1178:
337:
200:. In Western and Central Europe and in parts of northern Africa, Latin retained its elevated status as the main vehicle of communication for the learned classes throughout the Middle Ages and subsequently; witness especially the Renaissance and Baroque periods. This language was not supplanted for scientific purposes until the 18th century, and for formal descriptions in
2057:
43:
1668:, 1st century BC to 3rd century AD) are 'classical,' i.e. early, ancient; they are also 'classics,' i.e. works that have stood the test of time, the founding works of a whole tradition. Not to know them is not to know a unique and major poetic achievement of Indian civilization."
284:
have meant in the world's history. There are just five languages that have had an overwhelming significance as carriers of culture. They are classical
Chinese, Sanskrit, Arabic, Greek, and Latin. In comparison with these, even such culturally important languages as
160:
historians, playwrights, and philosophers. It has contributed many words to the vocabulary of
English and many other European languages, and has been a standard subject of study in Western educational institutions since
393:
The following languages are generally taken to have a "classical" stage. Such a stage is limited in time and is considered "classical" if it comes to be regarded as a literary "golden age" retrospectively. Thus,
268:
that came in with Hindu
Buddhism centuries ago, or that whether we argue for or against the teaching of Latin and Greek our argument is sure to be studded with words that have come to us from
111:. Those that are still in use today tend to show highly diglossic characteristics in areas where they are used, as the difference between spoken and written language has widened over time.
1981:
Crooker, Jill M., and
Kathleen A. Rabiteau. 2000. "An interwoven fabric: The AP latin examinations, the SAT II: Latin test, and the national "standards for classical language learning."
1967:
Beach, Adam R. 2001. "The creation of a classical language in the eighteenth century: standardizing
English, cultural imperialism, and the future of the literary canon."
2020:
Koutropoulos, Apostolos. 2011. "Modernizing classical language education: communicative language teaching & educational technology integration in classical Greek."
1537:
1960:
Ashdowne, Richard. 2009. "Accidence and
Acronyms: Deploying electronic assessment in support of classical language teaching in a university context."
192:. Despite the decline of the Western Roman Empire, the Latin language continued to flourish in the very different social and economic environment of
64:
51:
1995:
Eschbach-Szabo, Viktoria, and
Shelley Ching-yu Hsieh. 2005. "Chinese as a classical language of botanical science: Semiotics of transcription."
1869:
MokÄÅÄ«, Digambara BÄlakį¹į¹£į¹a; Mokashi, Digambar
Balkrishna; Engblom, Philip C.; MokÄÅÄ«, Digambara BÄlakį¹į¹£į¹a; MokÄÅÄ«, Digambara BÄlakį¹į¹£į¹a (1987).
2009:
Hymes, Robert. 2006. "Getting the Words Right: Speech, Vernacular
Language, and Classical Language in Song Neo-Confucian 'Records of Words'."
1878:
1704:
1462:
297:
In this sense, a classical language is a language that has a broad influence over an extended period of time, even after it is no longer a
1301:
1195:
655:
89:
1933:
1906:
1844:
1731:
1656:
1619:
1261:
1017:
380:
347:
1242:
1946:
Reconstructing linguistic history in a dialect continuum: The Kamta, Rajbanshi, and
Northern Deshi Bangla subgroup of Indo-Aryan
1417:
1214:
1199:
1278:(one of two major literary traditions of Northern India during Mughal rule led to its use by poets, 14th to 18th centuries)
2061:
1379:
1221:
1055:
843:
406:
as a whole. A "classical" period usually corresponds to a flowering of literature following an "archaic" period, such as
2077:
1507:
1427:
975:
312:
to devise new words such as "telephone", etc.), this is an indication that the second language is a classical language.
31:
564:
169:
forms of Ancient Greek roots are used in many of the scientific names of species and in other scientific terminology.
362:
1228:
281:
1188:
1004:, 14th to 15th centuries, with many divergent written dialects, but partially standardized based on London speech)
358:
56:
178:
502:(the form of Sanskrit before Classical standardization was used in Vedic texts from c. 15th to 5th centuries BC)
1327:
1284:(the second of two major literary traditions in early modern Northern India used by poets, 15th-19th centuries)
1210:
959:
1662:
Quote (p.ixāx) "Tamil, one of the four classical languages of India, is a Dravidian language ... These poems (
1486:
1142:
1059:
903:
1583:
304:
in its original form. If one language uses roots from another language to coin words (in the way that many
1532:
1476:
1430:(the language of Mongolian literature and translations of Tibetan Buddhist religious texts from 1700ā1900)
1317:
789:
638:
490:(the Akkadian language from c. 20th to 16th centuries BC, the imitated standard for later literary works)
1721:
1522:
1342:
1320:(lingua franca of the Caucasus Mountain region and language of Azeri literature, 15th to 18th centuries)
1297:
1116:
1037:
965:
718:
209:
197:
166:
2043:
Sanskrit Grammar: Including Both the Classical Language, and the Older Dialects, of Veda and Brahmana.
