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48:
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36:
28:
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155:
Little is known concerning
Classic Veracruz religion and inferences have to be made from better-known Mesoamerican religions such as those of the Aztec, Mixtec, and Maya. Only some of the many deity figures known from these religions have been recognized with any certainty. Large ceramic figures show
242:
The ballgame rituals appear throughout
Classic Veracruz monumental art. The walls of largest ballcourt, the East Ballcourt at El Tajin are lined with carved murals showing human sacrifice in the context of the ballgame (see photo above). The culmination of these murals is a tableau showing the rain
131:
rank as well as craft specialization. Elite hereditary rulers held sway over these small- to medium-sized regional centers, none over 2000 km², maintaining their rule through political and religious control of far-flung trade networks and legitimizing it through typical
Mesoamerican rites such
329:
The art of
Classic Veracruz is rendered with extensive and convoluted banded scrolls that can be seen both on monumental architecture and on portable art, including ceramics and even carved bones. At least one researcher has suggested that the heads and other features formed by the scrolls are a
278:
were thin stone heads that were markers that were typically placed in the court to score the game, but could be worn on the yoke. Archaeologists generally suppose that the stone yokes are ritual versions of leather, cotton, and/or wood yokes, although no such perishable artifacts have yet been
562:
Coe, p. 115, who says "The tribal name 'Totonac' has often been inappropriately applied . . ." and Kubler, p. 137, who says "It is less misleading to refer to the region by chronological terms - Classic
Veracruz and post-Classic - than by ethno-historical names of doubtful
160:. Based on their closed eyes and wide open mouths, and also on the nearby shrine of a death god and on the surrounding burials, the latter have been identified as deified women who died in child birth, more or less corresponding to the much later Aztec
194:. However, hardly anything is known about the interrelations of the deities mentioned above, their role in the religious feasts, and the possible connection of these feasts to the calendar (like the monthly feasts of the Aztec and Maya).
345:
In addition to the scrollwork, the architecture is known for its remarkable ornamentation, such as that seen on the
Pyramid of Niches at El Tajin. This ornamentation produces dramatic contrasts of light and shadow, what art historian
482:
617:
Davies (p. 123) who reports that El Tajin's "inhabitants seem to have been obsessed by the game" and Coe (p. 118) who states that "the inhabitants of El Tajin were obsessed with the ballgame, human sacrifice, and
216:
207:
510:
239:. Every cultural center had at least one ballcourt, while up to 18 ballcourts have been found at El Tajin. It was during Late Classic here in north-central Veracruz that the ballgame reached its height.
494:
419:
147:, or slash-and-burn, agriculture, with maize an important component of the diet, supplemented with domestic dog, wild deer and other mammals, and fish and shellfish. Cotton was also an important crop.
127:
Burials, monumental sculpture, relief carvings, and the distribution of architecture within the regional centers all point to a stratification of
Classic Veracruz society, including the presence of an
2471:
186:. Many ceremonially clad ceramic figurines have been found that testify to the importance of public ritual, while the ceramic figurines of persons with smiling and laughing faces (the so-called
1059:
395:
293:
631:
cites 17, while Day, p. 75, reports 18. Other researchers report lower numbers of ballcourts. The differences may be accounted for continuing discovery of additional ballcourts.
2466:
989:
640:
See
Wilkerson (p. 48), who says "The ballgame ritual greatly intensitifes during this period, reaching a peak that may not have been equaled anywhere else in Mesoamerica.".
156:
a stooped, very old man representing the
Mesoamerican fire god. Equally large ceramic statues show female earth goddesses with snake girdles connected to the site of
383:
719:
See Bruhns, who describes the culture as having an "international flavor", or
Covarrubias, who mentions Teotihuacan influences, albeit minor influences, on p. 193.
2446:
1092:
132:
as bloodletting, human sacrifice, warfare, and use of exotic goods. Much or most of the population, however, lived in isolated homesteads, hamlets, or villages.
2431:
170:. Otherwise similar ceramic statues of earth goddesses, however, standing or seated, do not have dead faces and should therefore not be compared to the Aztec
941:
1408:
1031:
2436:
933:
451:
described Classic Veracruz ceramics as "powerful and expressive, endowed with a charm and sensibility unprecedented in other, more formal cultures".
