654:
731:” teeth, with a large and sharp central cusp surrounded by one or two pairs of smaller cusps. The median (central) cusp has a flat labial face (the side facing the cheek), in contrast to other “cladodonts” which had a convex labial face. The root of the tooth is broad and has a deeply arched concavity on its underside (known as a basiolabial depression), which is flanked by triangular projections. Teeth at the front of the mouth were generally taller, with a long median cusp and two pairs of small and pointed lateral cusps, with the outer pair larger than the inner pair. Further back, the median cusp becomes shorter and the inner pair of lateral cusps shrink into oblivion, leaving only the outer pair. The teeth are thickly layered with typical
764:
797:
986:) and symmoriiforms. The notochord is upturned at nearly a right angle, continuing to the tip of the upper lobe of the fin. The upper lobe is composed of several rows of cartilage plates, known as epurals. The largest epurals lie furthest from the notochord, forming a sharp front edge to the upper lobe. The lower lobe is reinforced by at least a dozen thick radials. It is uncertain whether these radials attach directly to the notochord, or whether basals serve that purpose. The rear edge of the fin is merely composed of a web of
2075:
578:
106:
676:) but unlike other modern sharks. The joint between the upper and lower jaw is weakly connected, but facets for strong, sheet-like muscles can be found on the outer surface of the jaw. The otic process (rear portion) of the palatoquadrate expands upwards to articulate with the postorbital process of the chondrocranium. The palatine ramus (front portion) also expands to a lesser extent, presumably articulating with the ethmoid region of the chondrocranium. A similar two-point articulation is also found in
5419:
806:
2083:
2181:
713:
131:
786:
6474:
5399:
1120:
1111:
5412:
6996:
775:
1245:
967:
6468:
5406:
6479:
6485:
1254:
449:
891:(except the caudal fin) have the same basic structure: a wide base which is continuous with the torso, and a subtriangular profile supported along nearly the whole length of the fin by cartilaginous rods known as radials. Only a few radials are segmented, with thicker radials concentrated at the front of each fin and thinner radials concentrated further back.
750:
palatoquadrate. The oldest, outermost teeth in each row were smaller than newly formed teeth further inwards, suggesting that tooth replacement was slow enough to keep pace with the animal's overall rate of growth. This is supported by the presence of worn surfaces on some teeth, indicating prolonged tooth retention.
609:("snout") of modern sharks. The underside of the chondrocranium is perforated by various nerve and blood vessel openings. A deep excavation is present at its rear tip, below the connection to the spinal column. This excavation contains a pair of closely spaced openings, where the two lateral branches of the
1007:
and other chondrichthyans. There is no ornamentation apart from randomly-oriented furrows which extend over its entire area. The base of the spine was probably only shallowly implanted into the skin, and not closely appressed to the succeeding dorsal fin. The fin spine slots onto a plate of calcified
749:
was one of the earliest vertebrates known to have had shark-like tooth replacement, with a series of widely spaced tooth rows constantly unfurling new teeth outward. There were around seven to nine closely packed teeth per tooth row, and about eleven or twelve rows arranged from front to back on each
1218:
branched off from the rest of the chondrichthyan family tree. Some studies argued that it was the earliest-diverging member of the group, while others placed it as an elasmobranch, originating slightly later than the holocephalans. A few studies even suggested that it was a more derived elasmobranch
1002:
was initially considered to lack fin spines, unlike most prehistoric sharks. However, a stout spine-like structure is now known to have been present in front of the first dorsal fin, according to specimens which were first described in 1938. The dorsal fin spine was recurved and nearly as long (from
914:
which forms the base of the pectoral fin. The front half of the pectoral fin consists of eleven radials (slender fin components) which attach directly to the coracoid plate. The first six are long and unsegmented while the following five are segmented, separated into a short inner portion (proximal
934:
are small and low, about three times longer (from front-to-back) than high. Their backswept radials connect to rows of basals (small linking structures), which are embedded into the torso above each pelvic fin. Basals are also present below the dorsal fins. A pair of pointed rod-like structures,
2105:
pockets encased by fused dentine. The eye was protected by a ring of numerous (more than 20) small dermal ossifications, which were initially interpreted as denticles with a function similar to modern scleral ossicles. However, they were later reinterpreted as true scleral ossicles, akin to the
2288:
621:
e’s condition is intermediate between symmoriiforms (which have a single opening within the excavation) and other chondrichthyans (which have widely separated openings not confined to an excavation). Each branch of the dorsal aorta reemerges from the chondrocranium further forwards.
2008:
were slender and smooth-edged, making them suitable for grasping, but not tearing or chewing. Members of the genus were predators, and the well-preserved fossils found in the
Cleveland Shale revealed a significant amount regarding their eating habits. Within the gut of most
1351:
which would eventually produce modern chimaeras. This hypothesis was originally supported by certain tentative features (reduced scalation, absent second dorsal fin spine), and later stabilized further by braincase-related traits such as an arched midbrain and large orbits.
1077:
chondrichthyans, a term indicating their origin at an earlier stage in cartilaginous fish evolution. A shark-like body form is considered to be ancestral to chondrichthyans as a whole, even for groups like rays and chimaeras, which are not considered sharks in a
2129:
allow insights into soft-tissue structures such as organs and muscles, which are not typically preserved in fossils. A pair of long organs were present between the pelvic fins and the caudal fin. These organs were packed with small tubules, and may represent
2167:
1097:, is much more diverse in the present, including modern sharks (Selachii), rays (Batoidea), and their extinct relatives. Some older studies use the terms shark, elasmobranch and chondrichthyan interchangeably, though this is not common in more recent work.
545:
on either side of the body. Some early sources have suggested that six or even seven gill slits may have been present, though this has not been confirmed. The gill slits were separated by muscular flaps packed with fibrous overlapping gill filaments.
637:(which separates the eye socket from the ear region) is elongated (from side-to-side) and followed by a waisted area. A distinct notch develops on the outer edge of the wide supraorbital shelf (a plate which overhangs the eyes). However, in
3742:
665:
The palatoquadrate and Meckel’s cartilage were somewhat lightly-built and hosted a series of transverse tooth rows sitting within scalloped grooves. Fossils reconstruct a terminal mouth (opening at the front of the head), similar to
3348:
653:
2146:
systems) extends further back into the caudal peduncle relative to modern sharks. Gut content and coprolites are strongly twisted, arguing that the digestive system of
Cladoselache was similar to living sharks. The
423:
due to its streamlined body and deeply forked tail. From both an anatomical and historical perspective, is one of the best known of the early chondrichthyans in part due to an abundance of well-preserved
990:
fibers. On either side of the caudal peduncle (tail stalk) is a broad fold or keel, which helps to stabilize the tail. When seen from above, the tail stalk nearly appears rectangular due to these keels.
645:
are widely separated from the orbital arteries. This contrasts with symmoriiforms, in which some branches of the facial nerve are bundled with the orbital arteries in a groove or shared opening.
927:
also has a unique trait when compared to other
Paleozoic chondrichthyans: the rear edge of the metapterygium does not send out a string of small cartilage structures known as axials.
1167:(“spiny sharks”) were close to the base of “Elasmobranchii” (Chondrichthyes), but also that both taxa carried unusual specializations relative to the estimated ancestral condition.
696:(frilled and sixgill sharks) among modern members of the group. Most modern sharks and rays have a looser jaw suspension which only involves the hyomandibula (a condition known as
1329:
appears to be homologous to the unusual head structures prevalent in symmoriiforms, and many similarities are also present in the braincase and pectoral region. Symmoriiforms and
959:. However, the underside of the tail stalk encased six pairs of forward-swept radial-like structures, with the first pair being particularly large. These structures, which may be
7158:
386:(early-diverging) member of Elasmobranchii, the fork of cartilaginous fish which leads to modern sharks and rays. More recent studies have identified distinctive traits of the
3552:
Coates, Michael I.; Finarelli, John A.; Sansom, Ivan J.; Andreev, Plamen S.; Criswell, Katharine E.; Tietjen, Kristen; Rivers, Mark L.; La
Riviere, Patrick J. (2018-01-10).
1214:
as an early chondrichthyan near ctenacanths and other cladodont “sharks” was generally unchallenged in the 20th century. Most disagreements related to precisely how early
923:’s pectoral girdle are characteristic of symmoriiforms, including large paired procoracoids, proximal radials, and a distinct metapterygium at the rear of the coracoid.
3180:
Klug, Christian; Coates, Michael; Frey, Linda; Greif, Merle; Jobbins, Melina; Pohle, Alexander; Lagnaoui, Abdelouahed; Haouz, Wahiba Bel; Ginter, Michal (2023-03-28).
3398:
7089:
4230:
436:. In addition to the cartilaginous skeleton, the fossils were so well preserved that they included traces of skin, muscle fibers, and internal organs, such as the
2122:. Scleral rings are present in many modern osteichthyans (bony fish and tetrapods), but modern sharks only retain a cup-like structure of calcified cartilage.
