37:
279:. It has an optimal growth temperature between 18 °C (64 °F) and 28 °C (82 °F), with a maximum growth temperature between 28 °C (82 °F) and 32 °C (90 °F). It has been shown to grow at temperatures as low as −6 °C (21 °F), and −10 °C (14 °F); allowing it to grow actively (albeit slowly) on frozen materials.
341:(CYA) and malt extract agar (MEA) appear velvety or fluffy, with smooth or slightly wrinkled walls, and are green or brown in color. The reverse side of the colony appears a darker green or grey/black. Colonies can appear both sparse or densely grown. At 5 °C (41 °F), colonies are 1-2 mm in diameter.
399:
spores is correlated with increasing temperatures, daylight, and declining humidity. This species appears more frequently during the summer than the winter with peak concentrations of airborne spores found during the afternoon of a 24 hour cycle. The spores are easily carried through the air and can
375:
causes spoilage of fresh fruits and vegetables including yams, peaches, nectarines, apricots, plums, cherries, tomatoes, and melons. Its common occurrence on fresh apples can lead to contamination of apple juice and fruit based products. It has also been found in eggs, hazelnuts, cereals, chickpeas,
208:
found worldwide in organic and inorganic matter. It is efficiently distributed in the air, where it exists as the most frequently occurring fungal species. It can grow over a wide range of temperatures including very cold environments, giving it the ability to grow on refrigerated meat and form
336:
spores are 250 μm long and 3-6 μm wide. They appear swollen at the tip and in between cells, and have irregularly bent branches. Under microscopy, these stalks appear pale or dark brown in color and have smooth or rough walls. When submerged in fluid, they become brittle and break up
394:
has been isolated from caterpillars, nests, feathers, pellets of free-living birds, nests of gerbils, bee honeycombs, internal organs of frogs, and earthworms. It has also been found indoors on walls, wallpaper, textiles, rubber strips of window-frames, and bathrooms. Increased release of
369:). It is the most common fungal species found on living leaves (given suitable conditions) and dead plant material in very moist environments. It also has an adaptation to high salt concentrations (has been found in high salinity sediments) and extremely dry areas (xerophilic).
331:
can be lemon-shaped or cone-shaped, often composed of 2-4 cells (3-23 mm). One-celled conidia (5.5-13 x 3.8-6 μm) also exist. In culture, newly-formed spores appear mostly 1-celled, later forming tree-like colonies with multiple branches. The stalks which produce
424:(IgE) binding properties. Most of these antigens are proteins found inside cells, and eight of these antigens are members of the World Health Organization's official allergen list. There is variation in allergen content between different strains of
412:, but its ability to freely produce spores that are easily dispersed in air currents adds to its effect as a fungal airway allergen; it is one of the main fungal causes of asthma and hay fever in the Western Hemisphere. More than 60
255:
species contributing the highest percentage to this group. These airborne spores are more common during the summer and fall seasons; in the summer there can be as many as 15,000 spores per m air of
388:
can cause "black spot" spoilage of meat in cold storage (between −6 °C (21 °F) and 0 °C (32 °F)). It has been isolated from fresh, frozen, and processed meats.
349:
This species is distributed worldwide, inhabiting polar, temperate, mediterranean, subtropical, tropical, forest, grassland, and arable soil regions. It is found frequently in
1508:
1442:
1261:
1313:
1498:
1403:
1170:
1429:
1235:
1274:
1336:
1029:
917:
869:
810:
663:
635:
1209:
974:
1503:
1362:
1279:
435:
on warm-blood animals have been reported when they were fed with heavily infected wheat. It can produce a toxin causing
171:
36:
511:
167:
1318:
384:
soft cheese, causing problems during its manufacturing. Being able to survive at temperatures below freezing,
933:
Pieckona, E.; Jesenska, Z. (1999). "Microscopic fungi in dwellings and their health implications in humans".
1513:
756:
Breitenbach, M.; Simon-Nobbe, B. (2002). "The allergens of
Cladosporium herbarum and Alternaria alternata".
353:
exposed to soil, deep soil depths, and the highly nutritious soil directly surrounding the roots of plants (
1138:
263:
is also found all over the world on dead organic material, in the soil, and sometimes appears as a plant
1493:
131:
733:
1470:
1367:
1328:
1227:
1196:
480:
1305:
860:
Samson, R.A.; Flannigan, B.; Flannigan, M.E.; Verhoeff, A.P.; Adan, O.C.G.; Hoekstra, E.S. (1994).
1119:
475:
463:
439:
damage in horses, and mycelium extracts are shown to have low-level toxicity in chicken embryos.
