77:
33:
52:
333:. Furthermore, what constitutes one individual organism is not always apparent; one living lichen may be several centimeters long or just a tiny fragment. Populations fluctuate often, occurrences are destroyed, and several new ones have been discovered and rediscovered in recent years. The species was first discovered in 1945 by
393:
in 1995, for example, destroyed at least two known occurrences of the lichen. Lichen rescue operations are sometimes performed in the days after a hurricane in an effort to unbury individuals from sand and debris, and even pluck them out of trees where they have landed. Some individuals are collected
246:
410:
New populations have been reintroduced to appropriate habitat where the species has been observed before. Many populations are located in areas that are protected from development and fragmentation. At last review the species was still considered endangered.
402:
of small populations. Since most populations are just clusters of clones, each population is extremely valuable in the conservation of the species. The populations occur in North, Central, and South
Florida, and can be separated by hundreds of miles;
397:
The lichen is also vulnerable because it is slow-growing, slow to recover after mortality, inefficient in its dispersal, and already rare with unstable populations. Its patchy, fragmented distribution makes it likely to experience isolation and
394:
on beds of sand and brought indoors when storms are expected. Even if the lichen itself is undamaged in a storm, parts of its rare, limited potential habitat may be rendered unsuitable by disturbances.
302:
The habitat of this species is the white sand of the
Florida scrub, already a rare and endangered type of ecosystem, and the lichen requires a specific spot within the habitat. It can be found on high
329:
It is difficult to estimate the abundance of this species. Much of the current data is outdated. The organism in question is often small and sometimes hard to spot on the ground or in the
904:
385:
and fires are necessary for maintaining habitat such as
Florida scrub, but these events do kill the lichen by burning it, crushing it to small pieces, sweeping it away in
326:). The lichen occurs in very dry, open sites on sand with little plant cover around it. It can often be found tangled up in clumps with other species of lichen.
835:
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measuring up to 6 centimeters (2.4 in) in length. The fruiting body, the visible part of the lichen, is a branching, tufted structure. The branches, or
757:
290:
In general, this species is poorly known. Little information is available about its life history, including its precise reproductive cycle, growth,
783:
221:
in the United States, where it is known from 16 populations in four widely separated areas of the state. It is native to a very specific type of
861:
909:
889:
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840:
342:
76:
713:
353:, was later paved and the population presumably destroyed. A population was rediscovered in this area of the
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280:
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361:: the other populations are located on the east and west coasts of the main peninsula of Florida.
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use, trampling and crushing by people, animals, and vehicles, and severe storms and
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Threats to this species include development of its habitat for residential,
233:. In 1993 this was the first species of lichen to be federally listed as an
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586:
Evans on the southern Lake Wales Ridge in
Highlands County, Florida.
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This lichen is relatively large, its yellow-gray, slightly glossy
244:
542:
Endangered or threatened status for seven
Central Florida plants.
736:
303:
659:
519:
Yikes! The
Lichens Went Flying - lichens as endangered species.
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is to have its fragments swept or blown to new locations.
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habitat which is increasingly rare and patchy due to
668:
373:, and commercial use, pollution and trash dumping,
271:with tiny holes. It and similar species undergo
294:, or any seasonal changes it might experience.
603:Wilhelm, G. S. and J. R. Burkhalter. (1990).
568:Multispecies Recovery Plan for South Florida.
8:
279:by physically breaking up and spreading. No
580:Buckley, A. and T. O. Hendrickson. (1988).
318:called "rosemary balds": land dominated by
656:
283:has been observed. The lichen's method of
50:
31:
20:
905:Lichens of the Southeastern United States
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407:between them is often highly unlikely.
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7:
636:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
608:, the Northwest Florida population.
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211:Florida perforate reindeer lichen
649:. Retrieved on 12 February 2011.
267:on their inner surfaces and are
75:
1:
381:. Natural processes such as
503:Endangered Species Bulletin
357:in 1989. The species has a
314:) in the part of the scrub
926:
498:Teague, D. and D. Ripley.
207:Florida perforate cladonia
910:Lichens described in 1952
389:, or burying it in sand.
177:
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72:Scientific classification
70:
48:
39:
30:
23:
298:Distribution and habitat
273:vegetative reproduction
890:ESA endangered species
645:June 27, 2014, at the
500:A tale of two species.
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237:of the United States.
359:disjunct distribution
349:. This, the lichen's
248:
201:is a rare species of
582:The distribution of
339:Eglin Air Force Base
285:biological dispersal
640:www.iucnredlist.org
566:Species Fact Sheet.
428:USDA Plants Profile
324:Ceratiola ericoides
292:population dynamics
281:sexual reproduction
229:, degradation, and
227:habitat destruction
42:Conservation status
714:cladonia-perforata
700:Cladonia perforata
670:Cladonia perforata
631:Cladonia perforata
606:Cladonia perforata
584:Cladonia perforata
564:Cladonia perforata
474:Cladonia perforata
251:
235:endangered species
198:Cladonia perforata
181:Cladonia perforata
25:Cladonia perforata
877:
876:
849:Open Tree of Life
662:Taxon identifiers
628:Yahr, R. (2003).
505:. November, 2000.
476:Five-year Review.
355:Florida Panhandle
343:Santa Rosa Island
306:and ridges among
263:, are lined with
194:
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163:C. perforata
65:
16:Species of fungus
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545:Federal Register
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524:August 26, 2000.
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375:off-road vehicle
320:Florida rosemary
217:to the state of
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335:George A. Llano
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119:Lecanoromycetes
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638:. IUCN 2010.
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231:fragmentation
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223:Florida scrub
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172:Binomial name
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522:Science News
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387:storm surges
371:agricultural
368:
365:Conservation
341:property on
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312:Pinus clausa
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275:in which it
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139:Cladoniaceae
24:
18:
823:NatureServe
771:iNaturalist
694:Wikispecies
616:(1): 66–68.
517:Milius, S.
400:extirpation
331:leaf litter
241:Description
129:Lecanorales
884:Categories
415:References
383:hurricanes
316:understory
308:sand pines
269:perforated
109:Ascomycota
105:Division:
57:Endangered
405:gene flow
379:wildfires
347:Pensacola
205:known as
157:Species:
95:Kingdom:
89:Eukaryota
895:Cladonia
828:2.122074
810:MycoBank
745:Fungorum
685:Q3678926
679:Wikidata
643:Archived
634:. 2006.
213:. It is
150:Cladonia
135:Family:
85:Domain:
763:3391108
737:2859579
561:USFWS.
540:USFWS.
471:USFWS.
260:podetia
219:Florida
215:endemic
188:A.Evans
145:Genus:
125:Order:
115:Class:
60: (
862:PLANTS
854:947947
841:195776
815:365674
789:189939
776:217133
750:365674
721:ECOS:
709:ARKive
277:clones
265:hyphae
203:lichen
867:CLPE5
802:43994
478:2007.
345:near
304:dunes
99:Fungi
836:NCBI
797:IUCN
784:ITIS
758:GBIF
724:7516
249:Form
209:and
732:EoL
337:on
62:ESA
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322:(
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64:)
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