1333:
1307:
1021:
1001:
189:
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1323:
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1073:
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925:
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689:
618:
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can hardly frame a single literary sentence without the use of Chinese resources, that to this day
138:
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1011:
981:
955:
839:
805:
755:
723:
661:
309:
305:
261:
241:
1235:
212:
holds to this day: taxonomists assign a Latin or Latinized name as the scientific name of each
2027:
Tieken, Herman. 2010. "Blaming the Brahmins: Texts lost and found in Tamil literary history."
1929:
1902:
1874:
1840:
1832:
1727:
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1389:
1357:
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1120:
1079:
1041:
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665:
574:
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493:
487:
477:
467:
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233:
126:
1694:
1804:
1723:
The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India: On Tamil Literature of South India
1496:
1383:
1287:
1065:
913:
899:
671:
658:, the Garima Gospels are dated from the 5th century to the 10th century by various scholars)
596:
439:
423:
399:
257:
237:
149:
108:
1648:
Poems of Love and War: From the Eight Anthologies and the Ten Long Poems of Classical Tamil
2034:
Watt, Jonathan M. 2003. "Classical language instruction: A window to cultural diversity."
1944:
1642:
1547:
1449:
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1363:
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316:
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162:
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1481:
1102:
and the Northern/Central Indian subcontinent, 13th-18th century, became standardized as
1895:
1562:
1421:
1411:
1407:
1367:
1082:(classical Turkic language of Central Asia and the Volga, 14th to early 20th centuries)
1031:
997:
987:
857:
745:
624:
578:
499:
443:
419:
403:
320:
85:
561:
2071:
1527:
1353:
1156:
1007:
879:
815:
694:
547:
481:
395:
301:
298:
265:
253:
174:
130:
1792:
922:(Turkic language which was spoken in Qocho from the 9thā14th centuries and in Gansu)
1605:
1433:
1089:
991:
809:
771:
735:
541:
509:
225:
185:
17:
1677:
1646:
1177:
1136:
1049:
949:
935:
829:
751:
707:
551:
519:
471:
470:
even for non-Sumerian texts until the writing system went out of use around the
431:
427:
193:
170:
153:
446:, the "classical" stage corresponds to the earliest attested literary variant.
177:
in the Eastern Roman Empire, remains in use today as a sacred language in some
1809:
1512:
919:
893:
833:
761:
729:
513:
463:
101:
2036:
International Journal of Diversity in Organisations, Communities, and Nations
984:(language of the 13th to 18th centuries Scottish and Irish Gaelic literature)
1501:
1397:
1150:
1085:
889:
869:
701:
604:
570:
411:
157:
100:
with an independent literary tradition and a large body of ancient written
42:
2056:
1609:
1517:
1401:
971:
866:(The earliest available literary work is the Telugu Mahabharata, 1067 AD)
651:
557:
277:
120:
97:
2014:
1504:, an aspect of the influence of a classical language on a later language
1439:
1202: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1069:
712:
685:
614:
600:
537:
213:
201:
1924:
Nair, K. Ramachandran (1997). "Malayalam". In Ayyappapanicker (ed.).
1393:
1160:
1095:
853:
823:
819:
273:
205:
722:
with many divergent written dialects, but partially standardized in
365:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1997:
Kodikas/Code. Ars Semeiotica: An International Journal of Semiotics
802:(religious and literary language of Tibet, 10th century to present)
2045:
12th issue of the 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1452:(language of Malla kingdom and lingua franca in India-Tibet trade)
1099:
765:
679:
675:
668:
from the 5th century and literary language until the 18th century)
533:
459:
145:
137:, which were the literary languages of the Mediterranean world in
1103:
1072:. Marathi is one of several languages that further descend from
641:, 3rd to 13th centuries, liturgical language to the present day)
584:
269:
208:
it survived to the later 20th century. The modern international
704:(language of Saxon Christian literature, 9th to 12th centuries)
2022:
Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge
1376:(language of the Manchus who ruled China, 16thā20th centuries)
1171:
330:
36:
1779:(c. AD 850), a treatise on poetics based on a Sanskrit model.
2004:
When Dead Tongues Speak: Teaching Beginning Greek and Latin.