153:
31:
1447:
1266:
1416:
1349:
1183:
1111:
1076:
1025:
970:
942:
913:
865:
806:
765:
693:
659:
631:
1354:
1103:
1066:
1058:
421:
275:
In young cultures, newly-formed spores show growth by budding into a large, multi-branched
299:
production is higher in wet than dry conditions. The production of spores is inhibited by
78:
361:), especially the leaves and stems of both aquatic and desert plant species (for example
307:. Its growth is inhibited in atmospheres of reduced oxygen and increased carbon dioxide.
624:
1222:
98:
1071:
1046:
1487:
1408:
1175:
338:
803:
Fundamentals of Mold Growth in Indoor
Environments and Strategies for Healthy Living
1421:
233:
108:
1188:
1394:
503:
have been observed. Based on DNA analysis, they have a guanine-cytosine content (
1300:
1248:
500:
381:
354:
88:
1161:
504:
409:
312:
300:
68:
1115:
1214:
457:
304:
284:
210:
48:
946:
769:
1080:
1455:
1388:
1287:
1155:
413:
296:
276:
264:
1062:
1434:
1240:
1123:
1024:(2nd ed.). The Netherlands: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures.
496:
469:
436:
358:
1253:
1460:
1292:
446:
366:
241:
218:
205:
58:
1132:
1107:
1045:
Horner, W.E.; Helbling, A.; Salvaggio, J.E.; Lehrer, S.B. (1995).
451:
362:
245:
337:
completely into spores and rod-like fragments. Colonies grown on
1341:
1201:
1094:
Prior, P. V. (July 1, 1966), "A New Fungal
Parasite of Mosses",
697:
350:
209:"black spots". Its high prevalence in the air and production of
1136:
357:). It is one of the early colonizers on dying and dead plants (
514:(ITS) sequences have been found to be identical to those of
784:
495:
conidia have 1 nucleus, but some can have 2 nuclei. During
292:
267:. It is also a common fungus found in indoor environments.
251:
is the dominant genus of spores found in the air, with the
622:
Domsch, K.H; Gams, W.; Anderson, Traute-Heidi (1980).
295:
6 but tolerates environments with a pH as low as 4.4.
400:
be transported long distances including over oceans.
864:. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V.
1378:
1145:
862:
805:. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers.
1020:Hoog, G.S. de; Guarro, J.; Figueras, M.J. (2000).
738:INSPQ Public health expertise and reference centre
623:
751:
749:
747:
990:Gravesen, S.; Frisvad, J.; Samson, R.A. (1994).
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
727:
960:
958:
956:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
740:. Katia Raby, Karine Chaussée et Lynda Ratté.
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
583:
581:
579:
8:
912:. Gaithersburg, Maryland: Aspen Publishers.
903:
901:
801:Adan, Olaf C. G.; Samson, Robert A. (2011).
688:Ainsworth, G.C.; Sussman, Alfred S. (1968).
630:(1st ed.). London, UK: Academic Press.
577:
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
785:"The MycoBank engine and related databases"
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
1133:
796:
794:
649:
647:
552:(6th ed.). London: Edward Arnold Ltd.
20:
1070:
420:have been detected, and 36 of these have
1509:Taxa named by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon
787:. International Mycological Association.
783:Robert, V.; Stegehuis, G.; Stalpers, J.
654:Cole, Garry T.; Kendrick, Bryce (1981).
527:
507:) of 55%. Using molecular diagnostics,
965:Moreau, Claude; Moss, Maurice (1979).
830:. Philadelphia: The Blakiston Company.
550:An introduction to industrial mycology
376:soybeans, and frozen fruit pastries.
244:are highly prevalent in the air; the
7:
1471:0be09475-aba2-462a-b16d-f50c53601cc3
1329:841e5320-2500-4590-852b-ffac7a98e3ab
1499:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
994:. Copenhagen: Blackwell Publishing.
283:can also grow in dry environments (
908:Pitt, J.I.; Hocking, A.D. (1999).
449:plant pathogen. Its hosts include
311:is the sexual reproductive stage (
14:
828:Morphology and Taxonomy of Fungi
35:
690:The Fungi: An Advanced Treatise
826:Bessey, Ernst Athearn (1950).
1:
969:. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
512:internal transcribed spacer
217:an important exacerbant of
1530:
692:. London: Academic Press.
658:. London: Academic Press.
380:can also spoil cheese and
656:Biology of Conidial Fungi
339:Czapek yeast extract agar
190:Cooke & Massee (1883)
159:
152:
137:
130:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
967:Moulds, Toxins, and Food
626:Compendium of Soil Fungi
1504:Fungi described in 1815
1022:Atlas of Clinical Fungi
992:Microfungi. 1st edition
910:Fungi and Food Spoilage
734:"Cladosporium herbarum"
732:d'Halewyn, Marie-Alix.
516:Cyphellophora laciniata
309:Mycosphaerella tassiana
548:Smith, George (1969).