3165:
Trinajstic, K.; Boisvert, C.; Long, J.A.; Johanson, Z. (2018). "Evolution of vertebrate reproduction". In
Johanson, Z.; Underwood, C.; Richter, M. (eds.).
998:: the first dorsal fin is located above the pectoral fins and is significantly taller than the second dorsal fin, which is located above the pelvic fins.
1057:
and body shape, it is not a member of that group, which did not evolve until the
Jurassic Period. When first described near the end of the 19th century,
565:, with the first being larger and preceded by a stout, curved fin spine. The caudal peduncle (tail) is tapered and keeled, ending at a crescent-shaped
7153:
3120:"Tooth retention in cladodont sharks: with a comparison between primitive grasping and swallowing, and modern cutting and gouging feeding mechanisms"
2097:, but they are tiny and bluntly conical structures which are absent from much of the body. Larger denticles occur on fin margins and adjacent to the
1069:
is often called the “earliest shark” in broad ecological definitions of the term, though it is only distantly related to modern sharks. It and other
7076:
978:
is distinctive, with a very tall and lunate (crescent moon-shaped) profile extending from a narrow tail base. A similar tail shape is also seen in
947:, despite their presence in close relatives and even other Devonian chondrichthyans. This may be due to its reduced pelvic region, a reliance on
367:) shark. As an early chondrichthyan, it had yet to evolve traits of modern sharks such as accelerated tooth replacement, a loose jaw suspension,
7163:
3725:
3487:"A New Paleozoic Symmoriiformes (Chondrichthyes) from the Late Carboniferous of Kansas (USA) and Cladistic Analysis of Early Chondrichthyans"
1093:, was far more diverse in the Paleozoic, but is only represented in the modern day by the rare chimaeras (Chimaeriformes). The other branch,
4203:
763:
919:, expands out from the rear of the coracoid plate. More than six particularly slender radials attach to the metapterygium. Many traits of
4223:
514:
consists of a central cranial cartilage protecting the brain and sensory organs (the chondrocranium, a cartilaginous equivalent of the
915:
radials) and a longer outer portion (distal radials). In the rear half of the pectoral fin, a triangular cartilaginous structure, the
118:
1223:(modern sharks and rays), though this was an uncertain and unstable position. Several accounts in the 1980s drew comparisons between
3320:
2557:
2062:
during reproduction. This is peculiar given that most other early shark fossils show evidence of claspers. While they may have used
1008:
cartilage, which is gilded with layers of bone-like cellular and acellular dentine. This internal structure is most similar to the
3436:
1022:
the presence of a fin spine in front of the second dorsal is uncertain, it is considered to be hypothetically present or absent.
3601:
Frey, Linda; Coates, Michael; Ginter, Michał; Hairapetian, Vachik; Rücklin, Martin; Jerjen, Iwan; Klug, Christian (2019-10-09).
4073:
Tomita, Taketeru; Murakumo, Kiyomi; Komoto, Shinya; Dove, Alistair; Kino, Masakatsu; Miyamoto, Kei; Toda, Minoru (2020-06-29).
4216:
1171:
and
Acanthodii were allied under the now-antiquated group Pleuropterygii, according to proposed plesiomorphic traits such as
1012:
spine brush complex of symmoriiforms, rather than the enamel-coated fin spines of other sharks. While another cladoselachid
910:, a pair of L-shaped structures also found in most other Paleozoic chondrichthyans. Each connects outwards to a wing-shaped
906:
projects a fair distance upwards from the base of each pectoral fin. The innermost cartilage in the pectoral girdle are the
5418:
2575:"Architectural and ultrastructural features of tessellated calcified cartilage in modern and extinct chondrichthyan fishes"
4208:
2341:"The spine-brush complex in symmoriiform sharks (Chondrichthyes; Symmoriiformes), with comments on dorsal fin modularity"
605:(between the nostrils) at the front of the chondrocranium is unknown, but it was likely far shorter than the overhanging
537:
is poorly known, but available evidence points towards the presence of at least five pairs of slender and well-separated
3013:"A new specimen of Tamiobatis vetustus (Chondrichthyes, Ctenacanthoidea) from the Late Devonian Cleveland Shale of Ohio"
130:
6999:
6473:
5398:
2155:
is organized into discrete packages of muscle fibers, which are easier to differentiate than those of modern sharks.
970:
Illustrations from 1894 showing skeletal elements such as fins (1-4), scleral ossicles (5-6), and a lateral line (7)
3659:"A symmoriiform from the Late Devonian of Morocco demonstrates a derived jaw function in ancient chondrichthyans"
1065:(ancestral) form of cartilaginous fish, and not closely related to modern sharks despite its similar appearance.
633:(which supply the eye and its vicinity with blood) are directly in front of the exits for the dorsal aortae. The
3452:
3135:
5411:
2101:, while three-cusped scales are found along the margin of the jaw. The denticles have an internal structure of
2074:
796:
577:
394:), dorsal fin spines, and pectoral fin bases. These newly identified features support a close relationship to
105:
3908:
Zatoń, Michał; Broda, Krzysztof; Qvarnström, Martin; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz; Ahlberg, Per Erik (2017-03-10).
2304:
1337:
at the base of
Chondrichthyes or Elasmobranchii, similar to traditional interpretations of their affinities.
7148:
7143:
2047:-like proto-vertebrates. Some of the fish remains were found tail first within the stomach, indicating that
3863:"Coprolite evidence for carnivorous predation in a Late Devonian pelagic environment of southern Laurussia"
7016:
4314:
2630:
Pears, Jacob B.; Johanson, Zerina; Trinajstic, Kate; Dean, Mason N.; Boisvert, Catherine A. (2020-11-26).
2485:
Coates, Michael I.; Gess, Robert W.; Finarelli, John A.; Criswell, Katharine E.; Tietjen, Kristen (2017).
2063:
948:
6467:
2058:
is not known to possess claspers, organs found in modern sharks that are responsible for the transfer of
7115:
4797:
3798:"First African thylacocephalans from the Famennian of Morocco and their role in Late Devonian food webs"
1359:
1074:
383:
6713:
6576:
6520:
6260:
4686:
2118:
523:
6672:
6551:
5683:
5592:
5246:
4782:
4725:
4650:
4615:
4190:
3862:
3743:"Virtual reconstruction of endocast anatomy in early ray-finned fishes (Osteichthyes, Actinopterygii)"
3119:
2082:
1684:
805:
7063:
6745:
6727:
6690:
6193:
6164:
5653:
4998:
4957:
4768:
4759:
4734:
4707:
4601:
4585:
4518:
4086:
3921:
3874:
3809:
3754:
3498:
3024:
2903:
2498:
2428:
2352:
2234:
590:
6961:
6791:
6720:
6642:
6337:
6101:
5876:
5707:
5269:
5175:
5154:
5094:
5073:
4964:
4926:
4741:
4700:
4594:
4511:
4454:
4423:
602:
6782:
6768:
6754:
6706:
6565:
6344:
5931:
5903:
5734:
5537:
5405:
5336:
5283:
5205:
5185:
5101:
5087:
5039:
4919:
4912:
4885:
4818:
4775:
4629:
4622:
4544:
4468:
4447:
4438:
4413:
2985:
2841:
2186:
916:
634:
6901:
6841:
6830:
6484:
6385:
6365:
5970:
5805:
5669:
5567:
5466:
5328:
5305:
5215:
5066:
5046:
4871:
4856:
4849:
4811:
4804:
4672:
4636:
4608:
4574:
4497:
4403:
3657:
Frey, Linda; Coates, Michael I.; Tietjen, Kristen; RĂĽcklin, Martin; Klug, Christian (2020-11-17).