1440:
178:
prominently depict a death god, a rain god and what may be a sun god and are important for their narrative quality perhaps related to the origin of
2529:
929:
1428:
851:
677:
2342:
1457:
116:
999:
365:, neither of these cultures are its direct antecedents. Instead, the seeds of this culture seems to have come at least in part from the
2401:
1452:
1330:
966:
Wilkerson, S. Jeffrey K. (1991) "Then They Were Sacrificed: The Ritual Ballgame of Northeastern Mesoamerica Through Time and Space", in
335:
928:(in Spanish). Beatriz de la Fuente (Mesoamerican research coordinator), MarĂa Olga Sáenz González (project coordinator). MĂ©xico, D.F.:
2456:
1435:
1074:
182:. Hachas commonly show the head of an aged god probably connected to earth and water. An earth monster was likely inherited from the
2395:
1464:
975:
949:
924:
Solis, Felipe (1994). "La Costa del Golfo: el arte del centro de Veracruz y del mundo huasteco". In MarĂa Luisa Sabau GarcĂa (ed.).
884:
869:
820:
798:
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were fitted to the front of a yoke and were elongated sculptures often of effigies of birds—like turkeys—or realistic scenes.
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Various authors give various end-points, e.g. Noble (p. 645) gives 250 CE to 900 CE while others vaguely refer to the
472:
The Classic Veracruz culture produced some of the few wheeled Mesoamerican figurines and is also noted for the use of
447:, some initially by looters, has expanded our understanding and filled many museum shelves. Artist and art historian
244:
2282:
407:
2166:
2009:
1017:
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890:
MedellĂn Zenil, Alfonso; Frederick A. Peterson (1954) "A Smiling Head Complex from Central Veracruz, Mexico" in
1989:
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1395:
1084:
55:
from the Classic Veracruz site of Aparicio, showing a sacrificed ballplayer, 400-700 CE. Height: 125 cm (4 ft).
1738:
190:) seem to represent ritual performers; they may point to a cult similar to that of the much later Aztec deity
119:. However, there is little or no evidence that the Totonacs were the originators of the Classic era culture.
2290:
2065:
1235:
550:
75:
1708:
829:
Diehl, Richard, "Death Gods, Smiling Faces and Colossal Heads: Archaeology of the Mexican Gulf Lowlands".
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A defining characteristic of the Classic Veracruz culture is the presence of stone ballgame gear: yokes,
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1693:
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style figurines, perhaps the most easily recognizable, are usually hand-modeled, and often adorned with
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Until the early 1950s, the Classic Veracruz ceramics were few, little understood, and generally without
236:
1345:
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Large male/female duality figurine from Remojadas. Note the feminine breast and birds on the right side
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was the major center of Classic Veracruz culture; other notable settlements include Higueras, Zapotal,
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1983:
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439:. Since then, the recovery of thousands of figurines and pottery pieces from sites such as
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1009:
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1978:
1937:
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101:
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A Nopiloa-style ballplayer figurine, 700 - 1000 CE. Note the yoke worn about the waist.
805:
Day, Jane Stevenson (2001). "Performing on the Court". In E. Michael Whittington (ed.).
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2015:
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835:
Kampen, M. E. (1978) "Classic Veracruz Grotesques and Sacrificial Iconography", in
167:
1753:
2265:
2255:
2126:
2070:
1874:
1805:
1658:
1628:
1335:
1227:
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465:(smiling faces) figurines, with triangular-shaped heads and outstretched arms.
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358:
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40:
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Head depicting a fleshy face on one side, and a skull on the other, 300-600 CE
436:
374:
331:
316:
191:
162:
157:
66:) refers to a cultural area in the north and central areas of the present-day
35:
27:
262:. Yokes are U-shaped stones worn about the waist of a ballplayer, while the
2324:
2320:
2295:
2045:
1380:
1270:
959:
454:
440:
93:
1829:
1499:
875:
Noble, John; Nystrom, Andrew Dean; Konn, Morgan; Grosberg, Michael (2004)
2311:
2161:
1723:
1703:
1698:
1588:
1568:
300:
175:
81:
71:
31:
The Classic Veracruz culture and other important Classic Era settlements.
469:
figurines are usually less ornate, without appliqués, and often molded.
334:
writing. This scrollwork may have grown out of similar styles found in
2307:
1844:
1773:
1728:
1469:
1365:
1340:
1325:
1245:
1240:
1197:
1172:
1142:
473:
144:
112:
990:
A Nopiloa-style figurine of a woman in ceremonial dress, 700 - 900 CE.
2250:
2240:
2136:
2111:
1623:
1618:
1543:
1479:
1360:
1310:
1300:
1275:
501:
248:
179:
96:, the latter two important ceramics centers. The culture spanned the
251:, the apparent desired end result of the ballgame ritual sacrifice.