187:Heterosporium epimyces
1147:Cladosporium herbarum
935:Ann Agric Environ Med
392:Cladosporium herbarum
378:Cladosporium herbarum
373:Cladosporium herbarum
281:Cladosporium herbarum
261:Cladosporium herbarum
230:Cladosporium herbarum
201:Cladosporium herbarum
141:Cladosporium herbarum
25:Cladosporium herbarum
481:Cladosporium ear rot
174:& Lamarck (1815)
1063:10.1128/cmr.8.2.161
408:This fungus is non-
345:Habitat and ecology
327:Spores produced by
291:grows optimally at
147:(Pers.) Link (1816)
1051:Clin Microbiol Rev
1047:"Fungal allergens"
499:, 5 to 8 dot-like
487:Molecular genetics
1481:
1480:
1380:Dematium herbarum
1350:Open Tree of Life
1139:Taxon identifiers
1031:978-90-70351-43-4
919:978-0-8342-1306-7
871:978-0-444-81997-0
812:978-90-8686-135-4
665:978-0-12-179502-3
637:978-0-12-220401-2
431:Toxic effects of
197:
196:
191:
183:
179:Dematium herbarum
175:
16:Species of fungus
1521:
1474:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1451:
1450:
1438:
1437:
1425:
1424:
1412:
1411:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1371:
1370:
1358:
1357:
1345:
1344:
1332:
1331:
1322:
1321:
1309:
1308:
1296:
1295:
1283:
1282:
1270:
1269:
1257:
1256:
1244:
1243:
1231:
1230:
1218:
1217:
1205:
1204:
1192:
1191:
1179:
1178:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1134:
1127:
1126:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1017:
996:
995:
987:
981:
980:
962:
951:
950:
930:
924:
923:
905:
876:
875:
857:
832:
831:
823:
817:
816:
798:
789:
788:
780:
774:
773:
753:
742:
741:
729:
702:
701:
685:
670:
669:
651:
642:
641:
629:
619:
554:
553:
545:
422:immunoglobulin E
189:
181:
165:
143:
123:C. herbarum
40:
39:
21:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1469:
1467:
1459:
1454:
1446:
1441:
1433:
1428:
1420:
1415:
1407:
1402:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1374:
1366:
1361:
1353:
1348:
1340:
1335:
1327:
1325:
1317:
1312:
1304:
1299:
1291:
1286:
1278:
1273:
1265:
1260:
1252:
1247:
1239:
1234:
1226:
1221:
1213:
1208:
1200:
1195:
1187:
1182:
1174:
1169:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1141:
1131:
1130:
1108:10.2307/3240520
1093:
1092:
1088:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1019:
1018:
999:
989:
988:
984:
977:
964:
963:
954:
932:
931:
927:
920:
907:
906:
879:
872:
859:
858:
835:
825:
824:
820:
813:
800:
799:
792:
782:
781:
777:
755:
754:
745:
731:
730:
705:
687:
686:
673:
666:
653:
652:
645:
638:
621:
620:
557:
547:
546:
529:
524:
489:
479:. It can cause
406:
347:
325:
273:
227:
221:and hay fever.
163:Byssus herbarum
148:
145:
139:
126:
79:Dothideomycetes
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1527:
1525:
1517:
1516:
1514:Fungus species
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1486:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1465:
1452:
1439:
1426:
1413:
1400:
1384:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1359:
1346:
1333:
1323:
1310:
1297:
1284:
1271:
1258:
1245:
1232:
1219:
1206:
1193:
1180:
1167:
1151:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1102:(2): 243–246,
1086:
1057:(2): 161–179.
