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to a few localities, and disappeared after a few decades or a century, perhaps representing a trading or military colony in some sort of symbiosis or military alliance with the civilization of Dʿmt or some other proto-Aksumite state. Few inscriptions by or about this kingdom survive and very little archaeological work has taken place. As a result, it is not known whether Dʿmt ended as a civilization before
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style temple was built around 700 BC. It rose to power around the 10th century BC. The Dʿmt kingdom was influenced by the
Sabaeans in Yemen, however it is not known to what extent. While it was once believed that Dʿmt was a Sabaean colony, it is now believed that Sabaean influence was minor, limited
843:
were widely copied, and its antiquities carried off to far corners of the world. Its monumental ruins have inspired the imaginations of travelers and writers for centuries. A new-found respect for antiquities and excavations in the early modern period by
Europeans and Egyptians led to the
613:, and returned thanks to his father, the god Mars, for his victory. Later inscriptions show Ezana's growing attachment to Christianity, and Ezana's coins bear this out, shifting from a design with disc and crescent to a design with a cross. Expeditions by Ezana into the
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began as well. The occurrence of potsherd pavements in virtually every part of the area within the Inner and Outer Walls and beyond indicate that the city was densely populated. Ife Empire prominence grew rapidly in
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in Sudan may have brought about its demise, though there is evidence that the kingdom was experiencing a period of decline beforehand. As a result of Ezana's expansions, Aksum bordered the Roman
946:
1248:
The First
Millennium BC in the Highlands of Northern Ethiopia and South–Central Eritrea: A Reassessment of Cultural and Political Development". African Archaeological Review
625:. The degree of Ezana's control over Yemen is uncertain. Though there is little evidence supporting Aksumite control of the region at that time, his title, which includes
609:, who left several inscriptions detailing his reign both before and after his conversion. One inscription found at Axum, states that he conquered the nation of the
53:
1129:
702:, after which it entered a period of slow decline. During the course of its history Egypt was invaded or conquered by a number of foreign powers, including the
558:
The first verifiable kingdom of great power to rise in
Eritrea and Ethiopia was that of Axum in the 1st century AD. It was one of many successor kingdoms to
425:. All this trade made the Oyo Empire a rich one. This wealth was consolidated by the taxes it imposed on tributaries. For example, one tributary alone, the
570:
beginning around the 1st century BC. They established bases on the northern highlands of the
Ethiopian Plateau and from there expanded southward. The
1007:
kingdom due to
Egyptian rule of Nubia in the five centuries before Kush's independence. Kushite monarchs took Egyptian titles and were buried in
1285:"Chronology". Digital Egypt for Universities, University College London. Archived from the original on 16 March 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2008.
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intended to defeat foreign enemies and assert
Egyptian dominance. Motivating and organizing these activities was a bureaucracy of elite
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was a Nubian kingdom located in what is now central and southern Sudan, which lasted from the 6th to the early 16th century.
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important states in
Western Africa from the mid-17th to the late 18th century and held sway not only over most of the other
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The Ife Empire was the first empire in Yoruba history. The Ife Empire lasted from 1200 to 1420. The empire was formed by
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sponsored mineral exploitation of the valley and surrounding desert regions, the early development of an independent
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The Benin
Kingdom was located in West Africa between the 11th century and 1897 A.D. It is popularly known for its
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980:. Kush would remain independent long after Egypt had been conquered by a series of foreign rulers (i.e. the
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The success of ancient
Egyptian civilization came partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the
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of the fertile valley produced surplus crops, which supported a more dense population, and
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was founded in 1504 and at its peak ruled over an area covering parts of modern-day
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and first emerged as a kingdom in c. 400 AD. Initially Nobatia followed the cult of
972:. At its height, the kingdom conquered Egypt in the 8th century BC and ruled as the
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The first kingdom known to have existed in Eritrea and Ethiopia was the kingdom of
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Curry, Deborah A.; Blandy, Susan Griswold; Martin, Lynne M. (February 20, 1994).
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of Egyptian civilization and a greater appreciation of its cultural legacy.