2697:
2035:
1433:
1085:
Chondrichthyes splits into two branches early in the evolution of the group. One branch, known as
712:
468:
shows a mixture of derived and ancestral characteristics. The skeleton is composed of tessellated
6941:
6921:
6881:
6819:
6761:
6631:
6599:
6406:
6330:
6310:
6227:
5952:
5917:
5791:
5662:
5476:
5260:
5032:
5025:
4864:
4714:
4693:
4643:
4553:
4533:
4483:
4461:
4393:
4180:
3778:
3464:
3376:
3147:
3095:
2865:
2612:
2530:
2460:
2452:
2384:
2376:
2316:
1610:
1416:
960:
907:
684:. With stable connections to both the chondrocranium and the hyomandibula, the jaw suspension of
594:
476:
unique to chondrichthyans. Tessellated cartilage combines flexible cartilage fibers with a loose
125:
6972:
6861:
6798:
6699:
6658:
6651:
6585:
6478:
6093:
6030:
6000:
5938:
5812:
5758:
5723:
5696:
5632:
5608:
5507:
5357:
5195:
4679:
4664:
4504:
3182:"Broad snouted cladoselachian with sensory specialization at the base of modern chondrichthyans"
689:
7120:
7054:
6951:
6931:
6891:
6665:
6007:
5986:
5868:
5557:
5290:
4560:
701:
7102:
7094:
6851:
6679:
6351:
6321:
6021:
5979:
5777:
5751:
5743:
5547:
5517:
4836:
4122:
4104:
4055:
4037:
3998:
3955:
3937:
3890:
3843:
3825:
3770:
3721:
3696:
3678:
3636:
3583:
3534:
3516:
3456:
3368:
3326:
3316:
3291:
3221:
3203:
3139:
3087:
3079:
3040:
2919:
2671:
2653:
2604:
2596:
2553:
2522:
2514:
2444:
2368:
2308:
2250:
1769:
1466:
1150:
1009:
1004:
697:
630:
606:
360:
7107:
6871:
6537:
5993:
3059:
700:). Chimaeras, on the other hand, have a palatoquadrate fused to the chondrocranium (known as
6171:
5109:
4526:
4112:
4094:
4045:
4029:
3990:
3945:
3929:
3882:
3833:
3817:
3762:
3686:
3670:
3626:
3618:
3573:
3565:
3524:
3506:
3448:
3410:
3360:
3281:
3211:
3193:
3131:
3071:
3032:
2957:
2911:
2857:
2787:
2661:
2643:
2586:
2506:
2436:
2360:
2300:
2242:
2139:
1290:
1090:
876:
865:
785:
668:
473:
6129:
6112:
5623:
5009:
4944:
4567:
3910:"The first direct evidence of a Late Devonian coelacanth fish feeding on conodont animals"
2126:
1136:
1110:
1014:
899:
429:
208:
195:
4090:
3925:
3878:
3813:
3758:
3502:
3246:. Handbook of Paleoichthyology. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag. pp. i–iii, 1–115.
3216:
3181:
3028:
2907:
2502:
2432:
2356:
2238:
6503:
6448:
6432:
6358:
6156:
6059:
5823:
5527:
5125:
4896:
4748:
4376:
4363:
4326:
4242:
4117:
4074:
4050:
4017:
3950:
3838:
3797:
3691:
3658:
3631:
3602:
3578:
3553:
3529:
3486:
3437:"A new stethacanthid chondrichthyan from the lower Carboniferous of Bearsden, Scotland"
2666:
2631:
2143:
2090:
2030:
2014:
1947:
1867:
1499:
1370:
1310:
1267:
1228:
1132:
1094:
1034:
693:
538:
519:
496:
395:
387:
336:
172:
1119:
7137:
6617:
6592:
6376:
6269:
6235:
6149:
6072:
5945:
5601:
5343:
5319:
5164:
5144:
5057:
5018:
4991:
4790:
4657:
4299:
4283:
4033:
3607:: phylogenetic relationships, ecomorphology and a new time-scale for shark evolution"
3414:
3380:
2616:
2172:
2013:
fossils were remnants of their stomach contents. These remains included mostly small
1562:
1315:
1272:
1180:
1079:
1062:
936:
884:
873:
680:
sharks. The rear edge of the palatoquadrate would have been braced by the rod-shaped
673:
550:
492:
481:
400:
348:
340:
63:
3782:
3468:
3151:
3099:
2869:
2632:"Mineralization of the Callorhinchus Vertebral Column (Holocephali; Chondrichthyes)"
2464:
2388:
2320:
507:
was about 2.0 meters (6.6 feet) in length, though many specimens were much smaller.
6303:
6290:
5910:
5896:
5887:
5861:
5854:
5578:
5497:
5225:
4975:
4905:
4878:
3036:
2945:
2915:
2534:
2246:
2166:
2107:
2102:
2098:
1884:
1172:
1164:
1141:
895:
736:
681:
677:
642:
515:
4099:
4018:"A comparative study of the ocular skeleton of fossil and modern chondrichthyans"
3886:
3715:
3511:
3012:
2891:
2775:
2440:
2222:
1340:
However, an alternative hypothesis has caught traction: Symmoriiforms (including
7048:
6441:
6428:
6413:
6276:
6213:
6204:
6045:
5840:
5350:
5080:
4239:
4153:
3485:
Pradel, Alan; Tafforeau, Paul; Maisey, John G.; Janvier, Philippe (2011-09-27).
2148:
1667:
1487:
1345:
1281:
1220:
1175:, flap-like paired fins, a reinforced upper tail lobe, and the supposed lack of
1146:
1086:
966:
774:
182:
38:
3821:
3674:
3198:
2412:
1244:
6911:
6530:
6392:
6140:
6086:
6079:
5924:
5639:
5486:
4984:
4277:
4246:
3994:
3933:
3364:
3353:
Earth and
Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
2648:
2486:
2162:
1786:
1593:
1385:
1348:
1277:
1207:
formed a series of forms incrementally more “advanced” towards modern sharks.
1184:
1050:
995:
975:
931:
842:
566:
562:
554:
457:
325:
83:
48:
7039:
4146:
4108:
4041:
4002:
3941:
3894:
3829:
3774:
3682:
3520:
3460:
3372:
3295:
3207:
3143:
3083:
3044:
2923:
2657:
2600:
2518:
2487:"A symmoriiform chondrichthyan braincase and the origin of chimaeroid fishes"
2448:
2372:
2312:
2254:
1003:
front-to-back) as it was tall, in contrast to the far more slender spines of
6242:
6220:
6038:
5832:
5716:
5276:
3974:
3909:
3554:"An early chondrichthyan and the evolutionary assembly of a shark body plan"
3330:
2861:
2020:
1843:
1643:
1355:
1204:
1192:
1070:
983:
880:
740:
728:
598:
542:
534:
469:
433:
391:
368:
364:
344:
142:
88:
32:
4126:
4059:
3959:
3847:
3700:
3640:
3622:
3587:
3569:
3538:
3286:
3269:
3225:
3091:
2946:"The xenacanth shark neurocranium, with comments on elasmobranch monophyly"
2675:
2608:
2526:
1049:(also known as ratfish or ghostsharks). Though it resembles modern sharks (
963:
to the unpaired anal fin, extend as far back as the base of the caudal fin.
692:. Amphistyly is common in early chondrichthyans, but it is only present in
2573:
Maisey, John G.; Denton, John S. S.; Burrow, Carole; Pradel, Alan (2020).
2550:
The
Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals
1344:) may lie on the opposite side of Chondrichthyes, as an early part of the
1195:
tooth shape, and general anatomy. The later discovery of dorsal spines in
448:
7033:
6178:
5847:
5798:
5235:
4271:
3399:"A re-examination of Elasmobranch monophyly and Chondrichthyan phylogeny"
3310:
2364:
2112:
2040:
1321:
1285:
1046:
1042:
956:
911:
888:
503:, which likely had a similar ecology. The largest undisputed skeleton of
500:
420:
409:
352:
162:
78:
73:
58:
53:
43:
2510:
2456:
2380:
2134:, despite their unusual position. This suggests that the body cavity of
1253:
412:(a modern group of unusual deep-sea fish) than to true sharks and rays.
7081:
6399:
6185:
5298:
3075:
2340:
2044:
1819:
1538:
1176:
1054:
940:
903:
527:
372:
93:
68:
2591:
2574:
518:
or braincase) alongside an upper and lower toothed jaw cartilage (the
398:, a small group of bizarre chondrichthyans such as the bristle-spined
4265:
2961:
2131:
2054:
A mystery that has yet to be resolved is its method of reproduction.
987:
832:
732:
614:
477:
437:
425:
356:
152:
7010:
3766:
2791:
2289:"The Braincase in Paleozoic Symmoriiform and Cladoselachian Sharks"
1305:’s anatomy has led many authors to propose close relations between
2994:
Scientific Publications of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History
2706:
Scientific Publications of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History
2081:
2059:
1334:
1038:
711:
652:
610:
576:
447:
363:), but was not closely related to lamnids or to any other modern (
332:
328:
419:
is considered to have been a fast-moving and fairly agile marine
7068:
2776:"Studies on fossil fishes (sharks, chimaeroids, and arthrodires"
7014:
6500:
5438:
4361:
4258:
4212:
1284:, the branch of chondrichthyans leading to the modern deep-sea
739:(the hypercrystalline outer layering of osteichthyan teeth) or
3796:
Jobbins, Melina; Haug, Carolin; Klug, Christian (2020-03-20).
3060:"The postorbital palatoquadrate articulation in elasmobranchs"
1159:
The earliest publications regarding the genus noted that both
495:, while its overall streamlined body shape is reminiscent of
3403:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen
2892:"Visceral skeleton and musculature of a Late Devonian shark"
593:(above and between the eyes) followed by a somewhat smaller
3453:
10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0438:ANSCFT]2.0.CO;2
3136:
10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0214:TRICSW]2.0.CO;2
2078:
Specimen showing supposed kidneys under the caudal peduncle
585:
showing a flattened chondrocranium, teeth and scleral rings
3975:"XLIII.—The dermal tubercles of the Upper Devonian shark,
3169:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 207–226.
1033:
is considered one of the best-known early members of the
898:
is large and elongated, connecting to a strong and broad
4016:
Pilgrim, Brettney L.; Franz-Odendaal, Tamara A. (2009).
