306:", was the issue that angered many reform-minded Republicans, leading them to reject Blaine's candidacy. In the spoils system, the winning candidate would dole out government positions to those who had supported his political party prior to the election. Although the Pendleton Act of 1883 made competency and merit the base qualifications for government positions, its effective implementation was slow. Political affiliation continued to be the basis for appointment to many positions.
288:
126:
432:, such as the authority given to departmental secretaries (and, in the case of the DOD, other high-level officials as well) unilaterally to negotiated agreements and the limitations imposed on employee rights in adverse actions." However, ultimately the efforts at civil service reform were undone. The DHS announced on 1 October, 2008 that it was abandoning the new civil service system and returning to the previous one.
382:, the first president elected from the Democratic party since the Civil War. In the period from 1876 to 1892, presidential elections were closely contested at the national level, but the states themselves were mostly dominated by a single party, with Democrats prevailing in the South and the Republicans in the Northeast. Although the defection of the Mugwumps may have helped Cleveland win in
310:
19:
222:
274:
demanded an end to the spoils system. After a series of party reversals at the presidential level (in 1884, 1888, 1892, 1896), the result was that most federal jobs were under civil service. One result was more expertise and less politics. An unintended result was the shift of the parties to reliance
36:
was a major issue in the late 19th century at the national level, and in the early 20th century at the state level. Proponents denounced the distribution of government offices—the "spoils"—by the winners of elections to their supporters as corrupt and inefficient. They demanded nonpartisan scientific
83:
Among contemporary criticisms of the United States civil service system, some argue that the provisions of the
Pendleton Act allowing for arbitrary expansion of civil service protections through the usage of federal executive action result in a subsequently massive bureaucracy that cannot be held to
456:
took action on reforming the civil service by signing "a trio of executive orders that reform civil service rules by expediting termination for cause, revamping union contracts and limiting taxpayer-funded union work at agencies" in May 2018. In
October 2020, Trump signed another executive order
270:. Second, the Pendleton Act required entrance exams for aspiring bureaucrats. At first it covered very few jobs but there was a ratchet provision whereby outgoing presidents could lock in their own appointees by converting their jobs to civil service. Political reformers, typified by the
444:'s Administration, the United States Office of Personnel Management (OPM)'s "overarching focus was to modernize the way OPM supports agencies, current and former federal employees, and their families so that the Federal Workforce better serves the American people."
108:
in 1829 began the systematic rotation of officeholders after four years, replacing them with his partisans in a controversial move. By the 1830s the "spoils system" meant the systematic replacement of officeholders every time the government changed party hands.
942:
374:. Whenever and I have settled upon legislation to bring the Pacific Railroad to terms of equity with the government, up has jumped Mr. James G. Blaine musket in hand, from behind the breastworks of Jay Gould’s lobby to fire in our faces.
394:
The 1883 law only applied to federal jobs: not to the state and local jobs that were the main basis for political machines. Ethical degeneration was halted by reform in civil service and municipal reform in the
1038:
Park, Soo-Young. "Who Is Our Master? Congressional
Debates during Civil Service Reforms." PhD dissertation Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State U. 2005. 218 pp. DAI 2006 67(2): 715-A. DA3208258
162:
reforms had limited success, as his cabinet implemented a merit system that increased the number of qualified candidates and relied less on congressional patronage. Interior
Secretary
946:
679:
Roark, James L.; Johnson, Michael P.; Furstenburg, Francois; Cline Cohen, Patricia; Hartmann, Susan M.; Stage, Sarah; Igo, Sarah E. (2020). "Chapter 18 The Gilded Age: 1865–1900".
1023:
Moynihan, Donald P. "Protection Versus
Flexibility: the Civil Service Reform Act, Competing Administrative Doctrines, and the Roots of Contemporary Public Management Debate."