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Two civilizations inhabited the lands encompassing the modern day states of
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Egypt reached the pinnacle of its power in the New Kingdom, ruling much of
1327:(Volume 54, Number 3, May/June 2001). Archaeological Institute of America.
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are unclear, although experts have offered their speculations about it.
1408:
The Rise of Nobadia. Social Changes in Northern Nubia in Late Antiquity
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Racial and Ethnic Diversity in Academic Libraries: Multicultural Issues
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1411:. University of Warsaw Faculty of Law and Administration. p. 35.
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and construction techniques that supported the building of monumental
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Association for the Study of Classical African Civilization (ASCAC)
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Association for the Study of Classical African Civilization (ASCAC)
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The Kingdom of Kush: Handbook of the Napatan-Meroitic Civilization
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from 525 BC onwards) and ultimately lasted until c. 350 AD when
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as one of the four great powers of his time. The origins of the
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was a Nubian kingdom that emerged following the decline of the
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period. The largest tombs at Kerma measured nearly 300 feet in
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The many achievements of the ancient Egyptians include the
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until 656 BC when the Kushites were driven out by the
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of West Africa. The empire grew to become the largest
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Kush was more 'Egyptianized' compared to the earlier
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in order to crush Egyptian rule, but the rise of the
908:. The city of Kerma also had workshops specializing
1392:
The Oriental Institute of The University of Chicago
406:, but also over nearby African states, notably the
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
533:possibly around the beginning of the 1st century.
1321:Ward, Cheryl. "World's Oldest Planked Boats", in
597:Christianity was introduced into the country by
436:Oyo Empire growth in civilization in developing
261:sculptures with detailed, idealized naturalism.
1263:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005. p. 185.
1073:and lasted from the 5th to the 16th centuries.
964:in c. 1070 BC. Kush was initially centered in
679:, concentrated along the lower reaches of the
627:king of Saba and Salhen, Himyar and Dhu-Raydan
601:, who was consecrated first bishop of Axum by
170:, but may also be extended to the prehistoric
146:are terms that generally refer to the various
1182:The Early History of the Akan States of Ghana
1130:List of kingdoms in Africa throughout history
835:Ancient Egypt has left a lasting legacy. Its
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953:reconstructions of statues of Kushite kings.
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362:, was founded in the 1300s. Established by
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765:and culture. With resources to spare, the
687:. Ancient Egyptian civilization followed
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
661:, both built in the mid-26th century BC.
276:-bead production, featured prominently.
1141:
1069:was a Nubian kingdom that was based in
968:until 542 BC when the capital moved to
932:saw Egypt conquer Kerma in c. 1500 BC.
904:. Kerma's army was mostly built around
358:Oyo Empire is a kingdom in present-day
1019:was also used beginning in c. 300 BC.
920:initially sought an alliance with the
264:Craft specialization defined everyday
683:in the place that is now the country
398:. The Oyo Empire was one of the most
7:
150:. The civilizations usually include
58:adding citations to reliable sources
824:and glass technology, new forms of
295:. As the population grew, a second
417:The Oyo were also known for their
25:
751:Nile River valley for agriculture
605:about 330. Frumentius converted
69:"Classical African civilization"
34:
1048:in 543. Nobatia was annexed by
138:classical African civilizations
45:needs additional citations for
1359:. Leiden: BRILL. p. 589.
1261:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha
1179:Meyerowitz, Eva L. R. (1975).
691:and coalesced around 3100 BC.
603:Saint Athanasius of Alexandria
299:was built in the capital city
18:Classical African Civilization
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974:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt
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332:custodian hold the growth in
148:pre-colonial African kingdoms
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27:Precolonial African kingdoms
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444:under the administrator of
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1207:"Ethiopia country profile"
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1052:in the early 8th century.
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1312:Manuelian (1998) pp. 6–7
846:scientific investigation
1405:Obluski, Artur (2014).
1259:Uhlig, Siegbert (ed.),
1355:Török, László (1998).