2305:
10.1206/0003-0090(2007)307[1:TBIPSA]2.0.CO;2
951:, or simply a lack of male fossils preserving the area.
589:
The chondrocranium was low, with a broad and triangular
3611:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3558:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2417:: new reconstruction based on a near-complete specimen"
3973:
Woodward, Arthur Smith; White, Errol I. (1938-10-01).
4161:
Maisey, John. G. (June 1998). "Voracious Evolution".
3717:
Evolutionary Paleobiology of Behavior and Coevolution
625:
There are many other braincase traits shared between
6968:
6957:
6947:
6937:
6927:
6917:
6907:
6897:
6887:
6877:
6867:
6857:
6847:
6837:
6826:
6815:
6779:
6742:
6614:
6548:
6517:
6287:
6257:
6056:
6018:
5967:
5773:
5680:
5650:
5620:
5589:
5574:
5563:
5553:
5543:
5533:
5523:
5513:
5503:
5493:
5482:
5472:
5462:
5316:
5257:
5242:
5231:
5221:
5211:
5201:
5191:
5181:
5171:
5160:
5150:
5140:
4941:
4833:
4479:
4435:
4419:
4409:
4399:
4389:
7023:
6808:
6778:
6741:
6689:
6641:
6613:
6575:
6547:
6516:
6427:
6375:
6320:
6286:
6256:
6203:
6139:
6111:
6055:
6017:
5966:
5886:
5822:
5772:
5733:
5706:
5679:
5649:
5619:
5588:
5449:
5368:
5315:
5256:
5123:
5056:
5008:
4974:
4940:
4895:
4832:
4758:
4724:
4584:
4543:
4478:
4434:
4374:
4325:
4298:
1179:. Pleuropterygii was later expanded to incorporate
939:, project forwards from each row of pelvic basals.
4145:
3270:"Relationships of Fossil and Living Elasmobranchs"
2842:"Contributions to the Morphology of Cladoselache (
2293:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
2223:"Chondrichthyan phylogeny: a look at the evidence"
1276:, left) in recent studies. They may belong to the
3867:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2780:Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History
2125:The exceptional preservational conditions of the
1131:has traditionally been placed close to or within
743:(an enamel-like form of dentine in shark teeth).
408:and symmoriiforms may be more closely related to
3861:Zatoń, Michał; Rakociński, Michał (2014-01-15).
3435:Coates, M. I.; Sequeira, S. E. K. (2001-08-22).
1231:, based on the shape and structure of the tail.
1018:had fin spine in front of both dorsal fins, for
879:(spool-shaped main components) encompassing the
872:was cartilaginous and poorly-preserved, without
2086:Blocks of muscle fibers visible in one specimen
1362:of Frey et al., 2020. Major groups are bolded:
4224:
883:. Typically only the pointed, closely spaced
8:
7159:Devonian cartilaginous fish of North America
4144:Ferrari, Andrea; Ferrari, Antonella (2002).
3268:Schaeffer, Bobb; Williams, Michael (1977).
3244:Chondrichthyes I – Paleozoic Elasmobranchii
1235:Relation to symmoriiforms and holocephalans
510:Like other chondrichthyans, the “skull” of
7011:
6623:
6557:
6513:
6497:
6295:
6064:
5783:
5688:
5455:
5446:
5435:
5133:
4949:
4841:
4489:
4382:
4371:
4358:
4304:
4295:
4255:
4231:
4217:
4209:
3347:Coates, M. I.; Sequeira, S. E. K. (1998).
1135:, a subgroup of chondrichthyans including
104:
20:
4116:
4098:
4049:
3949:
3837:
3690:
3630:
3577:
3528:
3510:
3285:
3215:
3197:
2665:
2647:
2590:
2552:. London: Marshall Editions. p. 26.
2025:which is probably not belonging to genus
351:. It was similar in body shape to modern
5451:"Conventionally defined chondrichthyans"
5440:"Conventionally defined chondrichthyans"
2073:
965:
4191:The first shark: to bite or not to bite
2194:
887:can be observed in fossils. All of the
723:Like many other early chondrichthyans,
247:
3983:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
3652:
3650:
3480:
3478:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3392:
3390:
3342:
3340:
3237:
3235:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2413:"Pectoral fin of the Paleozoic shark,
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3113:
3111:
3109:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
1073:“sharks” may instead be described as
629:and symmoriiforms. The exits for the
491:shares some similarities with modern
415:Growing to several meters in length,
378:Some 20th century studies considered
7:
3349:"The braincase of a primitive shark"
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
935:which appear to be an early form of
4183:ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research
3741:Giles, Sam; Friedman, Matt (2014).
3167:Evolution and Development of Fishes
3118:Williams, Michael E. (2001-07-20).
3011:Williams, Michael E. (1998-06-15).
2110:of densely-packed ossicles seen in
2066:, this has yet to be demonstrated.
1859:
1835:
1811:
1761:
1754:
1659:
1635:
1585:
1578:
1554:
1530:
1506:
1494:
1482:
1458:
1408:
1401:
1377:
1365:
3441:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3124:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3017:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2896:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2421:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2345:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2227:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
641:the exits for every branch of the
557:further back along the underside.
119:American Museum of Natural History
14:
4075:"Armored eyes of the whale shark"
3397:Gaudin, Timothy J. (1991-06-10).
661:specimen on display in Cincinnati
530:were large and shifted forwards.
7154:Late Devonian cartilaginous fish
6995:
6994:
6483:
6477:
6472:
6466:
5417:
5410:
5404:
5397:
4034:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01077.x
2179:
2165:
1252:
1243:
1118:
1109:
1061:was immediately recognized as a
804:
795:
784:
773:
762:
129:
16:Extinct genus of chondrichthyans
2411:Tomita, Taketeru (2015-09-03).
1262:Numerous traits have connected
818:specimens, from top to bottom:
3186:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology
3037:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011054
2986:"The neurocranium and jaws of
2916:10.1080/02724634.1989.10011751
2890:Maisey, John G. (1989-06-30).
2339:Maisey, John G. (2009-03-12).
2247:10.1080/02724634.1984.10012015
2221:Maisey, John G. (1984-11-01).
526:, respectively). The eyes and
339:(cartilaginous fish) from the
1:
7164:Fossil taxa described in 1889
4185:. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
2051:was a fast and agile hunter.
1951:(true sharks, rays, and kin)
1037:: cartilaginous fish such as
657:Skull and pectoral fins of a
250:Cladoselache acanthopterygius
4189:Monastersky, Richard (1996)
4100:10.1371/journal.pone.0235342
3887:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.11.019
3714:Boucot, A. J. (2013-10-22).
3512:10.1371/journal.pone.0024938
2984:Harris, John Edward (1938).
2696:Harris, John Edward (1938).
2441:10.1080/02724634.2015.973029
2093:(denticles) were present in
1333:may form an early-diverging
258:Cladoselache brachypterygius
3315:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1301:More recent information on
1101:Traditional interpretations
484:plates, known as tesserae.
274:Cladoselache desmopterygius
7180:
3822:10.1038/s41598-020-61770-0
3675:10.1038/s42003-020-01394-2
3415:10.1127/njgpa/182/1991/133
3309:Janvier, Philippe (1996).
3199:10.1186/s13358-023-00266-6
581:Crushed skull referred to
549:There are a pair of large
6990:
6626:
6560:
6512:
6496:
6464:
6298:
6067:
5786:
5691:
5458:
5445:
5434:
5394:
5136:
4952:
4844:
4492:
4385:
4370:
4357:
4307:
4294:
4254:
3995:10.1080/00222933808526863
3934:10.1007/s00114-017-1455-7
3365:10.1017/S026359330000701X
2649:10.3389/fgene.2020.571694
1944:
1881:
1864:
1857:
1840:
1833:
1816:
1809:
1783:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1681:
1664:
1657:
1640:
1633:
1607:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1559:
1552:
1535:
1528:
1511:
1504:
1492:
1480:
1463:
1456:
1430:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1382:
1375:
943:have never been found in
601:and balance organs). The
553:behind the gills and low
238:
233:
126:Scientific classification
124:
112:
103:
23:
3603:"The early elasmobranch
3058:Maisey, John G. (2008).
2944:Schaeffer, Bobb (1981).
2548:Palmer, D., ed. (1999).
2287:Maisey, John G. (2007).
1199:supported the idea that
1187:, which were similar to
643:facial nerve (nerve VII)
5369:"Conventionally defined
4204:The Evolution of Sharks
3747:Journal of Paleontology
2862:10.1002/jmor.1050090103
2840:Dean, Bashford (1894).
2774:Dean, Bashford (1909).
2579:Journal of Fish Biology
1219:close to hybodonts and
617:) enter the braincase.