1415:
420:
the political support needed in order to launch civil service reforms in US agencies related to national security. At first these efforts primarily targeted the then-new
1440:
1420:
134:
138:
421:
896:
1389:
913:
1435:
1410:
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1300:
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331:. The party was divided into two warring factions, each with creative names. The side that held the upper hand in numbers and popular support were the
938:
793:
366:, a staunch Half-Breed who never accepted Blaine as an honest convert and opposed the Maine senator's candidacy. During the campaign, Edmunds stated:
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1280:
194:
190:
26:
489:
117:
The first code of civil service reforms was designed to replace patronage appointees with nonpartisan employees qualified because of their skills.
1315:
1140:
236:
159:
386:, one of the few closely contested states, historians attribute Cleveland's victory nationwide to the rising power of urban immigrant voters.
80:, blacks recognized that the establishing of a civil service system would prevent "the whole colored population" from holding public office.
1425:
170:, who succeeded Delano, made sweeping reforms in the entire Interior Department; Grant ordered Chandler to fire all corrupt clerks in the
1342:
425:
37:
methods and credential be used to select civil servants. The five important civil service reforms were the two Tenure of Office Acts of
690:
251:'s assassination by a disappointed office seeker. The Act was passed into law in January 1883; it was sponsored by Democratic senator
230:
46:
872:
1373:
1041:
Roark, James L.; Johnson, Michael P.; Furstenburg, Francois; Cline Cohen, Patricia; Hartmann, Susan M.; Stage, Sarah; Igo, Sarah E.
653:
327:
In the early 1880s, the issue of political patronage split the
Republican Party down the middle for several consecutive sessions of
685:(Kindle). Vol. Combined Volume (Value Edition, 8th ed.). Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's. Kindle Locations 13795–13835.
1325:
179:
166:, however, exempted his department from competitive examinations, and Congress refused to enact permanent Civil Service reform.
57:
50:
1368:
1045:, Value Edition, Combined Volume. 8th edition. (Kindle Locations 13795-13835). Bedford/St. Martin's. Kindle Edition. Textbook.
770:
399:, which led to structural changes in administrative departments and changes in the way the government managed public affairs.
266:
The new law prohibited mandatory campaign contributions, or "assessments", which amounted to 50–75% of party financing in the
1335:
1330:
428:(DOD) also received large reform efforts. According to Kellough, Nigro, and Brewer, such attempts included "restrictions on
771:"Institutional sources of change in the formal structure of organizations: The diffusion of civil service reform, 1880–1935"
328:
259:, a leading reformer who became the first chairman of the U.S. Civil Service Commission. Its most famous commissioner was
100:
dominated the civil service and the army, identified the party affiliation of office holders and systematically appointed
1285:
1133:
584:
343:
reform, and often blocked legislation and political appointments put forth by their main congressional opponents, the
299:
42:
38:
457:
transferring at least 100,000 government jobs from being classified as "competitive service" to "excepted service" (
1018:
The
Federal Civil Service System and the Problem of Bureaucracy: The Economics and Politics of Institutional Change
539:
Foner, Eric (1988). Reconstruction: America's
Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877, p. 507. New York: Harper & Row.
147:(1869–1877) spoke out in favor of civil service reform, and rejected demands in late 1872 by Pennsylvania senator
1310:
1295:
1228:
523:
1243:
1233:
507:
President Grover
Cleveland Expands the Coverage of the Civil Service Act, In a Letter to His Postmaster General
171:
848:
182:, respectively, who supported Bristow's investigations. In 1875, Pierrepont cleaned up corruption among the
1320:
1275:
1253:
1238:
1347:
1305:
1290:
1248:
1126:
458:
354:
Ironically, in spite of Blaine's status as a convert into the pro-civil service reform "Half-Breeds," the
183:
101:
1202:
506:
429:
332:
256:
239:. It eventually placed most federal employees on the merit system and marked the end of the so-called "
1260:
413:
69:
789:"Civil Service Reform Under George W. Bush: Ideology, Politics, and Public Personnel Administration"
740:
1270:
490:"Patronage Regimes and American Party Development from ‘The Age of Jackson’ to the Progressive Era"
252:
235:
The Civil
Service Reform Act (called "the Pendleton Act") is an 1883 federal law that created the
830:
260:
167:
77:
1032:
319:
287:
1168:
1028:
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814:
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363:
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rejected his candidacy primarily due to his corruption. Their ranks were informally joined by
244:
197:
in spite of his reform efforts within the federal government. The Liberal Republicans, led by
189:
Grant, who did not share the mindset of liberal reformers, faced opposition by the insurgent
806:
383:
379:
144:
125:
97:
93:
53:. In addition, the Civil Service Act of 1888 drastically expanded the civil service system.
