:20 August
1794:20 August
1712:22 August
1657:22 August
1596:ignored (
1586:cite book
1429:Australia
679:auxiliary
668:Sri Lanka
656:Sri Lanka
616:Singapore
437:Indonesia
415:in 2003.
287:Caribbean
187:July 2014
153:Australia
2314:11 April
2166:Archived
2118:Archived
2033:Archived
1878:28 April
1848:28 April
1189:Romanian
1169:Portugal
1157:Portugal
797:has the
759:Ashgabat
582:Pakistan
531:Mongolia
509:Malaysia
358:Suriname
322:Dominica
310:Barbados
298:Anguilla
242:Americas
143:and the
2396:Ireland
1869:NPR.org
1424:Oceania
1353:Ukraine
1220:Defence
1181:Romania
1175:Romania
1055:Ireland
1047:at the
1002:Germany
965:Finland
955:Denmark
935:Denmark
894:Belgium
876:Albania
846:Iceland
805:Vietnam
783:Russian
767:Turkmen
761:in 2011
681:to the
483:Lebanon
338:Jamaica
326:Grenada
306:Bahamas
226:Nigeria
215:Algeria
139:in the
89:scholar
2267:
2242:14 May
1980:
1937:
1683:25 May
1627:25 May
1576:25 May
1567:
1309:Sweden
1226:Russia
1197:county
1183:, the
1146:Norway
1128:Monaco
1039:Greece
980:France
920:Cyprus
866:Turkey
854:Serbia
850:Norway
825:Europe
734:Taiwan
564:Aimags
454:Israel
380:Panama
330:Guyana
316:, the
314:Belize
304:, the
259:Canada
247:Brazil
159:Africa
91:
84:
77:
70:
62:
2382:Spain
1275:Spain
1269:]
1098:Italy
795:Dubai
721:Syria
693:Syria
673:is a
646:Seoul
472:Japan
424:China
334:Haiti
199:Egypt
96:JSTOR
82:books
2352:2017
2316:2019
2265:ISBN
2244:2008
2218:2012
2072:2021
2041:2020
2011:2020
1978:ISBN
1935:ISBN
1880:2013
1850:2013
1822:2014
1796:2012
1714:2012
1685:2015
1659:2012
1629:2015
1598:help
1578:2015
1565:ISBN
1519:2014
1458:The
1297:and
1234:and
1218:and
1138:The
1108:The
990:The
868:and
711:The
666:The
626:The
586:The
550:The
519:The
464:The
419:Asia
402:The
384:The
230:The
68:news
1933:â.
1931:158
1205:ABC
1179:In
1167:In
1008:THW
790:UAE
543:in
182:.
155:).
151:in
51:by
2442::
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2380:,
2307:.
2290:,
2201:^
2141:.
2116:.
2112:.
2088:.
2058:.
2027:.
2001:.
1871:.
1867:.
1839:.
1775:^
1754:.
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