298:Cladoselache magnificus
3663:Communications Biology
3623:10.1098/rspb.2019.1336
3570:10.1098/rspb.2017.2418
2087:
2079:
2070:Scales and soft tissue
2064:internal fertilization
2015:ray-finned bony fishes
1325:. The dorsal spine of
1153:, right), among others
971:
949:external fertilization
720:
662:
586:
461:
460:-like pelagic predator
432:on the south shore of
7116:Paleobiology Database
3914:The Science of Nature
3064:Journal of Morphology
2850:Journal of Morphology
2698:"The dorsal spine of
2636:Frontiers in Genetics
2085:
2077:
1360:phylogenetic analysis
969:
715:
688:can be classified as
656:
580:
541:, and therefore five
451:
3287:10.1093/icb/17.2.293
3242:Zangerl, R. (1981).
2365:10.1671/039.029.0130
452:Life restoration of
428:, discovered in the
371:teeth, and possibly
306:Cladoselache newmani
290:Cladoselache kepleri
4091:2020PLoSO..1535342T
3926:2017SciNa.104...26Z
3879:2014PPP...394....1Z
3814:2020NatSR..10.5129J
3759:2014JPal...88..636G
3503:2011PLoSO...624938P
3029:1998JVPal..18..251W
2908:1989JVPal...9..174M
2511:10.1038/nature20806
2503:2017Natur.541..208C
2433:2015JVPal..35E3029T
2357:2009JVPal..29...14M
2239:1984JVPal...4..359M
2187:Paleontology portal
1203:, ctenacanths, and
1191:in geological age,
1045:, and the deep-sea
955:appears to lack an
754:Postcrania and fins
635:postorbital process
454:Cladoselache fyleri
282:Cladoselache fyleri
266:Cladoselache clarki
4798:Radioporacanthodes
4484:Ischnacanthiformes
4022:Journal of Anatomy
3802:Scientific Reports
3617:(1912): 20191336.
3564:(1870): 20172418.
3274:American Zoologist
3076:10.1002/jmor.10642
2088:
2080:
1227:and the enigmatic
1010:sexually dimorphic
972:
721:
663:
587:
524:Meckel’s cartilage
487:The head shape of
462:
196:Cladoselachiformes
7131:
7130:
7103:Open Tree of Life
7017:Taxon identifiers
7008:
7007:
6986:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6737:
6736:
6714:Tielikewatielepis
6609:
6608:
6577:Elegestolepididae
6521:Altholepidiformes
6492:
6491:
6462:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6423:
6422:
6322:Diplodoselachidae
6261:Bransonelliformes
6252:
6251:
5962:
5961:
5778:Ctenacanthiformes
5768:
5767:
5430:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5392:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5119:
5118:
4936:
4935:
4837:Diplacanthiformes
4828:
4827:
4687:Rockycampacanthus
4353:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4344:
3727:978-1-4832-9081-2
3312:Early vertebrates
2592:10.1111/jfb.14376
2497:(7636): 208–211.
1996:
1995:
1987:
1986:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1905:
1897:
1896:
1798:
1797:
1741:
1740:
1732:
1731:
1723:
1722:
1714:
1713:
1705:
1704:
1696:
1695:
1622:
1621:
1445:
1444:
1151:great white shark
849:C. desmopterygius
361:great white shark
317:
316:
310:
302:
294:
286:
278:
270:
262:
254:
244:
229:
117:specimens in the
7171:
7124:
7123:
7111:
7110:
7098:
7097:
7085:
7084:
7072:
7071:
7059:
7058:
7057:
7044:
7043:
7042:
7012:
6998:
6997:
6970:
6959:
6949:
6939:
6929:
6919:
6909:
6899:
6889:
6879:
6869:
6859:
6849:
6839:
6828:
6817:
6781:
6744:
6673:Taklamakanolepis
6624:
6616:
6558:
6552:Elegestolepidida
6550:
6519:
6514:
6507:scale-based taxa
6498:
6487:
6481:
6476:
6470:
6296:
6291:Xenacanthiformes
6289:
6259:
6065:
6058:
6020:
5969:
5784:
5775:
5689:
5684:Omalodontiformes
5682:
5652:
5622:
5593:Antarctilamnidae
5591:
5576:
5565:
5555:
5545:
5535:
5525:
5515:
5505:
5495:
5484:
5474:
5464:
5456:
5447:
5436:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5408:
5402:
5401:
5371:chondrichthyans"
5318:
5259:
5247:Vernicomacanthus
5244:
5233:
5223:
5213:
5203:
5193:
5183:
5173:
5162:
5152:
5142:
5134:
5130:and related taxa
5110:Triazeugacanthus
4950:
4943:
4842:
4835:
4783:Obruchevacanthus
4726:Podoliacanthidae
4651:Grenfellacanthus
4616:Bracteatacanthus
4490:
4481:
4437:
4421:
4411:
4401:
4391:
4383:
4372:
4359:
4305:
4296:
4289:
4288:
4256:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4210:
4170:
4157:
4156:: Firefly Books.
4151:
4131:
4130:
4120:
4102:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4053:
4013:
4007:
4006:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3953:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3841:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3694:
3654:
3645:
3644:
3634:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3581:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3532:
3514:
3482:
3473:
3472:
3432:
3419:
3418:
3394:
3385:
3384:
3344:
3335:
3334:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3289:
3265:
3248:
3247:
3239:
3230:
3229:
3219:
3201:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3115:
3104:
3103:
3070:(8): 1022–1040.
3055:
3049:
3048:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2981:
2966:
2965:
2941:
2928:
2927:
2887:
2874:
2873:
2837:
2796:
2795:
2771:
2714:
2713:
2693:
2680:
2679:
2669:
2651:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2594:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2482:
2469:
2468:
2408:
2393:
2392:
2336:
2325:
2324:
2284:
2259:
2258:
2218:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2170:
2169:
1860:
1836:
1812:
1762:
1755:
1660:
1636:
1586:
1579:
1555:
1531:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1459:
1409:
1402:
1378:
1366:
1256:
1247:
1210:The position of
1137:ctenacanthiforms
1122:
1113:
1091:Euchondrocephali
1005:ctenacanthiforms
808:
799:
788:
777:
766:
669:Chlamydoselachus
631:orbital arteries
539:branchial arches
355:sharks (such as
308:
300:
293:(Newberry, 1889)
292:
285:(Newberry, 1889)
284:
276:
269:(Claypole, 1893)
268:
260:
252:
242:
227:
220:
207:
194:
134:
133:
108:
98:
35:
29:Temporal range:
21:
7179:
7178:
7174:
7173:
7172:
7170:
7169:
7168:
7134:
7133:
7132:
7127:
7119:
7114:
7106:
7101:
7093:
7088:
7080:
7075:
7067:
7062:
7053:
7052:
7047:
7038:
7037:
7032:
7019:
7009:
7004:
6978:
6804:
6774:
6746:Tchunacanthidae
6733:
6728:Xinjiangichthys
6691:Shiqianolepidae
6685:
6637:
6605:
6571:
6543:
6508:
6488:
6454:
6419:
6371:
6316:
6282:
6248:
6199:
6194:Stethacanthulus
6135:
6130:Maghriboselache
6113:Cladoselachidae
6107:
6051:
6013:
5958:
5882:
5818:
5764:
5729:
5702:
5675:
5654:Pucapampellidae
5645:
5624:Mcmurdodontidae
5615:
5584:
5452:
5441:
5422:
5409:
5396:
5384:
5370:
5364:
5311:
5252:
5129:
5115:
5052:
5010:Cheiracanthidae
5004:
4999:Traquairichthys
4970:
4958:Halimacanthodes
4945:Acanthodiformes
4932:
4891:
4824:
4769:Gomphonchoporus
4760:Poracanthodidae
4754:
4735:Drygantacanthus
4720:
4708:Tricuspicanthus
4602:Arenaceacanthus
4586:Ischnacanthidae
4580:
4568:Nerepisacanthus
4539:
4519:Machaeracanthus
4474:
4430:
4379:
4366:
4341:
4321:
4290:
4261:
4260:
4250:
4237:
4177:
4163:Natural History
4160:
4143:
4140:
4135:
4134:
4085:(6): e0235342.
4072:
4071:
4067:
4015:
4014:
4010:
3989:(10): 367–368.