1057:
Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacity, 1877–1920
788:
967:
396:
348:
336:
292:
175:
163:
61:
1212:
417:
291:
The Mugwumps were Republicans who refused to support Republican presidential candidate
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152:
105:
1404:
1207:
1192:
1163:
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834:
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65:
1113:
Roosevelt the Reformer: Theodore Roosevelt as Civil Service Commissioner, 1889–1895.
473:
signed an executive order reversing the actions of his predecessor President Trump.
1188:
453:
441:
275:
on funding from business, since they could no longer depend on patronage hopefuls.
873:"Trump revamps civil service rules, makes it easier to fire bad federal employees"
524:
Donald Trump and Chris Christie are reportedly planning to purge the civil service
1183:
1173:
934:
314:
206:
22:
972:
Outlawing the Spoils: A History of the Civil Service Reform Movement, 1865–1883
378:
This division among Republicans may have contributed to the victory in 1884 of
221:
1178:
700:
276:
267:
73:
56:
Early aggressive demands for civil service reform, particularly stemming from
818:
810:
72:" shrewdly utilized during the Reconstruction and Gilded Age eras. Historian
1064:
The Plundering Generation: Corruption and the Crisis of the Union, 1849–1861
826:
470:
371:
344:
64:
and opposition towards economic and social gains made by blacks through the
680:
309:
1197:
355:
370:
It is my deliberate opinion that Senator Blaine acts as the attorney of
18:
1265:
982:
714:
566:
550:
To 'drain the swamp,' Trump should look to states' civil service reform
359:
271:
279:
found a substitute revenue stream in 1896, by assessing corporations.
247:
administration, the Pendleton Act served as a response to President
977:
Hoogenboom, Ari. "The Pendleton Act and the Civil Service Reform."
308:
286:
220:
124:
17:
1118:
997:
The Higher Civil Service in the United States: Quest for Reform
1122:
1106:
The Republican Era, 1869–1901 a Study in Administrative History
988:
Hoogenboom, Ari. "Thomas A. Jenckes and Civil Service Reform."
849:"U.S. Office of Personnel Management Cabinet Exit Memo | CHCOC"
741:
The Downfall of Senator George F. Edmunds: The Election of 1884
1004:
The Foundation of Merit: Public Service in American Democracy.
787:
Kellough, J. Edward; Nigro, Lloyd G.; Brewer, Gene A. (2010).
758:
Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion: The Making of a President, 1884
943:
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License
897:
How Trump could undermine Fauci and remake the US government
1076:
Weber J., "Leonard Dupee White and Public Administration",
614:
John Y. Simon, "Ulysses S. Grant". in Henry Graff, ed.,
1050:
Personnel Management in Government: Politics and Process
155:
to suspend the rules and make patronage appointments.
461:), a move deemed an undermining of the Pendleton Act.
1009:
Ingraham, Patricia W., and David H. Rosenbloom, eds.
1092:
The Jeffersonians: a Study in Administrative History
1043:
The American Promise: a History of the United States
682:
The American Promise: A History of the United States
174:. Grant appointed reformers Edwards Pierrepont and
1356:
1221:
1156:
1080:, Volume 2, Number 2, February 1996, pp. 41–64
914:
Executive Order on Protecting the Federal Workforce
567:"The Federal Civil Service Under President Jackson"
1099:The Jacksonians: a Study in Administrative History
1085:The Federalists: a Study in Administrative History
323:was a leading Mugwump strongly opposed to Blaine.