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1336:Clayton (1994) p. 153
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962:New Kingdom of Egypt
930:New Kingdom of Egypt
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720:Achaemenid Persians
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492:History of Ethiopia
342:Yoruba Civilization
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192:Kingdom of Zimbabwe
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1303:James (2005) p. 8
1250:(2009) 26:257–274
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1044:but converted to
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64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1324:Archaeology
1038:Lower Nubia
982:Achaemenids
924:during the
886:Upper Nubia
814:mathematics
742:and became
724:Macedonians
400:politically
348:Oyo Kingdom
303:during the
235:Ife Kingdom
1450:Categories
1217:2022-02-02
1136:References
828:, and the
826:literature
775:a military
759:irrigation
722:, and the
681:Nile River
599:Frumentius
520:, where a
450:Ọ̀rànmíyàn
354:Oyo Empire
322:Technology
272:, such as
251:terracotta
241:Ife Empire
224:Oyo Empire
220:Ife Empire
208:Bono state
200:Garamantes
132:The terms
80:newspapers
798:surveying
794:quarrying
736:Cleopatra
716:Assyrians
700:Near East
442:territory
364:Oranmiyan
110:July 2009
1276:, p. 81.
1237:, p. 57.
1211:BBC News
1124:See also
1118:Ethiopia
1009:pyramids
902:diameter
810:obelisks
802:pyramids
755:flooding
657:and the
564:Eritrean
502:Ethiopia
458:Bashorun
448:such as
423:ironwork
392:military
336:and the
313:pavement
307:and the
266:economic
156:Carthage
1114:Eritrea
1071:Dongola
1067:Makuria
1062:Makuria
1056:Makuria
1050:Makuria
1034:Nobatia
1029:Nobatia
1023:Nobatia
914:faience
906:archers
806:temples
783:pharaoh
779:scribes
712:Nubians
708:Libyans
674:ancient
632:Habshat
572:Persian
522:Sabaean
498:Eritrea
476:bronzes
460:, etc.
446:Aláàfin
396:cavalry
394:use of
366:of the
360:Nigeria
338:Orishas
330:Osanyin
301:Ilé-Ife
247:Odùduwà
164:Numidia
136:, also
94:scholar
1415:
1363:
1189:
1162:
1088:Alodia
1083:Alodia
1077:Alodia
990:Romans
986:Greeks
966:Napata
922:Hyksos
916:. The
808:, and
718:, the
714:, the
710:, the
706:, the
704:Hyksos
668:was a
586:, and
584:Persia
454:Shango
372:Yoruba
285:metals
270:crafts
255:copper
198:, the
178:, the
166:, and
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1274:Aksum
1235:Aksum
1110:Sudan
1005:Kerma
994:Meroe
970:Meroe
910:metal
890:Kerma
882:Kerma
863:Kerma
852:Sudan
696:Nubia
685:Egypt
639:Egypt
619:Meroe
611:Bogos
607:Ezana
588:China
527:Aksum
388:trade
317:roads
293:steel
274:glass
259:brass
168:Nubia
152:Egypt
140:, or
101:JSTOR
87:books
1413:ISBN
1361:ISBN
1187:ISBN
1160:ISBN
1116:and
1104:The
1042:Isis
988:and
958:Kush
936:Kush
912:and
894:Hkꜣr
839:and
653:The
580:Rome
576:Mani
560:Dʿmt
537:Axum
518:Yeha
514:Dʿmt
508:Dʿmt
500:and
490:and
456:and
378:and
324:and
311:and
297:wall
291:and
289:iron
253:and
222:and
202:the
160:Axum
73:news
837:art
672:of
617:at
283:in
257:or
56:by
1452::
1390:.
1375:^
1233:,
1209:.
1144:^
1120:.
1112:,
1011:.
1000:.
984:,
804:,
796:,
789:.
746:.
582:,
504:.
478:.
452:,
433:.
386:,
344:.
328:,
226:.
218:,
214:,
210:,
206:,
194:,
190:,
186:,
182:,
162:,
158:,
154:,
1421:.
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1369:.
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554:.
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117:(
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108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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