3972:
3971:
3967:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3728:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3656:
3655:
3648:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3484:
3483:
3476:
3434:
3433:
3422:
3396:
3395:
3388:
3346:
3345:
3338:
3323:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3267:
3266:
3251:
3241:
3240:
3233:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3117:
3116:
3107:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2983:
2982:
2969:
2943:
2942:
2931:
2889:
2888:
2877:
2839:
2838:
2799:
2773:
2772:
2717:
2695:
2694:
2683:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2484:
2483:
2472:
2410:
2409:
2396:
2338:
2337:
2328:
2286:
2285:
2262:
2220:
2219:
2196:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2161:
2138:(including the
2127:Cleveland Shale
2072:
2031:thylacocephalan
2002:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1799:
1742:
1733:
1724:
1715:
1706:
1697:
1623:
1446:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1249:
1248:
1237:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1103:
1028:
1015:Maghriboselache
900:pectoral girdle
862:
861:
860:
859:
811:
810:
809:
801:
800:
791:
790:
789:
780:
779:
778:
769:
768:
767:
756:
710:
651:
591:sphenoid region
575:
497:mackerel sharks
464:The anatomy of
446:
430:Cleveland Shale
390:(cartilaginous
313:
246:
245:
243:List of species
226:
218:
209:Cladoselachidae
205:
192:
128:
99:
97:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
31:
30:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7177:
7175:
7167:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7149:Famennian life
7146:
7144:Symmoriiformes
7136:
7135:
7129:
7128:
7126:
7125:
7112:
7099:
7086:
7073:
7060:
7045:
7029:
7027:
7021:
7020:
7015:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7002:
6991:
6988:
6987:
6984:
6983:
6980:
6979:
6977:
6976:
6966:
6962:Wellingtonella
6955:
6945:
6935:
6925:
6915:
6905:
6895:
6885:
6875:
6865:
6855:
6845:
6835:
6824:
6812:
6810:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6802:
6795:
6792:Acanthacanthus
6787:
6785:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6772:
6765:
6758:
6750:
6748:
6739:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6731:
6724:
6721:Xiaohaizilepis
6717:
6710:
6703:
6695:
6693:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6683:
6676:
6669:
6662:
6655:
6647:
6645:
6643:Mongolepididae
6639:
6638:
6636:
6635:
6627:
6621:
6611:
6610:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6603:
6596:
6589:
6581:
6579:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6561:
6555:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6541:
6534:
6526:
6524:
6510:
6509:
6504:Incertae sedis
6501:
6494:
6493:
6490:
6489:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6449:Elasmobranchii
6445:
6437:
6435:
6433:Chondrichthyes
6425:
6424:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6410:
6403:
6396:
6389:
6381:
6379:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6362:
6359:Lebachacanthus
6355:
6348:
6341:
6338:Diplodoselache
6334:
6326:
6324:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6314:
6307:
6299:
6293:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6280:
6273:
6265:
6263:
6254:
6253:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6239:
6232:
6224:
6217:
6209:
6207:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6197:
6190:
6182:
6175:
6168:
6161:
6157:Cretacladoides
6153:
6145:
6143:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6133:
6126:
6118:
6116:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6102:Maiseyacanthus
6098:
6090:
6083:
6076:
6068:
6062:
6060:Symmoriiformes
6053:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6042:
6035:
6026:
6024:
6022:Phoebodontidae
6015:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6004:
5997:
5990:
5983:
5975:
5973:
5964:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5956:
5949:
5942:
5935:
5928:
5921:
5914:
5907:
5900:
5892:
5890:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5880:
5877:Troglocladodus
5873:
5865:
5858:
5851:
5844:
5837:
5828:
5826:
5824:Ctenacanthidae
5820:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5809:
5802:
5795:
5787:
5781:
5770:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5755:
5748:
5739:
5737:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5720:
5712:
5710:
5708:Aztecodontidae
5704:
5703:
5701:
5700:
5692:
5686:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5666:
5658:
5656:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5636:
5628:
5626:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5605:
5597:
5595:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5572:
5561:
5551:
5541:
5531:
5528:Plesioselachus
5521:
5511:
5501:
5491:
5480:
5470:
5459:
5453:
5450:
5443:
5442:
5439:
5432:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5374:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5354:
5347:
5340:
5333:
5324:
5322:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5302:
5295:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5270:Brachyacanthus
5265:
5263:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5240:
5229:
5219:
5209:
5199:
5189:
5179:
5176:Kathemacanthus
5169:
5158:
5155:Dobunnacanthus
5148:
5137:
5131:
5126:Climatiiformes
5121:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5106:
5098:
5095:Promesacanthus
5091:
5084:
5077:
5074:Melanoacanthus
5070:
5062:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5014:
5012:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4995:
4988:
4980:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4965:Howittacanthus
4961:
4953:
4947:
4938:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4927:Rhadinacanthus
4923:
4916:
4909:
4901:
4899:
4897:Diplacanthidae
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4882:
4875:
4868:
4861:
4853:
4845:
4839:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4779:
4772:
4764:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4749:Podoliacanthus
4745:
4742:Kasperacanthus
4738:
4730:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4701:Taemasacanthus
4697:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4595:Arcticacanthus
4590:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4571:
4564:
4557:
4549:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4515:
4512:Granulacanthus
4508:
4501:
4493:
4487:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4455:Neosinacanthus
4451:
4443:
4441:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4424:Ramirosuarezia
4417:
4407:
4397:
4386:
4380:
4377:Chondrichthyes
4375:
4368:
4367:
4364:Chondrichthyes
4362:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4331:
4329:
4327:Chondrichthyes
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4308:
4302:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4259:
4252:
4251:
4243:Chondrichthyes
4238:
4236:
4235:
4228:
4221:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4187:
4176:
4175:External links
4173:
4172:
4171:
4158:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4065:
4028:(6): 848–858.
4008:
3965:
3900:
3853:
3788:
3767:10.1666/13-094
3753:(4): 636–651.
3733:
3726:
3706:
3646:
3593:
3544:
3474:
3447:(3): 438–459.
3420:
3409:(2): 133–160.
3386:
3336:
3321:
3301:
3280:(2): 293–302.
3249:
3231:
3172:
3157:
3130:(2): 214–226.
3105:
3050:
3023:(2): 251–260.
3003:
2967:
2929:
2902:(2): 174–190.
2875:
2797:
2786:(5): 209–287.
2715:
2681:
2622:
2585:(4): 919–941.
2565:
2558:
2540:
2470:
2427:(5): e973029.
2394:
2326:
2299:(307): 1–122.
2260:
2233:(3): 359–371.
2193:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2176:
2160:
2157:
2091:Placoid scales
2071:
2068:
2029:), as well as
2001:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1948:Elasmobranchii
1943:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1868:Chondrenchelys
1863:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1500:Symmoriiformes
1493:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1371:Chondrichthyes
1364:
1261:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1133:Elasmobranchii
1127:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1095:Elasmobranchii
1035:Chondrichthyes
1027:
1026:Classification
1024:
994:There are two
912:coracoid plate
858:
857:
851:
845:
841:on display in
835:
831:on display in
825:
813:
812:
803:
802:
794:
793:
792:
783:
782:
781:
772:
771:
770:
761:
760:
759:
758:
757:
755:
752:
709:
706:
650:
647:
603:ethmoid region
574:
573:Chondrocranium
571:
528:nasal capsules
520:palatoquadrate
499:in the family
493:frilled sharks
445:
442:
388:chondrocranium
337:chondrichthyan
315:
314:
312:
311:
303:
301:Claypole, 1894
295:
287:
279:
271:
263:
255:
241:
240:
239:
236:
235:
231:
230:
216:
212:
211:
203:
199:
198:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
173:Chondrichthyes
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
122:
121:
110:
109:
101:
100:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
36:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7176:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7141:
7139:
7122:
7117:
7113:
7109:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7065:
7061:
7056:
7050:
7046:
7041:
7035:
7031:
7030:
7028:
7026:
7022:
7018:
7013:
7001:
6993:
6992:
6989:
6975:
6974:
6967:
6964:
6963:
6956:
6954:
6953:
6946:
6944:
6943:
6936:
6934:
6933:
6926:
6924:
6923:
6916:
6914:
6913:
6906:
6904:
6903:
6896:
6894:
6893:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6876:
6874:
6873:
6866:
6864:
6863:
6856:
6854:
6853:
6846:
6844:
6843:
6836:
6833:
6832:
6825:
6822:
6821:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6807:
6801:
6800:
6796:
6794:
6793:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6784:
6783:Vesperaliidae
6777:
6771:
6770:
6769:Tchunacanthus
6766:
6764:
6763:
6759:
6757:
6756:
6755:Fecundosquama
6752:
6751:
6749:
6747:
6740:
6730:
6729:
6725:
6723:
6722:
6718:
6716:
6715:
6711:
6709:
6708:
6707:Shiqianolepis
6704:
6702:
6701:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6692:
6688:
6682:
6681:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6670:
6668:
6667:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6649:
6648:
6646:
6644:
6640:
6634:
6633:
6629:
6628:
6625:
6622:
6619:
6618:Mongolepidida
6612:
6602:
6601:
6597:
6595:
6594:
6593:Elegestolepis
6590:
6588:
6587:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6578:
6574:
6568:
6567:
6566:Kannathalepis
6563:
6562:
6559:
6556:
6553:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6535:
6533:
6532:
6528:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6515:
6511:
6506:
6505:
6499:
6495:
6486:
6482:
6480:
6475:
6469:
6451:
6450:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6439:
6438:
6436:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6416:
6415:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6404:
6402:
6401:
6397:
6395:
6394:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6378:
6377:Xenacanthidae
6374:
6368:
6367:
6363:
6361:
6360:
6356:
6354:
6353:
6349:
6347:
6346:
6345:Hagenoselache
6342:
6340:
6339:
6335:
6333:
6332:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6323:
6319:
6313:
6312:
6308:
6306:
6305:
6301:
6300:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6285:
6279:
6278:
6274:
6272:
6271:
6270:Barbclabornia
6267:
6266:
6264:
6262:
6255:
6245:
6244:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6236:Stethacanthus