1011:The Promise and Paradox of Civil Service Reform,
213:, who would lose the general election to Grant.
49:of 1883, the Hatch Acts (1939 and 1940) and the
368:
339:of Maine since 1880. The Half-Breeds supported
135:Scandals of the Ulysses S. Grant administration
29:and prominent advocate of civil service reform.
139:Reforms of the Ulysses S. Grant administration
1134:
8:
1390:Civil service reform in developing countries
995:Huddleston, Mark W., and William W. Boyer.
933:This article incorporates material from the
548:Stepman, Inez Feltscher (February 2, 2017).
962:The Politics of the Administrative Process,
1141:
1127:
1119:
1071:History of the United States Civil Service
1416:Civil service reform in the United States
1016:Johnson, Ronald N., and Gary D. Libecap.
939:Civil service reform in the United States
794:Review of Public Personnel Administration
715:"The Pendleton Act and the Civil Service"
34:Civil service reform in the United States
195:1872 United States presidential election
769:Pamela S. Tolbert and Lynne G. Zucker.
481:
1441:History of racism in the United States
1421:Political history of the United States
960:Fesler, James W. and Donald F. Kettl.
237:United States Civil Service Commission
1035:Fulltext: [ 1. Project Muse and Ebsco
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
408:George W. Bush administration efforts
7:
990:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
895:Garrett, Laurie (October 25, 2020).
571:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
494:British Journal of Political Science
225:Senator George H. Pendleton of Ohio.
616:The Presidents: A Reference History
448:Donald Trump administration efforts
436:Barack Obama administration efforts
403:Recent civil service reform efforts
68:which pro-civil rights Republican "
1436:Progressivism in the United States
1411:Civil service in the United States
1364:National civil service commissions
618:(7th ed. 2002). pp. 245–60 p. 250.
231:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
47:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
14:
522:Matthews, Dylan (July 20, 2016).
775:Administrative Science Quarterly
465:Joe Biden administration efforts
60:arguments, were associated with
1431:Liberalism in the United States
1108:, 1958 online at ACLS e-books
941:", which is licensed under the
422:Department of Homeland Security
76:writes that at the time of the
1101:online at ACLS e-books (1954)
1:
1078:Journal of Management History
530:. Retrieved January 27, 2022.
243:". Drafted and signed in the
1002:Ingraham, Patricia Wallace.
642:Ulysses S. Grant: Politician
496:36#1 (2006): 39–60. online]
1426:Reform in the United States
992:1961. 47: 636–58. in JSTOR
583:Kennedy, Robert C. (2001).
469:In January 2021, President
255:of Ohio. It was drafted by
186:and Marshals in the South.
129:President Ulysses S. Grant.
1457:
979:American Historical Review
920:. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
903:. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
747:. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
719:American Historical Review
660:. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
556:. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
513:. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
228:
132:
1382:
1025:Journal of Policy History
964:(2nd ed. 1996), textbook.
565:Erik McKinley Eriksson,
414:2001 September 11 attacks
1374:Civil service by country
1111:White, Richard D., Jr.
1048:Shafritz, Jay M. et al.
811:10.1177/0734371X10381488
654:Liberal Republican Party
191:Liberal Republican Party
178:as Attorney General and
172:Bureau of Indian Affairs
160:Civil Service Commission
27:Liberal Republican Party
756:Mark Wahlgren Summers,
640:William B. Hesseltine,
459:Schedule F appointments
184:United States Attorneys
1369:Government occupations
376:
324:
296:
226:
130:
102:Democratic-Republicans
30:
1203:Public administration
440:Throughout President
430:collective bargaining
426:Department of Defense
312:
302:, also known as the "
290:
257:Dorman Bridgman Eaton
224:
133:Further information:
128:
21:
1222:By country/territory
1055:Skowronek, Stephen.