792:
during its Golden Age, 10th century, earliest manuscript is
418:
succeeding Archaic Sumerian, Classical Sanskrit succeeding
276:, we get some indication of what early Chinese culture and
196:, not least because it became the official language of the
1584:"Statement on the status of Tamil as a Classical Language"
430:. This is partly a matter of terminology, and for example
402:
and, as such, only a small subset of the varieties of the
1753:
2. the earliest strata of bardic poetry in the so-called
587:(Buddhist Canon used this language from 2nd centuries BC)
496:(the Akkadian language from c. 16th to 13th centuries BC)
1835:. In K. Alexander Adelaar; Nikolaus Himmelmann (eds.).
354:
1614:. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. p. 164.
732:(language of Chivalric romance, 8th to 14th centuries)
1859:
K. Ramachandran Nair in Ayyappapanicker (1997), p.301
1976:
Sanskrit: An Introduction to the Classical Language.
1839:. London dan New York: Routledge. pp. 590ā624.
1737:Quote: "Chart 1 literature: 1. the "Urtext" of the
1894:
484:from c. the 20th century BC to the 4th century AD)
264:bear the unmistakable imprint of the Sanskrit and
1919:. Dept. of Historical Antiquarian Studies, Assam.
1837:The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar
1436:(the modern language Bengali from 1820s to 1940s)
782:Javanese kingdom era from 10th to 15th centuries)
678:, 7th century to present; liturgical language of
1992:Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
1990:Pragmatic Approaches to Latin and Ancient Greek.
1651:, New York: Columbia University Press. Pp. 329,
1611:Language: An introduction to the study of speech
577:c. 2nd century BC to 2nd century AD, defined by
1586:. Institute for South Asia Studies, UC Berkeley
27:Old language with established literature or use
1366:(language of poetry and administration of the
1129:(lingua franca of 16th-century central Mexico)
319:with a large sphere of influence are known as
1793:"Old Javanese Studies: A Review of the Field"
738:(language of Georgia, 5th to 11th centuries.)
8:
1949:(Ph.D.). The Australian National University.
1797:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
184:Latin became the lingua franca of the early
1538:List of languages by first written accounts
224:In terms of worldwide cultural importance,
1873:. Albany, NY: State Univ. of New York Pr.
692:, earliest available literary work is the
1988:Denizot, Camille, and Olga Spevak. 2017.
1917:A study on KÄmrÅ«pÄ«: a dialect of Assamese
1808:
1262:Learn how and when to remove this message
593:(literary language of the 1st century BC)
398:is the language of 5th to 4th century BC
381:Learn how and when to remove this message
1969:Texas Studies in Literature and Language
434:is taken to include rather than precede
67:of all important aspects of the article.
1962:Arts and Humanities in Higher Education
1926:Medieval Indian Literature:An Anthology
1574:
872:(The earliest extant prose work is the
125:In the context of traditional European
1978:Sevenoaks, Kent: Hodder and Stoughton.
63:Please consider expanding the lead to
30:For classical languages in India, see
2015:https://www.jstor.org/stable/23496297
1773:, 2008. "Kannada literature" Quote: "
1726:, BRILL Academic Publishers. p. 378,
129:, the "classical languages" refer to
7:
1200:adding citations to reliable sources
1159:(language of 16th to 18th centuries
639:Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria
1699:. Vol. 12. BRILL. p. 28.
1682:(Sixth Edition) at Encyclopedia.com
1135:(lingua franca of the 16th-century
982:Classical Irish or Classical Gaelic
812:literature, 10th to 12th centuries)
516:of c. the 7th and 6th centuries BC)
1775:The earliest literary work is the
778:literature, used primarily during
656:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
438:. In some cases, such as those of
90:University of California, Berkeley
25:
532:(based on the literary language,
248:When we realize that an educated
2055:
2006:Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1176:
768:, 9th or 10th to 15th centuries)
462:, c. 26th to 23rd centuries BC)
335:
107:Classical languages are usually
41:
2041:Whitney, William Dwight. 1971.
1831:Ogloblin, Alexander K. (2005).
1741:, i.e. the first two sections,
1187:needs additional citations for
938:(language of literature in the
293:sink into a secondary position.
220:Outside of western civilization
84:According to the definition by
55:may be too short to adequately
1915:Goswami, Upendra Nath (1970).
1901:, Cambridge University Press,
976:Golden Age of Ge'ez literature
674:(based on the language of the
65:provide an accessible overview
1:
2011:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies
1943:Toulmin, Mathew W S (2006).
1871:Palkhi: an Indian pilgrimage
1749:minus later interpolations,
1508:Classical languages of India
1487:Resources in other libraries
1428:Classical Mongolian language
1119:(the language of the mature
1068:derived from early forms of
232:extends the list to include
32:Classical languages of India
2002:Gruber-Miller, John. 2006.