6233:
6230:
6229:
6225:
6223:
6222:
6218:
6216:
6215:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6206:
6202:
6196:
6195:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6183:
6181:
6180:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6154:
6152:
6151:
6150:Cosmoselachus
6147:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6138:
6132:
6131:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6110:
6104:
6103:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6084:
6082:
6081:
6077:
6075:
6074:
6073:Dwykaselachus
6070:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6054:
6048:
6047:
6043:
6041:
6040:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6016:
6010:
6009:
6005:
6003:
6002:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5972:
5965:
5955:
5954:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5946:Kaibabvenator
5943:
5941:
5940:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5932:Heslerodoides
5929:
5927:
5926:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5904:Bythiacanthus
5901:
5899:
5898:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5889:
5885:
5879:
5878:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5866:
5864:
5863:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5852:
5850:
5849:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5814:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5789:
5788:
5785:
5782:
5779:
5771:
5761:
5760:
5756:
5754:
5753:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5736:
5735:Omalodontidae
5732:
5726:
5725:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5705:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5693:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5618:
5611:
5610:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5602:Antarctilamna
5599:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5587:
5581:
5580:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5538:Polymerolepis
5532:
5530:
5529:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5481:
5479:
5478:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5461:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5448:
5444:
5437:
5433:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5407:
5400:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5367:
5360:
5359:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5344:Gyracanthides
5341:
5339:
5338:
5337:Ankylacanthus
5334:
5331:
5330:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5320:Gyracanthidae
5314:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5284:Erriwacanthus
5281:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5206:Obtusacanthus
5200:
5198:
5197:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5186:Lupopsyroides
5180:
5178:
5177:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5165:Fanjingshania
5159:
5157:
5156:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5145:Brochoadmones
5139:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5102:Teneracanthus
5099:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5088:Orcadacanthus
5085:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5058:Mesacanthidae
5055:
5049:
5048:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5040:Homalacanthus
5037:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5019:Cheiracanthus
5016:
5015:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4992:Acanthodopsis
4989:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4939:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4920:Ptychodictyon
4917:
4915:
4914:
4913:Milesacanthus
4910:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4886:Uraniacanthus
4883:
4881:
4880:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4831:
4821:
4820:
4819:Zemlyacanthus
4816:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4791:Poracanthodes
4788:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4776:Machaeraporus
4773:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4658:Ischnacanthus
4655:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4630:Erymnacanthus
4627:
4625:
4624:
4623:Cacheacanthus
4620:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4545:Acritolepidae
4542:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4469:Tarimacanthus
4466:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4448:Hunanacanthus
4445:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4439:Sinacanthidae
4433:
4426:
4425:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4414:Latviacanthus
4408:
4406:
4405:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4360:
4356:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4316:
4315:Gnathostomata
4312:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4300:Gnathostomata
4297:
4293:
4285:
4284:Gnathostomata
4282:Infraphylum:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4234:
4229:
4227:
4222:
4220:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4149:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4069:
4066:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4012:
4009:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3978:
3969:
3966:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3904:
3901:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3792:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3734:
3729:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3710:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3606:
3597:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3497:(9): e24938.
3496:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3322:0-585-16460-6
3318:
3314:
3313:
3305:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3173:
3168:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3007:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2950:AMNH Bulletin
2947:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2559:1-84028-152-9
2555:
2551:
2544:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2177:
2174:
2173:Sharks portal
2168:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2108:scleral rings
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2076:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2004:The teeth of
2000:Palaeobiology
1999:
1992:
1991:
1983:
1982:
1974:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1911:
1910:
1902:
1901:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1736:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1709:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1563:Dwykaselachus
1557:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1358:based on the
1357:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1316:Stethacanthus
1312:
1311:symmoriiforms
1308:
1304:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1273:Stethacanthus
1269:
1268:symmoriiforms
1265:
1255:
1246:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:neoselachians
1217:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:ctenacanthids
1178:
1174:
1173:scleral rings
1170:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1148:
1147:neoselachians
1144:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:plesiomorphic
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
997:
992:
989:
985:
981:
977:
968:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
937:pelvic girdle
933:
928:
926:
922:
918:
917:metapterygium
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
890:
886:
885:neural arches
882:
878:
875:
871:
867:
866:spinal column
856:
852:
850:
846:
844:
840:
836:
834:
830:
826:
824:
820:
819:
817:
807:
798:
787:
776:
765:
753:
751:
748:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
719:
714:
707:
705:
703:
699:
695:
694:hexanchiforms
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
674:frilled shark
671:
670:
660:
655:
648:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
584:
579:
572:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
551:pectoral fins
547:
544:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
485:
483:
480:of irregular
479:
475:
471:
467:
459:
455:
450:
443:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
402:
401:Stethacanthus
397:
396:symmoriiforms
393:
389:
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:North America
346:
342:
341:Late Devonian
338:
334:
330:
327:
323:
322:
307:
304:
299:
296:
291:
288:
283:
280:
275:
272:
267:
264:
259:
256:
251:
248:
237:
232:
225:
224:
217:
214:
213:
210:
204:
201:
200:
197:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
132:
127:
123:
120:
116:
111:
107:
102:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
34:
26:
22:
19:
7055:Cladoselache
7025:Cladoselache
7024:
6971:
6960:
6950:
6940:
6930:
6920:
6910:
6902:Nobilesquama
6900:
6890:
6880:
6870:
6860:
6850:
6842:Funicristata
6840:
6831:Frigorilepis
6829:
6818:
6797:
6790:
6767:
6760:
6753:
6726:
6719:
6712:
6705:
6698:
6678:
6671:
6664:
6657:
6650:
6630:
6598:
6591:
6584:
6564:
6536:
6529:
6502:
6471:
6447:
6440:
6412:
6405:
6398:
6391:
6386:Mooreodontus
6384:
6366:Taquaralodus
6364:
6357:
6350:
6343:
6336:
6329:
6309:
6304:Orthacanthus
6302:
6275:
6268:
6241:
6234:
6226:
6219:
6212:
6192:
6184:
6177:
6170:
6163:
6155:
6148:
6128:
6123:Cladoselache
6122:
6121:
6100:
6092:
6085:
6078:
6071:
6044:
6037:
6029:
6006:
5999:
5992:
5985:
5978:
5971:Jalodontidae
5951:
5944:
5937:
5930:
5923:
5916:
5911:Dracopristis
5909:
5902:
5897:Avonacanthus
5895:
5888:Heslerodidae
5875:
5867:
5862:Goodrichthys
5860:
5855:Ctenacanthus
5853:
5846:
5839:
5831:
5811:
5806:Sculptospina
5804:
5797:
5790:
5757:
5750:
5742:
5722:
5715:
5695:
5670:Pucapampella
5668:
5661:
5638:
5631:
5607:
5600:
5579:Squatinactis
5577:
5568:Shenacanthus
5566:
5556:
5546:
5536:
5526:
5516:
5506:
5498:Gogoselachus
5496:
5485:
5475:
5467:Carcharopsis
5465:
5403:
5356:
5349:
5342:
5335:
5329:Aganacanthus
5327:
5306:Sevyacanthus
5304:
5297:
5289:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5245:
5234:
5226:Ptomacanthus
5224:
5216:Paucicanthus
5214:
5204:
5194:
5184:
5174:
5163:
5153:
5143:
5108:
5100:
5093:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5067:Lodeacanthus
5065:
5047:Markacanthus
5045:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5017:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4976:Acanthodidae
4963:
4956:
4925:
4918:
4911:
4906:Diplacanthus
4904:
4884:
4879:Tetanopsyrus
4877:
4872:Striacanthus
4870:
4863:
4857:Culmacanthus
4855:
4850:Bryantonchus
4848:
4817:
4812:Trundlelepis
4810:
4805:Taimyrolepis
4803:
4796:
4789:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4673:Persacanthus
4671:
4663:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4637:Euryacanthus
4635:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4609:Atopacanthus
4607:
4600:
4593:
4575:Pechoralepis
4573:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4532:
4525:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4498:Acanthospina
4496:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4422:
4412:
4404:Euthacanthus
4402:
4392:
4247:acanthodians
4245:(including "
4197:
4194:Science News
4193:
4184:
4181:Cladoselache
4166:
4162:
4147:
4082:
4078:
4068:
4025:
4021:
4011:
3986:
3982:
3977:Cladoselache
3976:
3968:
3917:
3913:
3903:
3870:
3866:
3856:
3805:
3801:
3791:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3720:. Elsevier.
3716:
3709:
3666:
3662:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3596:
3561:
3557:
3547:
3494:
3490:
3444:
3440:
3406:
3402:
3359:(2): 63–85.