74:, a culture that existed from roughly 100 to 1000 CE, or during the
1890:
1834:
1825:
1713:
1290:
926:
MĂ©xico en el mundo de las colecciones de arte: Mesoamerica, vol. 1
899:"Palma with Skeletal Head Figure (Mexico, Veracruz) (1978.412.16)"
629:"Palma with Skeletal Head Figure (Mexico, Veracruz) (1978.412.16)"
183:
140:
128:
52:
46:
34:
26:
315:
Stone commemorative yoke for the ballgame, carved with faces and
937:
553:, which itself spans different timeframes for different regions.
1013:
111:
The Classic Veracruz culture is sometimes associated with the
235:
The Classic Veracruz culture was seemingly obsessed with the
2472:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
143:
cultures before it, Classic Veracruz culture was based on
401:
Sculptures of a seated warrior and two dogs, 400-800 CE
115:, who were occupying this territory at the time of the
808:
The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame
299:
One of a series of murals from the South Ballcourt at
2467:
Painting in the Americas before European colonization
425:
Incense burner shaped like a jaguar being, 600-900 CE
357:
While Classic Veracruz culture shows influences from
910:
Encyclopedia of Prehistory; Volume 5, Middle America
247:) to replenish a vat of the alcoholic, ritual drink
2338:
2261:
2236:
2207:
2182:
2157:
2132:
2107:
2076:
2051:
2026:
1995:
1958:
1933:
1896:
1865:
1840:
1811:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1394:
1226:
1083:
1047:
283:have been found from Teotihuacan to Guatemala, the
831:http://www.famsi.org/research/diehl/section02.html
287:seem peculiar to what is today northern Veracruz.
908:Pool, Christopher (2002) "Gulf Coast Classic" in
894:, Vol. 20, No. 2. (Oct., 1954), pp. 162–169.
839:, Vol. 13, No. 1 (Mar., 1978), pp. 116–126.
1000:A broad collection of Classic Veracruz ceramics
2447:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
2432:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas
737:Medellin Zenil. See also Covarrubias, p. 191.
1025:
8:
942:Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes
672:. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 123.
862:The Art and Architecture of Ancient America
2415:
1032:
1018:
1010:
811:. New York: Thames & Hudson. pp.
2437:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
1041:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
793:, Penguin Books, London, 1990 printing,
784:Indian Art of Mexico and Central America
389:Portrait head from Remojadas, 250-550 CE
539:
478:
379:
303:, showing the sacrifice of a ballplayer
289:
934:Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas
864:, 3rd Edition, Yale University Press,
243:god, who pierces his penis (an act of
846:, Prentice-Hall Art, Second Edition,
777:Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs
670:Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs
668:Coe, Michael D.; Koontz, Rex (2008).
7:
229:(axe) depicting a ball player's head
166:('female gods') also known from the
117:Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire
1465:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela
930:SecretarĂa de Relaciones Exteriores
2457:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas
1436:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia
25:
1448:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador
1419:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia
39:View of the ceremonial centre of
2489:
1441:Archaeological sites in Colombia
1414:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil
509:
493:
481:
443:, Los Cerros, Dicha Tuerta, and
418:
406:
394:
382:
308:
292:
279:unearthed. While the yokes and
215:
206:
1424:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile
970:, University of Arizona Press,
842:Kampen-O'Riley, Michael (2006)
2530:Classic period in the Americas
791:The Ancient Kingdoms of Mexico
461:. Of particular note are the
1:
2368:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala
1429:Archaeological sites in Chile
771:Anthropology 470 Study Guide.
528:List of Mesoamerican pyramids
500:Ceramic brazier with head of
2462:Mesoamerican writing systems
1458:Archaeological sites in Peru
920:, eds., Springer Publishing.
897:Metropolitan Museum of Art,
786:, Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
174:. The ball court reliefs of
2358:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán
782:Covarrubias, Miguel (1957)
692:See Kampen-O'Riley, p. 299.
627:Metropolitan Museum of Art
2551:
2384:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
2287:Uaxaclajuun UbĘĽaah KĘĽawiil
779:Thames and Hudson, London.
64:Gulf Coast Classic culture
18:Classical Veracruz culture
2485:
2427:
2418:
1782:
1609:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia)
1002:from the Logan Museum at
968:The Mesoamerican Ballgame
879:, Lonely Planet, 9th Ed,
330:Classic Veracruz form of
2496:Civilizations portal
1453:Cultural periods of Peru
775:Coe, Michael D. (2002);
413:Ceramic head, 600–900 CE
60:Classic Veracruz culture
2390:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
1236:Mesoamerican chronology
903:Timeline of Art History
1093:Archaeological periods
56:
44:
32:
2525:Mesoamerican cultures
2396:List of Conquistadors
2283:KĘĽinich JanaabĘĽ Pakal
1694:Quebrada de Humahuaca
1113:Caddoan Mississippian
789:Davies, Nigel (1982)
649:Kampen (1978) p. 116.