1897:An Introduction to Hinduism
1693:Brockington, J. L. (1998).
1412:Sephardic Jewish literature
1326:(the other language of the
856:before its conquest by the
637:(language of Egypt and the
544:from c. the 5th century BC)
361:the claims made and adding
2094:
1759:ca. 1 Cent. BCā2 Cent. AD.
1696:The Sanskrit epics, Part 2
1076:in 12th to 13th Centuries
844:Medieval German literature
526:, 6th to 4th centuries BC)
282:Mediterranean civilization
144:Greek was the language of
118:
29:
1810:10.1163/22134379-90003816
1680:The Columbia Encyclopedia
1482:Resources in your library
1424:, 18th to 19th centuries)
1414:, 17th to 19th centuries)
1404:, 17th to 18th centuries)
1370:, 16th to 19th centuries)
1364:Classical Ottoman Turkish
1360:, 16th to 18th centuries)
1350:, 16th to 17th centuries)
1330:, 16th to 17th centuries)
1314:, 15th to 17th centuries)
1304:, 15th to 16th centuries)
1294:, 15th to 16th centuries)
1062:, 14th to 18th centuries)
1052:, 14th to 17th centuries)
1034:, 14th to 16th centuries)
1024:, 14th to 15th centuries)
1014:, 14th to 17th centuries)
994:, 13th to 19th centuries)
978:, 13th to 16th centuries)
962:, 13th to 16th centuries)
952:, 13th to 16th centuries)
942:, 13th to 14th centuries)
916:, 12th to 17th centuries)
906:, 12th to 15th centuries)
886:, 12th to 18th centuries)
860:, 11th to 14th centuries)
846:, 11th to 14th centuries)
836:, 11th to 14th centuries)
826:, 10th to 16th centuries)
664:(oldest attested form of
179:Eastern Orthodox churches
1974:Coulson, Michael. 1976.
1720:Zvelebil, Kamil (1997),
1328:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
968:(11th to 15th centuries)
960:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
896:, from the 12th century)
748:, 9th to 13th centuries)
621:, 3rd to 5th centuries)
2024:9, no. 3 (2011): 55ā69.
1771:EncyclopƦdia Britannica
1123:, 3rd to 9th centuries)
1060:Maritime Southeast Asia
904:Second Bulgarian Empire
754:(language of classical
631:, 3rd to 7th centuries)
627:(court language of the
522:(court language of the
512:, in particular of the
1791:Cresse, Helen (2001).
1678:Article "Panini" from
1533:List of lingua francas
1446:, 19thā20th centuries)
1050:Protestant Reformation
1030:(lingua franca of the
790:First Bulgarian Empire
567:of the 4th century BC)
554:of the 5th century BC)
536:, used in the capital
480:(literary language of
458:(literary language of
295:
1999:28, nos. 3ā4: 317ā43.
1983:The Classical Outlook
1893:Flood, Gavin (1996),
1523:Golden age (metaphor)
1343:Book of Common Prayer
1302:Portuguese Golden Age
1038:Early New High German
966:Old Anatolian Turkish
958:(one language of the
928:(the language of the
719:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
508:(the language of the
246:
210:binomial nomenclature
198:Roman Catholic Church
2064:at Wikimedia Commons
1334:Early Modern English
1308:Early Modern Spanish
1211:"Classical language"
1196:improve this article
1111:Amerindian languages
1106:in the 19th century)
1098:(poetic language of
1092:, from 14th century)
1022:Hungarian literature
1002:The Canterbury Tales
794:Freising manuscripts
542:Eastern Zhou Dynasty
308:use Greek and Latin
190:Western Roman Empire
173:, which served as a
2078:Classical languages
2062:Classical languages
1928:. Sahitya Akademi.
1444:Yiddish Renaissance
1390:Early Modern French
1298:Late Old Portuguese
1292:Italian Renaissance
1288:Renaissance Italian
1168:Early modern period
1086:Angkorian Old Khmer
1074:Maharashtri Prakrit
1018:Classical Hungarian
926:Classical Icelandic
870:Classical Malayalam
786:Old Church Slavonic
688:(court language of
619:Syriac Christianity
139:classical antiquity
18:Classical languages
2031:26, no. 2: 227ā43.
2029:Studies in History
1985:77, no. 4: 148ā53.
