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he first needed to define what a culture is. The concept of culture area had been around before
Wissler, but he redefined the concept so it could be used analytically. Wissler revolutionized the study of culture to a theory of cultural change and as an alternative to the Boasian style of anthropology. Wissler shifted the analytical focus away from the culture and history of a specific social unit to "a concern with the trait-complex viewed in cross cultural perspective." "The correspondence of a well-defined geographical area with a group of cultures that share many features is the basis of the concept of the culture area." Wissler states that the principal barriers that preserve the distinctness of a culture area as physical: surface, climate fauna, and flora. Wissler was trying to make cultural anthropology more scientific by forming a definition of culture that could be used to compare similar or different cultures. With a set of parameters for what a culture can be based upon, variables such as climate, environment, resources, food, water, and population size etc., researchers could now compare their studies of Plains Indians to their studies of Great Basin Indians. Wissler also helped introduce statistics with the Pearson correlation coefficient formula which could be used to compare different artifacts in relations to their geological location. This could help understand where a certain artifact, piece of pottery, or type of tool originated by testing if there is a high correlation of a certain artifact with sites in certain areas.
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542:. Wissler offered some new theories that were quite different from Boas, who was a leading cultural researcher. One of Wissler's new concepts was the belief in cultural diffusion and that culture was biologically innate in humans. "Wissler also came up with the age-area hypothesis that is a theory that the age of cultural traits may be determined by examining the distribution of these traits throughout the larger area where these traits are present." Wissler's Influence is still felt in anthropology today and he is credited for helping make the fields of cultural anthropology and psychology more scientific with analytical and statistical testing.
511:. Wissler's fieldwork provided comprehensive ethnographies of each Native American culture, especially the Blackfoot. While Curator, Wissler funded ethnological and archaeological fieldwork of the Northern Plains and the Southwest. Wissler also "encouraged physical anthropology, built up collections of worldwide scope, planned exhibitions, and oversaw the publication of about thirty-eight volumes of the Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History."
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446:. In 1904, Wissler was named Assistant Curator of Ethnology and in 1905, when Boas resigned, Wissler was named Acting Curator of Ethnology. The following year of 1906, he was named curator of the Department of Ethnology and in 1907 he was named curator of Anthropology when the Archaeology and Ethnology departments were recombined under the Department of Anthropology.
554:, a movement with the aim of purifying the American population of people with hereditary qualities deemed undesirable. He also was a proponent of a hierarchic racial theory that saw Africans as the lowest and Nordics as the highest rungs. This theory is today considered part and parcel of the early history of
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Clark
Wissler was the first anthropologist to perceive the normative aspect of culture, to define it as learned behavior, and to describe it as a complex of ideas, all characteristics of culture that are today generally accepted. Wissler was a specialist in North American ethnography, focusing on the
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approach. "He was the first anthropologist to perceive the normative aspect of culture, to define it as learned behavior, and to describe it as a complex of ideas, all characteristics of culture that are today generally accepted." Wissler wanted to compare different cultures, but in order to do that
426:. In 1899 Wissler was appointed assistant in psychology at Columbia University. At Columbia, Wissler also served as an assistant professor of anthropology from 1903 to 1905 and as a lecturer from 1905 to 1909. Wissler was also an instructor at
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formula to show that there was no correlation between scores on
Cattell's IQ tests and academic achievement. Wissler's dissertation eventually led the psychology movement to lose interest in psychophysical testing of intelligence.
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as a psychological researcher until 1931 when he switched to an anthropology professor, which he held until 1941. Wissler held the position of
Curator of the Department of Anthropology until 1942 when he retired.
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Freed, Stanely and Freed, Ruth. Clark
Wissler 1870–1947. National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Biographical Memoirs, 61, 468–497. National Academy Press, Washington DC. 1992.
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in psychology from
Columbia in 1901. From 1901 to 1903 Wissler performed research on individual mental and physical differences. Wissler's doctoral dissertation used the new
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after the six-month school term ended. The following year in 1893 he was the principal of
Hagerstown High School, and then he resigned his post and enrolled in
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Clark
Wissler's main area of research was on Native American cultures. His influence is overlooked because of other anthropologists like Franz Boas and
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Eric B. Ross. 1985. The "Deceptively Simple" Racism of Clark
Wissler. American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 87, No. 2 (Jun., 1985), pp. 390–393
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of the Plains. He contributed to the culture area and age-area ideology of the diffusionist viewpoint that is no longer popular in anthropology.
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Swartz, BK. "Clark
Wissler, Artifact Collector". Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science for 1987, Vol. 97, pp. 399–400. Indianapolis.
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holds the papers of Clark Wissler. Furthermore, one hall of Indiana University's Teter Living Center is known as "Clark Wissler Hall".
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Indians of the United States: Four Centuries of Their History and Culture (Clark Wissler). 1941. Doubleday and Company.
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Indian Costumes in the United States: A Guide to the Study of the Collections in the Museum (Clark Wissler).
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Making Mankind: (Clark Wissler, Fay Cooper Cole, William M. McGovern, et al.). 1929. D. Van Nostrand Company
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on June 14, 1899. Together, they had a son and a daughter, Stanley Gebhart Wissler and Mary Viola Wissler.
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Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Volume XI, Part 1 (Clark Wissler). 1913
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on September 18, 1870 to Sylvania (née Needler) and Benjamin Franklin Wissler. After graduating from
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Indian Cavalcade or Life on the Old-Time Indian Reservations (Clark Wissler). 1938. Sheridan House.
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North American Indians of the Plains (Clark Wissler). 1920. Smithsonian Institution, New York.