1037:
1030:
997:
982:
976:978-0471996811
975:
952:
925:
918:
877:
870:
833:
818:
811:
790:
775:
743:
703:
671:
664:
643:
636:
555:
526:
525:
523:
520:
488:
485:
405:
402:
346:
343:
324:
321:
272:
269:
226:
223:
195:
194:
193:
192:
184:
176:
157:
156:
150:
149:
146:
135:
134:
128:
127:
120:
118:
114:
113:
106:
102:
101:
99:Davidiellaceae
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1526:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1472:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
998:
993:
986:
983:
978:
972:
968:
961:
959:
957:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
929:
926:
921:
915:
911:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
878:
873:
867:
863:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
834:
829:
822:
819:
814:
808:
804:
797:
795:
791:
786:
779:
776:
771:
767:
763:
759:
752:
750:
748:
744:
739:
735:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
704:
699:
695:
691:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
672:
667:
661:
657:
650:
648:
644:
639:
633:
628:
627:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
556:
551:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
528:
521:
519:
517:
513:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
486:
484:
482:
478:
477:
472:
471:
466:
465:
460:
459:
454:
453:
448:
444:
440:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
416:derived from
415:
411:
404:Pathogenicity
403:
401:
398:
393:
389:
387:
383:
379:
374:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
344:
342:
340:
335:
330:
322:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
270:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
247:
243:
239:
236:of the genus
235:
231:
224:
222:
220:
216:
212:
207:
203:
202:
188:
185:
180:
177:
173:
169:
164:
161:
160:
158:
155:
151:
144:
142:
136:
133:
132:Binomial name
129:
125:
124:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
60:
57:
54:
53:
50:
47:
44:
43:
38:
33:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1494:Cladosporium
1379:
1146:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1021:
991:
985:
966:
938:
934:
928:
909:
861:
827:
821:
802:
778:
761:
758:Chem Immunol
757:
737:
689:
655:
625:
549:
515:
508:
492:
491:Most often,
490:
474:
468:
462:
456:
450:
442:
441:
432:
430:
425:
417:
407:
396:
391:
390:
385:
377:
372:
371:
348:
333:
328:
326:
316:
308:
288:
280:
274:
260:
256:
252:
249:Cladosporium
248:
238:Cladosporium
237:
234:type species
229:
228:
214:
204:is a common
200:
199:
198:
186:
182:Pers. (1794)
178:
162:
140:
138:
122:
121:
110:Cladosporium
109:
24:
18:
1301:NatureServe
1249:iNaturalist
941:(1): 1–11.
509:C. herbarum
501:chromosomes
493:C. herbarum
464:Gyroweissia
443:C. herbarum
433:C. herbarum
426:C. herbarum
418:C. herbarum
397:C. herbarum
386:C. herbarum
382:pasteurized
355:rhizosphere
334:C. herbarum
329:C. herbarum
317:C. herbarum
289:C. herbarum
257:C. herbarum
253:C. herbarum
215:C. herbarum
172:de Candolle
89:Capnodiales
1488:Categories
1096:Bryologist
522:References
505:GC-content
476:Dicranella
410:pathogenic
323:Morphology
313:teleomorph
301:rubratoxin
225:Prevalence
69:Ascomycota
65:Division:
1395:Q59455661
1306:2.1154538
1116:0007-2745
764:: 48–72.
483:on corn.
458:Buxbaumia
305:aflatoxin
285:xerophile
211:allergens
117:Species:
55:Kingdom:
49:Eukaryota
1456:MycoBank
1448:10290953
1409:60016756
1404:AusFungi
1389:Wikidata
1288:MycoBank
1267:11122000
1223:Fungorum
1176:60016752
1171:AusFungi
1162:Q3678954
1156:Wikidata
947:10384209
770:12102004
698:65-15769
445:is also
414:antigens
297:Conidium
277:mycelium
265:parasite
154:Synonyms
95:Family:
45:Domain:
1435:2620590
1241:2620585
1202:1017287
1124:3240520
1081:7621398
497:mitosis
470:Tortula
437:mucosal
359:saprobe
232:is the
105:Genus:
85:Order:
75:Class:
1468:NZOR:
1461:219013
1368:100511
1355:187461
1342:100511
1326:NZOR:
1293:231458
1280:194513
1254:350348
1228:231458
1122:
1114:
1079:
1072:172854
1069:
1028:
973:
945:
916:
868:
809:
768:
696:
662:
634:
473:, and
447:fungal
367:mosses
303:B and
271:Growth
242:spores
240:. Its
219:asthma
213:makes
206:fungus
1443:IRMNG
1422:34KTZ
1363:WoRMS
1319:29918
1262:IRMNG
1215:20511
1210:EUNIS
1120:JSTOR
452:Bryum
363:ferns
315:) of
246:genus
168:Pers.
59:Fungi
1430:GBIF
1337:OBIS
1314:NCBI
1275:ITIS
1236:GBIF
1189:VQ5V
1112:ISSN
1077:PMID
1026:ISBN
971:ISBN
943:PMID
914:ISBN
866:ISBN
807:ISBN
766:PMID
694:LCCN
660:ISBN
632:ISBN
365:and
351:wood
1417:CoL
1197:EoL
1184:CoL
1104:doi
1067:PMC
1059:doi
287:).
1490::
1458::
1445::
1432::
1419::
1406::
1391::
1365::
1352::
1339::
1316::
1303::
1290::
1277::
1264::
1251::
1238::
1225::
1212::
1199::
1186::
1173::
1158::
1118:,
1110:,
1100:69
1098:,
1075:.
1065:.
1053:.
1049:.
1000:^
955:^
937:.
880:^
836:^
793:^
762:81
760:.
746:^
736:.
706:^
674:^
646:^
558:^
530:^
518:.
467:,
461:,
455:,
428:.
319:.
293:pH
259:.
170:)
1106::
1083:.
1061::
1055:8
1034:.
979:.
949:.
939:6
922:.
874:.
815:.
772:.
700:.
668:.
640:.
166:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