3356:
3352:
3311:
3304:
3277:
3273:
3243:
3189:
3185:
3175:
3166:
3160:
3127:
3123:
3067:
3063:
3053:
3020:
3016:
3006:
2997:
2993:
2988:Cladoselache
2987:
2953:
2949:
2899:
2895:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2783:
2779:
2709:
2705:
2700:Cladoselache
2699:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2549:
2543:
2494:
2490:
2424:
2420:
2415:Cladoselache
2414:
2351:(1): 14–24.
2348:
2344:
2296:
2292:
2230:
2226:
2153:Cladoselache
2152:
2136:Cladoselache
2135:
2124:
2117:
2111:
2099:lateral line
2095:Cladoselache
2094:
2089:
2056:Cladoselache
2055:
2053:
2049:Cladoselache
2048:
2036:Concavicaris
2034:
2033:arthropods (
2026:
2018:
2011:Cladoselache
2010:
2006:Cladoselache
2005:
2003:
1946:
1945:
1888:(chimaeras)
1885:Chimaeroidei
1883:
1882:
1866:
1865:
1842:
1841:
1818:
1817:
1785:
1784:
1768:
1767:
1683:
1682:
1666:
1665:
1642:
1641:
1609:
1608:
1592:
1591:
1561:
1560:
1537:
1536:
1515:Cladoselache
1514:
1513:
1512:
1498:
1486:
1465:
1464:
1434:Pucapampella
1432:
1431:
1415:
1414:
1384:
1383:
1369:
1354:
1346:holocephalan
1342:Cladoselache
1341:
1339:
1331:Cladoselache
1330:
1327:Cladoselache
1326:
1320:
1314:
1307:Cladoselache
1306:
1303:Cladoselache
1302:
1300:
1289:
1271:
1264:Cladoselache
1263:
1229:eugeneodonts
1225:Cladoselache
1224:
1216:Cladoselache
1215:
1212:Cladoselache
1211:
1209:
1201:Cladoselache
1200:
1197:Cladoselache
1196:
1189:Cladoselache
1188:
1169:Cladoselache
1168:
1165:acanthodians
1161:Cladoselache
1160:
1158:
1145:, left) and
1142:Dracopristis
1140:
1129:Cladoselache
1128:
1084:
1067:Cladoselache
1066:
1059:Cladoselache
1058:
1031:Cladoselache
1030:
1029:
1020:Cladoselache
1019:
1013:
1000:Cladoselache
999:
993:
982:(the modern
979:
973:
953:Cladoselache
952:
945:Cladoselache
944:
929:
925:Cladoselache
924:
921:Cladoselache
920:
908:procoracoids
896:pectoral fin
893:
870:Cladoselache
869:
863:
854:
848:
838:
828:
822:
816:Cladoselache
815:
747:Cladoselache
746:
745:
725:Cladoselache
724:
722:
717:
686:Cladoselache
685:
682:hyomandibula
672:(the modern
667:
664:
658:
639:Cladoselache
638:
627:Cladoselache
626:
624:
618:
611:dorsal aorta
588:
582:
559:Cladoselache
558:
548:
532:
516:neurocranium
512:Cladoselache
511:
509:
505:Cladoselache
504:
489:Cladoselache
488:
486:
472:, a complex
466:Cladoselache
465:
463:
453:
417:Cladoselache
416:
414:
406:Cladoselache
405:
399:
380:Cladoselache
379:
377:
321:Cladoselache
320:
319:
318:
305:
297:
289:
281:
273:
265:
257:
249:
223:Cladoselache
222:
221:
114:
25:Cladoselache
24:
18:
7049:Wikispecies
6942:Seretolepis
6922:Nostovicina
6882:Karksilepis
6820:Canyonlepis
6762:Lenacanthus
6632:Solinalepis
6600:Ellesmereia
6442:Holocephali
6414:Xenacanthus
6407:Wurdigneria
6331:Decentrodus
6311:Tikiodontus
6277:Bransonella
6228:Crioselache
6214:Akmonistion
6205:Symmoriidae
6046:Thrinacodus
5953:Nanoskalmae
5918:Glencartius
5841:Cladodoides
5792:Neosaivodus
5663:Gydoselache
5477:Celtiberina
5351:Gyracanthus
5261:Climatiidae
5081:Mesacanthus
5033:Ginkgolepis
5026:Fallodentus
4865:Devononchus
4715:Xylacanthus
4694:Rohonilepis
4644:Gomphonchus
4554:Acritolepis
4534:Serradentus
4462:Sinacanthus
4394:Cassidiceps
4276:Subphylum:
4240:Total group
4169:(5): 38–41.
3808:(1): 5129.
2956:(1): 1–66.
2149:musculature
2103:pulp cavity
1668:Akmonistion
1611:Gutturensis
1488:Holocephali
1417:Gydoselache
1282:Holocephali
1087:Holocephali
996:dorsal fins
932:pelvic fins
847:A complete
837:A complete
821:A complete
735:, but lack
678:xenacanthid
619:Cladoselach
597:(above the
595:otic region
583:C. kepleri,
563:dorsal fins
555:pelvic fins
535:gill basket
444:Description
357:mako sharks
183:Holocephali
7138:Categories
6973:Yuanolepis
6912:Nostolepis
6862:Ivanelepis
6799:Vesperalia
6700:Chenolepis
6659:Rongolepis
6652:Mongolepis
6586:Deltalepis
6531:Altholepis
6393:Plicatodus
6141:Falcatidae
6094:Kungurodus
6087:Kawichthys
6080:Ferromirum
6031:Diademodus
6001:Keuperodus
5980:Adamantina
5939:Heslerodus
5925:Glikmanius
5813:Tamiobatis
5759:Portalodus
5724:Manberodus
5697:Siberiodus
5640:Mcmurdodus
5633:Maiseyodus
5609:Wellerodus
5508:Karksiodus
5487:Gladbachus
5379:see below↓
5358:Oracanthus
5196:Lupopsyrus
4985:Acanthodes
4680:Plectrodus
4665:Marsdenius
4505:Campylodus
4336:see below↓
4278:Vertebrata
3669:(1): 681.
2856:: 87–114.
2642:: 571694.
2159:References
1787:Kawichthys
1594:Ferromirum
1386:Gladbachus
1349:stem-group
1278:stem group
1185:symmoriids
1080:colloquial
1051:selachians
976:caudal fin
961:homologous
855:C. kepleri
853:A partial
843:Cincinnati
827:A cast of
690:amphistyly
567:caudal fin
543:gill slits
458:mako shark
309:Dean, 1894
277:Dean, 1909
261:Dean, 1909
253:Dean, 1909
228:Dean, 1894
179:Subclass:
6952:Tuvalepis
6932:Ohiolepis
6892:Lunalepis
6666:Sodolepis
6243:Symmorium
6221:Cobelodus
6039:Phoebodus
6008:Texasodus
5987:Isacrodus
5869:Natarapax
5833:Arduodens
5717:Aztecodus
5558:Samarodus
5291:Nodocosta
5277:Climatius
4561:Monospina
4264:Kingdom:
4200:(7): 101.
4109:1932-6203
4042:1469-7580
4003:0374-5481
3942:1432-1904
3920:(3): 26.
3895:0031-0182
3830:2045-2322
3775:0022-3360
3683:2399-3642
3605:Phoebodus
3521:1932-6203
3461:0272-4634
3381:128881340
3373:1473-7116
3296:0003-1569
3208:1664-2384
3144:0272-4634
3084:1097-4687
3045:0272-4634
2962:2246/1056
2924:0272-4634
2658:1664-8021
2617:218582950
2601:0022-1112
2519:1476-4687
2449:0272-4634
2373:0272-4634
2313:0003-0090
2255:0272-4634
2140:digestive
2041:conodonts
2027:Kentuckia
2023:" hlavini
2021:Kentuckia
1844:Debeerius
1644:Cobelodus
1356:Cladogram
1286:chimaeras
1205:hybodonts
1193:cladodont
1071:Paleozoic
1047:chimaeras
984:swordfish
902:. A tall
881:notochord
874:calcified
839:C. fyleri
829:C. clarki
823:C. fyleri
741:enameloid
729:cladodont
718:C. fyleri
716:Teeth of
702:holostyly
659:C. fyleri
613:(a major
599:hindbrain
482:calcified
470:cartilage
434:Lake Erie
410:chimaeras
392:braincase
369:enameloid
365:selachian
345:Famennian
149:Kingdom:
143:Eukaryota
115:C. fyleri
113:Complete
33:Famennian
7034:Wikidata
7000:Category
6852:Gualepis
6680:Teslepis
6352:Hokomata
6179:Falcatus
6165:Damocles
5848:Cladodus
5799:Saivodus
5752:Omalodus
5744:Doliodus
5548:Protodus
5518:Leonodus
5236:Qianodus
4272:Chordata
4270:Phylum:
4266:Animalia
4127:32598385
4079:PLOS ONE
4060:19538630
3960:28283751
3873:: 1–11.
3848:32198412
3783:85928959
3701:33203942
3641:31575362
3588:29298937
3539:21980367
3491:PLOS ONE
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