877:The Washington Times
721:64.2 (1959): 301–18.
573:13.4 (1927): 517–40.
1069:Van Riper, Paul P.
981:1959. 64: 301–18.
601:Jean Edward Smith,
300:Political patronage
253:George H. Pendleton
1104:White, Leonard D.
1097:White, Leonard D.
1090:White, Leonard D.
1083:White, Leonard D.
1027:2004 16(1): 1–33.
945:but not under the
912:January 22, 2021.
631:(2001) pp. 584–85.
605:(2001) pp. 589–90.
505:December 5, 1888.
325:
297:
261:Theodore Roosevelt
227:
180:Postmaster General
168:Zachariah Chandler
131:
92:In 1801 President
78:Reconstruction era
31:
1398:
1397:
1169:Government agency
1062:Summers, Mark W.
803:SAGE Publications
730:Hoogenboom (1961)
364:George F. Edmunds
335:, led by senator
245:Chester A. Arthur
217:The Pendleton Act
25:, founder of the
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1336:Northern Ireland
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1052:(2001), textbook
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739:Ward, Benjamin.
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713:Ari Hoogenboom,
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658:Encyclopedia.com
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644:(1935) p. 374
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380:Grover Cleveland
145:Ulysses S. Grant
121:Ulysses S. Grant
94:Thomas Jefferson
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1115:(2003). 264 pp.
968:Hoogenboom, Ari
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424:(DHS), but the
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397:Progressive Era
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390:Progressive era
349:Roscoe Conkling
337:James G. Blaine
320:Harper's Weekly
293:James G. Blaine
285:
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176:Marshall Jewell
164:Columbus Delano
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96:, alarmed that
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62:white supremacy
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777:(1983): 22–39.
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692:978-1319208929
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585:"No Surrender"
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418:George W. Bush
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249:James Garfield
229:Main article:
218:
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211:Horace Greeley
203:B. Gratz Brown
199:Charles Sumner
153:John Hartranft
122:
119:
114:
113:Reform efforts
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106:Andrew Jackson
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1301:New Zealand
1184:Technocracy
1174:Bureaucracy
935:Citizendium
805:: 404–422.
362:Republican
333:Half-Breeds
315:Thomas Nast
313:Cartoonist
263:(1889–95).
207:Carl Schurz
98:Federalists
23:Carl Schurz
1405:Categories
1357:Categories
1234:Bangladesh
1179:Bureaucrat
927:References
882:2018-11-13
858:2018-11-14
701:1096495503
452:President
277:Mark Hanna
268:Gilded Age
143:President
74:Eric Foner
58:Democratic
1387:See also:
1326:Sri Lanka
1321:Singapore
1254:Hong Kong
1229:Australia
1033:0898-0306
937:article "
853:chcoc.gov
835:153368460
819:0734-371X
471:Joe Biden
372:Jay Gould
347:, led by
345:Stalwarts
158:Grant's
84:account.
70:Stalwarts
1311:Pakistan
1296:Malaysia
1198:Diplomat
1157:Concepts
983:in JSTOR
827:60688742
589:Harpweek
554:The Hill
384:New York
356:Mugwumps
329:Congress
295:in 1884.
283:Mugwumps
272:Mugwumps
1306:Nigeria
1281:Ireland
1266:Germany
1087:, 1956.
1073:(1958).
1066:(1987).
1059:(1982).
999:(1996),
627:Smith,
360:Vermont
193:in the
1316:Russia
1271:Greece
1261:France
1244:Canada
1239:Brazil
1094:(1952)
1031:
974:(1961)
833:
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760:(2000)
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1291:Japan
1286:Italy
1276:India
1249:China
1013:(1992
1006:1995.
831:S2CID
801:(4).
629:Grant
603:Grant
477:Notes
416:gave
1029:ISSN
1020:1994
947:GFDL
823:OCLC
815:ISSN
697:OCLC
687:ISBN
412:The
137:and
43:1867
41:and
39:1820
901:CNN
807:doi
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