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SHAPIRO, W. (1985), Some Implications of Clark Wissler's Race Theory. Mankind, 15: 1–17.
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Clark Wissler: Influences on the Development of Anthropology in the United States 1999.
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A Blackfoot Source Book: Papers (Clark Wissler, David Hurst Thomas). 1986, Garland Pub.
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Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant
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Star Legends (Clark Wissler). 1936. The American Museum of Natural History.
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The American Indian (Clark Wissler). 1917. Oxford University Press, NY.
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Archives and Special Collections, Ball State University Libraries (PDF)
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Clark Wissler performed his field research from 1902 until 1905 on the
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in Experimental Psychology from Indiana University in 1897 and a
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http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/645996/Clark-Wissler
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in 1899. He continued his psychology graduate work under
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Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
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Digital Media Repository, Ball State University Libraries
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Man and Culture (Clark Wissler). 1940. Norwood Editions.
333:(September 18, 1870 – August 25, 1947) was an American
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in 1920 and 1921. He was appointed as a member of the
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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566:Wissler married Etta Viola Gebhart of
481:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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973:American Anthropological Association
550:Wissler was actively engaged in the
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1808:People from Cambridge City, Indiana
16:American anthropologist (1870–1947)
454:In 1924 Wissler began teaching at
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434:American Museum of Natural History
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678:"Dr. Clark Wissler, Wayne Native"
467:He was division chairman of the
353:Clark David Wissler was born in
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912:Works by or about Clark Wissler
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399:Pearson correlation coefficient
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34:needs additional citations for
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1798:Ohio State University faculty
479:. Wissler was elected to the
684:. August 26, 1947. p. 1
489:National Academy of Sciences
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590:Selected books and articles
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552:American eugenics movement
546:Views on Race and Eugenics
1778:Indiana University alumni
469:National Research Council
409:from Indiana University.
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1753:American anthropologists
881:Clark Wissler Collection
1818:Yale University faculty
1255:Alfred Irving Hallowell
1095:Marshall Howard Saville
405:In 1929, he received a
355:Cambridge City, Indiana
160:Cambridge City, Indiana
1773:American ethnographers
1175:John Montgomery Cooper
1060:William Curtis Farabee
902:Works by Clark Wissler
893:Works by Clark Wissler
359:Hagerstown High School
1672:Virginia R. DomĂnguez
1557:Nancy Oestreich Lurie
1533:William C. Sturtevant
1450:Anthony F. C. Wallace
1111:George Grant MacCurdy
529:Ball State University
473:National Park Service
463:Other accomplishments
424:Ohio State University
1458:Joseph B. Casagrande
1028:Roland Burrage Dixon
1012:William Henry Holmes
996:Frederic Ward Putnam
887:Clark Wissler Papers
822:Clark Wissler Papers
768:search.amphilsoc.org
764:"APS Member History"
586:on August 25, 1947.
387:James McKeen Cattell
319:James McKeen Cattell
43:improve this article
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1410:Frederica de Laguna
1378:Morris Edward Opler
1183:Elsie Clews Parsons
1020:Jesse Walter Fewkes
568:Hagerstown, Indiana
475:Board by President
430:from 1901 to 1902.
428:New York University
391:Columbia University
377:Wissler received a
331:Clark David Wissler
222:Columbia University
146:Clark David Wissler
1648:Elizabeth Brumfiel
1493:Walter Goldschmidt
1290:Wendell C. Bennett
1282:William W. Howells
988:William John McGee
971:Presidents of the
744:. February 9, 2023
393:. He received his
367:Indiana University
254:Etta Viola Gebhart
202:Indiana University
156:September 18, 1870
1758:American curators
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1541:M. Margaret Clark
1509:Francis L. K. Hsu
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1330:E. Adamson Hoebel
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845:978-1-58465-715-6
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32:This article
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1720:Ramona Perez
1640:Don Brenneis
1632:2001–Present
1613:Jane H. Hill
1426:Cora Du Bois
1418:Irving Rouse
1386:Leslie White
1338:Harry Hoijer
1223:Ralph Linton
1199:Leslie Spier
1159:Edward Sapir
1135:Robert Lowie
1068:Walter Hough
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1748:1947 deaths
1743:1870 births
1714:(2019–2021)
1712:Akhil Gupta
1706:(2017–2019)
1704:Alex Barker
1698:(2015–2017)
1690:(2013–2015)
1682:(2011–2013)
1674:(2009–2011)
1666:(2007–2009)
1658:(2005–2007)
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1038:(1915–1916)
1036:F. W. Hodge
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1014:(1909–1910)
1006:(1907–1908)
998:(1905–1906)
990:(1902–1904)
505:Gros Ventre
339:ethnologist
299:ethnologist
243:ethnography
185:Nationality
1737:Categories
1549:Dell Hymes
1322:Emil Haury
1298:Fred Eggan
1004:Franz Boas
906:Faded Page
798:August 25,
773:August 25,
748:August 25,
639:References
507:, and the
444:Franz Boas
349:Early life
152:1870-09-18
69:newspapers
1664:Setha Low
1565:June Helm
1485:1976–2001
1274:1951–1975
1215:Neil Judd
1079:1925–1950
980:1902–1924
633:Four Guns
509:Blackfoot
491:in 1929.
395:doctorate
373:Education
1722:(2021– )
908:(Canada)
627:See also
495:Research
272:Children
189:American
1346:Sol Tax
914:at the
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83:scholar
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501:Dakota
442:under
413:Career
341:, and
287:Fields
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574:Death
260:(
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90:JSTOR
76:books
840:ISBN
800:2023
775:2023
750:2023
690:2021
167:Died
142:Born
62:news
904:at
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45:by
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