1468:Classical language
1380:Early Modern Dutch
1312:Spanish Golden Age
1046:German Renaissance
1012:French Renaissance
840:Middle High German
806:Classical Japanese
756:Persian literature
690:Rashtrakuta empire
662:Classical Armenian
558:Classical Sanskrit
456:Classical Sumerian
416:Classical Sumerian
346:possibly contains
306:European languages
150:classical Athenian
94:classical language
2060:Media related to
1964:8, no. 2: 201ā16.
1880:978-0-88706-461-6
1706:978-90-04-10260-6
1665:Sangam literature
1558:Standard language
1553:Official language
1543:Literary language
1463:Library resources
1442:(language of the
1440:Classical Yiddish
1420:(language of the
1418:Classical Russian
1382:(language of the
1358:Polish Golden Age
1356:(language of the
1336:(language of the
1310:(language of the
1290:(language of the
1272:
1271:
1264:
1246:
1143:Classical KŹ¼icheŹ¼
1133:Classical Quechua
1127:Classical Nahuatl
1121:Maya civilization
1088:(language of the
1042:Holy Roman Empire
1040:(language of the
1028:Classical Songhai
1010:(language of the
990:(language of the
948:(language of the
946:Classical Manding
936:Classical Catalan
912:(language of the
910:Middle Low German
902:(language of the
892:(language of the
832:(language of the
800:Classical Tibetan
788:(language of the
758:, 9th to present)
744:(language of the
686:Classical Kannada
654:(language of the
607:, 1st century AD)
597:Classical Mandaic
575:Sangam literature
530:Classical Chinese
524:Achaemenid Empire
468:Cuneiform writing
436:Classical Chinese
424:Classical Persian
391:
390:
383:
348:original research
234:classical Chinese
228:in his 1921 book
188:and later of the
127:classical studies
115:Classical studies
109:extinct languages
82:
81:
16:(Redirected from
2085:
2059:
1971:43, no. 2: 117+.
1950:
1939:
1920:
1911:
1900:
1885:
1884:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1812:
1788:
1782:
1768:
1762:
1736:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1690:
1684:
1675:
1669:
1661:
1643:Ramanujan, A. K.
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1579:
1497:Ancient language
1450:Classical Newari
1408:Classical Ladino
1384:Dutch Golden Age
1338:King James Bible
1267:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1204:
1180:
1172:
1149:of 16th-century
1066:Marathi language
914:Hanseatic League
900:Middle Bulgarian
864:Classical Telugu
672:Classical Arabic
635:Classical Coptic
611:Classical Syriac
506:Classical Hebrew
386:
379:
375:
372:
366:
363:inline citations
339:
338:
331:
317:living languages
280:, and classical
77:
74:
68:
45:
37:
21:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2068:
2067:
2052:
1957:
1955:Further reading
1942:
1936:
1923:
1914:
1909:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1830:
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1825:
1815:
1813:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1769:
1765:
1734:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1676:
1672:
1659:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1548:Sacred language
1493:
1492:
1491:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1386:, 17th century)
1374:Manchu language
1318:Classical Azeri
1268:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1205:
1203:
1193:
1181:
1170:
1113:
1056:Classical Malay
988:Classical Wolof
972:Classical Ge'ez
940:Crown of Aragon
932:, 13th century)
930:Icelandic sagas
884:Odia literature
876:, 12th century)
742:Old East Slavic
648:
629:Sassanid Empire
591:Classical Latin
571:Classical Tamil
548:Classical Greek
514:prophetic books
494:Middle Assyrian
478:Middle Egyptian
452:
408:Classical Latin
396:Classical Greek
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579:TolkÄppiyam
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464:Sumerograms
432:Old Chinese
428:Old Persian
426:succeeding
410:succeeding
204:as well as
171:Koine Greek
154:Hellenistic
2038:3: 115ā24.
1833:"Javanese"
1751:ca. 100 BC
1590:18 October
1569:References
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1252:March 2023
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613:(literary
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412:Old Latin
359:verifying
167:Latinized
158:Byzantine
57:summarize
2072:Category
1645:(1985),
1608:(1921).
1518:Classics
1457:See also
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1080:Chagatai
716:and the
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562:PÄį¹ini's
278:Buddhism
250:Japanese
242:Sanskrit
230:Language
121:Classics
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214:species
202:zoology
148:and of
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274:Athens
240:, and
238:Arabic
206:botany
1243:JSTOR
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726:form)
680:Islam
652:Ge'ez
534:Yayan
460:Sumer
444:Tamil
310:roots
146:Homer
135:Latin
131:Greek
1930:ISBN
1903:ISBN
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1841:ISBN
1818:2020
1745:and
1728:ISBN
1701:ISBN
1653:ISBN
1629:2006
1616:ISBN
1592:2021
1215:news
1104:Urdu
822:and
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