608:Pool, et al., p. 208.
572:Pool, et al., p. 207.
198:Mesoamerican ballgame
104:on the north and the
50:
38:
30:
2363:Francisco de Montejo
2291:Jasaw Chan KĘĽawiil I
1404:Andean civilizations
1331:Shaft tomb tradition
944:. pp. 183–241.
769:Bruhns, Karen Olsen
755:Covarrubias, p. 191.
746:Covarrubias, p. 191.
728:Wilkerson, p. 46-47.
43:in Veracruz, Mexico.
2535:Culture of Veracruz
2329:Manco Inca Yupanqui
1634:Manteño-Huancavilca
1103:Ancestral Puebloans
844:Art Beyond the West
270:sit upon the yoke.
2452:Columbian exchange
2442:Portal:Mesoamerica
1594:La Tolita (Tumaco)
1409:Indigenous peoples
1148:Hopewell tradition
1075:Indigenous peoples
914:Peter N. Peregrine
901:(October 2006) in
892:American Antiquity
476:for highlighting.
449:Miguel Covarrubias
371:Cerro de las Mesas
86:Cerro de las Mesas
57:
45:
33:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2477:Pre-Columbian art
2413:
2412:
2407:Francisco Pizarro
2373:Pedro de Alvarado
1689:Pucará de Tilcara
852:978-0-13-224010-9
679:978-0-500-28755-2
658:Wilkerson, p. 65.
369:centers, such as
367:Epi-Olmec culture
16:(Redirected from
2542:
2520:Classic Veracruz
2494:
2493:
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2416:
2402:Spanish Conquest
2379:Spanish Conquest
2354:Spanish Conquest
2343:Spanish Conquest
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710:Kubler, p. 139.
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2270:Moctezuma II
2227:Inca history
2152:Andean Music
2096:Architecture
2091:Architecture
2086:Architecture
2081:Architecture
2077:Architecture
2071:Gender Roles
1816:Tenochtitlan
1739:Timoto–Cuica
1734:Tierradentro
1519:Casma–Sechin
1370:
1251:Chalcatzingo
967:
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918:Melvin Ember
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548:Mesoamerican
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332:pictographic
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245:bloodletting
241:
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187:
171:
168:Codex Borgia
161:
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134:
126:
110:
102:Pánuco River
100:between the
80:
63:
59:
58:
2333:TĂşpac Amaru
2317:Manco Cápac
2266:Moctezuma I
2177:Agriculture
2172:Agriculture
2167:Agriculture
2158:Agriculture
2101:Road System
1990:Mathematics
1855:Muysc Cubun
1709:San AgustĂn
1659:Monte Verde
1336:Teotihuacan
1228:Mesoamerica
1123:Coles Creek
1108:Anishinaabe
1065:Archaeology
905:, New York.
563:relevance."
551:Classic era
359:Teotihuacan
352:chiaroscuro
340:Kaminaljuyu
76:Classic era
2514:Categories
2304:Tisquesusa
2278:Cuauhtémoc
2274:Cuitláhuac
1604:Lauricocha
1574:Gran Chaco
1564:Cupisnique
1549:Chinchorro
1524:Chachapoya
1514:Caral–Supe
1356:Tlaxcaltec
1346:Teuchitlán
1261:ChupĂcuaro
1188:Plum Bayou
1183:Plaquemine
1153:Marksville
1118:Chichimeca
763:References
463:Sonrientes
445:Tenenexpan
437:provenance
375:La Mojarra
317:cocoa bean
192:Xochipilli
188:sonrientes
172:cihuateteo
163:cihuateteo
158:El Zapotal
98:Gulf Coast
2325:Atahualpa
2321:Pachacuti
2296:Nemequene
2162:Chinampas
1984:Astronomy
1973:Astronomy
1953:Mythology
1948:Mythology
1943:Mythology
1938:Mythology
1934:Mythology
1764:Wankarani
1754:Tuncahuán
1644:Marajoara
1599:Las Vegas
1485:Atacameño
1381:Xochipala
1321:Purépecha
1281:Epi-Olmec
1271:Cuicuilco
1213:Troyville
1203:St. Johns
459:appliqués
455:Remojadas
441:Remojadas
137:Epi-Olmec
135:Like the
94:Remojadas
2421:See also
2339:Conquest
2312:Zoratama
1979:Calendar
1968:Calendar
1963:Calendar
1959:Calendar
1928:Religion
1923:Religion
1912:Religion
1901:Religion
1897:Religion
1886:Numerals
1880:Numerals
1841:Language
1821:Multiple
1759:Valdivia
1744:Tiwanaku
1704:Saladoid
1699:Quimbaya
1589:Kuhikugu
1569:Diaguita
1559:Chorrera
1376:Veraguas
1371:Veracruz
1351:Tlatilco
1163:Mogollon
1070:Cultures
1048:Americas
960:33194574
522:See also
431:Ceramics
361:and the
301:El Tajin
237:ballgame
225:A stone
176:El Tajin
151:Religion
113:Totonacs
82:El Tajin
72:Veracruz
41:El TajĂn
2308:Tundama
2237:Peoples
2222:History
2217:History
2212:History
2208:History
2202:Cuisine
2197:Cuisine
2192:Cuisine
2187:Cuisine
2183:Cuisine
2041:Warfare
2036:Warfare
2031:Warfare
2027:Warfare
2021:Society
2016:Economy
2005:Society
2000:Society
1996:Society
1866:Writing
1860:Quechua
1845:Nahuatl
1812:Capital
1749:Toyopán
1729:Tairona
1639:Mapuche
1554:Chiripa
1529:Chancay
1500:Cañaris
1475:Amotape
1470:El Abra
1386:Zapotec
1366:Totonac
1341:Tepanec
1326:Quelepa
1296:Mezcala
1286:Huastec
1256:Cholula
1246:Capacha
1241:Acolhua
1198:Sinagua
1173:Patayan
1143:Hohokam
1133:Fremont
860:(1990)
618:death".
474:bitumen
467:Nopiloa
145:swidden
90:Nopiloa
2251:Muisca
2246:Mayans
2241:Aztecs
1875:Script
1870:Script
1830:Bacatá
1801:Muisca
1684:Pucará
1679:Piaroa
1674:Paiján
1669:Omagua
1624:Lupaca
1619:Lokono
1584:Kalina
1579:Huetar
1539:ChavĂn
1534:Chango
1509:Nariño
1505:CapulĂ
1495:Calima
1490:Aymara
1480:Arawak
1361:Toltec
1311:Olmecs
1306:Nicoya
1301:Mixtec
1276:Diquis
1178:Picosa
1168:Oshara
1138:Glades
1128:Dorset
974:
958:
948:
940:, and
883:
877:Mexico
868:
850:
819:
797:
676:
502:Tlaloc
285:palmas
281:hachas
276:Hachas
272:Palmas
268:palmas
264:hachas
260:palmas
258:, and
256:hachas
249:pulque
184:Olmecs
180:pulque
92:, and
2256:Incas
2147:Music
2142:Music
2137:Music
2133:Music
2066:Women
2061:Women
2056:Women
2052:Women
2010:Trade
1891:Quipu
1835:Cusco
1826:Hunza
1791:Aztec
1724:TaĂno
1719:Sican
1714:Shuar
1664:Nazca
1654:Mollo
1649:Moche
1629:Luzia
1544:ChimĂş
1316:Pipil
1291:Izapa
1266:Coclé
1208:Thule
1098:Adena
813:65–77
599:Diehl
534:Notes
227:hacha
141:Olmec
129:elite
53:stela
2046:Army
1828:and
1806:Inca
1796:Maya
1774:ZenĂş
1769:Wari
1614:Lima
972:ISBN
956:OCLC
946:ISBN
938:UNAM
916:and
881:ISBN
866:ISBN
848:ISBN
817:ISBN
795:ISBN
674:ISBN
373:and
363:Maya
338:and
266:and
139:and
62:(or
2127:Art
2122:Art
2117:Art
2112:Art
2108:Art
837:Man
354:".
325:Art
70:of
2516::
2365:)
954:.
932:,
912:,
815:.
377:.
342:.
88:,
78:.
51:A
2409:)
2405:(
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2394:(
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2388:(
2386:)
2382:(
2375:)
2371:(
2361:(
2350:)
2346:(
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2099:(
2012:)
2008:(
1986:)
1982:(
1975:)
1971:(
1919:)
1915:(
1908:)
1904:(
1882:)
1878:(
1507:/
1033:e
1026:t
1019:v
1006:.
978:.
962:.
936:-
887:.
872:.
854:.
825:.
801:.
682:.
20:)
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